Unit 5 Jacksonian Era and Expansion and Division Review Guide
What happened at the Alamo?
180 TX volunteers took over old mission and fought against General Santa Anna (4000 troops) All Alamo defenders killed
What is the "spoils system" in connection with Jackson's presidency?
meant that every government job belonged to the party in power.
Who were the 'forty-niners'?
"Forty-niners" flocked to California during the Gold Rush. Pioneers came to California by land and by sea from other parts of America and the world.
Why was Andrew Jackson admired by many Americans?
Admirers cite him as a populist hero who challenged the political establishment and ushered in a key era of American exploration and westward expansion.
How did he win the election?
After no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in the 1824 election, John Quincy Adams was elected president by the House of Representatives. To the surprise of many, the House elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. It was widely believed that Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced Congress to elect Adams, who then made Clay his Secretary of State.
What two parties had formed from the Democratic Republican Party by the time of the presidential election of 1828?
After the 1824 election, Jackson's supporters immediately began plans for a campaign in 1828, and the Democratic-Republican Party fractured into the National Republican Party and the Democratic Party during Adams's presidency.
How did voting rights "expand" during the early 1800s?
All white men could vote regardless of owning land.
Under what President did the Trail of Tears actually take place?
Andrew Jackson
Who won in 1828?
Andrew Jackson
What are some tangible ways he accomplished the ideals of Manifest Destiny?
As President he oversaw the largest territorial expansion in American history— over a million square miles of land—acquired through a treaty with England and war with Mexico. At the end of his single term, Polk had literally reshaped the nation, fulfilling the American spirit of manifest destiny.
How many Cherokee were forced to relocate during the Trail of Tears? Where did they relocate to?
As a result, between May 1838 and March 1839, federal soldiers and state militia rounded up 16,000 Cherokees from Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama, and North Carolina, taking them to stockades, and forcing them to get on boats and then march to Indian territory, present-day Oklahoma.
What are the details of the Missouri Compromise?
By Henry Clay, admitted Missouri as slave state, Maine as free state, drew line across Louisiana Territory where north was free south was slave. This legislation admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non-slave state at the same time, so as not to upset the balance between slave and free states in the nation. It also outlawed slavery above the 36º 30' latitude line in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory
Who were the "Five Civilized Tribes?"
Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles
Immigrants from which country came to California in large numbers in the 1850s? What is one specific way they were treated badly?
China. The native tribes of California saw themselves as stewards not owners of the land. The white settlers who arrived during the Gold Rush brought a different view. They were also given the most dangerous jobs and longer working hours.
Why was James K. Polk popular as a presidential candidate in 1844 and then as president?
Democrats replied Polk was the candidate who stood for expansion. He linked the Texas issue, popular in the South, with the Oregon question, attractive to the North. Polk also favored acquiring California. Even before he could take office, Congress passed a joint resolution offering annexation to Texas.
Who was Dred Scott and what did he do?
Dred Scott was slave who filed a law-suit for his freedom. He argued he should be free since he lived in a free territory.
What position did Douglas take? What position did Lincoln take?
During the debates, Douglas still advocated "popular sovereignty," which maintained the right of the citizens of a territory to permit or prohibit slavery. It was, he said, a sacred right of self-government.
How did this law (Fugitive Slave law) lead to greater divisions between North and South?
Even though the northern states could abolish slavery, as they did, they still could not avoid their Constitutional obligation to enforce the slave laws of the southern states. convinced thousands of Northerners that slavery should be barred from the western territories.
Who was Davy Crockett?
Former member in congress, died in the alamo.
What was the purpose behind the Gadsden Purchase?
Gadsden's Purchase provided the land necessary for a southern transcontinental railroad and attempted to resolve conflicts that lingered after the Mexican-American War
What were 3 reasons people had for moving west?
Gold rush and mining opportunities (silver in Nevada) The opportunity to work in the cattle industry; to be a "cowboy" Faster travel to the West by railroad; availability of supplies due to the railroad. The opportunity to own land cheaply under the Homestead Act
What valuable substance was discovered in California in 1848?
Gold!
What did John Brown do in 1859? What did he hope to accomplish by this?
Him and his followers seized a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. an attempt to start an armed revolt of enslaved people and destroy the institution of slavery.
How did the Republican Party form? What was one of their main goals?
In 1854, the Republican Party emerged to combat the expansion of slavery into American territories after the passing of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The early Republican Party consisted of northern Protestants, factory workers, professionals, businessmen, prosperous farmers, and after the Civil War, former black slaves.
Describe the details of the Worcester v. Georgia case, and the ruling of Chief Justice John Marshall.
In Worcester v. Georgia, the court struck down Georgia's extension laws. In the majority opinion Marshall wrote that the Indian nations were "distinct, independent political communities retaining their original natural rights" and that the United States had acknowledged as much in several treaties with the Cherokees.
What was the importance of Lincoln's "House Divided" speech-that is, what does he argue the outcome will be if nothing is done about slavery?
In his "house divided" speech, Lincoln countered that the Dred Scott decision the previous year had already opened the doors for slavery to be legal in the north, as well as all territories that the U.S. expanded into. If the U.S. wanted to be a free country, he argued, it had to act now before it was too late
What was the ruling in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case? What was the implication of this ruling for African Americans?
In this ruling, the U.S. Supreme Court stated that enslaved people were not citizens of the United States and, therefore, could not expect any protection from the federal government or the courts. The opinion also stated that Congress had no authority to ban slavery from a Federal territory.
What was the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850?
It was a law passed in 1850 that made it legal to arrest runaway slaves anywhere in the United States. The slaves could be returned to their owners. A person who helped runaway slaves faced fines and jail time.
Why was Missouri initially denied entry into the union?
It would've upset the balance of slave and free states.
Who were the four presidential candidates in the election of 1824?Where were they from, and what political party did they all represent? Who won the election of 1824?
John Adams Massachusetts Whig Party, Henry Clay Kentucky Whig Party, Andrew Jackson Tennessee Democratic Party, William H. Crawford Virginia Democratic Party
Who was the Cherokee leader during the Trail of Tears?
John Ross
What is the Mexican Cession? What modern-day states came from this?
Land that Mexico gave to the United States after the Mexican War through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; includes present-day California, Nevada, and Utah, as well as parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, and Wyoming.
What two parties had formed from the Democratic Republican Party by the time of the presidential election of 1828?
National Republicans and Democratic Party
Why did it take nearly 10 years after winning their independence for Texas to be admitted into the United States?
On December 29, 1845, Texas became the 28th state in the United States. Formerly part of Mexico, Texas had been an independent country since 1836. Since its independence, Texas had sought annexation by the U.S. However, the process took nearly 10 years due to political divisions over slavery.
the Indian Removal Act.
Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.
What is "popular sovereignty"?
Popular sovereignty is government based on consent of the people. The government's source of authority is the people, and its power is not legitimate if it disregards the will of the people. Government established by free choice of the people is expected to serve the people, who have sovereignty, or supreme power.
What, reportedly, was President Andrew Jackson's response to the ruling?
President Andrew Jackson ignored the Court's decision in Worcester v. Georgia, but later issued a proclamation of the Supreme Court's ultimate power to decide constitutional questions and emphasizing that its decisions had to be obeyed.
Mormonism
Religion founded by Joseph Smith, Jr. *Smith claimed to have received sacred writings; he organized the Church of Jesus of Latter Day Saints
How did people die on the Oregon and Santa Fe trail?
Shootings, drownings, being crushed by wagon wheels, and injuries from handling domestic animals were the common killers on the trail. Wagon accidents were the most prevalent. Both children and adults sometimes fell off or under wagons and were crushed under the wheels.
Why did Texas declare independence from Mexico?
Texans felt more loyal to the US. Many Texans owned slaves, which Mexico outlawed. The president of Mexico declared himself dictator. So, Stephen Austin helped organize an army, Sam Houston took command of the Texas army, and Texas declared independence in 1836
What are the four key components of the Compromise of 1850?
The Compromise of 1850 contained the following provisions: (1) California was admitted to the Union as a free state; (2) the remainder of the Mexican cession was divided into the two territories of New Mexico and Utah and organized without mention of slavery; (3) the claim of Texas to a portion of New Mexico was satisfied by a payment of $10 million; (4) new legislation (the Fugitive Slave Act) was passed to apprehend runaway slaves and return them to their masters; and (5) the buying and selling of slaves (but not slavery) was abolished in the District of Columbia.
Describe the events that took place in Kansas after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, created two new territories, and allowed for popular sovereignty. It also produced a violent uprising known as "Bleeding Kansas," as proslavery and antislavery activists flooded into the territories to sway the vote.
What effect did the Kansas-Nebraska Act have on the Missouri Compromise?
The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, created two new territories, and allowed for popular sovereignty. It also produced a violent uprising known as "Bleeding Kansas," as proslavery and antislavery activists flooded into the territories to sway the vote.
Describe the McCulloch v. Maryland Supreme Court case and the Gibbons v. Ogden case.
The McCulloch v. Maryland Supreme Court case, the court held that Congress does have implied powers and that states cannot tax the federal government. It also decided that the Federal government and rights to set up a Federal bank. In the Gibbons v. Ogden case, the court held that Federal law overrules state law in matters of affecting more than one state. The Supreme Court ruled that: states could not restrict trade within their jurisdictions.
What were the events that led to the Mexican War?
The Mexican-American War of 1846-1848 was a combination of Mexican unwillingness to recognize Texas independence, the desire of Texans for statehood, and American desire for westward expansion.
What is the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?
The United States and Mexico signed the treaty ending the war and forcing Mexico to turn over its northern territory to the United States
How did the controversy over the Oregon Territory play out?
The United States had proposed to extend the border along the same parallel to the Pacific Ocean, but Great Britain insisted that the northern border be drawn west to the Columbia River and then follow that river to the ocean. Neither side then budged, but they did agree to postpone the decision for 10 years.
How did the Mexican War end?
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,
Who benefited the most from the gold rush? What sorts of industries grew in the US and California because of the gold rush?
The influx of gold resulted in the expansion of manufacturing and the service industries, as many entrepreneurial newcomers took advantage of the demand for mining materials, lumber, clothing and transportation
What was the key issue during the Lincoln-Douglas debates?
The main focus of these debates was slavery and its influence on American politics and society—specifically the slave power, popular sovereignty, race equality, emancipation, etc. By contrast, Lincoln argued that only the federal government had the power to abolish slavery
What were the Oregon and Santa Fe Trails?
The trails that led people to either Oregon or Santa Fe. The Santa Fe Trail was first and foremost a commercial route between Mexico and the United States. Unlike its contemporary, the Oregon Trail, which was an emigrant route, the Santa Fe Trail was the highway of merchants traveling in either direction with goods to sell.
What is the significance of "54- 40 or fight!"
The title references the expansion of the United States that President James K. Polk called for. The expansion was to include Texas, California, and the Oregon territory. Since the northern boundary of Oregon was the latitude line of 54 degrees, 40 minutes, "fifty-four forty or fight!" became a popular slogan.
How did slavery have an impact on westward expansion in the early 1800s?
The westward expansion carried slavery down into the Southwest, into Mississippi, Alabama, crossing the Mississippi River into Louisiana. Finally, by the 1840's, it was pouring into Texas. So the expansion of slavery, which became the major political question of the 1850's, was not just a political issue.
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in two volumes in 1852, the novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the U.S., and is said to have "helped lay the groundwork for the [American] Civil War".
What is Manifest Destiny
the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.