UNIT 5 HW & Quizzes
TRUE OR FALSE: B- and T-lymphocytes both mature in the red bone marrow.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Tonsils contain both red and white pulp.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: As part of the lymphatic system, the spleen functions to filter lymph.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Most intermediate size antigen−antibody complexes are removed by phagocytosis.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Peyer patches are found in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: Secondary lymphoid structures include the red bone marrow and thymus.
False
TRUE OR FALSE: The thymus is a bilobed organ that is located in the superior mediastinum and functions in B-lymphocyte maturation.
False
Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify what type of immunity is classified by each label.
Naturally acquired active immunity: - antibody production resulting from illness - immunity that would result from pathogen acquisition through kissing Artificially acquired active immunity: - antibody production resulting from immunization - the injection of a dead or weakened pathogen Artificially acquired passive immunity: - injection of gamma globulins - treatment for snakebites Naturally acquired passive immunity: - antibody acquisition from mother's milk - antibody acquisition across the placenta of the mother
TRUE OR FALSE: Interferons are made and released by host cells in response to the presence of viruses.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: An increase in hydrostatic pressure within the interstitial space "pushes" interstitial fluid into the lymphatic capillary lumen.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: For a hypersensitivity response to occur, two bound IgE molecules on a mast cell must react with a specific antigen.
True
Helper T-lymphocytes secrete ________ to stimulate the proliferation of B-lymphocytes. (a) antigens (b) antibodies (c) cytokines (d) agglutinins (e) allergens
cytokines
Which of the following is not an antigen-presenting cell? (a) macrophages (b) B-lymphocytes (c) cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (d) dendritic cells
cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
Neutrophils squeeze through the endothelial gaps of capillaries via a process known as __________. (a) chemotaxis (b) vasodilation (c) vasoconstriction (d) coagulation (e) diapedesis
diapedesis
A hypersensitivity reaction occurs (a) during the first exposure to an antigen. (b) during a second or subsequent exposure to an antigen. (c) in individuals with diseases of the immune system. (d) only in children. (e) only in individuals with asthma.
during a second or subsequent exposure to an antigen.
Lymphatic capillaries are found in all of the following tissues or areas EXCEPT (a) areolar connective tissue (b) the digestive tract (c) blood capillary networks (d) epithelia
epithelia
Lymphatic capillaries are found in all of the following tissues or areas EXCEPT (a) areolar connective tissue. (b) the digestive tract. (c) blood capillary networks. (d) epithelia
epithelia
Cytotoxic T cells interact with target cells by recognizing (a) foreign proteins only. (b) MHC proteins only. (c) foreign protein−MHC protein complexes. (d) either foreign proteins or MHC proteins. (e) neither foreign proteins nor MHC proteins.
foreign protein−MHC protein complexes.
Histamine released by mast cells leads to all of the following symptoms except (a) capillary dilation (b) airway constiction (c) high fever (d) mucus secretion (e) itching
high fever
Histamine released by mast cells leads to all of the following symptoms except (a) capillary dilation (b) airway constriction (c) high fever (d) mucus secretion (e) itching
high fever
Histamine released by mast cells leads to all of the following symptoms except (a) capillary dilation. (b) airway constriction. (c) high fever. (d) mucus secretion. (e) itching.
high fever.
The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels and nerves pass is called the (a) sinus (b) capsule (c) nodule (d) hilum (e) bleb
hilum
Cells in a lymph node that engulf and destroy damaged cells, foreign substances, and cellular debris are (a) macrophages (b) lymphocytes (c) mast cells (d) cytokines
macrophages
What do monocytes become when they leave the blood and travel to the site of an infection? (a) macrophages (b) neutrophils (c) lymphocytes (d) natural killer cells
macrophages
Other than red bone marrow, the spleen contains the largest single store of (a) T-lymphocytes (b) platelets (c) B-lymphocytes (d) plasma
platelets
Other than red bone marrow, the spleen contains the largest single store of (a) T-lymphocytes. (b) platelets (c) B-lymphocytes. (d) plasma.
platelets
Antigen presentation requires the physical attachment of antigen to a specialized transmembrane __________ called MHC. (a) lymphocyte (b) antibody (c) protein (d) carbohydrate
protein
T-lymphocytes are named according to the _______ where they become immunologically mature. (a) thymus gland (b) thyroid gland (c) thyrocervical trunk (d) thoracic duct
thymus gland
The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the (a) scalp and face (b) upper limb and mammary gland (c) thoracic viscera (d) abdominal viscera (e) brain
upper limb and mammary gland
When an antibody binds an antigen, it is binding with its (a) variable region (b) constant region (c) hinge region (d) disulfide region
variable region
A medication, like ibuprofen, which functions as a prostaglandin blocker, would prevent __________. (a) vasodilation (b) vasoconstriction (c) histamine release (d) phagocytosis (e) tissue repair
vasodilation
Under an electron microscope, an infectious agent is identified that is not cellular. This must be a (a) fungus (b) virus (c) parasite (d) bacterium
virus
TRUE OR FALSE: In the spleen, white pulp contains large amounts of lymphocytes and macrophages while red pulp contains a large amount of erythrocytes, platelets, and some lymphocytes and macrophages.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins in that they contain valves to prevent backflow, and use the contraction of nearby skeletal muscles to help move lymph along.
True
TRUE OR FALSE: Many different antibodies can be made against a single antigen.
True
Which of the following statements is true regarding failures of self-tolerance? Check all that apply. - Antibodies not only react against a pathogen, but also against the body's own cells. - Upon exposure, antibodies may form against self-antigens the blood is not usually exposed to. - During anaphylaxis, allergens mimic normal cells and 'trick' the immune system into making autoantibodies. - Autoantibodies are introduced to the blood via transfusion.
- Antibodies not only react against a pathogen, but also against the body's own cells. - Upon exposure, antibodies may form against self-antigens the blood is not usually exposed to.
Which of the following properties distinguishes specific immunity from nonspecific defense? Check all that apply. - Immunity is directed against a particular pathogen. - The body reacts quickly to a pathogen to which it was previously exposed. - Specific immunity utilizes broad-range barriers like skin and mucous membranes. - When reexposed to a pathogen, there are usually no noticeable signs or symptoms of disease from that pathogen. - Specific immunity utilizes immune surveillance.
- Immunity is directed against a particular pathogen. - The body reacts quickly to a pathogen to which it was previously exposed. - When reexposed to a pathogen, there are usually no noticeable signs or symptoms of disease from that pathogen.
What are the anatomic characteristics of lymphatic vessels? Check all that apply. - Larger diameter than blood capillaries - Lack a basement membrane - Blind-ended - Have anchoring filaments
- Larger diameter than blood capillaries - Lack a basement membrane - Blind-ended - Have anchoring filaments
Which of the following statements is true regarding memory in antibody-mediated immunity? Check all that apply. - Memory lasts longer in antibody-mediated immunity than in cellular immunity. - Memory B-lymphocytes attack the antigen directly without the need to form plasma cells. - Memory B-lymphocytes are found mainly in the - Plasma cells form within hours in primary exposure, creating a response so rapid that no noticeable signs of illness appear. - When memory B-lymphocytes attack an antigen, it is called the "primary response."
- Memory B-lymphocytes are found mainly in the
Which of the following statements is true about memory cells? Check all that apply. - Memory cells are mature monocytes. - Memory cells respond to antigens more rapidly than naive T-lymphocytes. - Upon reexposure to a pathogen, memory cells destroy the pathogen quickly. - The action of memory cells is the reason why we can get some diseases more than once.
- Memory cells respond to antigens more rapidly than naive T-lymphocytes. - Upon reexposure to a pathogen, memory cells destroy the pathogen quickly.
What are the main groups of tonsils in the body? Check all that apply. - Pharyngeal tonsil - Palatine tonsils - Thymic tonsils - Lingual tonsils
- Pharyngeal tonsil - Palatine tonsils - Lingual tonsils
In an adult, where is red bone marrow found in the body? Check all that apply. - Proximal epiphyses of each humerus and femur - Vertebrae and ribs - Long bones of the upper and lower limbs - Flat bones of the skull and sternum
- Proximal epiphyses of each humerus and femur - Vertebrae and ribs - Flat bones of the skull and sternum
What areas drain lymph through the thoracic duct? Check all that apply. - left side of head and neck - left upper limb - left thorax - all of the abdomen and both lower limbs
- left side of head and neck - left upper limb - left thorax - all of the abdomen and both lower limbs
Lymph from the right lymphatic duct drains which areas of the body? Check all that apply. - right lower leg - right side of the head and neck - right upper limb - right side of thorax
- right side of the head and neck - right upper limb - right side of thorax
Match the lymphatic trunk with the major body region that it drains. 1. intestinal trunks 2. lumbar trunks 3. jugular trunks 4. bronchomediastinal trunks 5. subclavian trunks
1. Drain most abdominal structures 2. Drain lower limbs and pelvic organs 3. Drain head and neck 4. Drain deep thoracic structures 5. Drain upper limbs, breasts, and thoracic wall
Indicate whether each statement is true or false. 1. Specificity and memory are characteristics of adaptive and innate immunity. 2. Specificity involves the immune system's ability to recognize a particular substance. 3. Memory involves the immune system's ability to "remember" previous substances. 4. Memory and specificity speed up and lengthen the immune system's reaction time.
1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True
Match the antigen type with its description and example. 1. Foreign antigen description 2. Foreign antigen example 3. Self-antigen description
1. Introduced from outside the body 2. pollen 3. molecules produced by the body
Trace the path of lymph from the time it leaves the interstitial spaces to the time it enters the blood.
1. lymphatic capillaries 2. afferent lymphatic vessels 3. lymph nodes 4. efferent lymphatic vessels 5. lymphatic trunks 6. lymphatic ducts
The lymphatic system contains ____ lymphatic ducts. (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4
2
Arrange the following events in the proper order in which they occur during an allergic response. 1 = Individual experiences symptoms 2 = Individual is sensitized to antigen 3 = IgE attaches to mast cells 4 = Antigen binds to IgE
2, 3, 4, 1
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided.
Activated and MEMORY helper T-lymphocytes leave SECONDARY lymphoid structures after several DAYS of exposure to antigens. They migrate to the site of infection, where they continue to release CYTOKINES to regulate OTHER IMMUNE cells. They activate CYTOTOXIC T-lymphocytes through the release of these molecules. They also ENHANCE the formation and activity of cells of the INNATE immune system, including MACROPHAGES and NK cells.
Complete the sentences with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Activating complement triggers LYSIS of the infected cell. Precipitation and AGGLUTINATION result from antigen-antibody complexes that make substances aggregate. During NEUTRALIZATION, bacterial surfaces are covered to prevent effective movement and release of toxins. Production of antibodies is referred to as the ANTIBODY-MEDIATED immune response. Each antibody recognizes a specific ANTIGEN unique to its target. An antibody is a PROTEIN used by the immune system to identify and otherwise block or kill foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. When antibodies are bound to TARGET cells they function as an OPSONIN, which enhances phagocytosis.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Antibodies are the effectors of ANTIBODY-MEDIATED immunity. Antibodies are formed by PLASMA CELLS, typically within the LYMPH NODES. Antibodies circulate throughout the body in the lymph and BLOOD, ultimately coming in contact with antigen at the site of infection. Plasma cells, over their life span of about 5 DAYS, produce hundreds of millions of antibodies against the specific antigen. The circulating blood concentration of antibody against a specific antigen is referred to as the antibody TITER.
Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify what type of immunity is classified by each label.
Antibody-mediated immunity: - humoral immunity - MHC-II - agglutination - B-lymphocytes - plasma cells Cell-mediated immunity: - cytotoxic t-lymphocytes - performs and granzymes - CD8 cells Both: - helper T-lymphocytes
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Antigen challenge causes the formation of MEMORY CELLS in response to the activation of T-LYMPHOCYTES and B-lymphocytes. These long-lived lymphocytes represent an "army" of thousands against specific antigens and are responsible for IMMUNOLOGIC memory. On subsequent exposures to an antigen, these vast numbers of memory cells make contact with the antigen more RAPIDLY and produce a MORE POWERFUL response, which is referred to as the secondary response, memory response, or ANAMNESTIC response. On each subsequent exposure to a specific pathogen, the pathogen is typically eliminated even before disease symptoms develop.
Insert the correct words into the sentences regarding the characteristics of lymph. Not all terms will be used.
Approximately 15% of the fluid that enters the interstitial space is normally absorbed into lymphatic capillaries. The majority of lymph is composed of WATER AND DISSOLVED SOLUTES. Occasionally lymph can contain metastisized CANCER CELLS.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Basophils and MAST CELLS are both proinflammatory chemical secreting cells. Recall that BASOPHILS circulate in the blood, and MAST CELLS reside in connective tissue of the skin, mucosal linings, and various internal organs. These cells release granules during the inflammatory response. These cellular granules contain various substances including HISTAMINE, which increases both vasodilation and capillary permeability, and HEPARIN, an anticoagulant. They also release EICONSANOIDS from their plasma membrane which increase(s) inflammation.
Classify each description as associated with either cell-mediated or antibody-mediated immunity.
Cell-mediated: - lymphocytes kill infected cells directly - utilizes granzymes -utilize perforin - induces apoptosis Antibody-mediated: - antibodies bind infected cells - plasma cells are involved - pathogens are tagged for destruction
Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between cellular and antibody-mediated immunity? (a) Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells, while antibody-mediated immunity releases antibodies to do so. (b) Cellular immunity utilizes B-lymphocytes, while antibody-mediated immunity utilizes T-lymphocytes. (c) Cellular immunity produces antibodies, while antibody-mediated immunity uses perforins. (d) Neither defend against bacteria.
Cellular immunity directly attacks pathogens and infected cells, while antibody-mediated immunity releases antibodies to do so.
Read each description regarding cellular and antibody-mediated immunity. Then click and drag each into the appropriate category based on the form of immunity to which it applies.
Cellular immunity: -utilizes cytotoxic T-lymphocytes - MHC-I Antibody-mediated immunity: - MHC-II - produces antibodies - attacks extracellular viruses - phagocytosis Both: - utilizes helper T-lymphocytes - attacks bacteria - has a secondary response
Match the T-lymphocyte type with its function.
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes: - Cause cell lysis Memory T-lymphocytes: - Provide a secondary response and long-lasting immunity
Classify the body locations with the leukocytes found there.
Dendritic cells: - epidermis T-lymphocytes: - lymph nodes - spleen - tonsils Microglia: - brain Mast cells: - connective
Place the events that occur during the effector response of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in the correct sequence.
Exposure to unhealthy or foreign cell 1. Antigen is presented to T-lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid structures 2. cytotoxic T-lymphocytes migrate to the site of infection 3. activated cytotoxic T-lymphocyte contacts an infected cell at site of infection 4. cytotoxic T-lymphocyte release perforin and granzymes 5. apoptosis of infected cell
Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position. Not all terms will be used.
Fluid contained inside the lymphatic vessels is referred to as LYMPH and is similar to BLOOD PLASMA in consistency and appearance. Originating in the tissues of the body, excess interstitial fluid is taken up by the LYMPHATIC VESSELS, which resemble VEINS. Accumulations of lymphocytes embedded in connective tissue networks are called LYMPHOID TISSUES, and can be present in static locations or acutely accumulate in areas of infection. The tonsils, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes are all examples of LYMPHOID ORGANS.
Insert the correct words into the sentences to demonstrate your understanding of the movement of fluid into lymphatic capillaries. Not all terms will be used.
Fluid moves into lymphatic capillaries when there is a(n) INCREASE in hydrostatic pressure within the interstitial space. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure RISES as fluid is filtered from the blood capillaries. The higher the interstitial fluid pressure, the GREATER amount of fluid that enters the lymphatic capillary.
Drag each label into the appropriate position to identify what type of immunity is classified by each label. Not all terms will be used.
Four cardinal signs of INFLAMMATION are recognized. Erythrocytes arriving at the site and perfusing the dermis are visible through the skin which produces REDNESS. The increase in blood flow to an area of injury or infection brings HEAT from the axial regions of the body. With increased blood flow and leakiness of capillaries, fluids are delivered to the tissue faster than they are removed resulting in SWELLING (EDEMA). Swelling increases the pressure of fluids and mechanical structures on adjacent structures and thus activating receptors for PAIN.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Generally, two categories of cells present antigen to T-lymphocytes: all nucleated cells of the body and a category of cells called ANTIGEN-PRESENTING cells. The latter includes any immune cell that functions specifically to communicate the presence of ANTIGEN to both HELPER T- lymphocytes and cytotoxic T-LYMPHOCYTES. Dendritic cells, macrophages, and B-LYMPHOCYTES function as APCs.
Classify the given characteristics with the antibody class they are associated with. Terms may be used more than once.
IgG: - longest half-life - most abundant - found in blood IgM: - pentamer - produced in fetus - found in blood IgA: - found in external secretions IgD: - part of B-lymphocyte receptor IgE: - formed during allergic reactions - causes degranulation of basophils - causes degranulation of mast cells - found in blood
A sample of blood from a mismatched transfusion is observed under the microscope. Many large clumps of erythrocytes are observed. Which is the antibody responsible for this? (a) IgG (b) IgM (c) IgE (d) IgA
IgM
Complete each sentence by dragging the proper label into the appropriate position. Not all terms will be used.
Interestingly, ANTIBODIES do not directly attack nor destroy any pathogens, rather they bind to pathogens and in doing so render them incapable of causing an immune response. Antibodies bind to antigen sites on pathogenic cells and in doing so open binding sites and promote COMPLEMENT FIXATION resulting in a conversion of complement proteins to fight the pathogen. Antibodies that bind to more than one cell simultaneously can rapidly cause clumping or AGGLUTINATION to occur which prevents the pathogen from contacting and damaging human cells. Small pathogenic molecules that are soluble are clumped together by antibodies, making the molecule insoluble and less mobile. This is an example of PRECIPITATION.
Which of the following is not part of a lymph node? (a) Compartments that contain masses of lymphocytes and macrophages (b) Afferent vessels circulating lymph into the node on its convex surface (c) Efferent vessels circulating lymph out of the node at its hilum (d) Lymph nodules (e) Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic capillaries
Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category. Terms may be used more than once.
MHC Class I molecules: - produced in RER - displayed by all nucleated cells - can display self-antigen - displays non-self antigens - recognized by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes MHC Class II molecules: -produced in RER - recognized by helper T-lymphocytes - displays non self-antigens - Displayed by professional APCs
The CD8 protein binds (a) B-lymphocyte receptors. (b) MHC class I molecules. (c) MHC class II molecules. (d) antigen directly.
MHC class I molecules.
Insert the correct words into the sentences regarding the locations and function of tonsils.
Palatine tonsils are located in the posterolateral region of the ORAL CAVITY. A pharyngeal tonsil is found in the posterior wall of the NASOPHARYNX. When the pharyngeal tonsil becomes enlarged, it is called ADENOIDS. Lingual tonsils are located along the posterior one-third of the TONGUE. Within the tonsils are LYMPHOID NODULES that help protect against foreign substances.
Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category.
Prokaryotic: - bacteria Eukaryotic: - fungi - protozoans - multicellular parasites Acellular: - viruses -prions
Complete the sentences with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Skin is an important part of the immune system. It acts as a PRIMARY boundary between germs and your body. Skin is tough and generally impermeable to bacteria and viruses. The skin also secretes ANTIBACTERIAL substances. Tears and mucus contain LYSOZOME that breaks down the cell wall of many bacteria. Saliva is also antibacterial. Because the nasal passage and lungs are coated in MUCUS, many germs are trapped in this substance and soon SWALLOWED down the esophagus.
Because they come in direct contact with infected cells, the effector response of ____________ is referred to as cell-mediated immunity. (a) T-lymphocytes (b) B-lymphocytes (c) antibodies (d) complement
T-lymphocytes
Classify the descriptions into the appropriate categories regarding the two major types of lymphocytes.
T-lymphocytes: -migrate to the thymus to mature B-lymphocytes: - form in red bone marrow and directly enter the blood
Insert the correct words into the sentences regarding the functions of the spleen. Not all terms will be used.
The spleen functions to filter BLOOD. The white pulp of the spleen contains LYMPHOID CELLS. The red pulp of the spleen contains MACROPHAGES. The RED PULP serves as a reservoir for platelets.
Insert the correct words into the sentences regarding the structure and the function of the thymus. Not all terms will be used.
The thymus functions in T-LYMPOCYTE maturation. The thymus consists of TWO lobes. The cortex contains IMMATURE lymphocytes. The inner medulla contains MATURE lymphocytes.
Match the lymphoid organ with its description.
Thymus -- Site of T-lymphocyte maturation Lymph nodes -- filters lymph spleen -- Filters blood; storage of platelets and erythrocytes
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
When a person is exposed to an antigen for the first time the immune reaction is called the PRIMARY response. The appearance of protective ANTIBODIES is delayed for 3-6 days while naive B cells multiply and differentiate. As the plasma cells begin secreting antibody, the antibody TITER begins to rise. Eventually, the primary response will make an immune MEMORY of the antigen.
After leaving the thymus, helper T-cells contain (a) a CD4 protein (but no CD8) (b) a CD* protein (but no CD$) (c) both CD4 and CD8 proteins
a CD4 protein (but no CD8)
After leaving the thymus, helper T-cells contain (a) a CD4 protein (but no CD8). (b) a CD8 protein (but no CD4). (c) both CD4 and CD8 proteins.
a CD4 protein (but no CD8).
The clumping of blood during a mismatched blood transfusion is due to a property of the antigen-binding region of antibodies called (a) neutralization (b) agglutination (c) precipitation (d) opsonization
agglutination
Lymphatic capillaries are unique in that they depend on _________ to prevent the collapse of the lymphatic capillaries as pressure exerted by the interstitial fluid increases. (a) blood capillaries (b) anchoring filaments (c) endothelial cells (d) hydrostatic pressure
anchoring filaments
Immune complexes consist of (a) antibody plus complement. (b) basophil plus complement. (c) antigen plus antibody. (d) antigen plus complement.
antigen plus antibody.
A helper T-lymphocyte becomes activated by a(n) (a) plasma cell (b) antigen presenting cell (c) NK cell (d) memory cell
antigen presenting cell
A helper T-lymphocyte becomes activated by a(n) (a) plasma cell (b) antigen presenting cell (c) NK cell (d) memory cell
antigen presenting cell
How do fluids and proteins make their way into the interstitial fluid of the injured tissues? (a) capillary permeability decreases (b) capillary permeability increases (c) Damaged blood vessels leak into the area (d) Arterial permeability increases (e) Venous permeability increases
capillary permeability increases
After lymphocytes are formed, they are tested to see if they can bind to foreign antigen and respond to it. In other words, to see if they are (a) immunocompetent (b) able to present antigen (c) naive (d) self-reactive
immunocompetent
If an individual has an infected cut on their thigh, in which region are lymph nodes most likely to enlarge? (a) cervical region (b) thoracic region (c) inguinal region (d) Supratrochlear region (e) Trophic region.
inguinal region
If an individual has an infected cut on their thigh, in which region are lymph nodes most likely to enlarge? (a) cervical region (b) thoracic region (c) inguinal region (d) supratrochlear region (e) trophic region
inguinal region
The inflammation response triggers all of the following EXCEPT (a) dilation of capillaries (b) constriction of airways (c) inhibition of mucus (d) pain (e) itching
inhibition of mucus
Mucus in the trachea is part of the body's (a) adaptive immunity (b) innate immunity
innate immunity
Lymph vessels reabsorb what fluid from the tissues and return it to the venous circulation? (a) plasma (b) extracellular fluid (c) interstitial fluid (d) blood
interstitial fluid
Compared to blood capillaries, lymphatic capillaries are usually ____ in diameter. (a) larger (b) smaller
larger
Epidermal dendritic cells are typically derived from (a) monocytes (b) neutrophils (c) lymphocytes (d) natural killer cells
monocytes
In IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, all of the following are needed except (a) B-cells (b) IgE antibodies (c) mast cells (d) neutrophils
neutrophils
Which leukocyte is most prevalent in blood? (a) monocytes (b) neutrophils (c) lymphocytes (d) natural killer cells
neutrophils
Which leukocyte is the first to arrive during the inflammatory response? (a) monocytes (b) neutrophils (c) lymphocytes (d) natural killer cells
neutrophils
The most common drug(s) used to combat inflammation is __________. (a) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (b) cortisone (c) steroidal anti-inflammatories (d) antibodies (e) insulin
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Which of the following experiences is not associated with inflammation? (a) redness (b) heat (c) numbness (d) pain (e) edema
numbness
An antigen presenting cell presents antigen to a helper T-lymphocyte (a) inside a vesicle. (b) on its surface on a class I MHC. (c) on its surface on a class II MHC. (d) on its surface attached to an antibody.
on its surface on a class II MHC.
The primary functions of lymph include (a) returning proteins to the tissue fluid. (b) transporting foreign particles to the kidneys. (c) returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes. (d) carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide.
returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes.
After T- and B-lymphocytes are formed, they migrate to (a) red bone marrow (b) yellow bone marrow (c) the thymus gland (d) secondary lymphoid structures
secondary lymphoid structures
Typically, a lymphocyte will encounter its first exposure to a foreign antigen in the (a) red bone marrow (b) yellow bone marrow (c) thymus gland (d) secondary lymphoid structures
secondary lymphoid structures
Peyer patches are large accumulations of MALT located only in the (a) small intestine (b) respiratory system (c) urinary tract (d) genital system
small intestine
The ability to ward off a specific infection or disease, usually as a result of prior exposure and the body's production of antibodies or lymphocytes against one pathogen, is called (a) specific immunity (b) nonspecific defense (c) the first line of defense (d) the second line of defense (e) a natural barrier
specific immunity
A patient has an elevated body temperature that has been stable for 48 hours. Which stage of fever is she likely in? (a) onset (b) decline (c) stadium (d) defervescence
stadium
Foreign antigens presented on class I MHC molecules (a) stimulate other immune system cells to respond to the antigen. (b) stimulate macrophages to respond to the antigen. (c) stimulate cell destruction by macrophages. (d) stimulate cell destruction by activated T-lymphocytes. (e) are not recognized by the T-lymphocytes and do not stimulate cell destruction.
stimulate cell destruction by activated T-lymphocytes.