Unit 5

What does a scatter plot show?

the relationship between two variables

Which of the following would be a typical toy given to a girl?

toy ovens

What was the "one-drop" rule?

"One-drop" of African blood was enough to qualify an individual as black.

Which of the following types of responses are examples of a Likert scale?

1-not at all, 2-rarely, 3-sometimes, 4-often, 5-always

Which of the following things would not be considered illegal in the United States?

A business refusing to allow a transgender individual to use the bathroom of the gender they identify with.

Which of the following situations would be an example of the glass escalator?

A male manager rises to the top of a normally female-dominated field.

Which of the following is an example of multiple causation?

A man is obese because he does not exercise, eats too much fried food, drinks too much soda, and has a slow metabolism.

Which of the following is an example of gender identity?

A person that is born with male sexual organs but considers themselves to be a female.

Which of the following is an example of sampling bias?

A researcher decides to only use their friends in a research survey.

Which of the following would be a scientific study that a sociologist would perform?

A state government wants to determine the effectiveness of an anti-bullying campaign.

Which of the following would be the best sample if you were attempting to measure the feelings of high school students in the state of Pennsylvania toward the state government?

A thousand Pennsylvania high school students randomly chosen from every high school in the state.

Which of the following is an example of correlation?

A woman that plays a lot of video games is overweight.

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the feminization of poverty around the world?

Around the world, women tend to work in informal workplaces more than men.

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the Revitalization Act of 1993?

Children are not covered under the Revitalization Act.

Which of the following is the first thing a researcher would do when trying to prove causation between two variables?

Establish correlation between the two variables.

Answer the question below. Use the rubric in the materials for help if needed.Compare the current state of economic equality between the races in the United States. Use evidence to support your answer.

Even though, racial dominance was established hundreds of years ago in the U.S., many of the same struggles continue for racial minorities. The power and wealth in the U.S. is still grossly disproportionately in favor of white individuals. The poverty gap among whites, blacks, and Latinos continues to grow. Blacks and Latinos are disproportionately affected when the greater economy experiences a downturn, especially in terms of job loss. Be it individuals or entire households, whites are wealthier, on average, in the United States compared to blacks and Latinos. Several data research studies focusing on American society show that the median net worth of whites was over $91,000 in 2011. In comparison, black households had a median net worth of $6,300 and Latino households had $7,700.

Answer the question below. Use the rubric in the materials for help if needed.Existing data is an important part of any research study. Define existing data and describe its role in sociological research. Use evidence to support your answer.

Existing data is existing information that has already been gathered from the past. There are times when it does not make sense for a researcher to spend the time and money to gather data that has already been collected. For example, the United States government collects data on poverty, marriage, race, and other factors that sociologists study. Using data from reliable sources can save researchers valuable time and money to conduct research. While saving time and money is an asset to researchers, the downfall can be that the secondary data collected by others may exactly fit the scope of their study.

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding stereotypes?

Female stereotypes are often seen as bad or deviant.

Which of the following statements is not accurate regarding Ruth Bader Ginsburg?

Ginsburg was the lead attorney that won the landmark Supreme Court case Reed v. Reed.

Which of the following is an example of measurement bias?

In a study dealing with how college students get along with their roommates, many respondents were not honest because they were worried about upsetting their roommates.

In the case of Reed v. Reed, why did the United States Supreme Court rule that sex discrimination was unconstitutional?

It is unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using primary data?

It often requires much more time than gathering secondary data.

Why is social science research especially prone to bias?

It relies heavily on qualitative data.

Which of the following is an advantage of using secondary data?

It typically does not cost as much as using primary data.

Why did the United States Supreme Court decide that the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) had to allow women admission in the case of United States v. Virginia?

Its policy of only allowing in males violated the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution.

Which of the following is an example of ageism?

Keith is forty-nine and did not get hired for a teaching job because they did not feel he would be able to keep up with five-year-olds.

Until recently, the medical world would have understood the most about the health risks of which of the following people?

Koleton, a fifty-year-old, white, male teacher from Idaho

In 2015, which of the following individuals is likely to make the least amount of money?

Lisa, a Hispanic female

What is the most important reason that health research does not just focus on one group of people?

Men and women and the various races are biologically different from each other.

Which of the following is not a typical male stereotype?

Men are bad drivers.

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding pink-collars jobs in modern times?

Men are choosing to work some traditional pink-collar jobs, but not all.

Which of the following statements is not accurate regarding matriarchies?

Men are considered and treated as inferior in matriarchal societies.

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding religion in a matriarchy?

Mother goddesses are considered supreme.

Answer the question below. Use the rubric in the materials for help if needed. How does the media help to perpetuate gender stereotypes? Use evidence to support your answer.

Much of what you see in society's media helps to perpetuate gender stereotypes. In several music genres, women are sexualized objects who tempt men, are overly emotional (either with sadness or anger), and require a man to "balance them out" or rescue them, often from themselves. Music is not the only media outlet that perpetuates inaccuracies about gender. Think about the movies that children in society are most drawn. Young girls are flooded at a very young age with fairy tale movies and books that portray the "princess," a beautiful damsel often in distress. Disney princess movies are a perfect example of the stereotypes about women that young girls experience. For example, Cinderella cooked and cleaned until she met a handsome prince who "rescued" her to a life in which she planned parties and attended balls. Cinderella was attractive and loved by the prince because of her head-to-toe beauty, not her intelligence or humor. When Disney created movies with "strong" princesses, for example Mulan, the stereotypes were still present. For example, Mulan had to disguise herself as a man to be strong. The movies with these "strong" princesses were not as popular and did not have as many products (dolls, for instance) with which girls could reenact the story. Even in the smash hit Frozen, even though the heroine, Anna, saves her sister through an act of true love, it was depicted that she needed the help of Kristoff to find her sister and that she was not capable of making a treacherous journey without the help of a man.

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding transgender individuals?

Not all those that undergo a gender transition will have sex reassignment surgery.

Which of the following best describes the dichotomous nature of patriarchal religions?

Opposing entities are in opposition to each other, such as good and evil, heaven and hell, male and female.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using a survey?

People do not always tell the truth on surveys.

Answer the question below. Use the rubric in the material for help if needed. Why is reporting bias a major ethical issue in research? Use evidence to support your answer.

Reporting bias is a major ethical issue in research because publishing a study that is inaccurate and/or false, just to report that your hypothesis is true can be quite damaging to society. For example, if a scientist published a study saying a certain drug is effective in treating a certain disease, but failed to report very serious side effects that were more harmful to a person than the original disease being treated, that would be an example of reporting bias. If it is found that you knowingly publish false information, you could lose professional licenses and you can also lose credibility in your field of work.

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding sexism?

Sexism refers to an entire society's treatment of women as inferior to men.

How did Bacon's rebellion change the way European colonists used slavery in the American colonies?

Skin color became the justification for slavery.

Answer the question below. Use the rubric in the materials for help if needed. Why do sociologists study transgender persons today? Use evidence to support your answer.

Sociologists study transgender persons and how society treats them. They look to see how different situations and treatment of these people can affect societal attitudes and the well-being of these people. As with any group of people, many sociologists seek to find ways for transgender people to live a life free of prejudice and discrimination. Even though there are laws protecting transgender people, there are many right-wing and religious groups that are currently fighting to deny transgender persons human rights. For example, in 2017, President Donald Trump rescinded the Obama Administration's order of protections that allowed transgender students to use the bathrooms that corresponded to their gender identity. Such orders and proposed legislation is highly debated and very controversial.

Which of the following is accurate regarding social dominance theory?

Subordinate groups in the United States suffer from a disproportionately high amount of poverty, stigmatization, and imprisonment.

Which of the following U.S. Supreme Court cases required states to call men and women to jury duty on an equal basis?

Taylor v. Louisiana

Which of the following would be an example of a negative correlation?

The faster a person walks, the less time she takes to get to her destination.

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the feminization of poverty in the United States?

The feminization of poverty has been increasing since the 1970s.

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding the glass ceiling?

The glass ceiling applies to racial minorities and women.

Answer the question below. Use the rubric in the materials for help if needed. Describe the purpose of correlation. Use evidence to support your answer.

The purpose of correlational research is to prove that a relationship exists between two variables. It is very important to keep in mind that finding out how closely two things are related does not provide enough information to show cause and effect. Just because two variables are closely related does not mean that one is the cause of the other to occur or change. Using the correlation method does not control for any other variables that could be influencing the relationship between the two variables being investigated. This is what is meant by the saying, "Correlation does not equal causation." Researchers often start with correlation to prove a relationship and then move on to experimentation if they wish to show cause and effect.

Which of the following statistics is not accurate regarding the glass ceiling?

There were fewer female Fortune 500 executives in 2015 than there were in 2011.

Which of the following is an advantage of using a survey to collect information?

They are easy to distribute and collect.

Answer the question below. Use the rubric in the materials for help if needed. Describe the current state of health research to improve the lives of minorities and women. Use evidence to support your answer.

Until recently, women and minorities have been excluded from federally funded clinical research studies. Due to this exclusion, the practice of healthcare and research held men as the norm for everyone else to be compared with. Having only one gender as the norm for healthcare has great disadvantages, and can actually cause harm to women. For example, men (only) were used in a study for aspirin as a primary preventative for cardiovascular death. Aspirin proved to be quite effective, in men that is. For women, who were excluded from the initial research group, aspirin was not only an ineffective preventative, it could cause harm. This late discovery about the harmful effects of aspirin for women shed light on the fact that having a male only research model was not effective in testing drugs for the population as a whole. Women and minority groups may react differently to drugs than the standard Caucasian male. The findings that different groups (gender and race) require their own participation in studies for accuracy was noticed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The NIH responded by establishing two offices, the Office of Research on Minority Health and the Office of Research on Women's Health. Caucasian men would no longer be the only group represented and considered when discussing healthcare and the research of drug therapies.

What was the outcome in the Supreme Court case of Walmart v. Dukes?

Walmart had an overall sex disparity but not enough to show that the corporation operated under a policy of gender discrimination.

Which of the following is an example of an open-ended question?

What is your favorite pizza topping?

Which of the following questions has the best filter to reduce the standard deviation to receive reliable results?

What is your favorite sport?

When asking a research question, what effect does a smaller standard of deviation have on the sample population you would choose to ask?

You could ask a smaller sample population.

Which of the following is not a good idea when writing a survey question?

You should combine questions when you can.

Which of the following combats the ageism bias and potentially extends a person's life?

a positive outlook on aging

Which of the following would most likely be a worship service in a patriarchal religion?

a quiet, reverent congregational-style meeting led by a priest extolling the necessity of following a strict set of morals

Which of the following would be least likely to be accepted in a matriarchal society?

a religious leader that preaches a strict form of morality

Which of the following would be an example of primary data?

a survey you give to a specific group of people

The more a high school football player lifts weights during the summer, the more strength he gains. The amount of strength gained is an example of which of the following?

dependent variable

Which of the following is not something that a man can own under a patriarchy?

god

A researcher that sits quietly in the back of a classroom to observe the effects of a teaching method on a classroom of high-risk students is conducting what kind of research?

nonparticipant observation

Which of the following is traditionally considered a pink-collar job?

nursing

In the 21st century, which of the following jobs are still considered pink-collar jobs?

receptionist

What is the most common form of sociological research?

surveys

Which of the following protects people over forty from being fired based on age alone?

the Age Discrimination in Employment Act

Which of the following is not something you should consider when writing a survey question?

the font of your survey