Unit 6 MC
A set of principles for community planning that focuses on strategies to encourage the development of sustainable, healthy communities.
"smart growth" in urban planning initiatives
Galactic city
(EDGE CITY SPECIALIZATION IN THE WASHINGTON, D.C., AREA info) Which of the following urban models best addresses the types of specialization in suburban business districts shown? Responses A Burgess concentric zone B Galactic city C Urban realms D Hoyt sector E Borchert's epochs
The economic growth and development of large metropolitan areas relates closely to the expansion of effective public transportation infrastructure.
(LARGEST SUBWAY SYSTEMS BY TOTAL RIDERSHIP table) Which of the following is an infrastructure trend supported by the data shown in the table? Responses A Despite the country's rapid economic growth, urban Chinese residents are unlikely to own cars as a means of transportation. B Automobile parts and assembly factories are declining in number within the major industrialized countries of the world. C The social development and growth of large metropolitan areas is limited in places where urban travel is limited to subways. D The economic growth and development of large metropolitan areas relates closely to the expansion of effective public transportation infrastructure. E The political development and growth of large metropolitan areas is dependent mainly upon the number of access points to the city's transportation network.
How public services are allocated to the city's demographic groups
(census date table) The census data shown would most likely be used by city government officials to analyze which of the following processes? Responses A How income indicates the effects of gentrification in city neighborhoods B How immigration impacts ethnic neighborhoods and cultural institutions C How public services are allocated to the city's demographic groups D How family size indicates the needs of different community organizations E How schools will expand staff and facilities to meet future needs
An increase in population and business activity as a result of improved connectivity
(table) The map shows major highways and the route of the Metrorail Silver Line around Tysons Corner, Virginia, an edge city outside of Washington, D.C. Using the information in the map and the data table, which of the following was the most likely positive result of the opening of the Metrorail Silver Line in 2014 ? Responses A More vehicular traffic on the 495 Capital Beltway and 287 Toll Road B More vehicular traffic on Chain Bridge Road and Leesburg Pike C An increase in population and business activity as a result of improved connectivity D A decrease in population and business activity as a result of changing demographics E A decrease in the number of shoppers at the Tysons Corner shopping malls
Social development efforts have been made to improve the quality of life for city residents.
(table) Which of the following best explains the city planning trends shown in the data table? Responses A Business development efforts have been made to increase the prices charged for commercial real estate. B Transit-oriented development efforts have been made to decrease traffic and reduce the city's carbon footprint. C Mixed-use development efforts have been made to increase the integration of residential and commercial land use. D Economic development efforts have been made to improve benefits for employees working in the city. E Social development efforts have been made to improve the quality of life for city residents.
Suburbanization and middle-class flight from the urban core
(table) Which of the following phenomena can be explained using the urban data presented in the map and table? Responses A Urbanization and the rise of an industrial middle class B Suburbanization and middle-class flight from the urban core C Deindustrialization and the rise of service workforce D Industrialization and the rise of an urban working class E Gentrification and the movement of the middle class to the urban core
The top ten world cities have a significant impact on the international economy and are important drivers of globalization.
(table) Which of the following statements best explains how the world cities listed in the table function within the world's urban hierarchy? Responses A The top ten world cities have a significant impact on the international economy and are important drivers of globalization. B The cities with larger populations are the biggest drivers of global innovation. C The cities with smaller populations can be expected to experience the fastest rates of population growth within the next several decades. D The top ten world cities offer a wide array of services, but these services are restricted to local populations. E The top ten world cities are diminishing in financial and cultural significance due to the process of globalization.
The United States is closer to following rank-size rule.
(tables) Compare the largest urbanized-area populations for each country, and then select the following statement that correctly draws a conclusion regarding the pattern in the data. Responses A China has a primate city, and the United States follows the rank-size rule. B Neither country follows the rank-size rule. C The United States is closer to following rank-size rule. D Both countries have a primate city. E The United States has a primate city, and China follows the rank-size rule.
Flat, open plains along mountainous coastlines
***Which of the following site factors is most significant in explaining the expansion of urban areas of Tokyo and Los Angeles following the Second World War? Responses A Deepwater, protected natural harbors B Flat, open plains along mountainous coastlines C Availability of forest resources D Seismic hazards and plate tectonic boundaries E Availability of freshwater resources
Reduction in long-distance commuting
***Which of the following was NOT a reason for rapid suburbanization in the United States after the Second World War? A) Mass production of the automobile B) Reduction in long-distance commuting C) Expansion of home construction D) Expansion of the interstate highway system E) Availability of low down payment terms and long-term mortgages
Cities and towns of similar size will be evenly spaced across a country or region.
**Christaller's central place theory argues that which of the following patterns will occur? Responses A The site of a city always influences the importance and power of a city. B Land value decreases with increasing distance from the central business district. C Large cities will outnumber smaller towns and cities. D People are more likely to commute to a larger city to find a job. E Cities and towns of similar size will be evenly spaced across a country or region.
Central place theory
**Which of the following best explains why New York City has more specialized stores than do smaller urban places in the United States? Responses A Its status as a primate city B The rank-size rule C The gravity model D Central place theory E The Burgess concentric zone model
A consumer purchases gasoline at the nearest town but travels to the nearest city to purchase a new car.
**Which of the following scenarios is best explained by the concept of range in Christaller's central place theory? Responses A A major department store opens in a small town because the town does not have any major retailers competing for business. B A consumer purchases gasoline at the nearest town but travels to the nearest city to purchase a new car. C A high rate of rural-to-urban migration occurs in a developing country as people seek jobs in cities. D A consumer purchases a home in the suburbs rather than in the nearest city because the cost of land is lower in the suburbs. E A tech company is headquartered in a more developed country, but its customer service center is located in a less developed country.
Income levels and land values increase toward the center of the city and along the spine.
A Manufacturing districts are adjacent to the center of the city. B Income levels and land values increase toward the center of the city and along the spine. C Plazas are increasingly being built along peripheral areas. D Squatter settlements are rapidly shrinking in the periphery and increasing in the central city. E Gentrification has greatly improved housing along peripheral areas.
Rural-to-urban migrants have to construct their own housing out of the available materials and on open land often found on the urban periphery.
A Rural-to-urban migrants have to construct their own housing out of the available materials and on open land often found on the urban periphery. B Rural-to-urban migrants must apply for government public housing assistance and receive an available downtown apartment from a local housing authority. C Rural-to-urban migrants have to find businesses to sponsor them and provide company housing near their industrial facilities. D Rural-to-urban migrants have to make inquiries with landlords and at apartment complexes to find available housing units for rent in the city center. E Rural-to-urban migrants must have family with whom they can stay temporarily and who will provide them with a link to affordable housing in the city.
The model does not show the cost-to-distance effects of multiple suburban central business districts and the pattern of residential areas that surround them.
A The model does not account for the prices of agricultural land on the urban periphery, where land prices continue to decline. B The model does not show that taller buildings constructed in the central business district are a result of increased land costs. C The model does not indicate that land for apartment buildings is more expensive than land for single-family homes. D The model does not account for the existence of suburbs composed of single-family homes where the housing structure is more expensive than the land it is built on. E The model does not show the cost-to-distance effects of multiple suburban central business districts and the pattern of residential areas that surround them.
Mixed-use land development in zone 5 of the model
A Transformation of warehouse space in zone 2 of the model into high-income rental properties B Construction of a large single-family housing development in zone 4 of the model C Gentrification of older housing in selected neighborhoods in zone 3 of the model D Construction of a large shopping mall in zone 1 of the model E Mixed-use land development in zone 5 of the model
Urban areas such as the San Francisco Bay area, where there are multiple centers of employment and multiple areas of high-income residences
A Urban areas such as London that developed before the Industrial Revolution, where a medieval city center is surrounded by increasingly expensive housing B Urban areas such as the San Francisco Bay area, where there are multiple centers of employment and multiple areas of high-income residences C Cities such as Philadelphia, where residents may be willing to commute long distances in order to live in lower-cost housing D Twin cities such as Minneapolis-Saint Paul, where two Industrial-Era central business districts are surrounded by increasingly expensive housing E Cities such as Toronto, where waves of historical migrations have prompted the expansion of high-income housing on the outer edges of the city
Urban growth in Midwestern cities such as Chicago during the Industrial Era, where suburban growth rings surrounded a single central business district with higher land prices
A Urban land use in large Canadian cities with service and technology economies, where specialized suburban central business districts with higher land prices are found on the urban periphery B Mixed-use urban development in East Coast cities such as New York City with service and technology economies, where residential gentrification occurs near the central business district in areas with lower land prices C Urban growth in Midwestern cities such as Chicago during the Industrial Era, where suburban growth rings surrounded a single central business district with higher land prices D High-income housing within West Coast cities during the late 1800s, because the model was based on ethnic neighborhoods in San Francisco that formed distinct sectors in areas with higher land prices E Suburban growth in Southeastern cities in the late twentieth century, because the model was based on Atlanta where gated residential communities are found on the urban periphery in areas with lower land prices
an increasing number of industrial jobs available in a city without adequate housing
A natural disasters that moved through the area, damaging homes B government housing projects that were neglected as a result of government corruption C an increasing number of industrial jobs available in a city without adequate housing D too few schools and an increasing number of informal labor market jobs for children E an increasing number of service-sector jobs available only to workers who have been highly educated
slow-growth cities, which emphasize long-standing cultural traditions
A movement that began in Italy as a reaction to the impact of globalization on the quality of daily urban life promotes Responses A smart growth, which concentrates growth in compact urban centers to avoid sprawl B Fordism, which promotes industrialization C counterurbanization, which decreases the need for transportation infrastructure D edge cities, which improve regional economies E slow-growth cities, which emphasize long-standing cultural traditions
-The neighborhood becomes nicer -property values increase, which increases the tax base for the city -More services (retail, restaurants) come to the neighborhood
Advantages of gentrification
Economic Enterprise Zones
All of the following have helped create ghettos in North American cities EXCEPT Responses A blockbusting and racial steering B redlining by financial institutions C concentration of public housing and social services D fixed school district boundaries E Economic Enterprise Zones
natural harbor
An example of an important physical site characteristic is a Responses A major airport B grid street pattern C major central park D natural harbor E public sports facility
Edge cities
As old central business districts and industrial zones in more developed countries lost businesses and employment in the mid- to late twentieth century, suburban development expanded. Which of the following types of cities resulted from rapid suburban growth and the expansion of retail areas, office developments, business centers, and corporate headquarters to provide jobs and services in suburban areas? Responses A Megalopolises B Financial districts C State capitals D Edge cities E Manufacturing zones
land price is more expensive in the city/CBD because the supply is lower and the demand is higher
Bid Rent Theory
a theory that seeks to explain the relative size and spacing of towns and cities as a function of people's shopping behavior/explains the distribution, size, location, and interaction of settlements in an urban system (settlements provide a set of goods and services to their hinterland, which is the surrounding market area)
Christaller's Central Place Theory
(light rain is only fast speeds trains, not buses!) there is more public light-rail in Europe and East Asia (not including India) than US cities because in the US there are more cars being used
Compare fast speed transit (trains/light-rail) in Europe and East Asia to public transit (fast speed train/light rail) in US cities.
Low income/poorer people who lived there before the neighborhood was converted are now displaced because they can't afford the new higher cost of living
Disadvantages of gentrification
Typically, peripheral countries have a more rapid rate of urbanization than do core countries.
Do peripheral or core countries have more rapid rates or urbanization?
World cities have market effects on a globalized urban culture.
Each year Paris, Milan, and New York City hold fashion weeks showcasing the latest in clothing design. These events provide major clothing designers with the opportunity to finance new brands and to collaborate. Fashion weeks receive a large amount of news coverage in online, print, and televised media, which influences consumers' preferences and purchasing decisions. Which of the following geographical processes best explains this impact on consumers? Responses A Central business districts are increasingly commercialized. B Push and pull factors affect the flows of urban migrants. C World cities have market effects on a globalized urban culture. D Urban populations are correlated as described in the rank-size rule. E Uneven development results from the dominance of primate cities.
The spatial organization of the greater metropolitan area and the likely locations of different types of residences
For urbanization in North American cities, which of the following is best explained by the model? Responses A The probable location of primary transportation lines and the neighborhoods served by railways B The locational advantages for different socioeconomic groups based on their level of local political power C The predominant culture region of the area and how neighborhoods can be divided based on ethnicity of immigrant groups D The spatial organization of the greater metropolitan area and the likely locations of different types of residences E The location of gentrified neighborhoods in relation to growth poles such as universities or arts districts
beltways being built around the cities, edge cities along the beltway, post-industrialization, shopping malls
Galactic model in North American cities
The outlying areas
Given the level of development of the countries and the population densities of the cities shown in the table, which is the most likely location for low-income migrants to take up residence in these urban areas? Responses A The central business district B The outlying areas C Infills within old neighborhoods D Industrial zones E Public housing complexes
limited transportation
Historically, the growth of North American suburbs was most constrained by Responses A high land values B zoning ordinances C limited transportation D housing shortages E cultural preferences
post-industrial cities are galactic cities with beltways around the cities and edge cities on the beltways, they also follow new urbanism with sustainability, and have mix use areas-commercial and residential together
How are postindustrial cities (late 20th-21st century) different than industrial cities (19th-20th century)?
By reducing the need for transport (part of sustainability with new urbanism), such as making cities more walkable, building more cycle tracks, and improving public transportation
How can New Urbanism reduce urban sprawl?
Urban sprawl resulted from the expansion of transportation networks dependent on cars.
In more developed countries, suburban development during the mid-twentieth century focused on moderate single-family homes on small lots. In contrast, in the latter half of the twentieth century, many suburban areas were developed to contain large lots with single-family homes. Which of the following explains the importance of this change in the pattern of development? Responses A Urban sprawl resulted from the expansion of transportation networks dependent on cars. B Gentrification resulted from the reinvestment into existing urban residential real estate. C Brownfields resulted from the deindustrialization of factories, warehouses, ports, and rail yards. D Smart growth resulted from the planning of transportation networks dependent on trains and buses. E New urbanism resulted from the zoning of mixed-use districts dependent on walkways and bikeways.
A census tract
In the United States and Canada, which areal unit best approximates a city neighborhood in size? Responses A A census tract B A county C A municipality D A congressional district E A metropolitan area
Suburban areas
In the contemporary pattern of migration to cities in more developed countries, migrants are more likely to settle in Responses A Suburban areas B The central city C Brownfield sites D Squatter settlements E Areas of gentrification
Retail complexes
In the development of urban land, which of the following is typically built on the most accessible sites? Responses A Single-family housing B Farm markets C Retail complexes D Industrial parks E High-rise apartment buildings
major corporate centers such as New York, London, and Tokyo
In the new global economy, an increasing proportion of influential financial decisions are being made in Responses A the informal sector B regional centers and small towns where fax machines are used C the field, close to the sources of agricultural production D national capitals because of the increasing importance of the nation state E major corporate centers such as New York, London, and Tokyo
Western Europe urbanized before South America because industrialization occurred first in Europe.
Most countries within western Europe and South America are highly urbanized. Which of the following statements best explains an important similarity or difference in the urbanization of these regions? Responses A Economic development occurred at the same rate in western Europe and South America, leading to similar levels of urbanization. B Most countries in western Europe and South America are democracies, a form of government generally associated with urbanized societies. C Western Europe urbanized before South America because industrialization occurred first in Europe. D South America and western Europe share similar population growth rates, leading to comparable levels of urbanization. E South America urbanized before western Europe because South America had large supplies of natural resources.
reduce the miles driven on personal vehicles
New Urbanism is an example of sustainable urban development. This type of development is intended to Responses A reduce the miles driven on personal vehicles B increase the need for senior housing C increase the need for shopping mall development D decrease the density of the urban area E reduce the need for mass transit
ecological footprints
Policies that increase the quantity of housing units next to downtown employment locations in cities such as Portland, Oregon and Vancouver, Canada are designed to reduce these cities' Responses A leapfrogging B ecological footprints C gentrification D urban renewal E greenbelt development
Seoul serves as the economic, political, and cultural center of South Korea.
Seoul is the largest city in South Korea, with a 2018 population of approximately 10 million. Busan is the second-largest city in South Korea, with a 2018 population of approximately 3.5 million. Which of the following best describes the impact of this population difference? Responses A Seoul exports more goods to Busan than to any other city. B Seoul is centrally located within South Korea, making it easily accessible for all residents of South Korea. C South Korea is experiencing rapid population growth because of a disproportionately high total fertility rate in the Seoul metropolitan area. D Hierarchical diffusion causes cultural practices and innovations to spread from smaller cities such as Busan to Seoul. E Seoul serves as the economic, political, and cultural center of South Korea.
affordable housing is not available elsewhere for new migrants to the city
Squatter settlements exist in cities of less-developed countries because Responses A city governments set aside vacant areas for new migrants B people want to live near the center of the city, where jobs are located C affordable housing is not available elsewhere for new migrants to the city D new migrants prefer to live in squatter settlements with other recent migrants E new migrants need to be isolated from other city residents until they adjust to urban life
lack of enforceable zoning regulations
The growth of squatter settlements within urban areas in Latin America, as shown in the photograph, can be explained by rapid migration to cities and the Responses A lack of enforceable zoning regulations B declining number of urban jobs C increasing crude birth rate D shortage of working-age individuals E presence of immigration regulations
A census tract map of each city and the surrounding counties showing the difference in population density over a ten-year period
The map shows urbanized areas. Which of the following additional types of quantitative data will be most helpful to a geographer analyzing expansion of the urbanized areas shown on the map? Responses A A census tract map of each city and the surrounding counties showing the difference in population density over a ten-year period B A census tract map of each city and the surrounding counties showing the difference in household incomes over a ten-year period C A census tract map of each city and the surrounding counties showing the average age from the most recent ten-year census D A county map of each state showing total population from the most recent ten-year census E A county map of each state showing the change in average number of people per household from the most recent ten-year census
total number of central places in the urban system
The number of functions in a central place is dependent on all of the following EXCEPT the Responses A population of the central place B population of the market area C size of the market area D distance to a place with similar functions E total number of central places in the urban system
large, local supplies of coal and intersecting rivers
The urbanization and growth of the steel producing centers of the Ruhr Valley in Germany and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in the United States can best be explained by the site characteristics of Responses A large, local supplies of iron ore and intersecting railroads B large, local supplies of coal and intersecting rivers C large, local supplies of food and intersecting highways D large, local supplies of skilled labor and seaports E large, local supplies of educated workers and university growth poles
The government could significantly expand the availability and use of more environmentally friendly mass transit that utilizes renewable resources.
Traffic congestion is a common feature of major Southeast Asian cities. Which of the following is a possible solution that a city or regional government could implement to alleviate traffic congestion and improve the city's urban sustainability? Responses A The government could enact laws that would prohibit the migration of people from nearby rural areas into the city. B The government could significantly expand the availability and use of more environmentally friendly mass transit that utilizes renewable resources. C The government could enact laws that would prohibit the development of features such as rooftop gardens and urban agriculture. D The government could enact laws to limit growth within the city, including the construction of high-rise office buildings. E The government could enact laws to limit external influence in the form of foreign-owned stores and businesses.
(U.S., Canada, Australia) countries are dominant capitalist countries that exploit peripheral countries for labor and raw materials
Wallerstein's World Systems Theory - core
(Mexico, Chile, Russia, Asia) countries are dependent on core countries for capital and have underdeveloped industry
Wallerstein's World Systems Theory - periphery
(Africa, some South America and southeast asia) share characteristics of both core and peripheral countries
Wallerstein's World Systems Theory - semi-periphery
lack of infrastructure and no gov. oversight
What are economic and social challenges of squatter settlements in cities of the semi-peripheral and peripheral countries (LDCS)?
New York, London, and Tokyo
What are the top world cities from the core which drive the international economy?
Honk Kong, Singapore, Shanghai, Beijing
What are the top world cities from the semi-periphery that drive the international economy?
red lining/block busting - refuse (a loan or insurance) to someone because they live in an area deemed to be a poor financial risk (areas that were red lined because minorities lived there)
What is a cause of the "Ghettos or slums" in North American cities?
Urbanization creates a labor force with a diversity of job skills and compensation levels.
What is a common impact of urbanization regardless of a country's level of economic development? Responses A Urbanization means a loss of agricultural production due to the loss of farmland and farmworkers. B Urbanization leads to a more egalitarian society as the difference between urban and rural lifestyles is reduced. C Urbanization creates a larger cultural and economic gap between urban and rural areas. D Urbanization creates a labor force with a diversity of job skills and compensation levels. E Urbanization creates socially and economically diverse cities that have little social conflict.
A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.
What is gentrification?
young couples (early twenties) with no kids
What is the demographic of people who are interested in gentrification (gentrified neighborhoods)?
Urban centers of the core developed largely in response to economic growth (in particular from the Industrial Revolution), whereas urban centers of the periphery developed in response to population pressures prior to economic growth (cities of the periphery have not experienced economic growth from an industrial revolution).
What's the contrast between the urban centers of core countries and those of peripheral countries?
The relatively low population density of North American cities encourages automobile use, sprawl, and traffic congestion.
Which of the following best describes the difference in urban transportation issues faced by cities in different parts of the world? Responses A Extreme traffic congestion during rush hour is a largely North American issue due to high levels of automobile ownership. B High rates of ridership on public transit in western Europe and Japan reflect lower income levels compared to the United States. C Most less developed countries continue to avoid urban transportation issues, but government planners fear development will bring transportation problems. D The relatively low population density of North American cities encourages automobile use, sprawl, and traffic congestion. E Many cities around the world are successfully fighting traffic congestion by building more limited-access expressways.
Privately funded redevelopment of existing commercial and residential buildings
Which of the following best describes the process of gentrification in United States and Canadian cities? Responses A An increase in construction of new housing for elderly and retired persons B Privately funded redevelopment of existing commercial and residential buildings C Government-led planning of public spaces such as parks and riverfronts D The sale of naming rights for stadiums and arenas E The expansion of suburban housing developments on the urban periphery
It is accomplished, for the most part, through local ordinances governing land use.
Which of the following best describes urban planning in the United States? Responses A It is imposed by the federal government through national standards. B It is accomplished, for the most part, through local ordinances governing land use. C It follows rules and standards established by international organizations. D It is imposed by state governments through regional standards. E It is conducted cooperatively by public-private partnerships.
Edge cities developed rapidly in the Southwest region of the United States because large numbers of people migrated from the Midwest for the warmer climate and for the jobs resulting when corporations relocated for financial incentives.
Which of the following best explains the rapid development of edge cities in the United States Southwest in comparison with other regions of the United States? Responses A Edge cities have not developed in the Midwest region of the United States because residents abandoned the suburbs and moved into the inner cities for less-expensive housing and for jobs that required less commuting. B Edge cities have developed in the Southeast region of the United States, but growth is limited because the government has zoned out commercial buildings at the edge of suburban areas. C Edge cities developed rapidly in the Southwest region of the United States because large numbers of people migrated from the Midwest for the warmer climate and for the jobs resulting when corporations relocated for financial incentives. D Edge cities have not developed in the Mountain West region of the United States because the rugged terrain cannot accommodate large-scale building projects necessary for edge city development; residential development is limited to small villages and remote cabins. E Edge cities have not developed in the New England region of the Unites States because the severe winter weather makes it too expensive to heat large commercial buildings.
Gravity model
Which of the following best explains why geographers would expect two large urban areas in close proximity to one another to have extensive interactions, such as frequent airline flights between the cities? Responses A Rank-size rule B Primate city C Gravity model D Central place theory E Threshold population
Situation
Which of the following defines Chicago's position in relation to the infrastructure of the United States? Responses A Site B Situation C Absolute location D Vernacular region E Transition zone
Rapid urbanization and inability of infrastructure to keep pace with the growth of megacities in developing countries
Which of the following factors best explains the development and expansion of squatter settlements? Responses A Gentrification of megacities in more developed countries displacing large numbers of urban dwellers B Rapid urbanization and inability of infrastructure to keep pace with the growth of megacities in developing countries C Urban dwellers seeking residential housing and shopping outside the congestion of the city D Zoning laws in developing countries that prevent current urban dwellers from obtaining land to build residential structures E The growth of urban agriculture encouraging migrant farm workers to move to cities requiring more housing
Atlanta, Denver, and Calgary
Which of the following groups of cities contains the best examples of central places with large hinterlands? Responses A San Diego, Milwaukee, and New Haven B Atlanta, Denver, and Calgary C Baltimore, Ottawa, and Duluth D Las Vegas, Victoria, and Buffalo E Miami, Philadelphia, and Quebec City
Creation of walkable cities that are environmentally friendly and contain a diversity of business, entertainment, and residential areas with large areas of green space
Which of the following is a central goal for planning concepts such as New Urbanism? Responses A Creation of walkable cities that are environmentally friendly and contain a diversity of business, entertainment, and residential areas with large areas of green space B Creation of affordable housing such as clusters of high-rise apartment buildings to house low-income residents C Redesign of neighborhoods to replace older historic structures with multistory office buildings and modern residences D Creation of adequate streets, beltways, and parking spaces for automobiles and reduction in public transit options E Repeal of zoning regulations that limit construction of new single-family housing developments
Gravity model
Which of the following is a general theory in geography that can be used to quantify and predict the interaction between two cities based on population sizes, distance between the places, the number of migrants moving from one place to the other, or the flow of trade goods between the two locations? Responses A Central place theory B World system theory C Concentric zone model D Multiple nuclei model E Gravity model
They are financially and politically connected to global markets and drive the process of globalization.
Which of the following is a primary characteristic of world cities? Responses A They are capital cities in their respective countries and centers of political power. B They are financially and politically connected to global markets and drive the process of globalization. C They are located in the interiors of their respective countries and require sophisticated transportation networks. D They have political dominance within their respective regions and are former centers of colonial power. E They have historical significance on a global scale and are located within early cultural hearths.
An increase in mixed land-use development, which improves the walkability of neighborhoods
Which of the following is the most likely outcome of a citywide sustainable design initiative? Responses A An increase in mixed land-use development, which improves the walkability of neighborhoods B A rapid period of gentrification resulting in more affordable housing options throughout the city C The growth of edge cities, which stimulates regional economic development D A sharp increase in the city's population as suburban residents are drawn back to the city center E The decline of industry within the city as factories move to locations with lower labor costs
The redevelopment of brownfields enables the reuse of abandoned areas that are often located in urban centers and have existing infrastructure.
Which of the following is the most likely reason for cities to invest in remediation and redevelopment of brownfields? Responses A The redevelopment of brownfields in city centers complements the development of greenbelts surrounding urban areas. B Contaminated brownfields on the outskirts of urban areas often restrict the economic development of edge cities. C The redevelopment of brownfields enables the reuse of abandoned areas that are often located in urban centers and have existing infrastructure. D Brownfield redevelopment reduces the city's ecological footprint and improves urban air quality. E The remediation of brownfields results in open green spaces within cities, facilitating urban agriculture programs.
Interregional migration
Which of the following is the primary reason for the rapid population growth in megacities throughout the developing world? Responses A Interregional migration B A decline in the death rate C The natural increase rate D The decline in the dependency ratio E A decrease in the doubling time
Indian and Chinese cities have experienced enormous urban growth in recent years as these countries continue to industrialize and develop service industries.
Which of the following statements best explains the growth pattern behind a majority of the world's megacities? Responses A North American and European cities continue to dominate global financial services and generate large volumes of media and entertainment. B Indian and Chinese cities have experienced enormous urban growth in recent years as these countries continue to industrialize and develop service industries. C Japan and Germany are the most highly urbanized developed countries in the world, with much of their economies focused on high technology and financial services. D Brazilian and Mexican cities remain the largest metropolitan areas in the world because of continuous rural-to-urban migration. E Africa and the Middle East have produced a large number of metropolitan areas where commercial development and real estate values have increased significantly.
Cities located in semiperiphery countries are more able to overcome the challenges of providing public services compared to cities in countries of the periphery.
Which of the following would support an explanation of the availability of public services based upon a country's level of development? Responses A Cities with lower population density are less able to overcome the challenges of providing public services compared to cities with higher population density. B Cities with higher population density are more able to overcome the challenges of providing public services compared to cities with lower population. C A country's level of development provides little indication of a city's ability to overcome the challenges of providing public services. D Cities located in periphery countries are more able to overcome the challenges of providing public services compared to cities in countries of the semiperiphery. E Cities located in semiperiphery countries are more able to overcome the challenges of providing public services compared to cities in countries of the periphery.
The increase in mixed-use spaces may reduce the unique historic architecture of the area.
While New Urbanism is seen as a more sustainable pattern for urban growth, which of the following is a negative consequence of New Urbanism? Responses A The influx of lower-income residents may cause some businesses to leave as they seek higher profits in upper-income areas. B The increase in mixed-use spaces may reduce the unique historic architecture of the area. C The increased use of automobiles required to access goods and services will increase pollution. D The expansion of built-up urban spaces will threaten wildlife and habitats. E The uniformity of residential areas provides limited housing options for residents.
post-industrial and based on consuming and research, economy based on services that use intellect (Australia, U.S., Japan, Western Europe)
core countries
specialized items such as cars, furniture, fine jewelry, and household appliances hat are bought less often (people will travel farther away for them)
high-order goods
spine
land use patterns of Latin American cities
old colonial port - everything revolves around it
land use patterns of Southeast Asian cities
3 CBDs, ethnic neighborhoods (ethnic segregation)
land use patterns of Sub Saharan African cities
low order goods as well as high-order goods
larger settlements are fewer and farther apart and serve a large marker area, providing...
products that are replenished frequently such as food and other routine household items
low-order goods
a large city with over 10 million people
megacity
a large city with over 20 million people
meta-city
economy based on agriculture and extraction of natural resources (Africa and Some Asia - poorer countries/LDC)
peripheral countries
a country's largest city, at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant (usually the capital city) and represents national culture
primate city
the maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services
range
the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy (ex: if the largest city in a country contained 1 million citizens then the 2nd largest city would contain 500,000 (1 million/2), then the 3rd largest city would contain 333,333 (1 million/3), then the 4th largest city would contain 250,000 (1 million/4)
rank-size rule
economy based on manufacturing using materials from peripheral (India and China)
semi-peripheral countries
The physical character of a place (ex. costal plain, valley, mountains)
site
The location of a place relative to another place (ex. located near shipping routes (Hong Kong, Singapore))
situation
low order goods
smaller centers serve smaller market areas generally providing
the minimum number of people needed for a business to prosper/succeed
threshold
the uncontrolled/rapid expansion of urban areas
urban sprawl
