Unit 4 Chapter 9

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

biology ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURE sexual preference genetics

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes?

concrete operational FORMAL OPERATIONAL sensorimotor preoperational

When development proceeds in a stepwise fashion with periods of growth interrupted by periods where growth is not occurring, we'd say that development is taking a(n) ________ trajectory.

continuous unidirectional DISCONTINUOUS bidirectional

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

disorganized resistant avoidant SECURE

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

authoritarian disorganized AUTHORITATIVE permissive

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture cognitive capacity GENES AND BIOLOGY language acquisition

18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.

assimilation reversibility ACCOMODATION seriation

The notion that the manner in which one's brain develops can have a significant impact on a persons cognitive functioning is central to the ________ perspective in developmental psychology.

naturist epigenetic biopsychosocial NEUROCONSTRUCTIVIST

During adolescence there is a tendency to see people engage in higher levels of risk-taking behavior. Emotional outbursts are also quite common. This is explained by the relative underdevelopment of the ________ lobe of the cerebral cortex.

occipital FRONTAL temporal parietal

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.

egocentrism centration ASSIMILATIOIN accommodation

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

fetus ZYGOTE embryo placenta

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills.

native FINE gross manipulative

Adolescents (ages 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. Erik Erikson would argue that during this period adolescents face the________ task of development.

trust vs. mistrust IDENTITY VS. CONFUSION generativity vs. stagnation isolation vs. intimacy

Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development?

Erik Erikson Jean Piaget SIGMUND FREUD Lawrence Kohlberg

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. Within the psychosocial model of development, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR generativity vs. stagnation identity vs. guilt initiative vs. guilt

According to Piaget, during their first year, infants develop ________, the understanding that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see it or touch it

OBJECT PERMANENCE conservation egocentric thinking reversibility

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?

egocentrism pretend play OBJECT PERMANENCE language development

During Piaget's proposed ________ stage of development, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations. At the same time they lack the ability to think abstractly.

formal operational sensorimotor CONCRETE OPERATIONAL preoperational

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. In Erikson's developmental theory, what is the primary developmental task of this stage?

identity vs. confusion TRUST VS. MISTRUST autonomy vs. shame/doubt industry vs. inferiority

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught and he'd get punished by his parents. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

conventional PRE-CONVENTIONAL post-conventional formal operational

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

reversibility conservation abstract thought EGOCENTRISM

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

PERMISSIVE Freudian authoritative authoritarian

What is an advanced directive?

A LEGAL DOCUMENT THAT PROVIDES SPECIFIC INTERVENTIONS THAT A PERSON WANTS. A statement of what a person wants done with their estate, including who their possessions should go to. An indication of what a person wants for their own funeral ceremonies (including requesting that no funeral be held). A legal document that bars anyone from providing resuscitative care if one's heart should stop or they stop breathing.

________ is the understanding that the physical properties of objects, such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of liquid in a glass, can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes

Assimilation CONSERVATION Concrete operations Object permanence

Victoria has learned that she has metastatic breast cancer and has only a few months to live. She immediately goes to church and prays that she will "change her ways" and will become a model Christian if God will just heal her illness. Victoria is at the _______ stage of grieving.

BARGAINING denial depression anger

________ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

Categories Prototypes Cognitions SCHEMATA

The goal of hospice care is to provide

DEATH WITH DIGNITY AND PAIN MANAGEMENT IN HUMANE AND COMFORTABLE SETTING. medical options for the treatment of terminal illnesses so that death can be avoided. legal options for family members making medical decisions on the part of another. liaisons to experimental treatments that might not be readily available for some patients.

According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved.

Jean Piaget Abraham Maslow Lawrence Kohlberg ERIK ERIKSON

Britta knows that it is wrong to break into a store that is closed, but there is a medical emergency and she has no cell phone with her. Her date has collapsed on the street and is having a seizure. Britta breaks the window of a local store, unlocks the door, and lets herself in to call the police. She stays behind to explain her behavior to the store owner, who shows up shortly after he is called. Britta is operating at the ________ level of Kohlberg's theory of morality.

POST-CONVENTIONAL concrete operational conventional pre-conventional

Ross has learned that he has Parkinson's disease, and that in time he will lose some of his cognitive faculties. He and his wife have a lawyer draw up a document that names her a health care ________ who will be able to make medical decisions for Ross when he is unable to do so for himself.

PROXY executor beneficiary designee

Which theorist promoted the idea that development is fundamentally affected by one's culture as well as their interactions with their own environment?

Piaget Kohlberg Ainsworth VYGOTSKY

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

Psychosocial Artistic Emotional COGNITIVE

________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

Psychosocial PHYSICAL Cognitive Learning

During Jean Piaget's ________ stage, the world is experienced through what we can take in through our perceptual systems and how we can move our bodies.

SENSORIMOTOR concrete operational preoperational formal operational

What is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

SENSORIMOTOR, PREOPERATIONAL, CONCRETE OPERATIONAL, FORMAL OPERATIONAL Sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational Sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational Preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational

Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental ________.

boundaries markers norms MILESTONES

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use ________ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.

case studies naturalistic observations SURVEYS experiments

Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?

changes in the workforce YOUNGER AVERAGE AGE FOR MARRIAGE changing cultural expectations taking longer to complete a college degree

According to Piaget, children develop abstract reasoning at the ________ stage of cognitive development

preoperational FORMAL OPERATIONAL concrete operational sensorimotor

According to Piaget, the first stage of a child's cognitive development is the ________ stage

preoperational formal operational SENSORIMOTOR concrete operational

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

resistant DISORGANIZED avoidant secure

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

reversibility OBJECT PERMANENCE stranger anxiety egocentrism