Unit 5

The human sleep cycle repeats itself about every

90 minutes

Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal, drugs prescribed to reduce insomnia, are

Barbiturates

The school of thought in psychology that systematically avoided the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was

Behaviorism

It's the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of the

Circadian rhythm

Research indicates that alchohol

Impairs short-term recall of what has just been said

Which of the following is true of alcohol?

In large doses, it is a depressant; in small doses, it is a depressant.

How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?

In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep.

Which of the following is true of melatonin?

It is a sleep hormone released by the pineal gland into the bloodstream.

Which of the following is evidence for cultural influences on sleep patterns?

People in countries without electric lights generally sleep longer

Some researchers suggest that the brain activity associated with REM sleep provides the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation's. This finding supports which of the following dream theories?

Physiological

How did the definition of psychology change when behaviorism began to dominate the field?

Psychology centered on direct observation of our actions.

After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing

REM sleep

At 3 o'clock in the morning, John has already slept for 4 hours. As long as his sleep continues, we can expect an increasing occurrence of

REM sleep

Brain regions that are active as rats learn to navigate a maze show similar activity patterns again as the rats later experience

REM sleep

Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through

REM sleep

Fast and jerky movements of the eyes are especially likely to be associated with

REM sleep

Genital arousal is most likely to be associated with

REM sleep

Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________.

REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep

Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as ____ sleep is to _____ sleep

REM; NREM-3

Which of the following is the best advice for a person concerned about occasional insomnia?

Relax and drink a glass of milk before bedtime

Compared with when they were only 20 years old, 60-year-old

Spend less time in deep sleep

Hypnotized participants asked to lower their arm into an ice bath exhibited no pain when given that suggestion. Psychologists supporting the social influence theory would suggest that

The participant was caught up in playing the role of a "good hypnotic subject" and ignored the pain

Which of the following is true of "hypnotically refreshed" memories?

They combine fact and fiction

Which of the following is true of night terrors?

They typically occur during Stage 4 sleep.

Participants in a sexual stimulation study who mistakenly thought they had consumed alcohol were more likely to report having strong sexual fantasies and feeling guilt-free than those who thought they had not consumed alcohol. This study best illustrated the impact of

User expectations

Daniel kahneman and his colleagues found that the daily moods of working women were most heavily influenced by

a good night's sleep

Circadian rhythm refers to

a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle

Alpha waves are associated with

a relaxed but awake state

Twenty-two-year-old Felicia scores high in hypnotic responsiveness as measured by the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale. Research suggests that Felicia may also have

a rich fantasy life

Dissociation refers to

a state of divided consciousness

Hypnotically age-regressed people

act as they believe children would, but outperform real children

Twenty-eight-year-old Theodore has an irrational fear of dogs. His therapist hypnotizes him and asks him to mentally relive his earliest childhood experience with a dog. The therapist is making use of:

age regression

Under hypnosis, Mrs. Mohammed is encouraged by her therapist to vividly experience and describe the details of an argument she had with her father when she was a child. The therapist is employing a technique called:

age regression

François was dismayed to discover that some of his football teammates were using drugs to enhance their footwork and endurance on the playing field. Which of the following drugs were the players most likely using?

amphetamines

As a participant in a sleep-research study for the past three nights, Tim has been repeatedly disturbed during REM sleep. Tonight, when allowed to sleep undisturbed, Tim will likely experience

an increase in REM sleep

Sleep talking may occur during

any stage of sleep

In one study, both hypnotized and unhypnotized subjects were told to throw acid in a researcher's face. In this experiment, hypnotized people

behaved in the same fashion as unhypnotized individuals

Those who emphasize that mood fluctuations may be indicative of seasonal affective disorder are highlighting the importance of:

biological rhythms

To move beyond the "hypnosis is social influence" versus "hypnosis is divided consciousness" debate, today's hypnosis researchers are using a unified ________ approach.

biopsychosocial

Understanding hypnosis in terms of focused attention, distinctive brain activity, and the presence of an authoritative presence in a legitimate context, requires an integrated ________ approach.

biopsychosocial

After flying from California to New York, Arthur experienced a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his normal

circadian rhythm

After four years of working nights, Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal:

circadian rhythm

Cindi prefers to take exams in the late afternoon rather than during the morning, because her energy level and ability to concentrate are better at that time. Her experience most likely reflects the influence of the

circadian rhythm

Soon after taking a psychoactive drug, Zachary experienced a diminished appetite, an increased pulse rate, dilated pupils, and feelings of self-confidence and euphoria. Zachary most likely experienced the effects of

cocaine

Until reading this question you were unaware that your shoes are pressing against your feet. This focusing of your conscious attention, or selective attention, illustrates that

conscious awareness is one part of the dual processing that occurs in our two-track minds

People become unresponsive to hypnosis if told that those who are highly gullible are easily hypnotized. This fact is most consistent with the theory that hypnosis involves

conscious role playing

Alcohol consumption disrupts the processing of recent experiences into long-term memory by

decreasing REM sleep

The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called

delta waves

Drugs such as alcohol and opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functions are called

depressants

A split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur simultaneously with and yet separately from other thoughts is called

dissociation

People hypnotized for pain relief may show activity in brain areas that receive pain sensations but not in brain areas that make us consciously aware of the pain. This most directly supports the theory that hypnosis involves

dissociation

Evidence that people in a posthypnotic state have no difficulty remembering everything they had learned while under hypnosis would most clearly serve to challenge

dissociation theory

One plausible theory suggests that hypnosis relieves pain by

distracting attention

Three hours after going to sleep, Shoshanna's heart rate increases, her breathing becomes more rapid, and her eyes move rapidly under her closed lids. Research suggests that Shoshanna is

dreaming

The release of stored serotonin and the eventual damage of serotonin-producing neurons is most closely associated with the long-term use of

ecstasy

Slow-wave sleep promotes

effective memory

The greatest danger of viewing drug addiction as a disease is that this may lead drug addicts to...

feel powerless to overcome the addiction.

The impact of circadian rhythms is best illustrated by

fluctuations in energy level and alertness across the span of a day

Some people function well with fewer than 6 hours of sleep per night, while others need 9 hours or more. Such differences in individual sleep patterns suggests that

genetics makes a difference in how much sleep we need and get.

Which of the following typically occur during REM sleep?

genital arousal

Sensory experiences that occur without a sensory stimulus are called

hallucinations

After sleeping for about an hour and a half, José enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to

have very relaxed muscles

Hypnosis involves a state of

heightened openness to suggestion

Ernest Hilgard suggested that participants felt little pain when their arms were lowered into ice baths because

hypnosis dissociates the pain sensation from the emotional suffering that people expect from pain

Advocates of the social influence theory of hypnosis are likely to argue that

hypnotized people are simply enacting the role of good hypnotic subjects

Traffic accident rates have been found to ________ after the spring change to daylight savings time and to ________ after the fall change back to standard time.

increase, decrease

Layla has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. Layla is most likely suffering from

insomnia

Researchers have demonstrated that people trained to perform tasks recall them better after a nights sleep than after several hours awake. This finding suggests that sleep

is involved in the memory process

According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to

its underlying but censored meaning

Josef, a high school student, tells his therapist that he has had a recurring dream in which he hunts and kills a ferocious tiger. The therapist explains that the dream reflects Josef's unresolved feelings of hostility toward his father. According to Freud, the therapist is revealing the possible ________ content of Josef's dream.

latent

As Inge recalled her dream, she was dancing with a tall, dark gentleman when suddenly the music shifted to loud rock and the man disappeared. According to Freud, Inge's account represents the ________ content of her dream.

manifest

Freud called the remembered story line of a dream its ________ content.

manifest

Shane, a straight-A student, remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test. According to Freud, Shane's account represents the ________ content of his dream.

manifest

Research on the use of addictive drugs indicates that

many people are able to stop using addictive drugs without professional help.

Mrs. Roberts, who suffers from AIDS, has been given an ordinarily illegal drug at the university hospital. Considering her specific medical condition, it is likely that she has received

marijuana

THC, the active ingredient in ________, is classified as a ________.

marijuana; hallucinogen

By 1960, the study of consciousness had been revived by psychologists' renewed interest in

mental processes

The British government classifies the highly addictive crystallized form of ______ as one of the most dangerous drugs

methamphetamine

When cocaine is injected or smoked, it produces a rush of euphoria that lasts 15 to 30 minutes. But the stimulant drug ________ can trigger 8 hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria.

methamphetamine

The best indication that dreaming serves a necessary biological function is provided by the fact that

most mammals experience REM rebound

Which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver?

narcolepsy

altered state of consciousness that is most similar to a drug-induced hallucination is

near death experience

The change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a psychoactive drug is called

neuroadaptation

Which of the following drugs is classified as a stimulant?

nicotine

About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently. His mother tries to awaken him, but with no success. His pulse races and he gasps for breath. The next morning, he remembers nothing. It appears that Bobby suffers from

night terrors

Research indicates that memories retrieved during hypnosis are

often a combination of fact and fiction

Consciousness is:

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because

our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.

Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms are indicative of:

physical dependence

Deep sleep appears to play an important role in

physical growth

Just prior to awakening Chinua from a hypnotic state, the therapist told him that during the next few days he would feel nauseous whenever he reached for a cigarette. Chinua's therapist was attempting to make use of

posthypnotic suggestion

While Bev was hypnotized, her therapist suggested that during the next several days she would have a strong desire to eat well-balanced meals. The therapist was apparently making use of

posthypnotic suggestion

Chemical substances that alter perceptions and moods are called ________ drugs.

psychoactive

Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and a wide variety of other chemical agents that alter perceptions and moods are called

psychoactive drugs

Drug tolerance refers to the

reduced effect of a drug resulting from its regular usage.

After drinking three cans of beer, Akiva felt less guilty about the way he mistreated his wife and children. Akiva's reduced guilt most likely resulted from the fact that his alcohol consumption has:

reduced his self-awareness

Alcohol consumption is least likely to make people more:

self-conscious

When subjected to a painful medical procedure without the benefit of an anesthetic, a hypnotized person is most likely to

show physiological activation of the sensory cortex

Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from

sleep apnea

Research on sleep patterns indicates that

sleep patterns may be genetically influenced

The pituitary gland releases a growth hormone during

slow wave sleep

Hypnotized people are no more likely to perform dangerous acts than those who are asked to simulate hypnosis. This fact is most consistent with

social influence theory

People are particularly responsive to hypnosis if they

strongly expect that they can be hypnotized

After a stressful day at the office, Arthur has five or six drinks at a local bar before going home for dinner. Research suggests that Arthur's heavy drinking will have the most adverse effect on his ability to remember

the next day the names of the people he talked to and what he said while drinking.

The need to take larger and larger doses of a drug in order to experience its effects is an indication of

tolerance

Researchers have demonstrated that hypnosis can be useful in

treating obesity

Terry has not had a decent night of sleep in over a week. If this sleep deprivation continues, he will become increasingly susceptible to

viral infections

Margie insists that she never dreams, but her sister feels she can prove otherwise. To prove that Margie does dream, the sister should

wake Margie after 5 minutes of REM sleep and ask her what she's dreaming.

The discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of certain drugs is called

withdrawal

When light strikes the retina, it signals the Supra hiss magic nucleus to alter _____ production by the pineal gland.

Melatonin

The brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of

NREM-1 sleep

The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely to occur during which sleep stage?

NREM-1 sleep

Chronic sleep deprivation is most likely to contribute to

Obesity

Alcohol is considered a

Depressant

Which of the following is bad advice for a person trying to overcome insomnia?

Drink a glass of wine 15 minutes before bedtime.

After ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, Laqueta experienced vivid visual hallucinations and felt as if she were separated from her own body. Laqueta most likely experienced the effects of...

LSD

When people are experiencing vivid dreams

their eyes are likely to move under their closed eyelids

After suffering a trauma, people commonly report an increase in

threatening dreams

As drug users experience neuroadaptation, they demonstrate signs of

tolerance