Unit 6

The concept of habituation is best exemplified by which of the following situations?

A college student is no longer kept awake by her roommate's late-night typing.

Darien's father dictated who Darien's friends should be and what classes he should take, and he set an extremely early curfew. If Darien went against his father's wishes, the repercussions were harsh and swift. What type of parenting did Darien experience?

Authoritarian

According to Diana Baumrind, which of the following is a parenting style that, among children raised in the United States, is most closely associated with the development of self-reliance and confidence?

Authoritative

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning is best described by which of the following?

Children progress from a morality based on punishment and reward to one defined by convention, and ultimately to one defined by abstract ethical principles.

According to Jean Piaget, what is the earliest stage at which a child is capable of using simple logic to think about objects and events?

Concrete operational

Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk used a visual cliff with a glass-covered drop-off to examine behavior in crawling infants. Even when coaxed by their mothers to crawl out onto the glass covering, most infants refused to do so, indicating that they had developed which of the following?

Depth perception

Which of the following conditions most often results from having an extra copy of chromosome 21 ?

Down syndrome

Erik Erikson's theory of development assumes which of the following principles underlies development at all stages?

Each stage in the life span presents the task of resolving a different psychosocial conflict.

A child reading a book points to a picture on the page and calls to his mother in another room and says, "Mommy, who's in this picture?" He expects that she will know what he is pointing at, even though she cannot see it. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this example?

Egocentrism

Which of the following is more associated with environmental effects than with genetic influence?

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Hypothetical and deductive thinking are characteristic of which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Formal operations

Rik, who is an adolescent, was always studious and quiet throughout childhood. His parents are concerned because he suddenly dyed his hair, pierced his tongue, and started hanging out with a different crowd. A few months later, he tried out for the football team and became so active in sports that he neglected his schoolwork. According to psychologists, which of the following would best explain Rik's changes in behavior?

He is going through the process of exploring his identity that many adolescents experience.

Which of the following research findings supports a strong biological basis for behavior?

Identical twins who are reared apart have similar levels of intelligence.

A nine-year-old girl first learning about her capabilities on the playground and in the classroom would be in which of Erikson's stage of development?

Industry vs. Inferiority

Which of the following researchers found that ducklings will follow the first figure they see within their first day of hatching?

Konrad Lorenz

Jerry is not able to tie his shoes on his own, but he is able to tie his shoes with the help of his father. Which of the following theories best explains the interaction between Jerry and his father?

Lev Vygotsky's social learning theory, because it includes the concept of zone of proximal development

The argument over the relative contributions of heredity and environment in the development of various behaviors and personality traits is known as which of the following controversies?

Nature versus nurture

Which of the following is the best evidence that social interaction is preprogrammed in humans and does not need to be learned?

Newborns focus longer on pictures of typical faces than on ones that show faces with jumbled features.

Which developmental milestone must be reached before an infant experiences separation anxiety?

Object permanence

A conscientious objector refuses to engage in combat because he cannot support the taking of human life. His reasoning best illustrates which stage in Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Postconventional

Egocentrism, animism, and artificialism are characteristic of which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Preoperational

Jeremy happily played with his colorful blocks while his mother was nearby. When his mother left the room, he became upset, but he quickly stopped crying and began to play with the blocks again. When his mother returned, he greeted her happily. Which of the following patterns of attachment reflects Jeremy's actions?

Secure

Zeke is attempting to learn more about his world. When he encounters a new object, he picks it up and puts it in his mouth. Zeke is most likely in which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor

Mary Ainsworth's research indicates that a toddler with a secure attachment style is most likely to do which of the following when left with a caregiver, such as a babysitter, for the first time?

Show distress when left, calm down and play, and run to the mother when she returns

Developmental research on the formation of attachment indicates that a child's secure attachment to its mother during infancy is predictive of which of the following during its toddler years?

Social competence

Which of the following terms is used to describe an infant's individual style of interacting with the world?

Temperament

Every day Haiying tells her parents something new she would like to be when she grows up. Haiying's parents listen carefully and provide encouraging words. Even if Haiying's ideas are fanciful and impractical, her parents never pass judgment or suggest that she is being irrational. Haiying's parents' responses to their daughter demonstrate which concept?

Unconditional positive regard

Sexual orientation is most likely developed as a result of

a combination of genetics, prenatal hormones, and social influences

The fact that imprinting is most certain to occur if the opportunity for imprinting is presented to the organism at a very specific age indicates the existence of

a critical period

Four-year-old Craig understands that birds build nests in trees. In his front yard, Craig notices an unusually large nest. He is scared to go near it, fearing that some large bird may attack him. Craig's father explains to him that squirrels also build nests and that the nest in the front yard is that of a squirrel. Craig changes his thinking to now include the fact that squirrels build nests. Jean Piaget would say that Craig's new way of thinking about nests is an example of

accommodation

Researchers want to study the effects of teratogens. They should conduct

an experiment using pregnant rats

Little Andrea has just learned that robins are birds. She now sees a sparrow, points to it, and calls out "Bird!" According to Jean Piaget, Andrea is showing the cognitive process of

assimilation

Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation paradigm is typically used to test young children's

attachment

Five-year-old Mary watches while her teacher pours equal amounts of water into two similar glasses. The liquid from one of the glasses is then poured into a tall, thin container, and Mary is asked which contains more—the original glass or the tall, thin container. She says the tall, thin container contains more liquid. According to Jean Piaget, this example illustrates a lack of

conservation

Four-year-old Rebecca states that the two lines in set A have the same number of dots but that the second line in set B has more dots than the first line has. Rebecca's inability to report that the two rows in set B contain the same number of dots reflects a lack of

conservation

Harry Harlow's experiments with rhesus monkeys and surrogate mothers demonstrate the importance of

contact comfort to attachment

The results of Harry Harlow's experiments with infant monkeys and surrogate mothers show that

contact comfort was the primary basis of attachment for the infant monkeys

Melissa reads in a parenting magazine that the average age at which children first walk on their own is twelve months old, and most children walk within the range of nine to seventeen months old. The article is discussing the concept of

developmental norms

In Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment, infants who were classified as securely attached were more likely to

express happiness when the mother returned to the room

Preschoolers often have trouble buttoning shirts due to less-developed

fine motor skills

Children of authoritative parents tend to be

independent

According to Erik Erikson, in late adulthood the individual reaches the eighth and final stage of the life span in which one reviews and evaluates one's life and the choices one has made. Erikson labeled this stage

integrity versus despair

According to Erik Erikson, individuals in early adulthood often seek a life partner with whom they will share their most closely held secrets and hopes. Erikson called this psychosocial stage of development

intimacy versus isolation

When ten-month-old Frances throws her toy out of sight, she looks to see where it falls. Developmental psychologists would say that Frances' behavior indicates that she has developed

object permanence

When parents set few controls on their children's television viewing, allowing the children freedom to set individual limits, make few demands, and do not punish for improper television viewing, the parents exemplify a parenting style referred to as

permissive

When a newborn infant is touched on the cheek, the infant will turn its head toward the source of stimulation. This behavior is known as

rooting

Gender stereotypes are developed as a result of

societal norms and other environmental factors

Alexandra wants to test her new baby's Babinski reflex. To elicit the appropriate response, Alexandra will have to

stroke the sole of her baby's foot

Four-year-old Maria knows that she has eaten all her peanuts, but she also realizes that Robbie, who cannot see inside her bag, may not know the peanuts are gone. Her awareness demonstrates that Maria has

theory of mind