Unit 5 - Chapters 13, 14, 15 APUSH

Outline Washington's philosophy of race relations as described in his Atlanta Compromise Speech.

Blacks should engage in "severe and constant struggle" for economic gains; for, as he explained, "no race that has anything to contribute to the markets of the world is long in any degree ostracized."

What was the joint occupation of Oregon?

Britain and America discovered & claimed the region almost simultaneously in 1790s, 1818 treaty allowed citizens of each country equal access to the territory, at the time of the treaty neither nations was interested or established in Oregon.

Freedmen

a former slave who has been released from slavery, usually by legal means

Moderate Republicans

agreed with Lincoln that the Southern states should be readmitted into the Union as simply as possible

What were the North's advantages?

It population was more than twice as large as that of the South so the Union had a much greater manpower reserve for both its armies and its workforce. It also had an advanced industrial system and was able by 1862 to manufacture almost all its own war materials. It also had a much better transportation system than did the South and, in particular, more and better railroads: twice as much trackage as the Confederacy.

What was the importance of the Gadsden Purchase?

James Gadsden persuaded the Mexican government to accept $10 million in exchange for a strip of land that today comprises part of Arizona and New Mexico and that would have made a southern route for the transcontinental railroad.

First Battle of Bull Run

Known as Manassas in Confederate histories, the battle took place on July 21, 1861. It was an early Confederate victory in the Civil War, showing the North that this would be a long and bloody war, while Southerners felt emboldened by their victory. Union forces had expected an easy victory.

Black Codes

Laws passed by Southern legislatures in response to legal emancipation of slaves. These codes restricted the actions, movements, and freedoms of African Americans. Under these codes, African Americans could not own land, so they were tied instead to small plots leased from a landowner. This began the system of sharecropping.

Scalawags

southern white republicans; many were former whigs who had never felt comfortable in the Democratic Party

What was the situation for many people in the South after the Civil War?

stripped of their slaves through emancipation and stripped of the capital they had invested in, they almost had no personal property

Ulysses S. Grant

18th President. Served 1869-1877. He served in the Mexican-American War, where he worked as a quartermaster. During the Civil War, he led Union forces in the West, winning famous victories at Shiloh and Vicksburg. He eventually was placed in command of the whole US Army in 1864, where he fought several engagements with Lee. He supervised Reconstruction and prosecuted efforts against the KKK. He served two terms as president, to decidedly mixed results. The cronyism of his administration led to a push for civil service reform.

Battle of Fredericksburg

A Civil War battle fought December 11-15, 1862. A lopsided Confederate victory, it saw Union forces suffer 3-to-1 casualties. Lincoln removed General Burnside as a result, replacing him with Joseph Hooker.

Antietam

A Civil War battle that took place on September 17, 1862. The bloodiest single-day battle in U.S. history, it saw 22,717 killed. Despite stopping Lee's invasion on Maryland, McClellan failed to exploit an opening to destroy Lee's army and shorten the war, leading to Lincoln removing him as general-in-chief of the Union Army. Nevertheless, this battle offered good enough news to allow Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

A Confederate general who worked under Lee. Until his death in 1863, he was involved in every major battle in the eastern theater of the war. He is considered an able officer by military historians. He was accidentally shot by Confederate soldiers in May 1863. He lost his arm and died from infection shortly thereafter.

Winfield Scott

A U.S. Army general with a storied career in the nineteenth century. He commanded troops in the War of 1812 and the Mexican-American War. While too old for field service during the Civil War, he served as a strategist and masterminded the defense of Washington D.C. He ran for president in 1852 as a Whig but lost to Franklin Pierce.

William Tecumseh Sherman

A Union general. His army captured and destroyed Atlanta in September of 1864. He then marched to South Carolina, and ordered troops to burn and destroy fields, homes, and cities as they marched through Georgia. His goal was to inflict misery on Southerners so they would be compelled to surrender. This strategy made the Civil War the first modern "total war," with citizens as targets. He was able to capture Savannah, Georgia in December 1864 and Columbia, South Carolina in February 1865. Famously disdained war itself, stating that its "glory is all moonshine."

What was the Plessy v Ferguson case and its result?

A case involving a Louisiana law that required separate seating arrangements for the races on railroads, the Court held that separate accommodations were equal, a decision that survived for years as part of the legal basis for segregated schools.

Fugitive Slave Act

A controversial law that constituted part of the Compromise of 1850. It required that escaped slaves, upon their capture, would be returned to their masters, and that the authorities in a free state had to cooperate with this process. Nicknamed the "Bloodhound Law" by abolitionists for the common use of such dogs in hunting down slaves.

Compromise of 1877

A deal that resolved the hung election of 1876. It provided that Rutherford B. Hayes would become president only if he agreed to remove the last remaining federal troops stationed in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana. The end of martial law in the South signaled the end of Reconstruction in the United States.

Harper's Ferry

A federal arsenal in Virginia. John Brown planned to use it to arm slaves on surrounding plantations with the hope of generating a slave rebellion. Ultimately, he aimed to overthrow the institution of slavery. In October 1859, Brown led a march to Harper's Ferry and seized the arsenal. However, Brown and his followers were captured by the Virginia militia, tried for treason, and hanged.

Freedman's Bureau

A government program created in 1865 to help manage and assist newly emancipated slaves. The bureau provided assistance in the form of food, shelter, and medical attention to African Americans. Eventually, the bureau would establish schools across the South to help educate large numbers of former slaves. The bureau struggled as Congress refused to increase its funding, which expired in 1872.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

A landmark 1857 Supreme Court case that was a major contributing factor to the outbreak of the Civil War. Dred Scott, a slave in Missouri, spent years in Wisconsin and Illinois with his master. After his master's death, Dred Scott sued for freedom. The Court ruled that all African Americans (free or slave) were not citizens. Taney also ruled that Congress had no right to deny citizens of their individual property, and therefore the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional for stripping slave owners of their rightful property once they moved north.

Homestead Act of 1862

A law that provided a settler with 160 acres of land if he promised to live on it and work it for at least five years. About 500,000 families took advantage of this act, while many more bought land from private purveyors. Unfortunately, the parcels of land on the Great Plains were difficult to farm, owing to lack of rain and hard-packed soil.

Compromise of 1850

A package of several bills that alleviated some of the tension between the North and South, delaying the Civil War for another decade. Orchestrated by Henry Clay. Its key points were: California was admitted as a free state; it created the New Mexico and Utah Territories, and popular sovereignty would determine slavery's status in them; it banned the slave trade in Washington, D.C.; it enacted a stricter Fugitive Slave Act; it gave Texas monetary compensation to drop its claims to part of New Mexico's territory.

Carpetbaggers

A pejorative term for the stereotype of the Northerner who packed all of his worldly possessions in a suitcase made from carpet, with the aim of moving to the South during Reconstruction to make a fortune. In the present day, the term is used to describe politicians who move to an area they have no previous connection with in order to gain election.

Fourteenth Amendment

A response to the lackluster Reconstruction efforts by President Johnson. Proposed in 1866 and ratified in 1868, it protected the rights of all U.S. citizens, granted all African Americans full citizenship and civil rights, and required states to adhere to the due process and equal protection clauses of the Constitution. Furthermore, it disallowed former Confederate officers from holding state or federal office. It would decrease the proportional representation of any state that denied suffrage to any able citizen.

Fort Sumter

A sea fort near Charleston, South Carolina. On April 12-13, 1861, the first shots of the Civil War were fired there. The Confederate Army fired upon the unarmed merchant vessel Star of the West, which was attempting to resupply the U.S. forces stationed at the fort.

Stephen A. Douglas

A senator from Illinois nicknamed the "Little Giant." He is notable for creating the Kansas-Nebraska Act as well as participating in the Lincoln-Douglas Debates. He initially supported the Dred Scott decision until it proved politically unpopular. He opposed the Lecompton Constitution. A staunch Unionist, he supported Lincoln during the Civil War, even holding the man's stovepipe hat during the Inauguration ceremony. However, he died in June 1861 of typhoid fever.

Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan

A southern state could be admitted into the Union once 10% of its voters swore an oath of allegiance to the Union

George McClellan

A veteran of the Mexican-American War, he is most famous for his short tenure as general-in-chief of the Union Army during the Civil War. He was a meticulous planner, taking care to plan his operations and train his men. However, he was timid on the battlefield, and frequently overestimated the strength of the Confederate forces. Lincoln removed him as general-in-chief of the Union Army after Antietam. He was the Democratic nominee for president in 1864 election.

Who was Stephen Austin and why was he an important figure in Texas?

A young immigrant from Missouri who had established the first legal American settlement in Texas in 1822.

John Brown

An abolitionist who believed that arming slaves was the only way to get ride of slavery. He first became famous for leading a small band of fighters in Bleeding Kansas, killing several proslavery supporters. In 1859, he led a raid on Harpers Ferry, intending to take its weapons to equip slaves on nearby plantations. His raid was quickly squashed, but it excited national furor, especially after he was executed.

What was the U.S. Sanitary Commission and what was its significance in the lives of women?

An organization of civilian volunteers led by social reformer Dorothea Dix mobilized large numbers of female nurses to serve in field hospitals. By the end of the war, women were the dominant force in nursing.

Sam Houston

As President of Texas, he advocated annexation by the United States. Later, as Texas governor, he resisted efforts at secession to join the Confederacy and was removed from office.

Manifest Destiny

Coined by journalist John O'Sullivan in 1845 to describe the belief that it was God's will for the United States to expand westward to the Pacific Ocean. It also describes a more general expansionism, such as the dispute over the Oregon Territory that Polk campaigned on and the U.S. expansion into the Southwest following the Mexican-American War.

What did the second Confiscation Act do?

Declared free the slaves of persons aiding and supporting the insurrection and which also authorized the president to employ African Americans, including freed slaves, as soldiers.

What was the Confiscation Act?

Declared that all slaves used for "insurrectionary" purposes would be considered freed.

Ambrose Burnside

Following Antietam, Lincoln selected him to replace General McClellan as general-in-chief of the Union Army. In turn, after the Battle of Fredericksburg, he was replaced by Joseph Hooker. Known for his distinctive facial hair, which provided the name for sideburns.

Wilmot Proviso

Following the Mexican-American War, Representative David Wilmot proposed that slavery would be forbidden in any new lands acquired by the war with Mexico. The final bill passed in the House but failed in the Senate. This bill signaled the start of an even deeper crisis that would pit the North against the South over issues of slavery's expansion, states' rights, and government representation.

What was the Tenure of Office Act and what did it cause?

Forbade the president to remove civil officials, including members of his own cabinet, without the consent of the Senate. Led to the impeachment of President Johnson.

Robert E. Lee

He served as an aide to Winfield Scott during the Mexican-American War, where he gained experience in artillery and troop movements. During John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry, he commanded the mixed force of militia and soldiers that suppressed his attempted slave uprising. However, his legacy would be defined by betraying the U.S. and taking command of the Army of Northern Virginia during the Civil War.

How was Andrew Johnson different than Lincoln?

He was openly hostile to the freed slaves and unwilling to support any plans that guaranteed them civil equality or enfranchisement

How did the Lincoln-Douglas Debates help Abraham Lincoln gain national prominence?

His increasingly eloquent and passionate attacks on slavery had made him nationally prominent

What were the Enforcement Acts and why were they created?

In 1870-71, Congress passed two acts. These acts prohibited the states from discriminating against voters on the basis of race and gave the federal government power to supercede the state courts and prosecute violations of the law.

Free Soil Party

Inspired by the Wilmot Proviso, antislavery advocated from various political parties founded this party to oppose the expansion of slavery into the new Western territories. Martin Van Buren ran for president as this party's candidate in 1848. This party's membership was later absorbed into the new Republican Party.

When was the Emancipation Proclamation issued and what did it do?

Issued on January 1, 1863, it was an executive order that freed any slave in areas in open rebellion against the United States government. Slavery in the border states was still legal. Despite its limitations, the proclamation did much to bolster the morale of Union troops and supporters at home. However, some Unionists felt betrayed, believing they had been duped into fighting a war for emancipation instead of merely for the Union's preservation. The Proclamation also served to dissuade Britain and France from recognizing the Confederacy, as it reframed the moral context for the war as opposition to slavery.

What was the major controversy between the American settlers and the Mexican government?

It arose from the continuing ties of the immigrants to the U.S., and from their desire to legalize slavery, which the Mexican government had made illegal in Texas in 1830.

Why was there opposition to Texas annexation in the United States?

Many American northerners opposed acquiring a large new slave territory, and others opposed increasing the southern votes in Congress and in the electoral college. President Jackson feared annexation might cause a dangerous sectional controversy and even a war with Mexico.

What role did African Americans play in the military?

Most black soldiers were assigned menial tasks behind the lines, such as digging trenches and transporting water. About 186,000 emancipated African Americans enlisted. African American soldiers were paid a third less than were white soldiers. Black fighting men captured by the Confederates were not returned to the North in exchange for Southern soldiers being returned to the South. They were sent back to their masters or often executed.

Forty-Niners

Nickname for an influx of immigrants to California in 1849 seeking riches in the gold rush. A number of immigrants were Chinese.

How did John Brown's raid of Harper's Ferry convince the South to secede?

No other single event did more to convince white southerners that they could not live safely in the Union. John Brown's raid, many southerners believed (incorrectly) had the support of the Republican Party, and it suggested to them that the North was now committed to producing a slave insurrection.

The Morrill Land Grant Act

Passed in 1862, this act gave federal lands to states for the purpose of building schools that would teach agriculture, engineering, and technical trades. It provided the foundation for the state university system still in use throughout the United States.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Proposed by Senator Stephen A. Douglas in 1854, it functionally repealed the Missouri Compromise. The act proposed the Nebraska Territory be divided into two regions, Nebraska and Kansas, and each would vote by popular sovereignty on the issue of slavery. It was presumed that Nebraska would become a free state, while Kansas would become a slave state. Douglas was able to push his bill through Congress, and President Pierce signed it into law in 1854. It helped spur the formation of the Republican Party.

In what ways did women's roles change during the Civil War?

Responding not only to the needs of employers for additional labor, but to their own, often desperate, need for money women found themselves, by either choice or necessity, thrust into new and often unfamiliar roles during the war. They took over positions vacated by men and worked as teachers, retail salesclerks, office workers, and mill and factory hands.

How did Mexico lose Texas?

Santa Anna, under pressure from his captors, signed a treaty giving Texas independence.

What was the importance of the "Crime Against Kansas" speech?

Senator Sumner spoke openly that the Civil War's sole cause was slavery and the primary objective of the Union government was to destroy slavery

Andrew Johnson

Seventeenth President. Served 1865-1869. One of only two presidents to be impeached. Took office after Lincoln's assassination. A Democrat who had run with the Republican Lincoln, he was disliked by Congress, especially for his mild terms for Reconstruction and disinterest in protecting newly freed slaves; this all led to Radical Republicans passing the Civil Rights Bill of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Signed in February 1848, it ended the Mexican-American War. The treaty granted California and most of the Southwest (including current-day New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada) to the United States. The U.S. government agreed to pay war reparations in the sum of $15 million to the Mexican government. Despite continued bitter debate over the expansion of slavery, the treaty was ratified.

What was the first state to secede from the Union?

South Carolina

What happened at the Battle of San Jacinto?

Texans took a stand against Mexican and their leader Santa Anna. The Texans won, captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign a treaty giving Texas it's independence.

What were the beliefs of Booker T. Washington?

That African Americans should attend school, learn skills, and establish a solid footing in agriculture and the trades.

What justification did the southern courts give for allowing the Jim Crow era South to disregard the Fourteenth Amendment?

The Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment prohibited state governments from discriminating against people because of race but did not restrict private organizations or individuals from doing so. Thus, railroads, hotels, theaters, and workplaces could legally practice segregation.

What were the South's advantages?

The South was fighting a defensive war on its own land and thus had the advantage of local support and familiarity with the territory. The commitment of the white population of the South to the war was clear and firm.

Alamo

The site of a famous battle in San Antonio, Texas. A small force of Texans found themselves under siege from February 23 to March 6, 1836. Mexican forces led by Santa Anna eventually took the Alamo, killing all the defenders in the process. However, news of the resistance inspired other Texans to rebel, especially thanks to an open letter.

Appomattox Court House

The site of the formal surrender of General Lee and the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia to Union forces led by General Grant. This act triggered a series of other Confederate forces surrendering, finally ending the Civil War. Took place on April 9, 1865, in the parlor of the house owned by Wilmer McLean.

Jefferson Davis

The sole President of the Confederate States. Served February 22, 1862 to May 10, 1865. He was a Democrat from Mississippi. A veteran of the Mexican-American War, he had served in the House (1845-1856) and Senate (1847-1851, 1857-1861), as well as Secretary of War (1853-1857) under Franklin Pierce. He was a micromanager who hampered the Confederate war effort by refusing to delegate issues or authority to his subordinates. He also lacked the political skill to overcome the decentralized, states' rights structure of the Confederacy, which made he reliant on state governors in a way Lincoln did not deal with.

What did African Americans in the South do after the war?

They began almost immediately to create autonomous African American communities

Name three reasons the Mexicans wanted Americans to move into the Texas territory.

They hoped to strengthen the economy of the territory, increase their own tax revenues, and they liked the idea of the Americans sitting between Mexican settlement and the Indian tribes to the North.

What roles did African Americans play in the politics of the Reconstruction South?

They served as delegates to the constitutional conventions. They held public offices of practically every kind. Between 1869-1901, 20 African Americans served in the US House of Representatives, 2 in the Senate. African Americans served, too, in state legislatures and in various other state offices.

Why did the Americans move to the Texas territory?

They were attracted by the rich soil.

Oregon Trail

Throughout the 1840s, a flood of settlers began traversing the dangerous Oregon Trail. Families traveled up to six months in caravans, covering only about 15 miles per day with good weather. While living on the trail, some women began to run prayer meetings and schools to maintain some vestiges of home. Women also began to take on new roles outside of homemaking and childcare, such as repairing wagon wheels and tending to livestock.

Zachary Taylor

Twelfth President. Served 1849-1850. Died of a stomach ailment. He was a Mexican-American War general. The Whigs nominated him in the 1848 election. While a slave-owner, he did not advocate the expansion of slavery, believing that the practice wasn't economically viable in the West.

Charles Sumner

U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1851-1874). A Radical Republican abolitionist, he pushed for the protection of civil rights in Southern states. Famously caned on the floor of the Senate by Preston Brooks.

What is the Ostend Manifesto's relation to slavery?

When it was leaked to the public, it enraged many antislavery northerners, who charged the administration with conspiring to bring a new slave state into the Union

Why was there opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act?

When southerners began appearing in northern states to pursue people they claimed were fugitives.

Anaconda Plan

Winfield Scott's four phase plan to defeat the Confederacy. Phase 1 had the U.S. Navy blockaded all Southern ports. Phase 2 had the Navy split the Confederacy in half by taking control of the Mississippi River. Phase 3 had the Union Army cut through Georgia, and then travel up the coast to the Carolinas. Phase 4 saw the Union capture the Confederate capitol at Richmond.

How did the Compromise of 1877 contribute to the end of Reconstruction?

With the compromise, the Republicans had quietly given up their fight for racial equality and blacks' rights in the South. In 1877, Hayes withdrew the last federal troops from the South, and the bayonet-backed Republican governments collapsed, thereby ending Reconstruction.

Fifteenth Amendment

forbade the states and federal government to deny suffrage to any citizen on account of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude"

Conservative Republicans

insisted that the South accept the abolition of slavery, but proposed few other conditions for the readmission of the seceded states

What did the Republican Party fear in readmitting the South?

readmitting the south, leaders of both parties believed, would reunite the Democrats and weaken the Republicans.

Radical Republicans' reaction to Lincoln's Plan

they were astonished at the mildness of Lincoln's program. they persuaded congress to deny seat to representatives from the 3 "reconstructed" states and refused to count the electoral vote of those states in the election of 1864

Radical Republicans

wanted to disenfranchise large numbers of southern whites, protect black civil rights, confiscate the property of wealthy whites who aided the confederacy, and distribute the land among the freedmen