Unit 3 (PSY 3206)
The American Cancer Society estimates that between 66% and 75% of those cigarette smokers who try to quit smoking end up starting up again within ____ month(s).
6
Raymond is about to graduate from high school. He is one of 100 seniors in his class who will be receiving their diploma this weekend. If Raymond's high school is typical of most in the United States, about ________ of these soon-to-be graduates will go right on to college. 50 40 (nope) 60 70
70
Amygdala
A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression. the seat of emotions such as anger; this area develops quickly before other regions that help to control it
moral dilemma
A situation or story with a conflict between moral values
Stage 4 (Kohlberg)
Authority: behavior driven by obeying authority and conforming to social order
Because it involves physical dependence as well as the experience of withdrawal symptoms.
Why is it that many people consider alcoholism to be a form of addiction?
Adolescents and legal responsibility
Christopher Simmons 17 years old at time of murder In 2005, the US Supreme Court outlawed capital punishment for juveniles In 2012, US Supreme Court outlawed mandatory life without parole sentence for juveniles. JLWOP: Juvenile life without parole: Still 2100 people serving JLWOP sentences.
A relationship built on intimacy and commitment is called ____________ love.
Companionate
Cognitive control network
Regulates responses to stimuli; matures more gradually into early adulthood.
Erikson's 6th Stage: Intimacy vs. Isolation
Reminder Stage 5 was identity formation Young adulthood (ages 20-40): the time to find a long-term romantic partner Intimacy means emotional closeness and trust For Erikson, the alternative is feeling lonely, afraid of rejection, avoiding pain If an individual's identity isn't secure first, that relationship may be threatened - a mismatch in timing between Erikson's stages and current trends
Synaptic pruning was compared to
Removing dead or weak branches on a rose bush
What is Mere Exposure Effect? Repeated exposure to a stimulus tends to make that stimulus more desirable People who are exposed to each other develop a strong chemistry () Repeated exposure to a stimulus tends to make that stimulus less desirable People who are exposed to a different attachment style tend to adopt that attachment style
Repeated exposure to a stimulus tends to make that stimulus more desirable
Which of the following statements about returning students is FALSE?
Returning students tend to be poor problem-solvers.
According to Daniel McAdams, a person's identity is best understood through
a life story
Which of the following words best describes why adolescents become more adept at problem solving and specific skill mastery as compared to young children?
analysis
Which of the following chemicals, when released in the body, will initiate the biochemical changes that produce body hair?
androgens
LaTanya has refused to eat more than a few hundred calories a day for the past several months in an attempt to become more slender. As a result, she has lost an enormous amount of weight to the point where she is now severely underweight. She has an intense fear of putting that weight back on. In addition, she continues to see herself as being somewhat overweight. LaTanya may be suffering from
anorexia nervosa.
Children with diagnoses of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder are most likely to have parents with a history of
antisocial behavior
According to the DSM-5, ____ disorder's key features are an impairment in the ability to form relationships with others, a tendency to violate social norms, and a focus on self-gratification.
antisocial personality
What are the two dimensions attachment is measured on?
anxiety & avoidance
Life-course persistent antisocial acts
emerge early in life and continue throughout development.
Rachel manages the finances for herself and her husband, while her husband takes care of the technological details of the devices that they use. They are both pleased with the arrangement, which suggests that their marital success could be described by ____________
exchange theory
People with antisocial personality disorder have ____ function deficits in the brain. This means they have difficulties in setting goals, initiating purposive actions, anticipating and planning, and self-monitoring.
executive
Girls who experience harsher punishment during their preschool and young childhood years are likely to
experience an earlier onset of menarche.
The two dimensions on which Identity Status is based are
exploration and commitment
The diagnosis of intermittent ___ disorder is given to those over the age of 6 who engage in frequent impulsive acts of aggression.
explosive
Janelle lives with her parents, siblings, grandparents, and an aunt. This is a(n) ____ family.
extended
Teenagers are more likely to engage in sexual activity when parents
fail to monitor their activities.
The rates of abuse against women tend to be higher in cultures that emphasize
female purity, male status, and family honor
For many people, the key to establishing their identity as an adult is achieving ________ independence.
financial
Before Cammie was born, her parents immigrated to the United States from their home country of Saudi Arabia. She has been raised in the U.S., and has never taken a large interest in her family's cultural background. Phinney (1989) would suggest that Cammie is in the ____ phase of achieving an ethnic identity?
first
preconventional level
first level of reasoning in Kohlberg's theory, where moral reasoning is based on external forces 1.) Stage 1: involves obedience orientation 2.) Stage 2: use of instrumental orientation (act in one's interest)
moral development
growth in the ability to tell right from wrong, control impulses, and act ethically
Research has found that girls who mature earlier than their peers are at risk for several problematic consequences. Which of the following is NOT one of those outcomes, as noted by your authors?
having an overabundance of self-esteem
The negative effects associated with being an early-maturing female have been found to be offset by
having supportive parents.
A problem-solving strategy that tends to be very fast and require little effort, but that does not guarantee a successful solution to a problem, is a(n) ________.
heuristic
Eduardo was adopted as a baby. His biological father is currently in prison. His adoptive parents are physicians. Statistically speaking, Eduardo's criminal tendencies will be more similar to those of _____.
his biological father
John and Jo hold similar values and have a lot of interests in common. They have better chances of a lasting marriage because of their __________
homogamy
fMRI studies show that when friends are watching, adolescents' brains show
increased activity in the rewards areas of the brain
Stage 2 (Kohlberg)
individual interest: behavior driven by self-interest an rewards
adolescents
individuals who are in the period of adolescence (plural of adolescent)
The fact that biological, social, and cognitive factors interact and contribute to antisocial behaviors is the basis for the _____.
integrative model
Stage 3 (Kohlberg)
interpersonal: behavior driven by social approval
Liking
intimacy
Companionate Love (Sternberg)
intimacy + commitment
Romantic Love
intimacy + passion
Women tend to have friendships based on ____, while men more often based their friendships on ____.
intimate and emotional sharing; shared activities or interests
Kendra is a 15-year-old girl who has been experiencing menstruation since she was 12 years of age. During her monthly period she loses some hemoglobin, the matter in red blood cells that carries oxygen. In order to replace this hemoglobin in her body, she should make sure she eats a diet that has adequate amounts of ________.
iron
Lucy smoked cigarettes all through her pregnancy. As a result, her son, Josh, _____.
is more likely to develop antisocial behaviors
Jonah lives in Los Angeles and Ryan lives in a rural part of California. Which of these boys is statistically more likely to develop conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder?
jonah
Some have criticized Kohlberg's theory because it places an emphasis on ________, which reflects traditional American culture and Judeo-Christian values.
justice and individual rights
crystallized intelligence
knowledge acquired through life experience and education in a particular culture -jeopardy tests crystallized intelligence
People who develop antisocial tendencies in adolescence are _____ to have a combination of biological and environmental risk factors than people who have conduct disorder that developed in childhood and persisted into adulthood.
less likely
Based on personal experiences and input from other people, young adults create a ________ that represents a unified sense of the past, present, and future. egocentric composite life-span construct comprehensive self-concept (no) personal fable
life-span construct
According to Dr. Wilson, "More than 10,000 girls, average age 16 years, were interviewed at the start of the study and followed into their late 20's" (para. 1). This was a ____ study
longitudinal
chronically ___ may be an uncomfortable state in those with diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder.
low arousal
In addition to health problems, overweight children and adolescents often have additional problems, such as
low self-esteem and being unpopular
Gilligan's theory of moral development
males base morality on individual rights and justice while women base morality on care and responsibility
According to Carol Gilligan, Kohlberg's theory of moral development places so much emphasis on justice that it is far more applicable to
males than it is to females.
The term ________ refers to the amount of energy one's body needs.
metabolism
The Seattle Longitudinal Study is notable for its findings that declines in mental abilities typically did not begin until people were in
middle age
moodiness
mood swings: more frequent changes compared to children many causes: -activities -lack of control -other social factors -not correlated with hormone levels
Carla has gone to hear speakers from several different political organizations and she is trying to decide what she believes in and which political views fit her own values. Carla is in identity _________.
moratorium
Ruben interviewed his family dentist and has been shadowed an orthodontist. He hasn't ruled out med school and becoming an ear, nose, and throat doctor. He has eliminated several related fields in health care and is still trying to decide on his career preferences. Ruben is in identity _________.
moratorium
Children diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder are ______ other children to develop conduct disorder.
more likely than
Research studies have shown that people who select a partner for a permanent relationship during the height of infatuation are
more likely to divorce.
Howard Gardner's theory includes 9 different types of intelligence. It is a theory of ____________ intelligence.
multidimensional
Most theories of intelligence are ________; that is, they identify several types of intellectual abilities. multidirectional plastic dynamic multidimensional
multidirectional
secondary sex characteristics
nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
Stage 1 (Kohlberg)
obedience and punishment: behavior driven by avoiding punishments
Jade is a child who is presented with a moral dilemma in the tradition of Lawrence Kohlberg's research. When she is asked what she would do, she answers, "I wouldn't do anything that would get me into trouble!" This answer reflects moral reasoning at the ________ substage of development.
obedience orientation
More than 90% of those who successfully stop smoking cigarettes do so
on their own
The DSM-5 disorder of _____ ______ disorder has criteria of chronic negativistic behavior, disobedience, and hostility.
oppositional defiant
the dsm-5 created another new category called ________
other specified feeding or eating disorder to capture eating disorder that cause clinically significant distress or impairment but do not meet the full diagnostic criteria for any of the eating disorders previously discussed 5% of the general population experience EDNOS
identity
our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
A major reason that many clinicians do not think psychotherapy works well with people with diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder is _____.
people with this diagnosis do not generally take personal responsibility
Males are 10 to 15 times more likely than females to have life-course- _____ antisocial behavior
persistent
Seventeen-year-old Linda has been having several arguments with her parents in recent months, more so than just a few years ago. Over which of the following issues are these arguments MOST LIKELY to occur?
personal choices, such as clothing and hairstyle
The key player in the physical changes that are experienced as puberty begins is the
pituitary gland.
________ refers to the concept that intellectual abilities are not fixed but can be modified under the right conditions at just about any point in adulthood. Multidimensionality (nope) Multidirectionality Plasticity Reparability
plasticity
The recognition that certain situations have ambiguous interpretations—that there is not always a singular "right and wrong" answer to every question—is a hallmark of ________ thinking.
postformal
________ thinking is characterized by the recognition that correct answers vary from one situation to another, that solutions should be realistic, that ambiguity and contradiction are typical, and that subjective factors play a role in cognition.
postformal
One of the most likely reasons for the typical developmental path for crystallized intelligence is that
practice tends to improve performance.
Which of the following represents the correct stages of moral development, according to Lawrence Kohlberg?
preconventional, conventional, postconventional
volume of the brain is reduced in males who have symptoms of antisocial personality disorder.
prefrontal cortex
Faced with the prospect of voting for or against a state law legalizing same-sex marriages, Roberto considers many factors. He thinks about his own family and friends, his religion, his cultural upbringing, and his feelings about whether same-sex marriage is an acceptable form of the term "marriage." Roberto is using ________ judgment to determine his own position on this controversial issue.
reflective
The prefrontal cortex is responsible for three of the following behaviors. Which is NOT an activity associated with the prefrontal cortex?
reflex reactions
binge eating disorder
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa
Which is an example of a neutral act that someone might undertake in the search for stimulation?
skydiving
The prefrontal cortex in adults with antisocial personality disorder is _____.
smaller than normal
Boys whose mothers _____ during pregnancy are 2.6 times more likely to develop oppositional behavior in early childhood.
smoke
According to Kail and Cavanaugh (2017), the biggest single contributor to health problems in the US is
smoking
Sheri is disappointed with herself, because she is approaching her thirtieth birthday and is not yet married. Her expectation that she would have been married and have kids by the age of 35, and she is now feeling like this will not be possible. Sheri's plans for achieving specific life goals by specific ages is an example of her ________.
social clock
Stage 5 (Kohlberg)
social contract: behavior driven by balance of social order and individual rights
When Nicholas and Sanjay are debating whether or not to steal a cool car they just found, Nicholas says, "It's wrong to steal the car because there are laws against stealing, and no one is above the law." This type of thinking best fits with Kohlberg's _____ substage of conventional morality.
social systems morality
The two most important social influences on health are
socioeconomic status and education.
individual variability
the manner, frequency, and context one stutters might be different from another stutterer
A common non-drug intervention that is used to help adolescents who suffer from depression is
therapy that emphasizes certain cognitive and social skills.
death rate amoung people with bulimia is not as high as among people with anorexia
true -bulimia has a serious medical complications such as electrolyte imbalance: -fluid loss -excessive/chronic vomiting -laxative abuse -diuretic abuse this can lead to heart failure suicide rate of people with bulimia is 7.5 times higher than in the general population
Stage 6-7
true reflective judgment - knowledge is constructed with analysis of the problem and evidence; synthesis of several points of view
puberty
two types of physical changes -bodily changes -sexual maturation
According to published studies, approximately ________ of American adolescents will have had sexual intercourse by the time they complete high school.
two-thirds
binge/purge type of anorexia nervosa
type of anorexia nervosa in which periodic bingeing or purging behaviors occur along with behaviors that meet the criteria for anorexia nervosa
restricting type of anorexia nervosa
type of anorexia nervosa in which weight gain is prevented by refusal to eat
ethnic identity (Phineey)
typically 3 phases: 1. no examination of ethnic roots 2. awakening: exploring one's cultural heritage 3. achieve a distinct ethnic self-concept
the core characteristic of bulimia nervosa is _____ or bingeing, followed by behaviors intended to prevent weight gain from the binges
uncontrolled eating
Stage 6 (Kohlberg)
universal ethics: behavior driven by internal moral principles
The study showed that early menarche ____ later depression
was correlated with
identity
who am I? I am..... e.g. gender, relationships (son, daughter, sister, brother,) values: religion, political views, affiliations, employee, hometown, nationality, body self-image, expectations, personality
During ________, there tends to be a significant drop in one's participation in risky behaviors such as driving recklessly, having sex without contraception, and engaging in extreme sports.
young adulthood
People typically have more friends during ____________ than at any other time of their lives.
young adulthood
Physical functioning generally peaks during early adolescence. young adulthood middle adulthood. (nope) middle adolescence.
young adulthood
Erikson called the psychological conflict of adolescence _______ versus ______.
Identity; role confusion
In the Victor Hugo story Les Misérables, a character named Valjean steals a loaf of bread to feed his starving niece. How would a person in the instrumental orientation of Kohlberg's stages describe Valjean's theft?
"It is okay that he took the bread, because his niece will probably give him a big hug and kiss for getting her something to eat."
Should juveniles be punished to the same extent as adults?
"Less guilty by reason of adolescence" Their arguments: -diminished decision-making capacity -Less able to resist coercive influence -their character is still undergoing changes (mauable)
age of puberty among boys dropping in U.S. study finds:
"boys now begin puberty at around ages 9 or 10"
Your authors describe a progression of sexual orientation discovery for homosexual males that involves three key components. Which of the following is the correct order of those components? "feeling" different, being attracted to other males, becoming interested in gender-atypical activities (no) "feeling" different, becoming interested in gender-atypical activities, being attracted to other males becoming interested in gender-atypical activities, being attracted to other males, "feeling different" (no) being attracted to other males, "feeling different," becoming interested in gender-atypical activities (no)
"feeling" different, becoming interested in gender-atypical activities, being attracted to other males
Why do couples get divorced?
- Early divorce usually preceded with negative emotions during conflict - Later divorce usually a result of a lack of positive emotions
Postformal thought (Piaget)
- adult form of intelligence that involves being sensitive to different perspectives, making decisions based on inner feelings, being interested in exploring new questions
Sexual maturation
- primary sex characteristics: physical changes directly linked to reproductive ability -secondary sex characteristics: physical change that signal sexual maturaion -marked by: 1. menarche: beginning of menstruation at around age 13 2. spermarche: first spontaneous ejaculation containing sperm
Intelligence in adulthood is characterized by
-Multidimensionality -Multidirectionality -Individual variability -Plasticity
Dr. Sarah Jayne Blakemore (TED TALK)
-brain continues to develop through adolescent to 20s. -prefrontal cortex: bigger in humans, decision making, stopping inappropriate behavior, self-awareness -gray matters: contain synapses that center around the one is in environment. -synaptic pruning: destroy nerves that are not used -the presented lab focus the social brain -medial prefrontal cortex: more active in adolescent than in adults -limbic system: feeling of reward after taking risk in adolescent
teens' romance relationships:
-build on friendship -may increase self-confidence -may involve emotional conflict
Examples of Role transitions: at what age can you..
-enlist in military -drink alcohol -vote -sign contracts -get married -rent a car -be tried in adult court
The role of college
-may delay adulthood (students entering right after high school) -Many college students are adult, nontraditional students: -age 30+ have a child, are financially independent, attend part time
sleep habits in adolescence
-need 9.25 hours of sleep -sleep cycle shifts: go to sleep later -sleep deprivation impairs cognitive functions: 1. lower acheivement 2. mood problems 3. high-risk behavior -also contributes to weight gain
Criticism of Kohlberg's theory
-not representative of different cultures -behavior does not always match reasoning -Gilligan: Kohlberg's theory applied to males more than females
Erikson's 5th stage: identity vs role confusion
-origin of term "identity crisis" -success/identity: sense of stability, self-confidence -failure/role confusion: lack of direction; unprepared for adulthood
support of Kohlberg's theory
-people progress through the stages in order without skipping any -people advance in stage as they age
the myth of storm and stress
-self esteem usually stabilizes in early adolescence -teens and parents: 1. most have positive relationships, although the parent-child relationship changes 2. more independence for teens 3. mild arguments over mundane matters in early adolescence (for most families) 4. approx. 25% experience more serious conflicts
behaviors used to control bulimia may include
-self induced vomiting -abuse of laxatives -diuretics -purging medications -fasting -excessive exercise
age differences in hoped-for selves
-young adult (20s): family (marriage) -adults in their 30s: becoming a better person -ages 40-59: family issues -60+: Personal concerns
DSM IV criteria, the lifetime prevalence of bulimia nervosa is estimated to be __ percent in adults and __ percent in adolescent
0.5; 0.9 much more common in female than males men with bulimia nervosa are more likely than women to exercise excessively to control their weight
mild presentation of bulimia include an average of __ to ___ episodes of in appropriate compensatory behavior per week, while more extreme forms involve an average of 14 or more episodes per week
1 to 3 DSM-5 defines a binge as occurring over a discrete period of time, such as 1 or 2 hours involving a large amount of food some people may consume 3000 to 4000 calories in one sitting focusing on food high in fat and carbohydrates in other cases it can be between 1200 to 2000 calories
Among American adolescent girls who have had sexual intercourse, approximately 1 in ____ becomes pregnant. As a result, nearly half a million babies are born to American teenagers per year. 12 10 (no) 8 (nO) 6
6
Phinney's Model of Ethnic Identity Development
1. Unexamined ethnic identity 2. Ethnic identity search 3. Achieved ethnic identity
3 specific types of eating disorders
1. anorexia nervosa 2. bulimia nervosa 3. binge-eating disorder
Among US children and adolescents, approximately 1 in ___ are overweight or obese.
6
Jeffrey Jensen Arnett
1/3 in their 20s move to new residence every year. 40% move back home with parents at least once. Average of seven jobs in their 20s 2/3 spent some time living with a romantic partner without being married Marriage occurs later than ever Median age of first marriage in early 1970s was 21 for women and 23 for men By 2009, it was 26 for women and 28 for men, five years in a little more than a generation
Research has found that there is a _____ percent reduction in gray matter in the prefrontal cortex of the brain in men diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.
11
Suzy has just begun her pubescent growth spurt, and her mother often says, "That girl is growing like a weed!" If Suzy's development is typical of most girls, she is probably about ____ years old.
11
A typical girl starting her growth spurt is to ______ years of age, as a typical boy starting his growth spurt is to _____ years of age.
11; 13
Jewell wants to play on her high school basketball team, and speaks with her parents about this desire. Her parents understand that there are many benefits to participation in organized sports, but they are also rightly concerned that about _____ percent of high school athletes will be injured and will require some form of medical treatment.
15
Without treatment, as many as _____ of adolescents with anorexia nervosa may die from this condition.
15 percent
facts for LGBT youths
15% of teens question their sexual orientation 5% end up identifying as gay or lesbian
For every person who commits suicide, there are___ attempts
15-25
Approximately what ages does the average adult go through the 6th stage of Erikson's psychological development?
18-40
Of the following individuals, how many would be in the period called emerging adulthood? Matthias, who is a 18-year-old college student; Toby, who is a 35-year-old businessman and single father of one daughter; Gunther, who is a 25-year-old law student; Liesl, who is a 13-year-old girl from a Jewish family and has recently celebrated her bat mitzvah.
2
average teenage girls need ____ calories per day; boys need ____
2,200; 2,700
James and Roger are both 27 years old. Statistically, they are ____ times as likely to die as women of the same age.
2.5
What should you say if you think someone is thinking about suicide?
Ask, Are you thinking of killing yourself?
sexual behavior of US teens
2/3 have had intercourse by end of high school double standard persists statistics: -10% do not use contraception -teen pregnancy rates have been dropping -18.8 births per 1000 among 15 to 18 years old girls -STDS: "nearly 20 million new STIs occur every year in this country, half of those among young people aged 15-24"
Elton and Ed are dizygotic twins. Elton has a criminal record. According to twin studies, what is the concordance rate that Ed also has a criminal record?
20 percent
According to the National Institute of Health and the American Heart Association, a healthy weight is defined as having a body mass index (BMI) at or below ________.
25
In about ____ percent of families, the relationship between an adolescent and his/her parents is marked by serious conflict and behavioral problems. These issues often predate adolescence and, as children, there may have been problematic relationships with peers.
25
According to Phinney (1989), achieving an ethnic identity occurs in ____ phase(s) for young people who are members of specific ethnic groups.
3
Boys are _____ times more likely than girls to be diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder.
3
many as __ percent of people currently in weight loss programs may have binge eating disorder
30 in u.s. the rate in general population is 2 to 3.5 percent more common in women than in men both in general community and among people in weight loss programs
Myfanwe's parents were born and raised in Wales, but she was raised in the United States. During a college interview, she is asked to discuss the importance of her ethnic background. If she were to state, "I see myself as a combination of influences from Wales and America," it would indicate that she was in the ________ phase of ethnic identity achievement.
3rd
Unfortunately, statistics suggest that approximately one in _______ adolescents has been a recipient of some form of dating violence, including emotional, physical, or sexual violence five (no) two (no) three (no) four
4
In a population of college students, ____ percent of them reported experiencing abuse in a dating relationship at some point.
40
Each year roughly ____ people in the US die each year from smoking-related illnesses.
440,000
About ___% of teenage boys and girls identify themselves as homosexual. 12 (no) 5 8 (no) 2 (no)
5
Binge drinking is defined for men as consuming ____ or more drinks in a row and for women as consuming ____ or more drinks in a row within the past 2 weeks. 4; 3 6; 5 7; 5 (nope) 5; 4
5;4
Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
A theory that sees love as having three elements: intimacy, passion, and commitment
inductive reasoning
A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.
Heinz Dilemma
A woman is dying and needs an expensive medication. Husband cannot afford the medication, should he steal it or should she die?
Heinz Dilemma (Kohlberg)
A woman is dying and needs an expensive medication. Husband cannot afford the medication, should he steal it or should she die?
In Erik Erikson's theory, the major task of young adulthood is dealing with the psychosocial conflict of
Intimacy versus isolation
amenorrehea
Absence of period, usually caused by excessive exercise
In Marcia's theory, moratorium means
Actively looking into the possibilities and postponing a decision until you are sure of your choice
_______ are more likely to suffer from depression than ________, probably because they are more greatly affected by social challenges during this age period. Adolescent girls; adolescent boys Late adolescents, early adolescents (no) Adolescent boys; adolescent girls Early adolescents; late adolescents (no)
Adolescent girls; adolescent boys
Which best describes the thought process underlying adolescent egocentrism?
Adolescents are much more interested in their own feelings than those of others.
What predicts a successful marriage?
Age: the younger the partners are, the greater the changes it will end in divorce Homogamy: sharing values and interests increase the likelihood of the marriage lasting Feelings of equality of marriage: exchanging theory: marriage is based on each partner contributing something to the relationship that the other would be hard-pressed to provide Gay and lesbian couples have relationship similar to heterosexual couples but often deal with social stigma Remaining singles: more social acceptance but stereotypes remain
Drug Use
Alcohol is most common -2/3 of high school seniors report drinking alcohol in the past year -many causes, including stress Cigarette smoking -1/3 of teens try smoking
How do couples form?
Assortative mating is common: similar people find each other Mere exposure effect: being around someone (at work, in a form) tends to make us like that person more
formal operational thinking
Allows the ability to think in more complex ways about moral understanding which can help people understand others and rebel against ideas, as well as gain a sense of identity; requires normal intelligence and higher education
As your authors note, processing speed improve significantly between childhood and adolescence. Which of the following physical factors helps explain some of this change?
An increase in myelination during adolescence allows nerve impulses to travel more rapidly, and this allows for faster and more efficient processing of information.
What are the two dimensions on which adult attachment is measured?
Anxiety & Avoidance
Which of the following groups of individuals has the lowest death rate during the early adulthood years?
Asian and Pacific Islanders
Overweight/obesity is a serious problem:
BMI greater than 85th percentile/overweight = 16% BMI greater than 95th percentile/obese = 1 in 6 (17%) Eating disorders become more common
Of the following choices, which set of parents are MOST LIKELY to have an adolescent who has high self-esteem?
Barry and Cheryl, who have raised their daughter with reasonable expectations and who discuss their rules and discipline with her.
Middle adulthood (40s to 60s)
Boundaries are vague, but usually 40 to 65 Baby Boomers (born 1946 - 1965) make up a large proportion of the US population A time with wide variations in health and well-being
Which of the following is accurate?
Boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder.
________ is a disease in which people alternate between binge eating and purging.
Bulimia nervosa
Antisocial tendencies in most adults diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder begins when?
Childhood
corpus callosum function
Connects the right and left hemispheres of the brain thickens in adolescence to process info more effectively
Connie and Wilma have been close friends since high school, and now that their children are graduating from high school, Connie and Wilma are still close friends. Their friendship is in the stage abbreviated _____ in the ABCDE model.
Continuation (C)
Dennis has antisocial tendencies. He marries Luisa, who does not have those tendencies. What is most likely to occur?
Dennis will likely outgrow his antisocial tendencies.
Which of the following are behavioral correlates with oppositional defiant disorder? (Select all that apply.)
Disobedience Hostility Negativism
Remarriage
Divorced people typically wait about 3 1/2 years before they remarry -subsequent marriages have a 25% higher divorce rate Role definitions are less clear than in a first marriage Women are less likely o remarry than men Women tend to benefit more from remarriage
This term applies to people who struggle to maintain their current socioeconomic status because of antisocial personality tendencies. Individuals may lose jobs, become impoverished, and lack access to key social support programs.
Downward social drift
The best treatment for Osteoporosis?
Dr. Amy Lanou, UNC Asheville, recommends: 6-9 servings fruit & veg No more than 1-2 servings of meat, dairy, eggs 30-60 mins of walking
Which statement is true?
During puberty, estrogen and androgens are released at different levels in adolescent males and females.
Leslie and Dan got married last year even though Dan has some reservations about marriage due to experiencing his parents' divorce. Leslie is much more positive about marriage, but she struggles with anxiety and depression. In the Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation Model, these qualities that each partner brings to the marriage are called
Enduring vulnerabilities
According to ________, adolescents face a crisis between identity and role confusion. They must balance the desire to try out different selves with the need to select a single self.
Erik Erikson
James Marcia's explanation of identity formation extends the theory of
Erikson
While _____ proposed that identity formation should occur mostly in adolescence, ______ argues that exploring and making these choices takes longer--often into the late 20s.
Erikson; Arnett
According to Steinberg, adolescents take risks because
Evolution has led to adolescent brains that are more willing to take risks
The most common family form around the world is the __________ family.
Extended
Which are contributors to antisocial personality disorder?
Factors similar to those associated with conduct disorder
Which of the following best describes a cognitive interpretation of children with conduct disorder?
Gene assumes that Larry deliberately broke his toy.
Suppose you were to compare the photos from your senior year of high school to the photos from your grandparents' senior year of high school. What would you expect to see?
Far fewer overweight and obese adolescents in your grandparents' photos
Effects of divorce
Feelings of disappointment, rejection, failure, loneliness Divorce hangover: difficult to transition to post-divorce life Middle-aged and elderly women are at a disadvantage for remarrying Many divorced women experience difficult financial hardships
Which of the following are key features of antisocial personality disorder as defined by the DSM-5? (Select all that apply.)
Focus on gratifying personal desires Tendency to engage in violation of social norms Impairment in the ability to form positive relationships
The two most common problems of binge drinkers are
Having a hangover, and doing something you regret
Which of the following social factors are implicated in the development of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder? (Select all that apply.)
Having low socioeconomic status Living in urban areas
Darvon noticed that his sociology professor said one thing and his psychology professor said the opposite. He decided to go to office hours to talk to each professor to better understand the information. Afterwards, when he understood the evidence behind each viewpoint, he wrote a paper that integrated the parts of each view that were best-supported by the data. What is true of Darvon?
He is using true reflective thought.
In his attempt to formulate a comprehensive theory of how morality develops, Kohlberg created hypothetical scenarios with several areas of moral ambiguity. The main character of his best-known story was ________.
Heinz
Which of the following are family interventions for children with conduct disorders? (Select all that apply.)
Helping parents to improve their parenting skills Assisting parents in controlling themselves Teaching parents to reinforce desirable behaviors
In what way is genetics most directly related to a child's risk of developing obesity?
Heredity may set a person's basal metabolic rate, which determines how quickly the body burns calories.
Having good friends is associated with three of the following characteristics. Which is NOT a typical consequence of friendship?
Higher stress level
The Seattle Longitudinal Study showed cohort differences on some skills. Specifically, compared to earlier-born groups, later-born cohorts scored
Higher, probably due to educational differences
Blakemore describes the adolescent brain as
Highly adaptable
Cognitive development in middle age
In general, few dramatic changes in cognition: Practical intelligence increases -experience with real-world situations -flexible problem solving Most adults continue learning (lifelong learners) -need to stay updated for work & personal life
Should marriage be based on love?
In the US yes Not universal Traditional patterns worldwide: -1/3: arranged marriages: parents seek to connect families, provide resources and security for their children; compatibility & suitability are key -1/3 : young & in love, father must approve his daughter's relationship -1/3: young adults decide for themselves; marriage often occur in late 20s or beyond
abstract thinking
In-depth thinking about ideas and concepts, such as justice or love.
Sarah and Kevin met and fell in love last week, and they have spent as much time together as possible since then. They have not become very emotionally close and they have not talked about their future. According to Sternberg, they are in a state of _________ .
Infatuation
Which of the following is the most accurate statement about the brain of a person who is in early adolescence?
It has nearly reached its full size.
In Marcia's theory, who would be in identity foreclosure?
Jack who is going along with his parents' plans for his future without considering alternative
emerging adulthood
Jeffrey Arnett proposed Emerging adulthood: 18 to late 20s -no longer an adolescent but not yet adult -late-teens to mid to late 20's (or later) An age of exploration An age of instability A self focused age An age of feeling in-between An age of possibilities
Which person's behavior would be considered binge drinking?
John who had 5 drinks in a row
Which of the following children is more likely to develop a conduct disorder?
Jose, who is physically abused by his parents
Which parents are most likely to raise a teenager who reaches identity achievement status?
Kate and Allie, who encourage autonomy in their children
When people in the US are asked, "Do you feel that you have reached adulthood?" the youngest age range with a majority answering 'yes' is
Late 20s to early 30s
The most influential account of moral development was proposed by ________.
Lawrence Kohlberg
Cognitive-behavioral therapies for antisocial behaviors involve which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Learning to take the perspectives of others Changing family interaction patterns Using self-talk to control impulsive behaviors
Expertise
Many become experts in middle adulthood -Expertise: well-developed knowledge structure -Flexible and creative problem-solving: know alternative ways of solving problems and can bypass steps that novices need Estimate: 10 years/10,000 hours of dedicated effort
Reproductive Changes in men
Men experience fewer changes than women -Gradual decline in testosterone levels and quantity of sperm -prostate gland enlarges and becomes stiffer prostate cancer is at risk during middle age -need for longer time and more stimulation to achieve erection/orgasm Do men experience "male menopause? No
Social, Gender, and Ethnic Issues in Health
Most important social influences on health: Socioeconomic status (SES) -predict whether or not people have good insurance and health care -poor, inner city neighborhoods have the worst health conditions Education -predicts a healthy lifestyles and avoiding certain diseases
Deciding whether to have children
Most potential parents do not think deeply about the decision of whether or not to have children: -children add many benefits: affection, improve family ties, and add a sense of immortality and accomplishment -having children means extra burdens and loss of freedom -tends to delay career progress for mothers (less for dad) -children who were planned and wanted tend are given more resources than children who were unplanned, unwanted Expenses: $233,610 (up to age 17)
What about vaping?
Nicotine vaping used by 21% of 12th graders Flavored e-cigs: -may be safer, but ingredients are not required to be listed -may contain other hazardous chemicals Concerns: 30% of teens who vape move on to cigarettes Advertising/glamorization of smoking
How is the consumption of alcohol related to the promotion of health?
Nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke are more likely to die from lung cancer than from cardiovascular disease.
The MAOA gene is implicated in conduct disorder. It encodes an enzyme that metabolizes which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Norepinephrine Serotonin Dopamine
NC has raised the age
North Carolina is the last state in the US to "raise the age" at which juveniles are treated as adults 16 and 17 year old accused of a misdemeanor or nonviolent felony will no longer automatically be tried as adults if a teen is accused of murder or other serious felony they can still be tried as adults (even at age 13)
Family Forms
Nuclear family: type of family consisting only of parents and children -most common in western societies Extended family: grandparents and other relatives live with parents and children -most common worldwide
Timing of Puberty
Pituitary gland: releases growth hormone and signals other glands to release hormones -genetic influences -environmental factors 1. adequate nutrition and health care cause puberty to occur earlier 2. chronic stress is associated with earlier puberty in girls 3. endocrine disruptors: BPA & phthalates are possible influences
During adolescence, the limbic system has a heightened response to
Pleasurable activities
Parenting
Parenting skills are learned, not innate Children add stress to a relationship Childbearing is occurring later on average (late 20s to 30s) -older mothers are more patients -older father spend more time with child -With 2nd child, most fathers get more involved in childcare Many adults opt to remain child free -More freedom; fewer responsibilities (15 to 20 percent)
Who would be in Emerging Adulthood?
Paul, age 25, who works in a retail store and is a part-time college student trying to decide on his major.
Which of the following poor parenting practices are implicated in the development of antisocial behaviors? (Select all that apply.)
Physical abuse Hostile interactions Uninvolved parenting
Growth, Strength, and Physical Functioning
Physical strength, coordination, and dexterity are at their peak in the late 20s - early 30s Sensory acuity peaks in the early 20s Visual acuity remains high until middle age Hearing tend to decline by the late-20s , especially high pitch tones
Landry thinks it's wrong to take home food from an all-you-can-eat buffet, but when his 85-year-old grandfather wraps up rolls and a piece of chicken and puts them in his pocket, Landry decides it's all right. Landry seems to be using
Postformal thought
Stage 1-3
Pre-reflective thought - no recognition of knowledge being uncertain
Which of the following are deficits in executive functioning that are typical in those with diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)
Problems in self-monitoring Problems with goal formation Difficulties in anticipation and planning
Which of the following are treatments for conduct and oppositional defiant disorders? (Select all that apply.)
Psychological therapies Social therapies Medications
Which of the following factors impact the development of antisocial behaviors? (Select all that apply.)
Quality of parenting Temperament
What is the chance of a divorce?
Rates are probably not as high as 50% In 2018: -Marriage: 6.5 per 1000 people -Divorces: 2.9 per 1000 people "The probability of first marriage ending in separation or divorce within 2 years is 20 percent... After 10 years, the probability of a first marriage ending is 33 percent (CDC)
Risky Behavior (Steinberg)
Risk-taking rarely occurs when teens are alone It is more likely situations of high emotional arousal Educational programs are largely ineffective It is not due to a cognitive deficit Two competing brain systems: -Socioemotional network -Cognitive control network
It was recommended that girls who go through puberty early should be
Screened for depression
At first, Jarrod hated having chemistry lab at 8 am but there were no other sections available and he needed the class to graduate on time. He decided that he would change his attitude and look at waking up early as an advantage instead of something to be dreaded. Jarrod was using
Secondary control beliefs
According to the study's lead author Jane Mendle, "We know that people treat girls who look very physically mature different from girls who do not look physically mature . . ." (para. 5). The more mature appearance would be due to
Secondary sex characteristics
Which of the following is a crucial neurotransmitter implicated in violent behavior?
Serotonin
Darla is aggravated when her sociology professor says one thing and her psychology professor says the opposite. She decides that they are both right because no one knows the true answer. What is true of Darla?
She believes knowledge is subjective.
If Selena is typical of those in Emerging Adulthood, three of the following statements describe her. Which does NOT?
She is rather pessimistic about her future.
Which of the following defines someone that would develop a dismissing-avoidant attachment? a. Someone that is uncomfortable with intimacy and does not fear rejection B. Someone that is comfortable with intimacy but fears rejection C. Someone that is comfortable with intimacy and does not fear rejection D. Someone that is uncomfortable with intimacy and fear rejection
Someone that is uncomfortable with intimacy and does not fear rejection
Cass Model of Identity Development
Stage 1: Identity Confusion Stage 2: Identity Comparison Stage 3: Identity Tolerance Stage 4: Identity Acceptance Stage 5: Identity Pride Stage 6: Identity synthesis
Rafe Esquith
Students turn down the popsicle because they were in level two which means they wanted to do it for their interest?
Victor and his girlfriend Tosha are thinking about moving in together to "test the waters" of their relationship before getting married. "I think it will be good for us," Victor says, "so we can find out if we are good together before spending the time, effort, and money of getting married." What would be the best response to give Victor?
Studies suggest that cohabiting before getting married is not necessarily associated with the quality of the subsequent marriage.
Which of the following are associated with children diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder? (Select all that apply.)
Substance use disorders Conduct disorder Mood or anxiety disorders
Depression
Symptoms: pervasive sadness, irritability, and low self-esteem More common in girls Antidepressant therapy is more common treatment, but therapy is usually better Depression lead to suicide; rates have been increasing since 2000
Gray matter in the prefrontal cortex decreases during adolescence. Why is this seen as a positive change?
Synaptic pruning removes unused synapses, fine-tuning the brain.
A skill that is still undergoing significant development between mid-adolescence and adulthood is
Taking another person's perspective
Which of the following pertain to poor impulse control found in those with diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder? (Select all that apply.)
Taking chances Easily bored Thrill seeking
Which of the following is the first step in cognitive-behavior therapy in treating children with conduct disorder diagnoses?
Teaching children to recognize triggers to anger and aggression
Who is likely to be the LEAST healthy?
Thales, who lives in poverty
multidimensionality
The ability to organize, present, and analyze data by several dimensions, such as sales by region, by product, by salesperson, and by time (four dimensions)
Which statement describes brain changes that Blakemore links to adolescent behavior?
The limbic system is very responsive to rewards from fun and/or risky activities.
Which of the following BEST encapsulates the majority of relationships between adolescents and their parents?
The relationships are warm, loving, and satisfying.
You might be reluctant to ask someone if they are thinking about suicide. Research shows that
This is the right choice. It shows that you care and want to help.
How would neuroscientists explain the early adulthood shifts in behavior that are often seen in the early twenties?
There is further development in the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in higher level thinking processes.
Which of the following most accurately represents treatment for conduct and oppositional defiant disorder?
These disorders can be treated with psychological, social, and medical treatments.
When a 17-year-old boy was sentenced to death in 2004 in the United States, the American Psychological Association (APA) filed a brief with the court opposing this punishment. The sentence was revised and changed to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. Why did the APA petition the court to prevent the adolescent from being executed?
They argued that the immature brain development of the youth made him more impulsive, risk-prone, and unable to maturely consider the consequences of his actions.
Which of the following is the most common change in vision that people experience during their middle-adulthood years?
They become farsighted and need reading glasses.
Love Relationship (Sternberg)
Three basic components of love -Passion: intense physiological desire for other -Intimacy: sharing all thoughts/actions with other -Commitment: willingness to stay with other through good times and bad
Which athlete would be likely to reach her or his peak performance level before reaching age 28?
Tim, a sprinter who runs 100- and 200-meter events
Which of the following demonstrates adolescent-limited antisocial behavior?
Travis, who takes a set of ear buds without paying for them.
Who of the following could not be diagnosed with intermittent explosive disorder? (Select all that apply).
Twenty-year-old Jeremy, who yells at the referee at his basketball games as a way to intimidate the ref and gain an advantage Three-year-old Anna, who has temper tantrums and sometimes holds her breath
Delinquency (de-link-quency)
Two types of delinquent behavior: adolescent-limited antisocial behavior: relatively minor criminal acts during adolescence life-course persistent antisocial behavior: antisocial behavior that begins at an early age and persists throughout life
Osteaoarthritis
a disease marked by gradual onset of bone damage with progression of pain and disability, with minor inflammation -A wear and tear disease; a degenerative disease caused by injury or overuse -Generally occurs in late middle age/early old age -Most common in manual laborers & athletes
rheumatoid arthritis
a disease of the joints that affects different joints and causes different types of pain -More destructive than osteoarthritis -An autoimmune disease -Joints appear to be swollen
identity moratorium (information gathering)
a period of time in the development of identity in which a person delays making a decision about important issues but actively explores various alternatives
anorexia nervosa
a persistent refusal to eat along with an irrational fear of gaining weight -often leads to heart damage -without treatment, 15% adolescents die
adolescent egocentrism
a teen's focus on her own feelings and experiences -imaginary audience -personal fable -illusion of invulnerability self-reflection and experimentation
Identity Status refers to the state of your thinking:
about any aspect of your identity for which you have options
Nonlove (Sternberg)
absence of intimacy, passion, and commitment
There is rather little evidence that sexual education programs focusing on ________ are effective in reducing sexual activity or increasing contraception use among adolescents.
abstinence
Ben wants to get a job designing wind turbines for the wind energy field. He has talked to engineers and business owners in this field and he used their advice to choose his college major. He had previously considered a major in chemistry or physics, but after visiting a few wind farms, he is certain he knows what he wants to do in the future. Ben is in identity _________.
achievement
"Those who cannot attack the thought will attack the thinker." This oft-stated maxim neatly summarizes a(n) ________ argument.
ad hominem
In American politics, candidates for office often resort to attacking each other rather than debating the issues that are most salient to the voting public. This political "smearing" of one's opponent is an example of the use of ________ arguments.
ad hominem
going beyond formal operations: thinking in adulthood
adults tend to use postformal thought: -the correct answer may vary from situation to situation -solutions must be realistic -ambiguity and contradiction happen regularly adults thinking shows integration of emotion & logic -rules and norms are relative, not absolute -thinking becomes a social enterprise
At about age ____, most boys reach spermarche, which is the first spontaneous ejaculation of sperm-laden fluid.
age 13
young adulthood range
ages 18 to 25
Despite popular headlines and media portrayals, the majority of adolescents avoid drugs, with one glaring exception—________.
alcohol
If you were to summarize research on differences between the moral reasoning of males and females, you would explain that
although there are small differences between men and women in some areas, the overall moral reasoning of males and females is very similar.
People with conduct disorder diagnoses show abnormalities in the _____ in response to emotional stimuli.
amygdala
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging
bulimia nervosa (chronic condition)
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise -most more common in caucasians and hispanic americans than in african americans
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves
ventral striatum
associated with the anticipation and experience of sexual activity and other pleasurable activities -activates when friends are around in adolescent
consummate or complete love
commitment, passion, and intimacy
Some theorists have suggested that some children with conduct disorders were difficult and demanding as _____ , suggesting that temperament may interact with parenting and environmental factors in leading to conduct disorder.
babies
Friendship in early adulthood
based on feelings and reciprocity ABCDE model of friendship and formation: -acquaintanceship, buildup, continuation, deterioration, and ending Gender effects: -women focus on emotional sharing -Men focus on around shared activities/interests Cross-sex friendships and useful but fraught with difficulty
The most important risk factor(s) for adolescents to develop an eating disorder is/are
being overly concerned about one's body and weight and having a history of dieting.
Stage 4-5
belief that knowledge is subjective
A sex difference during puberty involves the fact that ____ is greater for girls than boys.
body fat
The technical definition of "overweight" is based on the ________, which is an adjusted ration of weight to height.
body mass index (BMI)
Physical strength, coordination, and dexterity tends to peak in the late twenties and early thirties, and then decline throughout the rest of the life for
both men and women.
Janelle had eaten a whole medium pizza and a half gallon of ice cream, and then she made herself vomit. She most likely has an eating disorder called
bulimia nervosa
In Arnett's description of Emerging Adulthood, which is not a typical feature?
bypassing college and going straight into the full-time workforce
Dontee is a typical teenager. Research has indicated that the moodiness that he is exhibiting is most likely due to
changes in social settings and activities.
Children with conduct disorder are more likely than children without the disorder to have a history of ______.
childhood mistreatment
Ingrid is 7 years old and has shown behavioral problems ever since preschool. She consistently finds herself in trouble for having outbursts, pulling the hair of other children, and behaving defiantly with her teachers. Ingrid would be diagnosed with _____.
childhood-onset conduct disorder
oppositional defiant disorder
chronically negativistic, defiant, and disobedience, hostile
Children with conduct disorder tend to process social information in ways that promote aggressive interaction. This is an example of a(n) _____ factor in conduct disorder.
cognitive
Empty Love (Sternberg)
commitment only
Imaging studies of brains of children diagnosed with _____ have shown abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex in areas responding to emotional stimuli.
conduct disorder
The behaviors of children with diagnoses of _____ fall into four categories: aggression to people and animals, serious violations of rules, property destruction, and deceitfulness or theft.
conduct disorder
Middle-age adults tend to be more willing to take ________ factors into account when considering the actions of another individual, a skill that is not as readily seen in younger individuals.
contextual
The third phase of ethnic identity achievement involves
creating a distinct ethnic self-concept.
Who do You want to be be?
creating a life-span construct: a unified sense of the past, present, and future -scenario: picturing your future -social clock: expectations about when transitions should occur creating a life story (Daniel McAdams) -a personal narrative that organizes past events into a coherent sequence and provides a sense of identity
Cristal can label a skeleton diagram with the name of every bone.
crystallized intelligence
Walter knows the capitals of all 50 states.
crystallized intelligence
Changes associated with adulthood
decrease in risky behaviors Erikson's 6th stage: Intimacy vs Isolation -conflicting evidence found for supporting this theory becoming financially independent: a key marker of adulthood
When suffering from ________, adolescents have pervasive feelings of sadness, are irritable, have low self-esteem, sleep poorly, and are unable to concentrate.
depression
Rob and Larry were good friends in college and during the early years of their careers when they lived in the same town. Now that Rob has moved to a new city and is busy with his family and new job, he and Larry rarely communicate. Their friendship is probably in the _____ stage.
deterioration
Young Tiffany is just starting puberty, and there are several changes occurring in her body. Which of the following would be an example of change in a secondary sexual characteristic?
development of her breasts
multidirectionality
developmental pattern in which some aspects of intelligence improve and other aspects decline during adulthood
Howard Gardner
devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic
Jessica has a multitude of interests, but she has not looked into any possible fields for her own career. She tells her friend, There are too many choices. How could I ever decide? I'll just wait until something comes along. Jessica is in identity _________.
diffusion
According to research studies, the most effective way to foster moral development in adolescents is to
discuss moral issues.
Osteoporosis
disease in which bones become porous and extremely easy to break -occurs after menopause in women and in late life for men
A person with anorexia nervosa often has a
distorted body image
Someone at risk for suicide might Make comments that show they feel things are hopeless Stop caring about things they used to care about Give away valued belongings Do any of these
do any of these
In the past 25 to 30 years, the number of overweight children in the United States has ________, while the number of overweight adolescents has ________.
doubled; tripled
One of the most important factors for predicting who is at greater risk of being a victim of sexual violence is
drug and alcohol use.
Compared to other age groups, adolescents have higher rates of three of the following. Which is NOT a behavior for which adolescents have the highest rate? Choices: drownings car accidents suicide attempts
drug overdoses
This study found that more serious depressive symptoms in the late teen years were associated with
earlier menarche
If you were presented with the following array of letters—"S, M, T, W, T, F, ____"—your ability to find the next logical letter would be an example of ________ intelligence. By the way, the answer is S, as the letters represent the days of the week in English.
fluid
Reyna was told to organize the annual meeting with the same quality as previous years, but with a 50% cut in the budget.
fluid intelligence
Terrance figures out how to assemble a new piece of furniture even though the instructions are missing.
fluid intelligence
Russell is planning to take over his parents' bookstore when he gets older. They have talked about this since he was young, and he has never considered any other option. Russell is in identity _________.
foreclosure
When parents set rules with little justification and enforce them without explanation, children are more likely to remain in the identity ________ status. These teens are prevented from experimenting with different selves, and simply do what they are told to do.
foreclosure
The occurrence of antisocial behaviors in families is due to _____.
genetic and environmental factors
All of the following are considered role transitions EXCEPT:
getting a perfect SAT score
Rose has been suffering from alcoholism for several years now, and she has finally decided to address the problem. If she looks to the most widely known option for treating her addiction, she will
go to Alcoholics Anonymous.
What type of reasoning skills, usually developed during the formal-operational stage of Piaget's theory, are needed for an adolescent to experiment with different selves to learn more about possible identities? expansive reasoning skills (no) deductive reasoning skills (no) hypothetical reasoning skills intuitive reasoning skills (no)
hypothetical reasoning skills
Gabe is a 17-year-old high school student who is nearing the end of his junior year. His parents have been asking him about what colleges he may want to attend, but he has done nothing to gather information about the various options. He knows he wants to go to college, but hasn't sent away for any brochures or done any online research. Gabe is currently experiencing which of Marcia's identity statuses?
identity diffusion
Before a person can successfully create an intimate relationship with another person, Erikson felt that they had to first
identity of their own
A characteristic of antisocial personality disorder is poor self ____ control, because people act impetuously with no concern for the consequences of their behavior and without thinking about consequences.
impulse
It is paradoxical that many adolescents who engage in very high risk behaviors tend to ____ the likelihood of harm associated with those actions.
overestimate
Tanya's BMI puts her at the 88th* percentile. This means that Tanya would be considered *Refer to my slides/video and not the book.
overweight
influences on identity formation
parents, peers, broader social context, and personality (agreeability, openness to experience)
prefrontal cortex
part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language "judgement region" that does not finish developing until at least age 20
A rite of ________ involves a ritual or ceremonial event that marks initiation into adulthood.
passage
In romantic relationships the first stage is often _____, and it usually declines as time goes on.
passion
Infaution
passion
Fatuous Love (Sternberg)
passion and commitment
If Sarah and Roger are experiencing romantic love, their relationship includes
passion and intimacy
A consummate (or complete) love relationship will have equivalent amounts of
passion, intimacy, and commitment.
Psychological research and public policy
research documents brain development in adolescents, yet what this means laws or policies is still debated
paths to adulthood
rites of passage: rituals marking initiation into adulthood Role transitions: act of assuming new responsibilities and duties
In Western cultures, voting, completing an education, beginning full-time employment, leaving home and establishing financial independence, getting married, and having children are all examples of
role transitions.
For young people, suicide is the ____ leading cause of death.
second
conventional level
second level of reasoning in Kohlberg's theory, where moral reasoning is based on society's norms 3.) Stage 3: based on interpersonal norms 4.) Stage 4: reasoning focuses on social system morality
Donald is having a real problem with his boss at work. Try though he has, he cannot seem to get his boss to ease up on him. He decides that rather than try to change his relationship with his boss, he will change how he allows their constant conflicts to affect him. He vows to stop letting it "get to him," and comes up with new ways to avoid getting upset over their constant struggles. Donald is using ________ control in his relationship with his boss.
secondary
The most common type of attachment found in romantic couples around the world is ______
secure
Socioemotional network
sensitive to social and emotional stimuli
______________ is at its peak in the early 20s
sensory acuity
has been identified as an important neurotransmitter contributing to violent behaviors in conduct disorder.
serotonin
education: sex ed and dating violence
sex education programs: -comprehensive sex ed is more effective -abstinence-only programs: little evidence that they work dating violence: -approx. 25% of teens experience physical, emotional, sexual violence -to reduce violence: change awareness change gender stereotypes
The result of too much fast food and other unhealthy eating practices is that many teenagers consume too much/many _________ and not enough ________.
sodium and fat; iron and calcium
No, Heinz can't steal the drug or he will go to prison. If he gets put in prison, he will know it was wrong to steal.
stage 1
Heinz should steal the drug. If it was the other way around--Heinz had the drug and the druggist needed it for his wife--the druggist would steal it too.
stage 2
If Heinz steals the drug everyone will know that he's a criminal. He would bring dishonor to his whole family. He should not steal because whether his wife lives or not, people would think he's a bad man.
stage 3
Of course Heinz wants to steal the drug but he is obligated to follow the law just like everyone else. If everyone did what they wanted, we would have chaos, not civilization stage 4 If Heinz steals the drug everyone will know that he's a criminal. He would bring dishonor to his whole family. He should not steal because whether his wife lives or not, people would think he's a bad man.
stage 4
Life has more value than property so Heinz should steal the drug, but he should not be prosecuted, or maybe be given only a minor fine. He should repay the druggist and the laws should be changed so that critically ill people can obtain potentially life-saving drugs without someone committing a crime. stage 5
stage 5
Identity achievement (information gathering)
stage when a person has committed to an occupation and make important life decisions
prefrontal cortex vs limbic system
stop one from taking risk vs likes the reward after taking a risk or possibly taking a risk. -prefrontal cortex is still under develop in adolescent
According to novelists and filmmakers, the search for identity is described as a struggle, a time of ________ for adolescents. ebb and flow (no) tabula rasa (no) peace and tranquility storm and stress
storm and stress
external stressors
stress for a person that comes from outside themselves
Stephanie has recently been diagnosed with a bacterial sexually transmitted disease (STD). If her doctor were to suggest that this ailment was caused by bacteria, which of the following would be the most likely affliction? syphilis HIV (no) hepatitis B (no) genital herpes (no)
syphilis
Imagine that you were asked to develop an effective program for preventing eating disorders in teens. Your program would
teach the importance of resisting social pressure to be thin.
Fluid intelligence
the abilities that make people flexible and adaptive thinkers, allow them to make inferences, and enable them to understand relations among concepts -includes inductive reasoning and abstract thinking
Climacteric
the biological process during which women pass from their reproductive to nonreproductive years Menopause: the point at which menstruation stops Perimenopause: the individually varying time of transition from regulate menstruation to menopause Lower hormone levels can lead to hot flashes, night sweats, headaches, mood changes, low libido
primary sex characteristics
the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
plasticity
the brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development
Personal control beliefs
the degree to which you believe your performance in a situation depends on something you do Primary control: behavior aimed at affecting the individual's external world Secondary control: behavior or cognition aimed at affecting the individuals internal world
synaptic pruning
the elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation
Which of the following phenomena do you think BEST explains why so many teenagers who engage in sexual intercourse choose not to use contraception?
the illusion of invulnerability
Maria wakes up one morning before high school to find that she has developed an enormous pimple right on the end of her nose. All throughout the day she is absolutely sure that everyone is staring at the blemish, when in reality almost nobody cares enough about it to even look. Maria's certainty that she is the focus of others' attention demonstrates ________.
the imaginary audience
identity diffusion (dogmatic, inflexible or avoidant)
the status of adolescents who consider various identity alternatives, but never commit to one or never even consider identity options in any conscious way
identity foreclosure (dogmatic, inflexible)
the status of adolescents who prematurely commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives
What is adolescence?
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence -roughly ages 11 to 18 -varies between cultures
A very serious problem related to participation in organized athletics during adolescence is
the use of illegal drugs to enhance performance.
precocious puberty
the very early onset and rapid progression of puberty -before 8 in girls -before 9 in boys
Research regarding Erikson's proposed relationship between identity and intimacy has shown that
there are multiple pathways to achieving identity and intimacy.
postconventional level
third level of reasoning in Kohlberg's theory, in which morality is based on a personal moral code 5.) Stage 5: reasoning is based on social contract 6.) Stage 6: abstract principles form a person's social code
adolescence
time period between childhood and adulthood
enduring vulnerabilities
traits, temperaments, or experiences that may inhibit the ability to cope with stress and to have successful relationships
Delinquent young men who marry young women with no history of conduct problems tend to cease their delinquent acts permanently (Sampson & Laub, 1992).
true
Learning to take the perspectives of others Changing family interaction patterns Using self-talk to control impulsive behaviors
true
One of the greatest challenges in treating people with diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder is that they do not believe that they need treatment.
true
