UNIT 4

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the measurement of physiological responses to indicate different states of consciousness, including electroencephalograph (EEG), electromyograph (EMG), electro-oculograph (EOG) and other techniques to investigate consciousness (measurement of speed and accuracy on cognitive tasks, subjective reporting of consciousness, including sleep diaries, and video monitoring)

CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS

- A biological rhythm that involves changes in bodily functions or activities that occurs as part of a cycle within a duration of about 24 hours.

STRESS

- A psychological ad physiological response to internal or external stressors that are perceived to challenge a person's ability to cope. - Is believed to increases a person's vulnerability to develo0ping a mental disorder such as schizophrenia - Contributes to or cause a mental disorder but this depends on a person's ability to cope with stress and the resources they have available - Can have a negative long-term impact on both physical and mental health, which could therefore lead to a mental health disorder.

ADVANTAGES OF EEG

- A reliable technique for determining abnormal brain activity, for monitoring changes withing a state of consciousness and to identify different states of consciousness - Useful in providing general information about brain activity in real time without being invasive - Used to assist with the diagnosis and study of various brain-related medical conditions, including brain damage and neurological disorders, particularly epilepsy which is characterised by uncontrollable bursts of brain acidity

SELF CONTROL

- Ability to maintain control over behaviours and emotions. - NWC: behaviour and impulses can be controlled. More control over actions (e.g., walking in a straight line) and behaviour can be planned and monitored. - ASC: inhibition is often lost and more open to suggestion (e.g., through hypnosis). Less control over behaviours and movements. Poor co-ordination and balance, and engagement in risky behaviour. Difficulty maintaining emotions. May have greater self-control (e.g., hypnosis to stop smoking).

HIGH LEVEL OF FUNCTIONING

- Functioning refers to how well an individual independently performs or operates in their environment across domains such as school/work, interpersonal relationships, daily living skills, emotional, cognitive skills, leisure, and recreations - Be able to interact in society, be productive, participate in extracurricular activities or unstructured activities, participate in self-care and independent, logically think and plan and self-regulate a range of positive and negative emotions. - People with a high level of mental health tend to have high levels of functioning in all/most areas.

TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A MENTALLY HEALTHY PERSON (F.R.E.S)

- High levels of functioning - High levels of social and emotional well-being - Resilience to life stressors - F.R.E.S (functioning, resilience, emotional and social)

PROTECTIVE FACTORS

- Is any characteristic or event that reduces the likelihood of the occurrence or recurrence of a mental disorder, either on its own or when risk factors are present. - They are thought of strengths or assets that help safeguard against the effects of risk factors and minimise their impact.

SLEEP DEPRIVATION

- Is when you do not get enough quality or quantity of sleep - It can have a number of effects including reduced alertness and concentration, impaired thinking and decision making, heightened emotional responses and increased reaction times.

Predisposing risk factors

Biological factors Genetic vulnerability Psychological factors Personality traits (e.g., poor self-efficacy) Social factors Disorganised attachment

Perpetuating risk factors

Biological factors Poor response to medication due to genetics factors Psychological factors Rumination, impaired reasoning and memory Social factors Role of stigma as a barrier to accessing treatment

Precipitating risk

Biological factors Poor sleep, substance abuse/misuse Psychological factors Stress Social factors Loss of significant relationship

Protective factors

Biological factors Adequate diet and sleep Psychological factors Cognitive behaviour strategies Social factors Support from family, friends, and community

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Changes in a person's psychological state due to levels of awareness, controlled and automatic processes, content limitations, perceptual and cognitive distortions, emotional awareness, self-control and time orientation

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Changes in levels of alertness as indicated by brain waves patterns (beta, alpha, theta, delta) due to drug induced altered states of consciousness (stimulants and depressants)

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Consciousness as a psychological construct that varies along a continuum, broadly categorised into normal waking consciousness, and altered states of consciousness (naturally occurring and induced).

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Ethical implications in the study of and research into, mental health, including informed consent and use of placebo treatments.

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Mental health as a continuum (mentally healthy, mental health problems, mental disorders), influenced by internal and external factors that can fluctuate over time

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The concept of cumulative risk.

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The distinction between predisposing risk factors (increase susceptibility), precipitating risk factors (increase susceptibility and contribute to occurrence), perpetuating risk factors (inhibit recovery) and protective factors (prevent occurrence or re-occurrence)

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The effects on consciousness (cognition, concentration and mood) of one night of full sleep deprivation as a comparison with effects of legal blood-alcohol concentrations.

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The influence of biological risk factors including genetic vulnerability to specific disorders, poor response to medication due to genetic factors, poor sleep and substance use.

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The influence of psychological risk factors including rumination, impaired reasoning and memory, stress, and poor self-efficacy.

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The influence of social risk factors including disorganized attachment, loss of a significant relationship and the role of stigma as a barrier to accessing treatment.

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The typical characteristics of a mentally healthy person, including high levels of functioning, social and emotional well-being and resilience to life stressors

RISK FACTORS

- Is any characteristic or event that increases the likelihood of the development or progression of a mental health disorder. This may be biological, psychological, or social.

ELCTROENCEPHALOGRAPH

- An electroencephalograph, or EEG, is a device that detects, amplifies and records general patterns of electrical activity of the brain over a period of time. - Achieved through using small electrodes that are attached to the surface of the scalp at the top and sides of the head, or a head cap with prepositioned or adjustable electrodes to suit individual requirements. - Brainwaves can vary in: - Frequency: number of brainwaves per second. Higher frequency equals more brain activity. - higher frequency = brain wave activity is faster, more brain waves per unit of time - lower frequency = brain wave activity is lower, fewer brain waves per unit of time. - Amplitude: measured in microvolts and can be visually judged by the size of the peaks and troughs of the waves from a baseline of zero activity. - high-amplitude: brains waves have bigger peaks and troughs - low-amplitude: brain waves have smaller peaks and troughs In REM the EEG would show high levels of electrical activity due to the high frequency and low amplitude brainwaves, due to high levels of brain activity during dreaming. In NREM the EEG would show lower level of electrical activity with low frequency and high amplitude.

DRUG

- Any substance that can change a person's physical and/or mental functioning - Certain types can induce an ASC and changes in brain wave patterns - Two broad categories: Stimulants and depressants.

DEPRESSANTS

- Are drugs that decrease activity in the central nervous system and the rest of the body. - Result in a state of calm, relaxation, drowsiness, sleep, or anaesthesia as doses of the drug increase - Reduce alertness, responsiveness, and cognitive function - E.g., alcohol, heroin, morphine, and benzodiazepines. - Depressants lead to increased delta, theta and alpha brain activity and decreased beta brain wave activity - Lead to brain waves of decreased frequency (speed) and increased amplitude (height)

STIMULANTS

- Are drugs that increase activity in the central nervous system and the rest of the body. They therefore have an alerting, activating effect. - E.g., caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy. - Stimulants increase beta wave activity and decrease delta, alpha and theta activity. - Brain waves increase in frequency (speed) and decrease in amplitude (height)

INTERNAL FACTORS

- Are influences that originate inside or within a person - These are biological and psychological factors, such as genetics, sex, ways of thinking and beliefs

EXTERNAL FACTORS

- Are influences that originate outside a person - These tend to be social factors, such as school, work, interpersonal relationships and support available.

BETA (fastest)

- Associated with alertness and intensive mental activity during normal waking consciousness - The brain is strongly engaged in cognitive function - Present in states of tension, anxiety, threat, feat, fear and when dreaming during REM. - High frequency (fast), and low amplitude (small)

DELTA (slowest)

- Associated with deep, dreamless sleep or unconsciousness - Appear in stage 3 of NREM - Predominant in stage 4 of NREM - Considered normal in very young and elderly waking state and predominant in infancy and early childhood - Low frequency (slow) and high (large) amplitude)

DISORGANISED ATTACHMENT

- Attachment refers to the emotional bond which forms between an infant and another person, usually the primary caregivers such as their parents. - Disorganized attachment is a type of attachment that is characterized by inconsistent or contradictory behavior patterns in the presence of a primary caregiver such as pulling away from the caregiver, avoiding eye contact or other, odd behaviours such as freezing or rocking back and forth. - This can impact socio-emotional development causing issues with trust/anxiety and leads to difficulty forming relationships with others.

CONSCIOUSNESS

- Awareness of objects and events in the external world, and of our sensations, mental experiences, and own existence at any given time - Cannot be seen, and therefore is a psychological construct; a concept constructed to describe psychological activity or a pattern of activity that is believed to occur or exist but cannot be directly observed. - Personal, selective, continuous, and constantly changing.

PERCEPTUAL AND COGNITIVE DISTORTIONS

- Cognitive distortions: the degree of awareness and efficiency of thought and memory processes. - NWC: effective memory functioning - can remember events experience in NWC. Thought processes are typically organised and logical - ASC: reduced and bizarre, illogical and disorganised. Not able to block thoughts easily. Less information stored and harder to retrieve (trouble remembering events). Difficulty in problem solving and decision making. - Perceptual distortions: the accuracy and efficiency of sensations and perceptions. - NWC: sensations reflect reality and perception is clear; able to accurately process sensory info. - ASC: sensations can be stronger or more vivid, or suppressed and blurred depending on the type of ASC being experienced. Perceptual distortions may occur (hallucinations or delusions)

CONSUMING ALCOHOL

- Consuming alcohol can cause people to experience an ASC, which have the effects of: - cognitive and perceptual distortions - reduced time orientation - reduced emotional awareness - reduced self-control

ALTERED STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS (ASC)

- Describes any state of consciousness that is distinctly different from normal waking consciousness in terms of level of awareness and experience. - Mental processing of internal and external stimuli shows distinguishable, measurable changes. - Normal inhibitions or self-control may weaken - Naturally occurring: a normal part of our lives and occurs during everyday (i.e., sleep or daydreaming) or - Induced: can be intentionally achieved through the use of an aid (i.e., hypnosis, drugs, alcohol ingestion) or unintentionally achieved due to an accident, disease or disorder.

4P FACTOR MODEL

- Describes four influences on mental health and occurrence or re-occurrence of a mental health disorder - Predisposing risk factors - Precipitating risk factors - Perpetuating risk factors - Protective factors

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

- Either originate or develop within the body and so may not be under our control - The four biological risk factors are: genetic vulnerability, poor response to medication, poor sleep, and substance use

MEASUREMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES

- Enable researchers to obtain data on bodily changes and responses during various states of consciousness - Three commonly measure physiological responses are changes in brain wave patterns, muscle activity and eye movements.

STUDY - COMPARING EFFECTS OF ONE NIGHT OF FULL SLEEP DEPRIVATION VS LEGAL BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION

- However, we do need to be careful when generalizing these findings to real life settings. - There may be several other variables that can impact on the result of studies focusing on sleep deprivation and BAC - Mood is one such variable. Research has shown that the effects of alcohol and sleep deprivation can be affected by the mood of the participant, which may then affect the results of the study. - Sleep deprivation results in a negative mood state (i.e., irritability short-tempered) and alcohol consumption results in either a positive or negative mood state depending on such variable of the amount of sleep deprivation or alcohol, the individual, and the context. - In turn, our mood state can influence our conscious experience and can either enhance or impair concentration and cognitive performance. E.g., sleep deprivation can make us cranky which interferes with our ability to concentrate and thing clearly. - Sleep deprivation, alcohol, cognition, concentration, and mood are intertwined and may interact in complex ways in influencing conscious experience.

PREDISPOSING RISK FACTORS

- Increases an individual's susceptibility to a particular mental disorder. - E.g., genetic vulnerability.

PRECIPITATING RISK FACTORS

- Increases an individual's susceptibility to and contributes to the occurrence of a particular mental disorder. - They typically hasten the onset of a disorder and precede or are present at the time of onset. - E.g., stress, substance abuse

CONTROLLED PROCESS

- Information processing that involves conscious and alert awareness and mental effort, and an individual is focusing on achieving a particular goal. - Required when a task is novel, unfamiliar or difficult - Can only be performed one task at a time - Require selective attention, high level of consciousness - It is effortful, relatively slow and tends to be serial (can only perform one task at a time) - E.g., driving a car for the first time

AUTOMATIC PROCESS

- Information processing that involves little conscious awareness and mental effort, minimal attention and doesn't affect the performance of other activities. - Used when a task is simple or familiar - Tends to be rapid - Tends to be parallel: can be completed while undertaking other tasks - Enables divided attention - Not easy to perform in ASC - E.g., knitting when you have done it for 50 years.

RUMINATION

- Involves repeatedly thinking about or dwelling on undesirable thoughts and feelings, such as problems or bad moods, without acting to change them. This involves continuously thinking about aspects of negative situations that are upsetting, such as their causes and potential consequences - It impedes problem solving, as people will often become overwhelmed and find no solution, making them more likely to remain upset or angry.

INFORMED CONSENT

- Involves undersetting the nature and purpose of the experiment, what it will involve and any possible risks, and then signing a consent from - Consent is important because people with mental health disorders often have impaired cognitive functioning and so can affect memory, judgement, and logical thinking. It is hard to determine if they truly understand the information about the proposed research and risks involved, and so cannot properly give informed consent. - In such circumstances, the participant's guardian must give consent in which the researcher must still explain the research to the participant and the guardian, and the participant must understand to the best of their ability. - Consent is not required from patients involuntarily hospitalised in the public health system

SUBJECTIVE REPORTING OF CONSCIOUSNESS - SLEEP DIARIES

- Is a 'log' used to self-record and self-report sleep and waking time activities over a period of time, usually one week or more. - Used in conjunction with other methods such as EEG or EMG to support the assessment of sleep disturbances or disorders. - Records may be kept of: - the time trying to fall asleep - estimated time of falling asleep - the number, length, and time of awakenings - estimated time waking up - how well rested the individual feels after waking - factors that may influence sleep such as alcohol, caffeine, or naps. - Advantage: insight into an individual's thoughts and feelings that cannot be directly observed or measured through observational studies or physiological recording devices. It is detailed and provides context, also cheap and easy with large groups. - Disadvantage: relies on personal judgments, and therefore reliant on good memory and honesty.

ATTENTION

- Is a concentration of mental activity that involves focusing on specific stimulus while ignoring and therefore excluding other stimuli. - Levels of attention: relates to the info being actively processed, either consciously or not. - Selective attention: choosing and attending to a specific stimulus or limited range of stimuli to the exclusion of others - Divided attention: the ability to distribute our attention and undertake two or more activities simultaneously. Depends on the conscious effort required for the various tasks in which we are engaged.

THE USE OF THE PLACEBO

- Is a treatment that has not actual affect (i.e., fake treatment). It generally mimics the 'real' treatment. - Used to test efficacy of a treatment and experiment will often use a double-blind procedure. - Taken by the control groups - Tests the effectiveness of the real treatment by controlling for the placebo effect, ensuring all participant expectations are the same. This involves a change in participants response because of receiving some sort of treatment (and their expectations of seeing a changed), rather than the effect of the IV. - A concern: genuine treatments is being withheld from the patients and therefore they may remain unwell and suffer, specifically as participants involved in phycological studies aren't allowed to take any other form of treatment - Still acceptable if ethical guidelines are met (e.g., informed consent, withdrawal rights). - Ethical consideration also expressed about the use of deception. For example, participants received the placebo must be deceived by being led to believe that they are taking an active drug that may reduce or inhibit their symptoms.

BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL

- Is a way of describing and explaining how biological, psychological and social factors combine and interact to influence a person's mental health - Reflects a holistic view of mental health - the individual is considered as a whole person functioning in their unique environment.

SLEEP

- Is an altered state of consciousness that is a naturally occurring bodily rhythm that is accompanied by a number of psychological and physiological affects - Defined as a reversible behavioural state of perceptual disengagement from and unresponsiveness to the environment. - Biological rhythms: are the cyclical natural rhythms our body follows in order to perform a variety of functions controlled by an internal mechanism. E.g., body temp, digestive secretions

STUDY - COMPARING EFFECTS OF ONE NIGHT OF FULL SLEEP DEPRIVATION VS LEGAL BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION

- It has been identified that there is a significant relationship between fatigue due to a moderate level of sleep deprivation, legal levels of alcohol consumption and impaired performance - In 1997, Dawson and Reid performed a study looking into the effects of sleep deprivation in comparison to alcohol consumption. - 40 participants were used in a repeated measures design (same participants for both conditions) with counterbalancing. - In the first condition, participants were kept awake for 28 hours (from 8:00 am to 12 noon the following day). - In the second condition, participants consumed 15g of alcohol every 30 minutes until their blood alcohol concentration (BAC) reached 0.10%. - In both conditions, participants were assessed on 'cognitive psychomotor performance' (hand-eye coordination tests) every 30 minutes. - Dawson and Reid found that the performance on tasks of a person that was fully sleep deprived for 17 hours was equal to people with a BAC of 0.05%, which is the legal BAC limit for driving in Australia. - They also found that people that were fully sleep deprived (also known as 'sustained wakefulness') for 24 hours performed equivalent to people with a BAC of 0.10%. - Therefore, they concluded that the effects of moderate sleep deprivation (i.e., 24 hours) on performance are similar to moderate alcohol intoxication (i.e., 0.05%). Furthermore, the results of moderate sleep deprivation are equivalent to or greater than the level of alcohol that is deemed legally acceptable when driving, working and/or operating dangerous machinery.

LIMITATIONS OF EEG

- It poorly measures neural activity that occurs below the outer layer of the brain (i.e., the cortex) - Nor does it provide detailed information about which structure of the brain are activated and what their specific functions might be, especially areas beneath the cortex

PERPETUATING RISK FACTORS

- Maintains or prolongs the occurrence of a particular mental health disorder and inhibits an individual's recovery from the disorder. - Are the factors that causes a person's symptoms to continue or progressively worsen. - E.g., poor response to medication, stigma - Can be unresolved predisposing and precepting factors such as abusive relationships or insomnia.

GENETIC VULNERABILITY (PREDISPOSING)

- Means having a risk for developing a specific mental disorder due to one or more factors associated with genetic inheritance - Having a genetic vulnerability places an individual at a higher risk, but it does not mean they will defiantly develop the disorder. - Schizophrenia is a well-known example of a disorder that involves genetic vulnerability.

SUBJECTIVE

- Measurements collected through personal observations of behaviour. E.g., sleep diaries and video monitoring - Advantages: provides detailed plan and can provide insight into unobservable mental processes such as dreaming - Disadvantages: based on personal judgements, thus difficult to measure and compare. Often influence by bias (experimenter or participant)

OBJECTIVE

- Measurements of behaviour collected under controlled conditions. Scores are not subject to personal opinions or interpretation by the researcher. E.g., EEG, EMG, EOG, speed and accuracy on cognitive tasks - Advantages: insight into an individual's thoughts and feelings that cannot be directly observed or measured through observational studies or physiological recording devices - Disadvantages: subjective as it relies on personal judgments, therefore reliant on good memory and honesty.

MENTAL HEALTH

- Mental health can be defined as a state of wellbeing in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able to contribute to his or her community. - It also involves using one's social, emotional, and cognitive abilities effectively.

MENTAL HEALTH AS A PRODUCT OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS

- Mental health can be influenced by several factors which can be categorised into internal and external factors. These factors affect and are affected by one another.

MENTAL HEALTH CONTINUUM

- Mental health is represented as a continuum of mental wellbeing, as it is not considered as something we either have or do not have - The mental health continuum ranges from mentally healthy at one end, through to a mental health disorder at the other end.

SOCIAL FACTORS

- Originate in the external environment - The three social risk factors are disorganised attachment, loss of a significant relationship and stigma as a barrier to accessing treatment.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

- Originate or develop within the mind, and usually focus on mental processes. - The four psychological risk factors are rumination, impaired reasoning and memory, stress, and poor self-efficacy.

TIME ORIENTATION

- Our perception of time and time-related experiences in relation to the past, present and future. - The ability to correctly perceive the speed at which time passes - NWC: clear sense of time. Also have an awareness of our place in time, and can focus on the past, present or future. - ASC: may have a distorted sense of time. Time may appear to slow down or pass more quickly.

HIGH LEVEL OF FUNCTIONING

- People with high level of functioning are primarily adaptive and perform adaptive behaviour - actions that enable people to effectively carry out everyday tasks and allow them to adapt to the demands of daily living while doing so independently - In contrast, maladaptive behaviour reduces a person's ability to carry out everyday tasks and is associated with low levels of functioning

POOR SLEEP (PRECIPITATING)

- Poor sleep quantity or quality is associated with a range of disorders in which chronic poor sleep is reported prior to onset and diagnosis - The relationship between poor sleep and mental disorders is bi-directional - poor sleep may contribute to or cause a mental disorder or a metal disorder can cause poor sleep - E.g, insomnia - Sleep deprivation has many negative effects on functioning including causing amplified emotional responses, decreased alternes, impaired concentration and attention, impaired problem solving and poor decision making.

THETA

- Produced when we are very drowsy or when awake and engaged in creative activities, during dream-like visual imagery, when excited and when deeply mediating - E.g., when falling asleep, or just before waking - Normally recorded in NWC - Medium frequency and some high-amplitude (large) waves mixed with some low-amplitude (small) waves.

IMPAIRED REASONING AND MEMORY

- Reasoning involves goal-directed thinking in which inferences are made or conclusions are drawn from known or assumed factors or pieces of information. It enables us to solve problems and so deal with challenges of varying complexity in everyday life. - People with schizophrenia have impaired reasoning. This includes delusions (an incorrect belief held with certainty despite their being evidence that it is wrong), and probabilistic reasoning (making judgments related to probability which are often wrong or unlikely) - Impaired memory refers to problems with short term and/or long-term memory, usually evidence in people who suffer from schizophrenia. This can lead to disorganised behaviour and an inability to function effectively. - Impairments to episodic memory can be very disabling - individuals cannot recall personal histories and lose the ability to associate themselves with personally significant past evens or plan for the future

PROTECTIVE FACTORS

- Reduce the likelihood of the occurrence of a mental disorder and helps prevent the re-occurrence of a mental disorder. - E.g., adequate sleep, social support.

MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEM

- Refers to a mild and temporary disruption to an individual's usual level of social and emotional well being - Adversely affects the way a person thinks, feels and/or behaves, but to a lesser extent and shorter durations than a mental disorder.

MENTALLY HEALTHY

- Refers to a positive state of mental wellbeing in which an individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, strives to fulfill their goals/potential, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to their community

POOR SELF-EFFICACY

- Refers to an individual's belief in their capacity to execute behaviours necessary to succeed in a specific situation or accomplish a specific task. - People with high level of self-efficacy are likely to take on challenges and show greater persistence and be more likely to success - Low levels of self-efficacy can cause people to struggle to cope with stressors, as they are less likely to believe they can succeed. This can increase ones suffering of anxiety, depression, and stress, increasing one's chance of developing a mental disorder and impairing one's ability to overcome challenges that arise when difficulties are experienced.

LOSS OF A SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP

- Refers to an individual's losing an important relationship with another person due to reasons such as a serious illness, death, or breakup - Can be very challenging and quite stressful - People may experience grief, sadness, stress, anxiety, guilt, confusion, and exhaustion. - Grief: is the total reaction to the experience of loss, comprising a mix of through, feelings and behaviours - this is not a disorder, but is considered 'normal' when dealing with loss. - Physical reactions such as nausea, headaches, loss of appetite may also be experienced - Can be increased use of alcohol or drugs. - A risk fact for delveo0pment of depression.

CONTENT LIMITATIONS

- Refers to how aware you are of external or internal events NWC: - Have more restricted content in their consciousness - Content is organised and logical - E.g., following logical steps in solving a simple, everyday problem ASC: - Do not have the same control, therefore the content of our consciousness is not as limited - Content is nonsensical, illogical, and disorganised - Not able to block thoughts as easily. - E,g., dreams

MENTAL HEALTH DISORDER

- Refers to psychological dysfunction that usually involves impairment in coping ability, significant personal distress, and atypical or inappropriate thoughts, feelings, or behaviours

NORMAL WAKING CONSCIOUSNESS

- Refers to the states of consciousness associated with being awake ad aware of objects and events in the external world, and of one's sensations, mental experiences and own existence. - 2/3 of our day - Constantly changing

SUBSTANCE USE (PRECIPITATING)

- Refers to the use or consumption of legal or illegal drugs or other products such as alcohol, tobacco, prescription drugs, over the counter drugs. - Substance use and mental disorders often occur together - pope with mental disorders have greater rates of substance use and people who use substances are at a greater risk of developing a disorder.

RESILIENCE TO LIFE STRESSORS

- Resilience is the ability to cope with and adapt well to life stressors and restore positive functioning. - It means being able to 'bounce back' from adversity or difficult experiences - There are number of characteristics allowing one to 'bounce back'. These include a strong belief in ones abilities, high self-esteem, approaching adversity and stress with optimism, etc. - Different levels of resilience is one reason why different people may respond differently to stressors - High levels of resilience are generally associated with high levels of mental health.

MEASUREMENT OF SPEED AND ACCURACY ON COGNITIVE TASKS

- SPEED: Refers to the response or reaction time to a stimulus - how much time elapses between the presentations of some stimulus and the individual's response to the stimulus. Measured in milliseconds - ACCURACY: Involves the number of correct response and incorrect responses (errors) made by the individual - Often, participants will perform a cognitive task, or series of cognitive tasks, whilst in NWC - Researcher can get them to perform the same tasks when they know or suspect they are in ASC to see how it affects their performance - E.g., concussion testing in sport

STIGMA AS A BARRIER TO ACCESSING TREATMENT

- Stigma is a sign of shame, disgrace or disapproval typically associated with a particular characteristic or attribute that sets a person apart (Negative labelling, name calling, being treated differently are forms of stigma) - Many people avoid seeking treatment because they fear being stigmatised by society which can cause the onset or progression of a mental disorder or make recovery difficult. - People with mental health may also experience self-stigma negative thoughts. - Effects of stigma can be low self-efficacy, lack of understanding by others, misrepresentation in media, fewer opportunities for social interaction/employment and bullying, physical violence/harassment - Tends to affect males more.

Electro-oculargraph (EOG)

- The electro-oculargraph, or EOG, measures eye movements or eye positions by detecting, amplifying, and recording electrical activity in eye muscles that control eye movements. - Measures changes in voltage as the eyes move and rotate in their sockets - Helpful for determining whether someone is awake or asleep, and if asleep, which stage of sleep they are in. - Obtained by attaching electrode to the areas of the face surrounding the eyes. - REM: low levels of activity due to slow rolling eye movement - NREM: high levels of activity due to rapid jerky eye movements.

ELECTROMYOGRAPH (EMG)

- The electromyograph, or EMG, is used to detect, amplify, and record the electrical activity of muscles - Shows the strength of electrical activity occurring in the muscles, which indicates changes in muscle activity (movement) and muscle tone (tension). - The higher the level of muscular activity and tone, the more alert we tend to be and vice versa. - Obtained by attaching electrodes to skin above the relevant muscles. - In NWC: EMG will show a pattern of electrical activity that is moderate to high - In ASC: pattern changes as skeletal muscles and the ability to stand upright or control voluntary muscle movements diminishes - NREM sleep: EMG will show low levels of electrical activity due to the relaxation of muscles. However, if a person experiences muscle spasms, or sleepwalking, this level of electrical activity in the muscles will increase. - REM sleep: EMG will show low levels of electrical activity as we are in a state of virtual muscle paralysis/muscle atonia.

EMOTIONAL AWARENESS

- The experience of feelings/emotions - NWC: normal range of emotions. True feelings can be hidden and emotions that are expressed are generally appropriate to the situation. - ASC: emotions can be intensified or dulled (e.g., alcohol = more emotional, mediation = less emotional). Can often be unpredictable and inappropriate, or put into turmoil resulting in uncharacteristic responses.

CHANGES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE DUE TO LEVELS OF AWARENESS

- There are several changes in psychological state that a person experiences in ASC when compared to NWC. - People in NWC will have a higher level of awareness than people in ASC.

SUBJECTIVE REPORTING OF CONSCIOSUNESS - VIDEO MONITORING

- Video cameras are used to record externally observable physiological responses through a sleep episode, including behaviours when falling asleep and when waking. - In clinics or laboratories or in a home environment - Responses that may be observed include: - changes in posture or body position - amount of 'tossing and turning' - what happens when awakening from a nightmare or night terror - behaviours associated with sleepwalking - Advantages: can be used in natural environment, can re-watch footage - Disadvantages: researcher must interpret behaviour, may miss events if there is a time delay or if they look away.

HIGH LEVELS OF SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL WELL BEING

- Wellbeing refers to our sense of wellness or how well we feel about ourselves and our lives - Social wellbeing is based on the ability to have satisfying relationships and interactions with others - This includes developing and maintaining healthy relationships, socially interacting with other people appropriately, showing respect and understand for others and their cultures and feeling self-confidence alone and/or with others. - Emotional wellbeing is based on the ability to control emotions and express them appropriately and comfortably. - This includes developing an awareness and understanding of your own emotions, controlling emotions, and expressing them appropriate, identifying emotions in other people and showing empathy - High levels of social and emotion wellbeing are characteristics of high levels of mental health.

ALPHA

- When we are awake and alert but mentally and physically relaxed and internally focused - E.g., sitting down to rest after a mentally active task - Regular or rhythmic pattern - Medium to relatively high frequency (but slower than beta waves) with low amplitude (but a slightly larger amplitude than beta waves).

CONSCIOUSNESS AS A CONTINUUM OF AWARENESS

- consciousness as varies along a continuum of awareness with two distinctive extremes - total awareness (e.g., focused attention) and complete lack of awareness (e.g., unconsciousness in a deep coma or vegetative state). - In between are other states involving more or less overall awareness. - At times we can be highly focused and acutely aware (e.g., lining up to shoot a goal), at other times we experience a medium level of awareness (e.g., daydreaming), and sometimes our awareness is very low (e.g., deep, dreamless sleep) Total awareness focused attention normal wakefulness daydreaming mediative state hypnotised asleep anaesthetised coma total lack of awareness

THE SLEEP-WAKE CYCLE AS A CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

- influenced by environmental time-giving stimuli which are used to keep it in sync with the 24- hour day-night cycle. - When in a time free environment the sleep-wake cycle is pushed forwards where the individual sleeps later and awakens later as they drift into a cycle closer to 25 hours. - Environmental time cues = zeitgebers - Light is the main environmental cue. When our eyes detect light (artificial or natural) the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is activated ad stimulate the pineal gland to release less or more melatonin into the blood. - High levels of light = less melatonin = less drowsiness/high alternes and vice versa - When light is detected, the SCN also performs functions such as initiating an increase in body temp and the release of stimulating hormones like cortisol to promote alertness and support other arousal activities.

POOR RESPONSE TO MEDICATION (DUE TO GENETIC FACTORS) (PERPETUATING)

- means having little to no reduction in the number of severity of symptoms despite taking medication as prescribed and so this medicati0kon has little or no effect to the mental health disorder - This poor response is often due to genetics as certain genes are responsible for hour our body processes medication of our how it is absorbed, metabolised, and distributed. - Is considered a risk factor for the development and progression of a mental disorder

CUMULATIVE RISK

- refers to the total risk to mental health from the combined effects of multiple biological, psychological, and social risk factors. - the more risk factors that a person is exposed to, the greater their vulnerability to or likelihood of developing a mental disorder. The overall effect of risk factors accumulates or builds up.

DP

sleep as a regular and naturally occurring altered state of consciousness that follows a circadian rhythm and involves the ultradian rhythms of REM and NREM Stages 1-4 sleep excluding corresponding brain wave patterns and physiological responses for each stage