UNIT 5 PSYCH ALBERT QUESTIONS

Which of the following is true about effective memory encoding?

Emotions increase attention, therefore increasing the likelihood of encoding

Which of the following illustrates an algorithm?

Walking up and down every aisle until you find a gallon of milk at the grocery store.

Which of the following would be the best example of an availability heuristic?

When Sally, who lives in a tornado-prone area, hears an alarm sounding in the distance, she assumes a tornado is on the way.

Which of the following is an example of working memory?

You are taking a pottery class and your instructor is showing you how to prepare your clay. When your instructor finishes speaking, you complete the steps she demonstrated.

Martha quickly recalls the names of all five great lakes by saying "H.O.M.E.S.! Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior." Martha is using

a mnemonic device

To make sure she would remember everything she needed at the grocery store, Darcy replaced the lyrics to her favorite song with the items on her shopping list and sings it to herself. This is an example of

acoustic encoding

Kanika misplaced her tablet so she starts in her bedroom and systematically checks every room in her house until she locates it. What strategy is Kanika using to solve her problem?

algorithm

Audra is struggling in geometry. She usually learns well by examples and analogies. She asks her math teacher, Ms. Bird, to explain things so she can understand them. Ms. Bird has trouble coming up with analogies because certain concepts in math are considered perfect concepts. Which of the following BEST describes this situation?

artificial concept

Allison needs to remember a formula for an algebra test that she hadn't studied for. She closes her eyes and is able to picture the textbook page where the formula appeared. Allison's ability to recall the way the page looked is an example of

automatic encoding

The ability to remember the final lyrics at the end of a song you just heard can be attributed to

echoic memory

When studying for a test, Amado realized that he could only remember the information from the first part of his teacher's lecture. This is MOST likely due to which of the following phenomena?

the primacy effect

Which of the following pairs of types of encoding and levels of processing is correct?

visual processing and shallow processing

Tom suffered a traumatic brain injury. Now, Tom cannot remember what day of the week it is, what he had for breakfast, or the faces of people he just met. A few moments after meeting a new person, Tom will reintroduce himself as though they never met. Which of the following best explains Tom's behavior?

Anterograde amnesia

When we learn something new and repeatedly recall that information, we become able to better and more quickly recall that information in the future due to long-term potentiation. Which of the following is strengthened as long-term potentiation occurs?

Synapse

When it comes to problem-solving, which of the following is TRUE about algorithms?

The accurate use of algorithms will ensure a correct result.

After Alana's boyfriend got arrested for shoplifting, her parents and friends told her they knew he was a bad kid. Alana's parents are friends are demonstrating

hindsight bias

The use of heuristics rather than algorithms is MOST likely to

save time in arriving at solutions to problems

For Enrique's first vocabulary test, he studied for several hours the night before his quiz but still did poorly. For Enrique's next vocabulary test, he studied for 15 minutes each night of the week before the quiz and did much better. Enrique's success on his second test is explained by the

spacing effect

Aparna has not ridden a bicycle since she was a child. But, when given the opportunity to go for a bike ride through a seaside village, Aparna hops on a bike and rides without any issues. What part of Aparna's brain is responsible for her ability to remember how to ride the bike?

Basal ganglia

Which of the following is the best example of priming?

Blake has been studying the color yellow at daycare. When her teacher asks her to name her favorite fruit, she immediately thinks of a banana.

Some large corporations use phone numbers like 1-800-JOHNLAW or 1-555-NEWBOAT to make it easier for customers to remember their telephone numbers. These telephone numbers are examples of which of the following mnemonic devices?

Chunking

John believes that Mr. Jones is a poor teacher because he remembers each time that Mr. Jones was unable to answer a question but does not recall the times that Mr. Jones did a good job. John's thinking is being distorted by what phenomenon?

Confirmation bias

Juan purchased a new lock for his gym locker. To remember the new combination, 10-31-18, Juan associates it with the date of his favorite holiday in his favorite year. Which of the following concepts is NOT a tool Juan has used to remember the combination?

Echoic memory

Phoebe has used flashcards to review science vocabulary for the past 10 days. Now, without much thought involved, she can quickly recite a vocabulary term as its definition is read to her. Which biological process explains Phoebe's increase in processing speed?

Effects of long-term potentiation

While taking his history test, Abrar is trying to remember what year the civil war started. Instead, all he can remember is the day he learned it because it was raining, and he finally got the courage to talk to the new girl in class. What type of memory is Abrar actually recalling, and what type of memory is he trying to recall?

Episodic; Semantic

Sherry is shopping for beef at her local organic market and is choosing between three packages. One package of ground beef is labeled as 95% fat-free, another is labeled as 95/5, and the third is labeled as containing only 5% fat. She chooses the package labeled 95% fat-free. What psychological principle led to Sherry making this decision?

Framing effect

Nathan throws away a set of glass jars and then immediately goes to the store to find a container in which to store his loose change. Which concept MOST clearly illustrates Nathan's failure to recognize that he could have used the jars he threw out rather than buying new ones?

Functional fixedness

Which of the following best describes a flashbulb memory?

Geness can recall exactly where she was on 9/11/01 as the news reported the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center.

On average, the capacity of short-term memory is seven bits of information. This was discovered through research conducted by

George A. Miller

Sixteen-year-old Alex is polite, well-dressed, and studious. When the city's fountain was vandalized one night, no one suspected Alex as the culprit even after finding his jacket at the scene of the crime. Which of the following concepts best explains the sense of doubt the community shared about Alex's involvement in the crime?

Halo effect

Daniel suffered a serious brain injury and can no longer recall explicit memories from the past. Which part of Daniel's brain has MOST likely been affected by this injury?

Hippocampus

Julian suffered a major brain injury. As a result, she has difficulty making new declarative memories. What part of her brain was most likely injured?

Hippocampus

The memories that we form when we study information for an important exam are processed in which brain structure?

Hippocampus

Johnny visits a beach about 3 hours from his home with his friends. While there, he starts telling his friends a story from years ago when he was stung by a jellyfish that had washed ashore. Which parts of the brain are most responsible for Johnny being able to recall the details of this event?

Hippocampus and frontal lobe

Which parts of the brain are responsible for our explicit memories?

Hippocampus and frontal lobe

After seeing two cars collide, Emily pulled over to make sure no one was hurt and stayed on the scene until help arrived. When the police arrived, they asked her questions about what she witnessed. According to Elizabeth Loftus's research, which of the following questions could cause Emily to succumb to the misinformation effect?

How fast were the cars traveling when the first car crashed into the other?

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, which of the following types of memory houses detailed visual information for less than a second?

Iconic

Gemma is studying for a US History test and is having trouble remembering the details of the Boston Tea Party. Her teacher suggests that she visualize the event in her mind. Which of the following techniques is Gemma's teacher recommending?

Imagery

Which of the following is an example of the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

Janice sees someone she met at a party last week, and although she feels she knows the person's name, she cannot recall it in the moment.

Which of the following BEST demonstrates the relearning effect on memory?

Josue is a senior studying US Government. When reviewing the amendments, he finds that they are much easier to remember now than when he first learned them in 7th-grade Civics class.

Which of the following would require the deepest processing of information?

Naming all of the possible synonyms of a vocabulary term

On the first day of class, you play a name game in which you say your name and repeat the names of every student ahead of you in the line. You confidently practice and remember everyone's name when it is your turn until you come to the person directly in front of you. You cannot remember this student's name! What has happened?

Next-in-line effect

When he was in third grade, Sammy's parents were convinced he would get a soccer scholarship. They even hired a special trainer. Sammy did drills over and over until he did not have to think about performing certain skills. Which of the following BEST describes Sammy's training?

Overlearning

Sally goes to a dog park and sees many young dogs catching frisbees and doing tricks. she wishes her old, trusty dog could do a trick, but she believes he is too old to learn any new information. Which of the following concepts supports her belief?

Proactive interference

Rachel learned to ride a bike when she was seven years old and has never forgotten the skill. Which of the following correctly identifies the type of memory Rachel formed and the part of the brain that stores that memory?

Procedural memory in the basal ganglia

Pam has a big spelling test tomorrow. One of the more difficult words on her spelling list is "caterpillar". To help herself remember how to spell the word, she recites its spelling aloud 100 times between school and bedtime. Which of the following techniques is Pam using to remember her spelling word?

Rehearsal

Iconic and echoic memory are subtypes of which system of memory?

Sensory

Jane is not happy with her current grades and wants to change her study habits. Which of the following best describes how she can avoid developing a mental set?

She should consider trying new ways of studying instead of continuing to study the same ways she has in the past.

Ivanna and Charlie are expecting their first child. At the ultrasound, Ivanna was told that there was a thirty percent chance the child could have Down syndrome. Ivanna was anxious after hearing the news until her husband told her there was a seventy percent chance that the child would not have Down syndrome. What might Ivanna's change in perception be attributed to?

The framing effect

Minnie is the star pitcher on her baseball team. One day, Minnie falls off of a ladder and hits her head. There were no immediate signs of physical injury. However, Minnie is no longer able to pitch successfully. Minnie most likely suffered damage to her

cerebellum

Sadie is a 2-year-old poodle who is fed canned dog food twice a day. If her owner uses the electric can opener for any reason, she quickly assumes it is time for her next meal and runs to her food bowl. Which part of Sadie's brain is responsible for her conditioned response to the can opener sound?

cerebellum

James had not thought about a former soccer teammate for years. After going to a restaurant that they used to go to after practice, James could not help but think of his old teammate. James' memory of his old teammate likely occurred because of which of the following?

context-dependent memory

Which of the following combinations of processing and encoding is most likely to result in long-term memory formation?

deep processing and semantic encoding

Rose needs to cut open a box, but she cannot find a knife to complete the task. Which of the following would MOST likely help her open the box?

divergent thinking

When seeking to hire a new creative director for a fashion magazine, Jessica decided that she needed to find a person who could come up with several ways to solve problems. Her interview candidates should be proficient in which of the following?

divergent thinking

People struggle to identify whether an individual's head is facing left or right on a coin despite a strong familiarity with the coin. Most of us never take the time to remember details such as this about a coin. Difficulty in pointing out an accurate representation of a penny from a set of phonies results from a failure to

encode

After an ice-skating accident, Prita has difficulty remembering upcoming deadlines, appointments, and names of people she just met. Prita is experiencing loss of

explicit memory

At the age of 10, Jim won his little league championship game by hitting a game-winning home run in the very last inning. He and his teammates were overwhelmed with excitement to be champions. Now, 40 years later as an adult, Jim can recall every detail of that game. Which of the following terms best characterizes Jim's memory of his victory?

flashbulb memory

Ms. Jones sold more raffle tickets when she told potential buyers they had a 10% chance of winning a prize than when she told them they had a 90% chance of not winning. Which of the following concepts does this example demonstrate?

framing effect

Han needs to speak to his bank manager. As he walks into the bank, he sees a woman in a suit talking to the security guard. He waits to speak to her, assuming she is the manager. When Han introduces himself, she explains she is the niece of the security guard and she is not an employee of the bank. Han likely mistook the woman for the manager because he used which of the following problem-solving strategies?

heuristic

Jadir's parents send him to the store to buy a list of items. Their list includes aluminum foil, toilet paper, butter, printer paper, flour, toothpaste, pencils, bath bubbles, and eggs. Jadir accidentally leaves the list at home but is able to successfully purchase all of the items by recalling that his parents wanted office supplies, baking goods, and bathroom supplies. In remembering the items on the list, Jadir made use of

hierarchal organization

A classic demonstration of memory requires two groups of students to memorize a list of sentences. One group is instructed to rate sentences on how easy they are to pronounce. The other group must rate the sentences according to how easy it is to form a mental picture of the statement. Afterward​, students in the visualization group remember more content from the sentences than students in the pronunciation group. This result is due to differences in

levels of processing

The neurological basis for long term memories stored in the brain is called

long-term potentiation

Amy is trying to help her son with his math homework but cannot grasp the school's new curriculum. Every time Amy thinks she gets it, she ends up teaching him according to the old way. This is an example of

proactive interference

Fadi is having trouble remembering how to play the new song his piano teacher assigned him. He keeps confusing the new song with the songs he learned last month. Which of the following best explains Fadi's forgetfulness?

proactive interference

If you have difficulty remembering this year's Spanish vocabulary because of the French classes you have taken in previous years, you are experiencing:

proactive interference

Memory for automatic activities like tying one's shoe or riding a bike is known as

procedural memory

Sally has been described by her psychology teacher, Mrs. Felderspar, as a bit absent-minded. While Sally can remember Wundt, Freud, and Skinner, she has trouble remembering to do something she had already planned. What type of memory is Sally struggling with?

prospective memory

When a child hears the word "dog," they visualize a poodle. The poodle is an example of a(n)

prototype

Morrigan enrolls in a new high school and meets many new students on her first day. When she gets home and tells her mother about the people she met, she realizes she can only remember the names of the people in her last-period class. This can be best explained by the

recency effect

One day on her way home from work, Nancy witnessed a suspect fleeing the scene of a bank robbery. Police asked her to come to the station where she picked the suspect out of a line-up. This is an example of

recognition

When taking the Advanced Placement® Psychology Exam in May, students will be given a test of 100 multiple-choice questions and two free-response questions. Which of the following correctly identifies the retrieval measure students will use on each portion of the exam?

recognition for the multiple-choice section; recall for the free-response section

Rama frequently complains to Suzy about her parents. Suzy notices that Rama repeats the same stories and that each time, Rama's stories change and become more elaborate. She has occasionally pointed out Rama's increasing exaggerations, but Rama swears she is remembering accurately. Which term BEST explains what is happening with Rama's stories?

reconstructive memory

Desiree is always the first to tell her friends how well she pitched when her softball team wins. But, when they lose, she claims it is an error in the field that cost them the game. Desiree's behavior is an example of the

self-serving bias

Katya's grandfather tells her about when he first witnessed a man walk on the moon. He recalls the names of the astronauts, who the news broadcaster was, and the channel that aired the spacewalk. Katya's grandfather's recollections are examples of

semantic memory

After selecting a randomly-generated password for her student e-mail account, Jill was able to remember her password long enough to enter it correctly and access the information she needed. After she logged out of her account, she was unable to remember her newly created password. In this case, the password was stored in which type of memory?

short-term memory

While looking through a family album, Eric insists that he remembers the family beach trip pictured in the album, even though he was only two years old. His older brother insists that he does not really remember the trip, he has just heard the family stories while looking through the album so many times that he thinks it is an actual memory. Eric's brother is claiming that he is experiencing

source amnesia

Daniel's teacher started assigning practice quizzes to help his class review for their unit exams in January. Since he started taking the practice quizzes, Daniel became better able to recall the information he learned in class. This is an example of the

testing effect

John is 6'3" and very muscular. Even though he works as a flight attendant, John is often mistaken for a professional football player due to his appearance. People's mistaken assumptions about his vocation are BEST explained by

the representativeness heuristic

Your best friend insists that cramming several hours the night before an exam is the most effective study method. After taking a psychology course, you inform the friend that she could spend less overall time studying if she would just do a little bit at a time every night the week leading up to a test. This is known as

the spacing effect