UNIT 4 EXAM

alpha waves

occur in healthy awake adults while resting with eyes closed

Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate and synapse on neurons in the?

olfactory bulb

The superior colliculi receive visual input from the lateral geniculate nuclei via the?

optic tract

Describe the direction of sensory input and motor commands relative to the spinal cord. (Module 12.1A)

Sensory input travels toward the spinal cord and motor commands travel away from the spinal cord.

delta waves

during deep sleep

theta waves

during sleep in normal adults

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual axons within a peripheral nerve is termed the?

endoneurium

Nicotinic receptors in the peripheral?

facilitate synaptic transmission at all autonomic ganglionic synapses

________ receptors are ________ times more numerous than ________ receptors.

cold; three or four; warm;

Stimulation of α1 adrenergic receptors by norepinephrine results in?

release of calcium ions from intracellular stores.

Visceral reflex arcs can bypass CNS neurons in ________ reflexes.

short

The flexor reflex?

withdraw reflex

The adult human brain contains almost ________ of the body's neural tissue.

97 percent

Autonomic motor neurons

A nerve cell in the spinal cord, rhombencephalon, or mesencephalon characterized by an axon that leaves the central nervous system to establish a functional connection with an effector (muscle or glandular) tissue

Autonomic tone is an important aspect of ANS function because it

Allow ANS neurons to increase or decrease their activity, providing a range of control options

The epidural space contains?

Loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose

propioceptors

Which general sensory receptors are the most structurally and functionally complex?

beta waves

appear in people who are concentrating on a task under stress or in a state of psychological tension

As you ascend from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, the functions of each successive level become ?

both more complex and less crucial to visceral functions

The posterior root ganglia mainly contain?

cell bodies of sensory neurons.

A cortex is found on the surface of both the?

cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres

________ is the term used to describe the crossing over of a tract to the side of the nervous system opposite to where the axons originated.

decussation

A viral disease that destroys the neuronal cell bodies of the anterior gray horn will?

lead to muscular weakness or paralysis

Bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. As a result, which of the following would you expect?

loss of sensation in his torso

In a(n) ________ reflex, a sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron.

monosynaptic

Reflexes, controlled by the spinal cord, act by?

motor output over spinal nerves to effectors.

Bob is struck on the left side of the head and is knocked unconscious. When he recovers consciousness, he can hear individual words but cannot understand the meaning of phrases or sentences. This implies damage to his?

speech center

Examination of a tissue sample from the central nervous system reveals many darkly pigmented cells. This tissue probably came from the?

substantia nigra

A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are not the result of

sympathetic activation increased levels of epinephrine in the blood. increased activity of autonomic centers in the hypothalamus the "fight or flight" response.

Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the?

thalamus

The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter" is?

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system

Almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the ________ nerve(s).

vagus nerves.