Unit 4 Test
Which statement regarding hypokalemia is true? Hypokalemia is promoted by chronically low body-fluid pH. Hypokalemia can be induced by several diuretics, which increase the volume of urine produced. Hypokalemia is produced by high potassium concentrations in the ECF. Hypokalemia results when sodium and potassium loss are overstimulated.
Hypokalemia can be induced by several diuretics, which increase the volume of urine produced.
Which statement is correct regarding surgical sterilization in males? Spermatozoa do not continue to develop after surgical sterilization is complete. Decreased sexual function in men typically occurs after vasectomy. In a vasectomy, each ductus deferens is cut, and either a segment is removed (and the ends tied or cauterized), or silicone plugs are inserted. The failure rate is extremely high.
In a vasectomy, each ductus deferens is cut, and either a segment is removed (and the ends tied or cauterized), or silicone plugs are inserted.
Choose the correct statement regarding the relationship between water balance and sodium balance. As sodium concentrations rise in the ECF, water will be pushed into the ICF. Increased sodium concentrations in the ECF will increase the movement of water from the ICF to the ECF. Natriuretic peptide release occurs due to decreased sodium levels, which will decrease water loss in urine. Water balance and sodium are unrelated due the ionic nature of sodium.
Increased sodium concentrations in the ECF will increase the movement of water from the ICF to the ECF.
Which statement is true about the emission phase in male sexual activity? Emission is controlled by somatic motor neurons in the lower lumbar and upper sacral segments of the spinal cord. It begins with peristaltic contractions in the ampullae of the ductus deferens. It stimulates the bulbo-urethral glands. Emission is due to parasympathetic activation.
It begins with peristaltic contractions in the ampullae of the ductus deferens.
Choose the correct statement pertaining to acid-base disorders. Metabolic acid-base disorders result from the production or loss of excessive amounts of fixed acids or organic acids. Respiratory acid-base disorders result from an imbalance between the rate of oxygen generation and the rate of carbon dioxide elimination. The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system provides protection against respiratory disorders. The primary role of the hemoglobin buffer system is to protect against metabolic acid-base disorders.
Metabolic acid-base disorders result from the production or loss of excessive amounts of fixed acids or organic acids.
Which statement concerning respiratory alkalosis is true? Hypoventilation causes decreased PCO2. Lower PCO2 results in a decrease in plasma pH. Buffer systems other than the carbonic acid-bicarbonate system accept H+ ions. Most cases of respiratory alkalosis are related to anxiety.
Most cases of respiratory alkalosis are related to anxiety.
Cotransport is a mechanism of absorption for which of the following electrolytes? Na+ NO3- Ca2+ K+
Na+
Choose the correct statement regarding testicular cancer. More than 95 percent of testicular cancers result from abnormal nurse cells. The 5-year survival rate for localized testicular cancer is 99%. The average age at the time of diagnosis is 18 years. Screening with periodic PSA tests is recommended.
The 5-year survival rate for localized testicular cancer is 99%.
Which is true in respiratory alkalosis? Bicarbonate ions and also hydrogen ions are replaced by the bicarbonate reserve. A combined effect of respiratory and renal compensations is decreased PCO2. Stimulation of arterial and CSF chemoreceptors results in a decreased respiratory rate. The condition of respiratory alkalosis develops if the rate of CO2 elimination exceeds the rate of CO2 generation
The condition of respiratory alkalosis develops if the rate of CO2 elimination exceeds the rate of CO2 generation
Which is the resulting event if fertilization does not occur? A layer of thecal cells forms around the follicle. The tertiary follicle releases the secondary oocyte with its protective outer covering, the corona radiata, into the pelvic cavity. The tertiary follicle initially collapses and under LH stimulation, forms the corpus luteum. The corpus albicans is formed.
The corpus albicans is formed.
Which statement accurately describes responses to metabolic acidosis? The renal response to acidosis involves absorbing H+ ions. The renal response to acidosis involves secreting HCO3-. Conversion of water to carbonic acid occurs. The respiratory response to acidosis involves lowering the PCO2.
The respiratory response to acidosis involves lowering the PCO2.
Which of the following is an example of a volatile acid? sulfuric acid lactic acid carbonic acid phosphoric acid
carbonic acid
Which buffer system is most important in the ECF? hemoglobin buffer system carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system phosphate buffer system amino acid buffers
carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system
Which trace mineral is significant as a cofactor for transaminations? zinc iron cobalt copper
cobalt
Protein buffer systems: depend on the ability of amino acids to respond to pH changes by accepting or releasing H+. function to protect against the effects of the organic and fixed acids generated through metabolic activity. increase the rate of pH change. have an important role in buffering the pH of the ICF and of urine.
depend on the ability of amino acids to respond to pH changes by accepting or releasing H+.
Which region is the rounded portion of the uterine body superior to the attachment of the uterine tubes? fundus cervix isthmus cervical canal
fundus
Gardasil is a vaccine against ______, which is responsible for 75 percent of cervical cancers. pelvic inflammatory disease human papillomavirus fibrocystic disease AIDS
human papillomavirus
Throughout childhood, the vagina and vestibule are usually separated by which structure? mons pubis rugae hymen fornix
hymen
Which factor would promote hypokalemia? chronically low blood pH, by interfering with potassium excretion by the kidney hypersecretion of aldosterone that would increase sodium retention and increase potassium loss kidney failure due to damage or disease diuretics that prevent sodium reabsorption and reduce potassium secretion
hypersecretion of aldosterone that would increase sodium retention and increase potassium loss
Which of the bulk minerals has the highest recommended dietary allowance (RDA), at 4700 mg? potassium iron chloride magnesium
potassium
Which structure surrounds the tip of the penis, attaches to the relatively narrow neck of the penis, and continues over the glans? corpora cavernosa prepuce bulbocavernosus muscle root
prepuce
Which ovarian structure remains in a state of suspended development until the individual reaches puberty? polar body secondary oocyte primary oocyte oogonia
primary oocyte
During the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, __________. FSH levels decline due to the negative feedback effects of inhibin a precipitous decrease in LH level triggers the completion of meiosis I by the primary oocyte progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum stimulates endometrial growth and secretion the combination of GnRH and elevated estrogen levels inhibits LH secretion
progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum stimulates endometrial growth and secretion
Which ionic compound is described as consisting of a cation other than a hydrogen ion and an anion other than a hydroxide ion? base acid buffer salt
salt
Which gestational period is dominated by the development of organs and organ systems? second trimester first trimester postnatal development third trimester
second trimester
Which of the following provides all the cellular organelles and inclusions, nourishment, and genetic programming necessary to support development of the embryo for nearly a week after conception? blastomere amphimixis secondary oocyte spermatozoon
secondary oocyte
The bulbo-urethral glands: produce 20-30 percent of the volume of semen. contribute about 60 percent of the volume of semen. encircle the proximal portion of the urethra. secrete a thick, alkaline mucus that helps neutralize any urinary acids.
secrete a thick, alkaline mucus that helps neutralize any urinary acids.
During metabolic alkalosis, the renal tubule cells __________. respond by secreting hydrogen ions pump HCO3- into the tubular fluid in exchange for hydrogen ions secrete bicarbonate ions into the tubular fluid transport the hydrogen ions by diffusion into the ECF
secrete bicarbonate ions into the tubular fluid
Within which structure does sperm production occur? efferent ductule seminiferous tubule spermatic cord rete testis
seminiferous tubule
In which process does a spermatozoon lose its attachment to the nurse cell? synapsis spermiogenesis spermatogenesis spermiation
spermiation
Which fertilization event occurs immediately after the formation of the male and female pronuclei? oocyte activation begins spindle formation and cleavage begins cytokinesis begins release of a secondary oocyte and the first polar body
spindle formation and cleavage begins
increased sodium levels in the ECF result in which of the following outcomes? stimulation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus increased water losses at the kidneys reduced ECF volume thirst inhibition
stimulation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
Which structure is continuous with the septa that subdivide the interior of the testis into separate lobules? dartos muscle tunica albuginea seminiferous tubule cremaster muscle
tunica albuginea
Which of the following electrolytes is absorbed along the digestive tract via active transport only? Fe2+ HCO3- Cl- K+
zinc
Which trace mineral functions as a cofactor of enzyme systems, notably carbonic anhydrase? calcium copper zinc cobalt
zinc
Which structure is associated with the formation of primary follicles? antrum zona pellucida corpus luteum corona radiata
zona pellucida
Which statement regarding potassium balance is correct? Under normal conditions, the aldosterone-sensitive pumps exchange K+ in the ECF for Cl-. When the pH falls in the ECF and the concentration of H+ is relatively low, the exchange pumps bind H+ instead of K+. Aldosterone secretion decreases in response to high plasma potassium concentrations. A key factor in the maintenance of potassium balance is the rate of potassium entry across the digestive epithelium.
A key factor in the maintenance of potassium balance is the rate of potassium entry across the digestive epithelium.
Which statement is true regarding fluid balance in the digestive tract? Once within the interstitial fluid, the absorbed water is slowly distributed throughout the ICF. All the water movement in the digestive tract involves passive water flow down osmotic gradients. Intestinal epithelial cells continuously absorb nutrients and ions, and these activities gradually increase the solute concentration in the lumen. As the solute concentration drops in the lumen of the digestive tract, water moves across the epithelium and out of the interstitial fluid.
All the water movement in the digestive tract involves passive water flow down osmotic gradients.
Which is true regarding respiratory acidosis? Elevated PCO2 results in an increase in plasma pH. It is a very uncommon, but rarely severe, condition. It develops if the rate of CO2 generation exceeds the rate of CO2 removal. Alveolar and plasma PCO2 decrease when respiratory activity does not keep pace with the rate of CO2 generation
It develops if the rate of CO2 generation exceeds the rate of CO2 removal.
Which characteristic is correct regarding a buffer system in body fluids? It tends to oppose changes in the pH of a solution by removing or replacing hydroxide ions. It generally consists of a combination of a weak acid and the anion released by its dissociation. Adding hydrogen ions to the solution upsets the equilibrium and results in the formation of additional molecules of the strong acid. The anion in a buffer functions as a weak acid.
It generally consists of a combination of a weak acid and the anion released by its dissociation.
Which is true regarding menses? There is a degeneration of the basilar zone and the deepest uterine glands. It marks the beginning of the uterine cycle. It begins at the time of ovulation and persists as long as the corpus luteum remains intact. The uterine glands enlarge, accelerating their rates of secretion.
It marks the beginning of the uterine cycle.
Choose the correct event that occurs during the development of the testes. At three months of development, the relative position of the testes does not change. At three months of development, the connective tissue bands elongate as the fetus grows. At two months of development, the testes form inside the scrotal sac. Late in fetal development, each testis is pulled through the abdominal musculature into the scrotum.
Late in fetal development, each testis is pulled through the abdominal musculature into the scrotum.
When the pH of blood plasma is at 7.50: the physiological state is called acidosis. the blood is within normal pH range. alkalemia exists. dangerous peripheral vasodilation occurs.
alkalemia exists.
Metabolic acids __________. are generated in small amounts during the catabolism of amino acids are acid participants in, or by-products of, cellular metabolism can leave the body by entering the atmosphere at the lungs are metabolized slowly
are acid participants in, or by-products of, cellular metabolism
Within spaces between the seminiferous tubules, the interstitial endocrine cells __________. promote spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis under FSH stimulation are involved in the hormonal regulation of spermatogenesis are responsible for the production of androgens are attached to the tubular capsule
are responsible for the production of androgens
Hydroxide ions predominate in which of the following solutions? basic salt acidic neutral
basic
Which structure is an extensive mesentery that attaches to the sides and floor of the pelvic cavity? suspensory ligament ovarian ligament broad ligament mesovarium
broad ligament
During the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle: the combination of GnRH and elevated estrogen levels stimulates LH secretion. progesterone levels rise and estrogen levels fall. developing follicles secrete estradiol. the follicular phase ends when FSH stimulates some secondary follicles to develop into tertiary follicles.
developing follicles secrete estradiol.
Dehydration __________. involves an osmotic water shift from the ECF into the ICF results in decreased osmotic concentration of the ECF when cells lose water but retain electrolytes develops when ECF water is lost, but electrolytes are retained occurs when ECF and ICF are isotonic
develops when ECF water is lost, but electrolytes are retained
Which male accessory organ functions as the site of sperm maturation? epididymis prostate gland urethra ductus deferens
epididymis
Which male reproductive structure is the start of the male reproductive tract in which spermatozoa exist in a sheltered environment that is precisely regulated by the surrounding epithelial cells? ductus deferens ampulla ejaculatory duct epididymis
epididymis
Regarding fluid shifts and dehydration, when ADH secretion increases to regulate sodium balance by means of increased water retention without additional water consumption (i.e., you lost water but retained electrolytes and didn't drink water], the end result is: decreased sodium concentrations. water shifting into the ICF. decreased ECF volume compared to the intermediate condition. increased Na+ levels in ECF compared to the original condition.
increased Na+ levels in ECF compared to the original condition.
Which birth control method may utilize copper ions to inhibit sperm motility? oral contraceptives prophylactics diaphragm intrauterine device (IUD)
intrauterine device (IUD)
The recto-uterine pouch: is an expanded funnel that is open to the pelvic cavity along the medial surface of the ovary. is the pocket formed between the uterus and the posterior wall of the urinary bladder. is formed between the posterior wall of the uterus and the anterior surface of the colon. sits inferior to the ovary, usually angled forward above the urinary bladder.
is formed between the posterior wall of the uterus and the anterior surface of the colon.
Near the nipple, each lactiferous duct enlarges, forming an expanded structure called a: pectoral fat pad. secretory alveoli. lactiferous sinus. lobule.
lactiferous sinus.
The lowest amount of daily water loss occurs through which of the following methods of elimination? loss in feces metabolic water produced during catabolism evaporation at lungs evaporation at skin
loss in feces
Which function is a peripheral effect of testosterone? interstitial cell stimulation stimulation of the nurse cells of the seminiferous tubules depression of the pituitary production of FSH maintenance of accessory glands and organs of the male reproductive system
maintenance of accessory glands and organs of the male reproductive system
Which stage of spermatogenesis yields four immature (undifferentiated) haploid cells? meiosis I spermiogenesis meiosis II mitosis of spermatogonium
meiosis II
Which uterine structure provides much of the force needed to move a fetus out of the uterus and into the vagina? myometrium perimetrium cervical canal endometrium
myometrium
Which regional structure of a sperm contains both centrioles of the original spermatid? neck head middle piece acrosomal cap
neck
In the hemoglobin buffer system: an acid, which dissociates into water and carbon dioxide, is generated. CO2 diffuses into the alveoli for inhalation. the hydrogen ions are buffered by hemoglobin proteins as the carbonic acid dissociates in the tissues. the bicarbonate reserve in body fluids plays a significant role.
the hydrogen ions are buffered by hemoglobin proteins as the carbonic acid dissociates in the tissues.
In the renal response to metabolic acidosis: the renal tubule cells increase the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the ECF by reabsorbing CO2 from the tubular fluid. the hydrogen ions exchanged for bicarbonate ions are excreted in the tubular fluid. carbon dioxide generated by the tubule cell is added to the oxygen diffusing into the cell. bicarbonate ions and sodium ions are removed from the ECF.
the renal tubule cells increase the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the ECF by reabsorbing CO2 from the tubular fluid.
Regarding the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle: restoration is inhibited by estrogens. it begins at the time of ovulation and persists as long as the corpus luteum remains intact. it is caused by constriction of the spiral arteries, which reduces endometrial blood flow. the uterine glands are manufacturing a glycogen-rich mucus that can be metabolized by an early embryo.
the uterine glands are manufacturing a glycogen-rich mucus that can be metabolized by an early embryo.