unit 4 psych exam

The "Law of Effect" states:

Any behavior that leads to a positive state is likely to be repeated

The researchers most closely associated with operant conditioning are:

B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike

Participants were given a word list with the following words: table, restaurant, food, silverware, plate, service, and waiter. Later, when asked to recall the words, many accidentally included the word dinner, even though it was not on the list. This phenomena is referred to as:

Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) effect

Which of the following best captures how memory works?

Memories are reconstructions of the event, which makes them susceptible to inaccuracy

decay theory

The act of forgetting something as the memory fades with time

Forgetting is one type of error, where you cannot recall information. Misremembering is another type of error. Which of the following would be an example of misremembering?

You falsely recognize a definition term on an exam, remembering the word but not the concept

Conditioned food (or taste) aversion

a single pairing of a stimuli (esp food)can trigger a strong dislike/avoidance of the stimuli in the future

positive reinforcement

adding a pleasant stimulus to encourage behavior (son plays nice with his little sister, he gets cookie)

positive punishment

adding an unpleasant stimulus to encourage behavior (son takes a toy from his sister, gets extra chore)

Episodic memory is the memory system that holds what kind of knowledge?

autobiographical knowledge

continuous reinforcement

being reinforced every single time (putting money into a vending machine)

Andre grew up in New Orleans and was present when Hurricane Katrina occurred. His family, his community, and Andre share a ________ memory of this event.

collective

process of writing memories into the brain

consolidation

Which principle describes when an unusual event, typically in the context of similar events, will be recalled and recognized better than uniform events?

distinctiveness

During the lecture Wayne is busy texting on his cell phone, while kind of half paying attention to what the professor is saying. After a few minutes after making a point the professor gives a pop quiz on the material. Wayne can't retrieve the information the prof gave in the lecture and does poorly on the test. A likely factor in Wayne's not being able to retrieve the info is:

encoding failure

the physical memory trace in the brain

engram

When Carla was discussing the party with one of her friends, she was trying to remember a conversation she'd had. Carla was trying to access her:

episodic memory

Marcela can clearly remember the moment she learned about the events of Sept. 11, 2001. She vividly recalls when her teacher walked in and turned on the news - the face of the firefighter she saw is permanently etched in her brain. She remembers who was sitting next to her and what she was wearing. This scenario describes what phenomenon?

flashbulb memory

Mr. Sampson's mouth always waters when he sees a donut. He nearly always orders a coffee when he has a donut. One day, he orders a coffee and a chocolate donut. He is served the coffee right away, but told that the donuts are still being made and he will have to wait a few minutes. He takes a seat while he is waiting and takes a deep sniff of his coffee. As he does so, he begins salivating. In terms of classical conditioning, why did this happen?

it happened b/c the coffee is acting as a conditioned stimulus

modeling/observational learning

learning through observation and imitation of the behavior of other individuals and consequences of that behavior

operant conditioning

learning to associate behavior with the response it produces

classical conditioning

learning to associate two stimuli (and responding to both the same way)

Which of the following describes a situation where a person goes beyond available to form a conclusion that is likely to be true? For example, Romeo might infer from his smart older sister that when she said, "I finished the test" that meant she passed the test.

making a pragmatic inference

Some people have amazing and elaborate processes that allow them to remember a large amount of information in a short amount of time. Often, these individuals are said to use _______, or elaborate scenes with discrete places, to help them encode and recall info at a rapid rate.

memory palaces

In a study, researchers asked one group of participants to watch a video about two friends in an unpleasant argument. They asked another group of participants to watch the same video, but told them that it was a video of two friends enjoying a lively discussion. Afterwards, the researchers notice that participants who were told the discussion was an argument were more likely to falsely report that the people in the video were yelling, frowning, and angry. This is an example of:

misinformation effect

"Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally" (PEMDAS) is a popular way for math teachers to help their students remember the order of operations (parenthesis, exponents, multiplication, and division, addition and subtraction). This is an example of:

mnemonic devices

this type of learning says you can learn by observing others:

observational learning

When you're trying to remember a list of words, a person may choose a word to "hang" their memories on. This type of mnemonic device is called the _____ _____ technique.

peg word

Richard, an institutionalized schizophrenic patient has poor personal hygiene. He is given a token each time he completes a personal hygiene (i.g., brush their teeth in the morning). At the end of the week Richard can exchange these tokens for his favorite snack. The token acts as a:

positive reinforcement

At your old apartment, you had to take out the trash every Friday. However, at your new apartment, the trash comes on Wednesdays. Now, you can never seem to remember to take the trash out in time (you keep thinking it needs to be taken out on Friday). This is an example of what type of forgetting?

proactive interference

If old experiences disrupt recall of new experiences, this is referred to as:

proactive interference

negative punishment

removing a pleasant stimulus to discourage behavior (son takes a toy from his sister, loses favorite toy)

negative reinforcement

removing an unpleasant stimulus to encourage behavior (son plays nice with his sister, doesn't have to do chore.)

The testing effect refers to:

repeated self-testing as a way to enhance retention of information

If new experiences disrupt recall of old experiences, this is referred to as:

retroactive interference

Bryan is chatting with a friend and tells the friend that the capital of China is Beijing, but in the past had been called Peking. His friend remarks that this is fascinating, and asks when Bryan learned that. Bryan thinks for a moment and then says, "I don't really know." The information about Beijing/Peking was likely retrieved from Bryan's:

semantic memory

What is the other name for a conditioning chamber used to train lab animals (like rats) to perform certain tasks?

skinner box

conditioned stimulus

something that causes a learned reaction (bell)

unconditioned stimulus

something that causes a natural reaction (food)

When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and became very ill. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her sick. This example demonstrates:

taste aversion

conditioned response

the learned reaction to something (drool)

Which of the following examples is consistent with the Law of Effect?

the more you win at soccer, the more likely you will continue to play soccer

unconditioned response

the natural reaction to something (drool)

In a "Skinner box" experiments with rats the rats can learn:

to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet

Jessy was speeding on his motorcycle when he saw another person pulled over by the police. This made Jessy slow down because he was reminded through watching another person what the punishment of his behavior would be. What is this specific process of observational learning called?

vicarious reinforcement

what is the term that means you are more likely to copy a behavior you witness if it is reinforced?

vicarious reinforcement

extinction

when the conditioned stimulus is presented again and again without the unconditioned stimulus, so the organism stops producing the conditioned response

Levi met a cute girl on the street. The girl gave Levi her number and Levi is trying to remember the digits until he can write it down when he finds a paper and pencil. Levi is using what type of memory to remember the girl's phone number?

working memory