UNIT 5 and UNIT 6,
Telophase II/ Cytokinesis
-Chromatids --> Chromosomes -Chromosomes decondense -Membranes pinch in --> Four daughter cells formed
What happens in Prophase I?
-Chromosomes condense -Spindle Fibers Form -Centrioles move to opposite poles -Nuclear envelope disappears -Homologous chromosomes form tetrads -Crossing over occurs -Crossed sections exchange Allels(genetic material)
Prophase II
-Chromosomes condense, become visible -Chromosomes are two chromatids -Nuclear envelopes disappears -Spindle fibers form -Centrioles move to opposite ends of cell
Telophase I/ Cytokinesis
-Nuclear Membrane briefly reappears -Cell membrane pinches in -Cytokinesis produces two daughter cells -Daughter cells are Haploid
Anaphase I
-Pairs of Homologous chromosomes separate -Each chromosome moves to opposite ends of cell -Sister chromatids stay together
Metaphase II
-Spindle fibers connected to each sister chromatid -Chromosomes line up in middle of cell
Anaphase II
-Spindle fibers pull Chromatids apart -Single chromatids move to opposite poles of cell
Metaphase I
-Spindle forms -Tetrads attach to spindle at centromeres -Tetrads line up at middle of cell
what are the 2 purposes of cell division?
1. to replace dead or worn out cells 2. to grow
Telophase I
2 haploid daughter cells formed each with only one chromosome from each homologous pair
who many parts are in the cell cycle?
2 parts
how many chromosomes are there?
46 chromosomes
Telophase II
A nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes and cytokinesis occurs, producing four daughter cells, each with a haploid set of chromosomes.
Metaphase I
Assembly of the spindle apparatus is completed, and the chromosome pairs (bivalents) line up across the center of the cell between the two centrioles.
Interphase
Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases
can you have less than 46 chromosomes?
NO
is interphase part of mitosis?
NO
Prophase I
The first phase of meiosis I. the replicated chromosomes condense, homologous chromsomes pair up, crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes, the spindle is formed, and the nuclear envelope breaks apart into vesicles. the longest phase of meiosis.
Prophase II
The first phase of meiosis II in which spindle fibers begin to reappear and centrioles move to opposite poles
what is the difference between smaller cells and single cells?
a group of smaller cells have a larger surface area than a single cell with the same volume
cell plate
a structure that forms halfway between cytokinesis because the cell membrane isn't flexible enough to draw inward because of the rigid cell wall that surrounds it
during what phase of mitosis do centromeres divide and the chromosome move toward their respective poles?
anaphase
what phase do sister chromatids move apart?
anaphase
what phase do the chromosomes move towards the poles of the cell?
anaphase
what phase do the spindle fibers shorten causing chromosomes to move to opposite poles?
anaphase
interphase
cell copies and prepares for division
what forms across the center of a cell near the end of telophase?
cell plate
what is the name of the structure that connect the two chromatids?
centromere
Anaphase II
centromere splits, sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles by the spindle fibers
in a chromosome pair connected by a centromere, what is each individual chromosome called?
chromatid
Metaphase II
chromosomes line up along the equatorial plan
mitosis
chromosomes separates into two new cells
what follows mitosis?
cytokinesis
Cancer
disorder in which some of the body cells lose the ability to control growth
in order for a cell to divide successfully, the cell must first...
duplicate its genetic information (interphase)
what happens in phase synthesis?
here DNA is being new DNA replication
Anaphase I
homologous chromosomes are separated (the bivalent is split) and pulled to opposite sides of the cell.
in how many stages does cell division occur in?
in two stages
what is the first part of the cell cycle?
interphase
what is the longest phase?
interphase
what is the name of the period of cell growth and development between biotic divisions?
interphase
what phase are daughter cells in as a result of mitosis?
interphase
what phase do chromosomes get replicated?
interphase
what phase do chromosomes not become visible anymore?
interphase
what phase does cellular growth occur?
interphase
which phase of the cell cycle if characterized by a nonliving cell?
interphase
what are the two stages that cell division occurs in?
interphase and mitosis
what phase do the chromosomes become visible?
interphase or telophase
in what stage of cell division does the cell actually divided?
it divides in mitosis
what is the shape of a cell?
it has a square shape
what must a cell use to obtain nutrients?
it must use diffusion and osmosis to obtain important nutrients
what nutrients to cell obtain through osmosis and diffusion>
it obtains nutrients like oxygen and glucose
where does DNA replication occur in cell division?
it occurs in interphase
how is your DNA arranged?
its arranged in chromosomes
where is phase synthesis in the cell cycle?
its between the two growths
how is the cell cycle controlled?
its controlled by regulatory proteins both inside and outside the cell
area
length time the width of a cell
volume
length times width times height of a cell
tumor
mass of rapidly dividing cells that can damage surrounding tissue
what phase are the chromosomes located are the equator of the cell?
metaphase
which phase of mitosis is the last phase that chromatids are together?
metaphase
what is the second phase of the cell cycle?
mitosis
which is the shortest phase
mitosis
what are the two parts of cell division?
mitosis and cytokinesis
what occurs in mitosis
nucleus is divided
cyclin
one of a family proteins that regulates the cll cycle in eukaryotic cells
growth factor
one of a group of external regulatory proteins that stimulate the growth and division of cells
cell division
process by which a cell splits into identical daughter cells
apoptosis
process of programmed cell death
what is the phase where chromatin condense to form chromosomes?
prophase
what phase do the spindles form in the cell?
prophase
what phase does the nuclear membrane begin to fade from view?
prophase
what phase does the nucleus begin to fade from view?
prophase
what phase is the organization phase?
prophase
what phases are known as mitosis ?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
growth 2
second growth which prepares for mitosis
the process that increases genetic diversity within a population is ...
sexual reproduction
what structure forms in prophase along which chromosomes move?
spindle fibers
what structure is produced when protein fibers radiate from centrioles?
spindle fibers
the rate at which materials enter and leave the cell depends on the cell's....
surface area
what is the phase where cytokinesis begins?
telophase
what phase does a new nuclear membrane form around the chromosomes?
telophase
what phase does the cytoplasm of the cell start dividing
telophase
what phase does the division (CLEAVAGE of the cytoplasm) furrow appears?
telophase
chromosomes
the DNA that contains the cells genetic code
cell volume
the amount of space that is inside of the cell
ration of surface area to volume
the be able to see how the size of the cell grows compared to its volume
cell surface area
the calculations used to describe the surface area of the cell
what has to happen for the cell to actually divide?
the cell has to be big so that the cell get the hint to do mitosis
centromere
the center of a chromosome in which the sister chromatids are attached to each other by
cytokinesis
the cytoplasm is moving which in the end you will get actual cells
growth 1
the first growth where DNA makes a copy
what happens when the growth of the cell gets greater?
the greater the growths, the more cells you will make
homologous
the matching pair that each chromosome has
what is another name for interphase?
the prep phase
what doe the steps of mitosis ensure?
they ensure that each cell has the exits same number of chromosomes
what do the cells after cell division have?
they have the same order of bases as the cell before and they are exactly the same as the cell before division
what is the rule of the ration of the surface are of a cell?
volume gets bigger surface are decrease
what happens if there is an extra chromosomes?
you have down syndrome
how do you find the surface area of a cell?
you use the ration of the surface are divided by the volume of the cell