Unit 6 - 2
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extrinsic motivation
Punishment decreases the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement _____ the rate of operant responding.
increases
The concept of latent learning helps to demonstrate that: animals only learn through the use of reinforcement. rewards affect performance of what has been learned rather than the process of learning itself. only humans can develop cognitive maps of their environments. learning will not occur unless behavior is developed though the principles of the law of effect.
rewards affect performance of what has been learned rather than the process of learning itself.
Which of the following psychologists proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning? B. F. Skinner Robert Rescorla Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson
robert
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shaping
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spontaneous recovery
This is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. negative conditioning spontaneous recovery acquisition generalization
spontaneous recovery
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stimulus
According to Darwin's principle of natural selection and Garcia's later work, taste aversions increase the likelihood of _____ in humans and other animals. survival operant conditioning observational learning dying
survival
With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____. at a variable rate; at a specific rate every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs with primary reinforcers; with secondary reinforcers using positive reinforcement; using partial reinforcement
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infants by age _____ months will imitate acts modeled on television.
14
It is not unreasonable to predict that when today's U.S. teenagers are in their mid-70s, they will have watched TV for the equivalent of about _____ years.
9
The famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _____ and showed the power of _____. B. F. Skinner; reinforcement and punishment Edward Tolman; cognitive maps Edward Thorndike; the law of effect Albert Bandura; observational learning
Albert Bandura; observational learning
Which of the following is NOT one of the significant findings of Pavlov's research in classical conditioning? Many other responses to many other stimuli can be classically conditioned in many other organisms. Pavlov showed us how a process such as learning can be studied objectively. Classical conditioning is one way that virtually all organisms learn to adapt to their environment. Almost all human and animal behaviors, including voluntary behaviors, can be shaped through classical conditioning.
Almost all human and animal behaviors, including voluntary behaviors, can be shaped through classical conditioning.
In Robert Rescorla and Alan Wagner's (1972) classical conditioning experiment, one group of rats experienced a tone just before each of 20 shocks. A second group of rats experienced the same number of tone-shock pairings plus an additional 20 shocks with no tone. Rescorla found that the rats in the first group showed a much stronger conditioned fear response than the rats in the second group. How did Rescorla explain this finding? An animal can learn the predictability of an event. It was an example of the partial reinforcement effect. Spontaneous recovery had occurred in the second group of rats. The interval between the tone and the shock was too great for the second group of rats.
An animal can learn the predictability of an event
secondary reinforcer; operant behavior negative reinforcer; operant behavior UR; CS CS; US
CS; US
What happened after Watson classically conditioned "Little Albert" to fear a tame white rat? Stimulus discrimination occurred: Albert responded with fear to white rats but not brown rats. Generalization occurred: Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects. The sight of the hammer produced spontaneous recovery of the unconditioned response. The conditioned fear response was quickly and easily extinguished.
Generalization occurred: Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.
_____ is the researcher who discovered mirror neurons through his experiments with monkeys. Giacomo Rizzolatti Edward L. Thorndike Albert Bandura Ivan Pavlov
Giacomo Rizzolatti
"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors." Which of the following psychologists made this statement? John Garcia B. F. Skinner Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson
John B Watson
classical conditioning
Marshall ate a hamburger he purchased from his favorite fast food restaurant. An hour later his stomach became very upset and he spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A week later he entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when he saw a hamburger. Marshall's nausea when he saw the hamburger is an example of: imitation. observational learning. operant conditioning. classical conditioning.
According to operant conditioning principles, which of the following would NOT be recommended when dealing with a young girl who is resistant to going to school every morning? If the girl refuses to get in the car, parents should explain why this is a problem and use time-outs. Parents should reward the girl when she cooperates by getting into the car in the morning. Parents should ignore complaints or whining about school. Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl.
Parents should express their anger by yelling at the girl.
In a 1972 classical conditioning study, _____ showed that an animal can learn the predictability of an event. Ivan Pavlov B. F. Skinner John B. Watson Robert Rescorla
Robert Rescorla
Which of the following psychologists proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning? John B. Watson Ivan Pavlov B. F. Skinner Robert Rescorla
Robert Rescorla
Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner's beliefs is true? Skinner advocated greater use of punishment and negative reinforcement to control behavior. Skinner believed that human behavior is determined by environmental consequences, not by individual choice or free will. Skinner strongly advocated the study of cognitive processes to understand behavior. Skinner believed that classical conditioning was not a valid explanation of behavior.
Skinner believed that human behavior is determined by environmental consequences, not by individual choice or free will.
Which of the following statements best describes the phenomenon of instinctive drift? The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors can interfere with learning operant behaviors. As operant behaviors are learned, they override instinctive or reflexive behaviors. Over time, reflexive behaviors change as a function of repeated exposure to classical conditioning. Misbehavior can be prevented by operantly conditioning instinctive behaviors that are incompatible with the misbehavior.
The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors can interfere with learning operant behaviors.
word of praise is to a soothing back rub as _____ is to _____. operant conditioning; classical conditioning a conditioned reinforcer; a primary reinforcer a delayed reinforcer; an immediate reinforcer partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement
a conditioned reinforcer; a primary reinforcer
Models who commit violent acts but go unpunished would lead to the _____ of aggressive behavior through observational learning.
acquiring
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acquisition
After John Watson lost his professorship at Johns Hopkins University which career did he enter? clinical psychology medicine advertising industrial and organizational psychology
advertising
In classical conditioning, biological predispositions _____ what stimuli and responses can be easily associated.
constrain
In his experiments, Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if: the neutral stimulus was presented before the conditioned response. after a few hours without the CS or the US, the tone was presented again. the tone was sounded again and again while presenting food to the dogs. the tone was sounded again and again without presenting food to the dogs.
after a few hours without the CS or the US, the tone was presented again.
According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. antisocial extroverted positive prosocial
antisocial
According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. positive antisocial prosocial extroverted
antisocial
According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. When children have _____ models, they imitate the helpful and positive behaviors they observe. prosocial; indifferent antisocial; prosocial extroverted; introverted positive; negative
antisocial, prosocial
According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the negative behaviors they see around them. When children have _____ models, they imitate the helpful and positive behaviors they observe. prosocial; indifferent extroverted; introverted positive; negative antisocial; prosocial
antisocial, prosocial
Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through imitation.
association
MC. Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____. conscious thoughts; unconscious thoughts conscious behaviors; unconscious behaviors observation and imitation; association association; observation and imitation
association; observation and imitation
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associative learning
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continuous reinforcement
The famous Bobo doll experiment was conducted by _____ and showed the power of observational learning.
bandura
Which pioneering learning researcher highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior? Watson Bandura Skinner Pavlov
bandura
he famous Bobo doll research was conducted by _____ and showed the power of _____. Albert Bandura; observational learning B. F. Skinner; reinforcement and punishment Edward Tolman; cognitive maps Edward Thorndike; the law of effect
bandura, observational
Marshall takes his 1-year-old son, Marcus, out for a walk. Marcus reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, Marcus's mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. Marcus cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is the _____.
bee sting
Many business organizations effectively use _____ to train communications, sales, and customer service skills. Trainees gain skills faster when they are not only taught the needed skills in a classroom or lecture setting, but also are able to observe the skills being practiced effectively by experienced workers. classical conditioning latent learning behavior modeling operant conditioning
behavior modeling
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behaviorism
Today's learning theorists recognize that our learning results not only from environmental influences but from an interaction of _____ influences. biopsychosocial social biological psychological
biphychosocial
Which of the following is evidence that animals are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt and survive in their environment? humans developing a taste aversion to food and the restaurant where the food was served birds appearing biologically primed to develop aversions to the sight of tainted food because they hunt by sight chimpanzees learning American Sign Language dogs learning to sit on command
birds appearing biologically primed to develop aversions to the sight of tainted food because they hunt by sight
Repeated exposure to graphic violence in movies, television, and violent video games may increase the likelihood of imitation of violent behavior and also tends to: cause more emotional responsiveness to violence. cause avoidance of media violence. increase the fear of violent behavior. cause desensitization to observed violence.
cause desensitization to violence
Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The _____ is the unconditioned stimulus.
chemotherapy
The famous Bobo doll study demonstrated that: children quickly form cognitive maps of the sources of reinforcements. girls are more likely to imitate aggressive behaviors than boys. children can be classically conditioned to fear any animal. children are less likely to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for his or her actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded.
children are less likely to imitate the actions of someone who has been punished for his or her actions than the actions of someone who has been rewarded
In _____ conditioning an organism learns associations between events it doesn't control.
classical
In _____ conditioning natural predispositions constrain what stimuli and responses can easily be associated.
classical
Malia ate a hamburger she purchased from her favorite fast food restaurant. An hour later her stomach became very upset and she spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A week later she entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when she saw a hamburger. Malia's nausea when she saw the hamburger is an example of _____ conditioning.
classical
People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____ conditioning.
classical
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classical conditioning
Taste aversion is a real-life example of which of the following types of learning? classical conditioning latent learning insight conditioning observational learning
classical conditioning
Three-year-old Kirsten was playing with a balloon she was given by her father. While playing with the balloon it popped in her face, which frightened her and caused her to cry loudly. That weekend she was attending a birthday party, saw some balloons, began to cry, and ran out of the room. This is an example of: operant conditioning. the law of effect. classical conditioning. observational learning.
classical conditioning
aste aversion is a real-life example of which of the following types of learning? classical conditioning latent learning insight conditioning observational learning
classical conditioning
Robert Rescorla's research demonstrated the importance of _____ in classical conditioning. observational learning cognition positive reinforcement negative reinforcement
cognition
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cognitive learning
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cognitive map
Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. These findings provide support for the role of _____ in operant behavior. spontaneous recovery primary reinforcers cognitive processes negative reinforcers
cognitive processes
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conditioned reinforcer
...
conditioned response
In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, salivating in response to the bell after associating the bell with food is called a(n): conditioned response. unconditioned stimulus. conditioned stimulus. unconditioned response.
conditioned response
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the: unconditioned stimulus (US). conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS). unconditioned response (UR). conditioned response (CR).
conditioned response
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conditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus, which after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response, is called a(n): unconditioned response (UR). conditioned response (CR). conditioned stimulus (CS). unconditioned stimulus (US).
conditioned stimulus
Marshall takes his 1-year-old son, Marcus, out for a walk. Marcus reaches over to touch a red flower and is stung by a bumblebee sitting on the petals. The next day, Marcus's mother brings home some red flowers. She removes a flower from the arrangement and takes it over for her baby to smell. Marcus cries loudly as soon as he sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the conditioned response is the _____.
crying
Punishment _____ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement _____ the rate of operant responding. decreases; increases increases; decreases decreases; decreases has no effect on; has no effect on
decreases; increases
What phenomenon was Pavlov focusing on when he began his studies on what eventually became known as classical conditioning? reflexive responses to sound, such as ringing bells the digestive system the role of hormones in exploratory behavior the use of food rewards in training dogs
digestive system
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discrimination
Studies using fMRI showed brain activity related to actual pain is mirrored in the brain of a subject observing a loved one's suffering. Empathy in the brain shows up in the _____ areas of the brain, but not in the somatosensory cortex, which receives the physical pain input. emotional aggressive memory perceptual
emotional
According to B. F. Skinner: the ideas of free will and self-determination are the guiding forces behind human behavior. every person is responsible for his or her own behavior. environmental factors determine a person's behavior. cognitive processes are important in understanding human behavior but not animal behavior.
environmental factors determine a person's behavior
In classical conditioning acquisition of a new behavior involves associating _____, while in operant conditioning acquisition of a new behavior involves associating a response with a consequence (reinforcer or punisher).
events
With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced _____. at a variable rate; at a specific rate every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs with primary reinforcers; with secondary reinforcers using positive reinforcement; using partial reinforcement
every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs
B.F. Skinner believed that _____ influences, not thoughts and feelings, shape animal and human behavior. internal unconscious cognitive external
external
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extinction
An experimenter visits a pre-school with a big box of magic markers and paper. The children are told that they can draw as many pictures as they want. The children enjoyed the task very much. On another visit the children are told that for every picture they draw they would earn a prize. Two weeks later when the experimenter returned, he offered up the markers and papers for play but no prizes would be given. The children played very little with the markers because: extrinsic rewards can undermine extrinsic motivation. extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation. the rewards were no longer reinforcing. of the law of effect.
extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation.
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the unconditioned response (UR). salivating to a tone playful behavior with the rat fear of the white rat fear of a loud noise
fear of a loud noise
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the conditioned response (CR). salivating to a tone fear of a loud noise fear of the white rat playful behavior with the rat
fear of the white rat
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the _____ was the conditioned response (CR). salivating to a tone playful behavior with the rat fear of the white rat fear of a loud noise
fear of white rat
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fixed interval schedule
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fixed ratio schedule
Secondary reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which of the following is NOT a secondary reinforcer? food praise money grades
food
Mirror neurons are found in the brain's _____ and are believed to be the neural basis for observational learning.
frontal lobe
Mirror neurons are found in the brain's _____ and are believed to be the neural basis for _____. frontal lobe; observational learning temporal lobe; operant conditioning frontal lobe; classical conditioning temporal lobe; observational learning
frontal lobe, observationAL learning
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generalization
After Watson classically conditioned "Little Albert" to fear a tame white rat, _____ occurred and Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.
generalization
Marlee was raped at gunpoint in a parking garage. Her attacker was wearing strong cologne, and she now refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself with any man, and will not park in any garages. This reaction best illustrates:
generalization
_____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS), whereas discrimination is the ability to differentiate between the CS and other stimuli that have not been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US). ]
generalization
_____ is the researcher who discovered the function of mirror neurons through his experiments with monkeys.
giocomo
Shaping is a method used by Skinner to: explain how classical conditioning works. decrease an undesirable behavior. condition taste aversions in rats. guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.
guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.
John just started his vacation from work and scheduled a tee time with friends to play golf Monday morning. On Monday morning he started driving his car to work instead of the golf course. Driving his car to work instead of the golf course is an example of: habitual behavior. adaptability. spontaneous recovery. instinct.
habitual behavior
Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that: he ignored the influence of stimulus-response associations. his research methods were flawed. he relied too heavily on animals to explain general learning principles. he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.
he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.
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high-order conditioning
All of the following are major contributions of Pavlov's to the field of psychology EXCEPT the idea that: significant psychological phenomena can be studied objectively. his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments. principles of learning apply across species. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.
his methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments.
n the United States and Canada, _____ rates doubled between 1957 and 1974, coinciding with the introduction and spread of TV.
homicide
The violence-viewing effect, with respect to television viewing, seems to stem from at least two factors: _____ and _____. imitation; desensitization latent learning; desensitization observational learning; latent learning prosocial modeling; antisocial modeling
imitation, desensitization
One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to _____ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to decrease a behavior.
increase
7.4.1 Biological Constraints on Conditioning You condition a rat to press a lever in an operant conditioning chamber for the positive reinforcement of food. The next day, after being fed a reduced diet, the rat is more interested in smelling the cedar on the cage floor than pressing the lever. This is an example of: extrinsic motivation. latent learning. instinctive drift. operant conditioning.
instinctive drift.
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intrinsic motivation
While classical conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior, operant conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior. conscious; unconscious latent; reflex involuntary (automatic); voluntary voluntary; involuntary (automatic)
involuntary (automatic); voluntary
While classical conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior, operant conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior. latent; reflex involuntary (automatic); voluntary conscious; unconscious voluntary; involuntary (automatic)
involuntary (automatic); voluntary
Classical and operant conditioning are similar in many ways. Which of the following processes does NOT apply to both types of learning? associative learning involuntary responses to stimuli discrimination extinction
involuntary responses to stimuli
According to psychologists, learning: only occurs through observational learning. only involves reflex behavior. can only occur in humans. is a relatively enduring behavior change that occurs due to experience.
is a relatively enduring behavior change that occurs due to experience.
Which psychologist studied the development of taste aversions and how they could not be explained by the basic principles of classical conditioning? B. F. Skinner Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson John Garcia
john garcia
The idea that an animal's natural behavior patterns did not matter and had little or no effect on the effectiveness of operant conditioning principles was challenged by research conducted by _____. Albert Bandura Edward L. Thorndike Keller and Marian Breland Ivan Pavlov
keller and marian breland
Learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior is called: classical conditioning. latent learning. operant conditioning. repressed learning.
latent
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latent learning
...
law of effect
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learning
In psychology, the term conditioning refers to: adaptation to specific environmental factors due to repeated exposure to those factors. learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses. enhanced performance due to observing a behavior. a prior exposure to a stimulus.
learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses.
Latent learning is: highly resistant to extinction. based on extrinsic rewards. best explained by the law of effect. learning that is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior.
learning that is not demonstrated until one is motivated to perform the behavior.
In observational learning, the most effective models are those: who are perceived as different from the observer. who are respected only a little by the general population. who use inconsistent actions and words. likely to imitate people we perceive as similar to ourselves, as successful, or as admirable.
likely to imitate people we perceive as similar to ourselves, as successful, or as admirable.
If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, a(n) _____ is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation.
mirror neuron
Ted is a mildly autistic adult who has difficulty empathizing with the feelings of others and inferring what emotions another person might be experiencing. Some theorists would speculate that this is because he has a broken _____ system.
mirror neuron
...
mirror neurons
Giacomo Rizzolatti is the researcher who discovered the function of _____ through his experiments with monkeys.
mirror neurons
In a study conducted by Singer et al. (2004) that utilized an fMRI, the pain imagined by an empathic romantic partner triggered some of the same brain activity experienced by the loved one actually having the pain. This study demonstrated that empathy is a function of: mirror neurons. the hippocampus. cerebellum. occipital lobe.
mirror neurons
In a study conducted by Singer et al. (2004) that utilized an fMRI, the pain imagined by an empathic romantic partner triggered some of the same brain activity experienced by the loved one actually having the pain. This study demonstrated that empathy is a function of: mirror neurons. the hippocampus. occipital lobe. cerebellum.
mirror neurons
Researchers discovered that the neuronal activity in the brain of a monkey who simply watched another monkey pick up and eat a peanut was the same as the brain activity of the monkey actually performing these actions. These researchers are investigating: the law of effect. mirror neurons. latent learning. classical conditioning.
mirror neurons
Some theorists have speculated that people with autism display reduced imitative yawning and difficulty modeling other observed behaviors because of broken: modeling neurons. mirror neurons. imitation neurons. observational neurons.
mirror neurons
Which of the following neurons fire both when action is performed and when action is simply observed? imitation neurons observational neurons modeling neurons mirror neurons
mirror neurons
_____ fire both when action is performed and when action is simply observed.
mirror neurons
If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, which type of neuron is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation? mirror neuron sensory neuron motor neuron interneuron
mirror nueron
An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of: cognitive maps. the law of effect. mirror neurons. spontaneous recovery.
mirror nuerons
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modeling
The process of learning and imitating behavior is called _____.
modeling
The process of learning and imitating behavior is called _____. reinforced learning. modeling. classical learning. observational conditioning.
modeling
ohnny is "hammering" a nail with his toy hammer as his father is hammering the deck boards. His behavior is a clear example of: reinforced learning. modeling. classical learning. observational conditioning.
modeling
n Bandura's experiment, compared to children not exposed to the adult model, those who observed the model's aggressive outburst were _____ to lash out at the doll. unable much less likely much more likely equally likely
much more likely
The difficulty in introducing captive-bred animals successfully into the wild (there is only an 11% success rate) is evidence that successful adaptation into the wild requires both _____ and _____. classical conditioning; operant conditioning nature; nurture habitual behavior; nurture observational learning; nurture
nature, nurture
_____ reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus after a response. It serves to strengthen the response.
negative
Nanette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room. Nanette gave her daughter a 20-minute time-out. This is an example of a(n): conditioned reinforcer. positive punishment. negative punishment. negative reinforcer.
negative punishment
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negative reinforcement
...
neutral stimulus
Pavlov's success suggested a scientific model for how the young discipline of psychology might proceed: by isolating the basic building blocks of complex behaviors and studying them with _____ laboratory procedures.
objective
Both Watson and Pavlov believed that psychology should study only _____ and _____ psychological phenomena. sensation; perception learning; unconscious consciousness; memory objective; observable
objective, observable
John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of: cognitive processes. emotional outcomes. observable behavior. genetic predispositions.
observable behavior
When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her toy ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus she has learned via: observation. classical conditioning. operant conditioning. neural networks.
observation
Jill is learning how to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Jill patiently watches. Jill then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. Which of the following concepts best describes how Jill is learning to play tennis? latent learning observational learning operant conditioning classical conditioning
observational
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observational learning
Five-year-old Debbie watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day Debbie's mother saw Debbie singing while brushing her dog. Debbie was modeling her mother's behavior that she acquired through: the law of effect. observational learning. latent learning. classical conditioning.
observational learning
One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This best illustrates: respondent behavior. spontaneous recovery. operant conditioning. observational learning.
observational learning
Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called _____ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is _____. secondary; Pavlov secondary; Skinner observational; Watson observational; Bandura
observational, bandura
Dan wanted to train his dog, Rocket, to come to him when called. Every time Dan called Rocket and he came, Dan would give him a treat and pet him. Soon Rocket would come every time he was called. Dan is using _____ conditioning to train Rocket.
operant
If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find this attention to be enjoyable. This is an example of _____ conditioning.
operant
People and animals learn about the consequences of behavior through _____ conditioning.
operant
The cognitive processes in _____ conditioning involve the organism developing an expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished with or without reinforcement.
operant
___ behavior operates on the environment, whereas respondent behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
operant
...
operant behavior
...
operant chamber
...
operant conditioning
The cognitive processes in _____ involve the organism developing an expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished with or without reinforcement. observational learning operant conditioning classical conditioning reflex behavior
operant conditioning
____ behavior operates on the environment, whereas _____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus. Involuntary; voluntary Respondent; operant Uncontrollable; controllable Operant; respondent
opperant, respondent
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partial reinforcement
A pigeon receives food for pecking a key, but only rarely and on unpredictable occasions. This best illustrates: higher-order conditioning. latent learning. partial reinforcement. generalization.
partial reinforcement
_____ involves any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. Negative reinforcement Positive reinforcement Moderate reinforcement Neutral reinforcement
positive
To reduce the self-destructive behavior of some children, a therapist might squirt water in the children's faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a: conditioned reinforcer. positive punishment. negative reinforcer. negative punishment.
positive punishment
...
positive reinforcement
What stimulus did B. F. Skinner believe was the best way to shape desirable behavior? aversive stimuli punishment negative reinforcement positive reinforcement
positive reinforcement
What stimulus did B. F. Skinner believe was the best way to shape desirable behavior? negative reinforcement positive reinforcement aversive stimuli punishment
positive reinforcement
The difference between Robert Rescorla's view of classical conditioning and that of John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov is the importance Rescorla placed on organisms to actively process information about the reliability of a stimulus and to determine if the stimulus has _____ value.
predictive
A word of praise is to a delicious meal as a conditioned reinforcer is to a(n) _____ reinforcer.
primary
...
primary reinforcer
According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the helpful and positive behaviors they observe. indifferent extroverted negative prosocial
prosocial
...
prosocial behavior
...
punishment
Findings from Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that: rats are more likely to develop aversions to sights or sounds than they are to taste. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds. organisms do not have biological predispositions when learning associations. the unconditioned stimulus must immediately follow the conditioned stimulus.
rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds.
...
reinforcement
In experiments with rats in which rewards were not given to the rats for exploring a maze, experimenters later included rewards after several trials. When rewards were given upon reaching the end of the maze, the time needed to complete the maze decreased immediately. This caused researchers to conclude that: reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur. learning will not occur in the absence of reinforcement. continuous reinforcement is necessary for operant conditioning to occur. rats learn nothing more than a sequence of left and right turns.
reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur.
...
reinforcement schedule
Watson and Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by: showing Albert a white rat and then punishing him when he touched it. showing Albert movies of children being bitten by rats. repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat. negatively reinforcing Albert when he approached a rat.
repeatedly pairing a loud noise with the presentation of a white rat.
...
respondent behavior
Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses that have been laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is best explained by which classical conditioning phenomenon? taste aversion punishment secondary conditioning negative reinforcement
taste aversion
One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how: dogs anticipate and expect events. an organism's behavior can be shaped by rewards and reinforcement. the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods. classical conditioning can be used to explain learning in canines, but not other organisms.
the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.
Mirror neurons help give rise to children's empathy and to their ability to infer another's mental state, an ability known as: the law of effect. classical conditioning. the theory of mind. operant conditioning.
the theory of mind
As we observe another's actions, our brain generates an inner simulation, enabling us to experience the other's experience within ourselves. Mirror neurons help give rise to children's empathy and to their ability to infer another's mental state, an ability known as _____.
theory of mind
Wanda is a mildly autistic adult who has difficulty empathizing with the feelings of others and inferring what emotions another person might be experiencing. The ability in which Wanda seems to have reduced function is called _____.
theory of mind
The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur; it is this psychologist's principle. Garcia Pavlov Skinner Thorndike
thorndike
The law of effect states that rewarded behavior is likely to recur; it is this psychologist's principle. Skinner Thorndike Pavlov Garcia
thorndike
Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate: two stimuli. a neutral stimulus and a reward. something observed and its consequences. a response and its consequences.
two stimuli
Before the bell was ever presented, Pavlov's dog salivated each time food was presented. The _____ in this situation is salivation. conditioned stimulus unconditioned response conditioned response unconditioned stimulus
unconditional response
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unconditioned response
While classical conditioning involves the conditioning of involuntary behavior, operant conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior. involuntary (automatic) voluntary latent unconscious
voluntary
In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. neutral stimulus conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR) unconditioned response (UR)
unconditioned response
Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the chemotherapy is the _____.
unconditioned response
Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the chemotherapy is the: neutral stimulus. unconditioned response. unconditioned stimulus. conditioned response.
unconditioned response
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unconditioned stimulus
Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with an electric shock. The electric shock is a(n) _____.
unconditioned stimulus
Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) _____ repeatedly comes before a(n) _____. stimulus-response pair; conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS) unconditioned stimulus (US); conditioned/neutral stimulus (CS) negative reinforcer; operant behavior secondary reinforcer; operant behavior
us, cs
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variable interval schedule
Gamblers and fishermen have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and fish because of the _____ schedule of reinforcement. variable-ratio fixed-ratio fixed-interval latent-interval
variable ratio
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variable ratio schedule
n analysis of more than 3000 network and cable TV programs aired in the 1996-1997 season revealed that nearly 6 in 10 featured violence, that 74 percent of the violence went unpunished, that 58 percent did not show the victims' pain, that nearly half the incidents involved "justified" violence, and that nearly half involved an attractive perpetrator. These conditions define the recipe for the _____ effect described in many studies.
violence-viewing
In classical conditioning _____, while in operant conditioning _____. we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence; we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events; we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence we learn by avoiding punishment; we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence we learn through observation; we learn through imitation
we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events; we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the conditioned stimulus (CS) used to produce fear was: a rabbit. a white rat. a loud noise. a gunshot.
white rat