Unit 4 Practice

A sound wave's _____ is the number of cycles or full wavelengths that pass through a point in a given time interval. timbre bandwidth frequency amplitude

frequency

In psychology, the process of organizing and interpreting incoming sensory information is called _____. perception sensation awareness arousal

Perception

In the visual system, _____ are the receptors in the retina of the eye that are sensitive to light but are not very useful for color vision. rods cones bipolar cells ganglion cells

Rods

Which explanation of the Müller-Lyer illusion is offered by the text? A) the corners in our carpentered world teach us to interpret outward- or inward-pointing arrowheads at the end of a line as a cue to the line's distance from us and so to its length. B) the drawing's violation of linear perspective makes one line seem longer. C) top-down processing of the illusion is prevented because of the stimuli's ambiguity. D) all of the above were offered as explanations.

Answer: A- the corners in our carpentered world teach us to interpret outward-or inward-pointing arrowheads at the end of a line as a cue to the line's distance from us and so to it's length

______ processing refers to how our knowledge and expectations influence perception. A) Top-Down B) Bottom-Up C) Parapsychological D) Human Factors

Answer: A- top down

How do we perceive a pole that partially covers a bush? A) as further away B) as nearer C) as larger D) there is not information to determine the object's size or distance.

Answer: B- as nearer

The tendency to organize stimuli into smooth, uninterrupted patterns is called: A) closure B) continuity C) similarity D) proximity E) connectedness

Answer: B- continuity

Studying the road map before her trip, Colleen had no trouble following the route of the highway she planned to travel. Colleen's ability illustrates the principle of: A) closure B) similarity C) continuity D) proximity E) connectedness

Answer: B- similarity

Adults who are born blind but later have their vision restored: A) are almost immediately able to recognize familiar objects. B) typically fail to recognize familiar objects. C) are unable to follow moving objects with their eyes. D) have excellent eye-hand coordination.

Answer: B- typically fail to recognize familiar objects

____ processing refers to how physical characteristics of stimuli influence their interpretation. A) Top-Down B) Bottom-Up C) Parapsychological D) Human Factors

Answer: B-bottum up

People asked to judge the distances of white disks under either clear or foggy conditions: A- estimated the disks to be more distant when viewed under clear conditions B- estimated the disks to be nearer when viewed under clear conditions C- took atmospheric conditions into consideration and judged the disks to be equally distant under the two viewing conditions D- were much less accurate under foggy conditions

Answer: B-estimated the disks to be more distant when viewed under clear conditions

The depth cue that occurs when we watch stable objects at different distances as we are moving is: A) convergence B) interposition C) relative clarity D) relative motion

Answer: D- relative motion

When we stare at an object, each eye receives a slightly different image, providing a depth cue known as: A) convergence B) linear perspective C) relative motion D) retinal disparity

Answer: D- retinal disparity

Thanks to ______ TiVo has solved the TV recording problem caused by the complexity of VCRs. A)parapsychology B) human factors psychologists C) psychokinesis D) gestalt psychologists

Answer: B- human factors psychologist

Which philosopher maintained that knowledge comes from inborn ways of organizing our sensory experiences? A) Locke B) Kant C) Gibson D) Walk E) Neisse

Answer: B- kant

When two familiar objects of equal size cast unequal retinal images, the object that casts the smaller retinal image will be perceived as being: A) closer than the other object B) more distant than the other object C) larger than the other object D) smaller than the other object

Answer: B- more distant than the other object

The phenomenon of size constancy is based upon the close connection between an object's perceived ___ and it's perceived ____. A) size; shape B) size; distance C) size; brightness D) shape; distance E) shape; brightness

Answer: B- size; distance

According to the philosopher ____, we learn to perceive the world. A) Locke B) Kant C) Gibson D) Walk E) Neisser

Answer: A- Locke

The moon illusion occurs in part because distance cues at the horizon make the moon seem: A) farther away and therefore larger B) closer and therefore larger C) farther away and therefore smaller D) closer and therefore smaller

Answer: A- farther away and therefore larger

Studies of the visual cliff have provided evidence that much of depth perception is: A) innate B) learned C) innate in lower animals, learned in humans. D) innate in humans, learned in lower animals.

Answer: A- innate

Which of the following is a monocular depth cue? A) light and shadow B) convergence C) retinal disparity D) all of the above are monocular depth cues

Answer: A- light and shadow

In the absence of perceptual constancy: A) objects would appear to change size as their distance from us changed. B) depth perception would be based exclusively on monocular cues. C) depth perception would be based exclusively on binocular cues. D) depth perception would be impossible.

Answer: A- objects would appear to change size as their distance from us changed

As we move, viewed objects cast changing shapes on our retinas, although we do not perceive the objects as changing. This is part of the phenomenon of: A) perceptual constancy B) relative motion C) linear perceptive D) continuity

Answer: A- perceptual constancy

Concluding her presentation on sensation and perception, Kelly notes that: A) sensation is bottom-up processing. B) perception is top-down processing. C) a. and b. are both true. D) sensation and perception blend into one continuous process.

Answer: D- sensation and perception blend into one continuous process

A person claiming to be able to read another friend's mind is claiming to have the ESP ability of: A) psychokinesis B) precognition C) clairvoyance D) telepathy

Answer: D- telepathy

Because the flowers in the foreground appeared coarse and grainy, the photographer decided that the picture was taken too near the subject. This conclusion was based on which depth cue? A) relative size B) interposition C) retinal disparity D) texture gradient

Answer: D- texture gradient

Which of the following depth cues creates the impression of a visual cliff? A) interposition B) relative height C) linear perspective D) texture gradient E) relative clarity

Answer: D- texture gradient

Te historical movement associated with the statement "the whole may exceed the sum of its parts" is: A- parapsychology B- behavioral psychology C- functional psychology D- Gestalt psychology

Answer: D-Gestalt psychology

The study of perception is primarily concerned with how we: A-detect sights, sounds, and other stimuli B-sense environmental stimuli C- develop sensitivity to illusions D- interpret sensory stimuli

Answer: D-interpret sensory stimuli

The term gestalt means: A- grouping B- sensation C- perception D- whole

Answer: D-whole

Abel knows that his legs are crossed and that his hands are on top of his head. This is a demonstration of: Selected Answer: central feedback. perceptual constancy. vestibular sense. proprioceptive feedback.

Proprioceptive feedback

Which of the following actions involves the application of chemical senses? Reading a book Listening to music Smelling a flower Playing basketball

Smelling a flower

What is the difference between the fast and slow neural pathways of pain messages? The fast pathway connects directly with the thalamus; the slow pathway goes through the limbic system. The fast pathway goes through the limbic system; the slow pathway goes through the thalamus. The fast pathway takes less than a second; the slow pathway has a delay of several minutes. The fast pathway goes to the cerebral cortex first; the slow pathway goes through the limbic system first.

The fast pathway connects directly with the thalamus; the slow pathway goes through the limbic system.

In the auditory system, the _____ is a tubular, fluid-filled structure that is coiled up like a snail. auditory nerve pinna ear drum cochlea

cochlea

In the context of the difference threshold, _____ is the principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion to be perceived as different. Stroop effect Weber's law the law of effect the Ponzo illusion

Weber's law

In the auditory system, the unit for measuring the amplitude of sound is _____. pitch saturation timbre decibel

decibel

In the context of depth perception, familiar size, overlap, and shading are examples of: binocular cues. monocular cues. stereograms. feature detectors.

monocular cues.

The blind spot is the area on the retina that contains: only rods. neither rods nor cones. only cones. both rods and cones.

neither rods nor cones.

The crossover point in the eye, where the visual information originating in the right halves of the two retinas is transmitted to the right side of the occipital lobe is called the: fovea. optic nerve. cornea. optic chiasm.

optic chiasm.

When Carlos first arrives at his friend's party, the music is so loud that he covers his ears. After a few hours, even though the music is still at the same volume, it stops bothering him. This change in his reaction to the volume of the music illustrates: perceptual constancy. sensory adaptation. transduction. saturation.

sensory adaptation.

Gestalt psychology emphasizes that: perception is the same as sensation. people learn to perceive the world through experience. the whole is different from the sum of its parts. sensation has no effect on perception.

the whole is different from the sum of its parts.

Which of the following is not a monocular depth cue? A) texture gradient B) relative height C) retinal disparity D) interposition E) light and shadow

Answer: C- retinal disparity

Your friend tosses you a frisbee. You know that it is getting closer instead of larger because of: A) shape constancy B) relative motion C) size constancy D) all of the above.

Answer: C- size constancy

Which of the following statements is consistent with the Gestalt theory of perception? A: perception develops largely through learning B: perception is the product of heredity C: the mind organizes sensations into meaningful perceptions D: perception results directly from sensation

Answer: C- the mind organizes sensations into meaningful perceptions

Although carpenter smith perceived a briefly viewed object as a screwdriver, police officer Wesson perceived the same object as a knife. This illustrates that perception is guided by: A) linear perspective B) shape constancy C) retinal disparity D) perceptual set E) convergence

Answer: D-perceptual set

Which of the following illustrates the principle of visual capture? A: we tend to form first impressions of other people on the basis of appearance B: because visual processing is automatic, we can pay attention to visual image and any other sensation at the same time C: we cannot simultaneously attend to visual image and another sensation D: when there is a conflict between visual information and that from another sense, vision tends to dominate.

Answer: D-when there is a conflict between visual information and that from another sense, vision tends to dominate.

Figures tend to be perceived as whole, complete objects, even if spaces or gaps exist in the representation, this demonstrating the principle of: A) connectedness B) similarity C) continuity D) proximity E) closure

Answer: E- closure

If you slowly bring your finger toward your face until it eventually touches your nose, eye-muscle cues called ____ convey depth information to your brain. A) retinal disparity B) interposition C) continuity D) proximity E) convergence

Answer: E- convergence

All of the following are laws of perceptual organization except: A) proximity B) closure C) continuity D) connectedness E) simplicity

Answer: E- simplicity

In the context of sensation and perception, the detection of pressure by sensory receptors is called _____. thermoreception chemoreception mechanoreception photoreception

mechanoreception

Derek checks on his new car parked on the street before he goes up to his 19th floor apartment. From his apartment, he looks down and makes sure the car is still there. Even though the image of the car on his retina is smaller from where he is looking, Derek knows that the car is still as big as it was downstairs. This scenario best illustrates the phenomenon of: subliminal perception. color constancy. apparent movement. size constancy.

size constancy.

Objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as ____ due to the principle of _____. A) nearer; relative height B) nearer; linear perspective C) farther away; relative height D) farther away; linear perspective

Answer: C- farther away; relative height

The insensitivity if many rural Africans to the Müller-Lyer illusion proves that perception: A) is largely a "bottom-up" phenomenon. B) is unpredictable C) in uninfluenced by cultural experience. D) is characterized by all of the above.

Answer: C- is characterized by all of the above

Which of the following statements best describes the effects of sensory restriction? A) it produces functional blindness when experienced for any length of time at any age. B) it has greater effects on humans than on animals. C) it has more damaging effects when experienced during infancy. D) it has greater effects on adults than on children.

Answer: C- it has more damaging effects when experienced during infancy

An artist paints a tree orchard so that the parallel rows of trees converge at the top of the canvas. Which cue had the artist used to convey distance? A) interposition B) relative clarity C) linear perspective D) texture gradient

Answer: C- linear perspective

Which of the following statements concerning ESP is true? A) most ESP researchers are quacks B) there have been a large number of reliable demonstrations of ESP C) most research psychologists are skeptical of the claims of ESP D) there have been reliable laboratory demonstrations of ESP, but the results are no different from those that would occur by chance

Answer: C- most research psychologists are skeptical of the claims of ESP

Each time you see your car, it projects a different image on the retinas of your eyes, yet you do not perceive it as changing. This is because of: A) perceptual set B) retinal disparity C) perceptual constancy D) convergence

Answer: C- perceptual constancy

Jack claims that he often has dreams that predict future events. He claims to have the power of: A) telepathy B) clairvoyance C) precognition D) psychokinesis

Answer: C- precognition

The figure-ground relationship has demonstrated that: A) perception is largely innate. B) perception is simply a point-for-point representation of sensation. C) the same stimulus can trigger more than one perception. D) different people see different things when viewing a scene.

Answer: C- the same stimulus can trigger more than one perception

Figure is to ground as ___ is to ___. A) night; day B) top; bottom C) cloud; sky D) sensation; perception

Answer: C-cloud; sky

The illusion that St. Louis Gateway arch appears taller than it is wide (even though they're equal) is based on our sensitivity to which monocular depth cue? A- relative size B- interposition C- relative height D- retinal disparity

Answer: C-relative height

When the traffic light changed from red to green, the drivers on both sides of Leon's vehicle pulled quickly forward, giving Leon the disoriented feeling that his car was rolling backward. Which principle explains Leon's misperception? A: relative motion B: continuity C: visual capture D: proximity

Answer: C-visual capture

The predictions of leading physics are: A) often ambiguous prophecies later interpreted to match actual events B) no more accurate than guesses made by others C) nearly always inaccurate D) all of the above

Answer: D- all of the above

Which of the following influences perception? A) biological maturation B) the context in which stimuli are perceived. C) expectations. D) all of the above

Answer: D- all of the above

As her friend Milo walks toward her, Noriko perceives his size as remaining constant because his perceived distance _____ at the same time her retinal image of him _____. A) increases; decreases B) increases; increases C) decreases; decreases D) decreases; increases

Answer: D- decreases; increases

The fact that a white object under a dim illumination appears lighter than a grey object under bright illumination is called: A) relative luminance B) perceptual adaptation C) color contrast D) lightness constancy

Answer: D- lightness constancy

According to the principle of light and shadow, if one of two identical objects reflects more light to your eyes it will be perceived as: A) larger B) smaller C) farther away D) nearer

Answer: D- nearer

Using the ganzfield procedure to investigate telepathy, researchers have found that: A) when external distractions are reduced, both the "sender" and the "receiver" become much more accurate in demonstrating ESP B) only "senders" become much more accurate C) only "receivers" become much more accurate D) over many studies, none of the above occur

Answer: D- over many studies, non of the above occur

The tendency to perceive hazy objects as being at a distance is known as ___. This is a ____ depth cue. A) linear perspective; binocular B) linear perspective; monocular C) relative clarity; binocular D) relative clarity; monocular

Answer: D- relative clarity; monocular

Lauren is at the airport waiting to board her flight. She initiates a friendly conversation with another passenger. Despite the noise at the airport and multiple announcements being made at the same time, Lauren is able to focus on what the passenger is saying. This scenario best demonstrates the occurrence of the _____. cocktail party effect Stroop effect volley principle sound shadow

cocktail party effect