Unit 4 Test Review

What was a result of the railroad construction shown on the map?

A national market developed in the United States

Which shaded area on the map was least industrialized in the second half of the 1800s?

Area D

What is the main idea of this cartoon?

Big business greatly influenced the actions of the Senate

Which statement best describes the status of African Americans immediately after the end of Reconstruction in 1877?

Despite the passage of several constitutional amendments, African Americans found that gaining equal rights was very difficult

Who were the exodusters?

Former slaves from the South who settled on the Great Plains

Which geographic feature connected the iron ore fields of the upper Midwest to major steel centers?

Great Lakes

Which action best illustrates President Andrew Johnson's lack of commitment towards extending more civil rights to the Freedmen?

He vetoed the Freedmen's Bureau Act and the Civil Rights Act of 1866

Which argument was used by President Abraham Lincoln to explain his policy of leniency toward the South after the Civil War?

Healing the nation's wounds quickly is essential

Which statement about the development of the Great Plains in the late 1800s is most accurate?

Mechanized farming became dominant in the region

"We mean to make things over, we are tired of toil for naught, With but bare enough to live upon, and never an hour for thought; We want to feel the sunshine, and we want to smell the flowers, We are sure that God has will'd it, and we mean to have eight hours. We're summoning our forces from the shipyard, shop and mill, Chorus. Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, eight hours for what we will! Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, eight hours for what we will!" —I.G. Blanchard, "Eight Hours," 1878 In the 1890s, which political party incorporated the chief concern expressed in this song into its platform?

Populist

Free and unlimited coinage of silver Government ownership of railroads Graduated income tax Which of these political parties first proposed these reforms in its platform?

Populist Party in 1892

The cartoon above portrays

President Johnson vetoing the Freedmen's Bureau declaring it unconstitutional

Which phrase best completes the diagram?

Push Native Americans to adopt an agricultural lifestyle

What was a result of the disputed presidential election of 1876?

Reconstruction ended as federal troops were removed from the South

"There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. .. . [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . . ." "Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion... that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way." - Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 Efforts by Republicans such as Schurz to establish a base for their party in the South after the Civil War ultimately failed because

Republicans grew weary of pressing their Reconstruction agenda in a hostile environment

What is the main idea of this cartoon from the Reconstruction Era?

Southern society was oppressed by Radical Republican policies

Speaker A: "When demand ran high, and markets were scarce, he showed little mercy, broke his contracts for delivery and raised prices." Speaker B: "The man of wealth must hold his fortune 'in trust' for the community and use it for philanthropic and charitable purposes." Speaker C: "It is cruel to slander the rich because they have been successful. They have done into great enterprises that have enriched the nation and the nation has enriched them." Speaker D: "The fruits of the toil of millions are boldly stolen to build up colossal fortunes for the few, unprecedented in the history of mankind." Which two speakers would most likely label late 19th-century industrialists as robber barrons?

Speakers A and D

Why did the Populist Party fail to unite poor Southern whites and African Americans against the wealthy elite?

The Populists could not overcome white fear of African-Americans power

"There is, at present, no danger of another insurrection against the authority of the United States on a large scale, and the people are willing to reconstruct their State governments, and to send their senators and representatives to Congress. But as to the moral value of these results, we must not indulge in any delusions. .. . [T]here is, as yet, among the southern people an utter absence of national feeling. . . ." "Aside from the assumption that the Negro will not work without physical compulsion, there appears to be another popular notion... that the Negro exists for the special object of raising cotton, rice and sugar for the whites, and that it is illegitimate for him to indulge, like other people, in the pursuit of his own happiness in his own way." - Carl Schurz, Report on the Condition of the South, 1865 The attitudes of White Southerners described by Schurz contributed to which of the following developments in the last quarter of the nineteenth century?

The establishment of sharecropping throughout the South

What was one reason for the expansion of machine politics in the late nineteenth century?

The rapid influx of immigrants made it difficult for local governments to provide basic services

Which statement best describes one major factor that led to the failure of Reconstruction?

There were many opposing political viewpoints

Which of the following statements is true about the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the Constitution and their impact after the Reconstruction Era ended?

These amendments were virtually ignored in the South and did not contribute to the equal status of blacks until the middle of the 20th century

In the late 1800s, railroads were charging high prices to ship and store agricultural produce. When other political efforts failed to reduce freight charges, farmers began to demand that the U.S. government produce more silver money. Why did the farmers want the minting of more silver money?

They expected monetary inflation, which would give them better prices for their crops

Which best explains how Great Plains settlers adapted their building techniques in order to construct homes in an area largely barren of trees?

They used sod, soil matted with grass roots

Which statement best describes how members of the Ku Klux Klan felt about the fact that African Americans had the right to vote?

They used threats and violence in order to prevent African Americans from voting

"I was born upon the prairie — where there were no enclosures and where everything drew a free breath. I want to die there and not within walls... So why do you ask us to leave?" This statement was most likely made by

a Native American Indian during the second half of the 19th century

Which of the following individuals would most likely be a keynote speaker at the Freedman's Convention advertised?

a Republican Congressman

Which of the following is an example of a scalawag?

a Southern white who cooperated with Reconstruction officials

The term business monopoly can best be described as

a company that controls or dominates an industry

Populism was

a political party developed to get farmers and other workers out of debt and give the people a greater voice in government

Which document is a primary source for information about the Western frontier during the second half of the 1800s?

a treaty signed by the Sioux Indians and the federal government

In the late 1800s, the theory of laissez-faire capitalism was used by many industrialists to

argue against government regulation of business practices

Speaker A: "When demand ran high, and markets were scarce, he showed little mercy, broke his contracts for delivery and raised prices." Speaker B: "The man of wealth must hold his fortune 'in trust' for the community and use it for philanthropic and charitable purposes." Speaker C: "It is cruel to slander the rich because they have been successful. They have done into great enterprises that have enriched the nation and the nation has enriched them." Speaker D: "The fruits of the toil of millions are boldly stolen to build up colossal fortunes for the few, unprecedented in the history of mankind." The most valid conclusion that can be drawn from the different viewpoints of these speakers is that industrialists of the late 19th century

benefited and harmed society

"You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." —William Jennings Bryan, 1896 According to this excerpt, which idea did William Jennings Bryan promote?

bimetallism

In which pair of events did the first event most directly influence the second?

building of the transcontinental railroad - disappearance of the frontier

"The growth of a large business is merely survival of the fittest. The American beauty rose can be produced in the splendor and fragrance which bring cheer to its beholder only by sacrificing the early buds which grow up around it. This is not an evil tendency in business. It is merely the working out of a law of nature and a law of God. . . ." -- John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Which concept is described by this passage?

communism

The label "Solid South" was applied to the former Confederation states after Reconstruction because they

consistently supported the Democratic Party

In the late 1800s, the creation of the Standard Oil Trust by John D. Rockefeller was intended to

control prices and practices in the oil refining business

After the Civil War, the corporation became an important form of business organization in the United States because corporations

created large amounts of investment capital

Which feature of the United States economy in the late 1800's is symbolized by the rose in the cartoon?

creation of monopolies

The Homestead Act, the mass killing of buffalo, and the completion of the transcontinental railroad are most closely associated with the

decline of the Plains Indians

A negative effect of holding companies, mergers, and pools on the United States during the late 19th century was that these combinations

decrease competition between businesses

A major purpose of the Granger movement of the early 1870s was to

eliminate the abuses of the railroads

In the late 1800s, the policy of the Federal Government toward Native American Indians, as exemplified by the Dawes Act, was to

encourage assimilation of Native American Indians into the mainstream of American culture

The main purpose of the Homestead Act of 1862 was to

encourage settlement of public lands in the West

A belief in manifest destiny, the passage of the Dawes Act, and the completion of the transcontinental railroad are most closely associated with the

expansion and settlement of the West

One similarity between the Know-Nothings and the Ku Klux Klan is that both

fostered resentment against minority groups in American society

The military districts shown on the map were created during Reconstruction to

govern the former Confederate states

In the period from 1860 to 1900, the Federal Government encouraged the settlement of the West by

granting tracts of land to railroad companies to encourage construction

A goal of the Granger and Populist movements was to

help western farmers fight unjust economic practices

For which reason was President Andrew Johnson impeached?

his disregarding of the Tenure of Office Act

To help solve the problem indicated by the data in the chart, American farmers wanted the federal government to

increase the money supply

After the Civil War, white Southern landowners used sharecropping to

maintain a cheap labor supply

Kansas Fool We have the land to raise the wheat And everything that's good to eat And when we had no bonds or debts We were a jolly, happy set.... With abundant crops raised everywhere, 'Tis a mystery, I do declare. Why farmers all should fume and fret And why we are so deep in debt.... — Traditional What is the basic cause of the farm problem described by these song lyrics?

overproduction of farm crops

These photographs suggest that the major purpose of the Carlisle Indian School was to

promote cultural assimilation

What was the main accomplishment of the Freedmen's Bureau?

providing aid and education to emancipated slaves

". . . This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of Wealth: First, to set an example of modest, unostentatious living, shunning display or extravagance; to provide moderately for the legitimate wants of those dependent upon him; and after doing so to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called upon to administer, and strictly bound as a matter of duty to administer in the manner which, in his judgment, is best calculated to produce the most beneficial results for the community. . ." -- Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," North American Review, June 1889 According to this passage, the responsibility of the wealthy is to

share their excess wealth with the community

The term "robber barons" is used to describe many industrialists of the late 19th century mainly because they

sought to maximize their profits by eliminating competition and exploiting workers

The Depression of 1873 was precipitated by which of the following?

the bankruptcy of the Northern Pacific Railroad and its main investor

This excerpt reflects William Jennings Bryan's support for

the free coinage of silver

The Indian Wars that occurred between 1860 and 1890 were mainly the result of

the movement of settlers onto the Great Plains

"We should be satisfied to compel them to engage in coarse, common manual labor, and to punish them for dereliction of duty or non fulfillment of their contracts with such severity, as to make them useful, productive laborers." Which of the following would the author of this excerpt most likely have supported?

the passage of Black Codes and Jim Crow laws

After the Civil War, freedmen in the South had difficulty improving their economic condition because

the system of sharecropping kept them in a cycle of poverty

The principal message of the cartoon is that the Standard Oil Company=

used its economic power to influence government decisions

"Transportation being a means of exchange and a public necessity, the government should own and operate the railroads in the interest of the people." (1892) Which group showed the greatest support for this idea?

western farmers