Unit 6 (World War 1 & The Treaty of Versailles)

(WW1) 1. What were the long-term causes of World War I?

1. Modernization, Imperialism, Militarism, Nationalism, Complex secret alliance systems, and the nations have been rooted in competition for centuries. Additionally, Europe viewed itself as the best nation. -National desire for empire, wealth, and territory -miscalculation of power

10. Who negotiated the Treaty of Versailles? What were the provisions of the Treaty?

10. The Allied and Central Powers (minus Germany) negotiated the treaty. The 'major players' included Britain and France. However, no one listened to the US (Wilson wanted to avoid WW2, self determination and PEACE) - Germany had to give up land -Germany had to demilitarize Rhineland -reparations or fees paid to the Allies (32 billion) -elimination of colonies -mandated exports of raw materials -accept FULL guilt of war in: War Guilt Clause

(Interwar Years) 12. What were the attempts at peacekeeping following WW1?

12. Treaty of Saint-Germaine (Sept 10, 1919): dissolved Austro-Hungarian Empire League of Nations (1919): Created to resolve international conflicts WITHOUT having to enter a war However, the majority of the Western world practiced appeasement, and allowed the Germans to regain Rhineland and the Japanese to invade Manchuria in hopes that they would be satisfied and it would not lead to war. Therefore, little security and safety measures were actually enforced.

13. How did Germany violate the terms of the Treaty of Versailles following WW1?

13. Stopped Paying reparations Rebuilt Germany's Army Remilitarized Rhineland Made an alliance with Austria Invaded Poland

14. What was the Weimar Republic?

14. The Weimar Republic was the democratic regime of the Germans that existed between the end of WW1 and Hitler coming to power in 1933.

15. How did Hitler and the Nazi party appeal to some Germans in the years following WW1?

15. Hitler promised a better life for the Germans, and gave them a source to put their blame on: the Jews. He gave them hope that their economic hardships would disappear, and he seemed confident in his plan, which was something that the German people really needed during that time. Additionally, he promoted nationalism, and as Germany was shamed after WW1, this attracted many citizens. **Very convincing ads (Choose this or go against your home country) **Hitler rose through the ranks, so he was a respected officer when he came to power

16. What was the SA and SS?

16. SA: The Nazi parliamentary forces or the stormtroopers SS: The chief security units of the Nazi state

18. How did Stalin achieve supreme power in the Soviet Union?

18. Stalin won the standoff for power between him and Lenin after the death of the latter.

19. Why did Stalin decide that Russia had to industrialize rapidly? Why did this require collectivization of agriculture?

19. Stalin decided that Russia had to industrialize rapidly because he knew that in order for it to be a world power, it had to catch up technologically to Western nations. Additionally, he wanted an isolated revolution and did not want to depend on other countries for resources. This required the collectivization of agriculture because he needed to free up labor so that peasants could work in factories (controlled by government), and guarantee (theoretically) a steady source of food. However, this was far from a success because millions of revolting peasants were slaughtered, and food shortages still plagued the Soviet Union.

2. What were the short-term causes of World War I?

2. The assassination of archduke Franz Ferdinand by the Black Hand Society (Specifically Gavrilo Princep)

20. How did it affect the Russian people?

20. The Russian people were living under a constant state of fear. Stalin demonstrated his power multiple times by killing people mercilessly if their ideologies differed from his.

21. What were the causes of the Great Purges?

21. The Great Purges were caused by the need to consolidate power, and Stalin's fear of someone stealing power.

22. Why was Italy unstable after WW1?

22. Italy was unstable after WW1 because many Italians were angry that Italy was not a respected world power. Additionally, there was social turmoil and labor strikes (unstable economy).

23. How did Mussolini achieve power?

23. Mussolini achieved power by presenting himself as the only man who could restore order (by Black Shirt). The people flocked to him because, like the Germans, he gave them a sense of stability and hope in a state of unrest.

24. What were the characteristics of the fascist state?

24. Dictatorial one party nation, erase political conflicts created by socialism (idk if this is right, but...) and class conflicts created by Marxism by having a one party system.

25. Why did the Weimar Republic collapse in Germany?

25. The Weimar Republic collapsed in Germany because the German gov was not familiar with democratic government and the value of German money decreased significantly (so much so that the started using it for purposes other than spending). *Outlaw of foreign (especially American) capital from Germany that began in 1928 undermined the prosperity of the republic.

26. Which groups in Germany supported Hitler and why were they pro-Nazi?

26. The Nazis and lower middle class supported Hitler because he gave them a concise and clear (definitely not logical) answer to their hardships. Additionally, the eloquence of Hitler's speeches inspired many Germans to convert to Nazism.

27. How did Hitler consolidate power?

27. Hitler consolidated power by going through the ranks (lawfully, surprisingly). After that, he became a ruthless dictator who would make sure that Germany won at all costs. After getting the people on his side, Hitler had the power to do basically anything he chose to.

28. Why did the U.S. economy collapse in 1929?

28. The U.S. economy collapsed in 1929 because of the crash of Wall Street (the result of unregulated speculation). The US saw the loss of large amounts of money, much like the rest of the world. Additionally, there was an expansive wealth inequality within the American society that unfairly favored the rich over the poor.

29. How did Roosevelt combat the Great Depression?

29. Roosevelt combated this through the New Deal, a series of acts designed to improve the American economy. These included the New Banking Act (closed all bad banks and reopened only those deemed fit to run seamlessly), the Agriculture Adjusting Act, Farm Credit Act, the Civilian Conservation Corps (jobs), and the Federal Emergency Relief Act. Additionally, he encouraged Americans to "reach for the stars" and connected with them through his fireside chats.

3. Why does the assassination of Franz Ferdinand begin a massive war?

3. Ferdinand is the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his death is seen as a murder by the Serbian government. So, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, with the assurance from Germany that they would back the former, and Serbia accepted after they received assurance from the Soviet Union. Basically, it became a huge web of alliances that tripped all the countries up.

30. What was Anschluss?

30. Anschluss, or "union" annexation of Austria in Germany in March 1938

31. How did Italy expand its empire in the 1930s?

31. Italy expanded its empire in the 1930s by strengthening its military and its desire for wealth and land. Additionally, Mussolini was a strong dictator who, like Stalin, was willing to kill people to ensure Italy's prosperity.

4. Who were the belligerents of WW1?

4. The belligerents (or the participants) were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (who switches sides), US (Joins 1917), Britain, France, and Russia.

5. What were the alliances of WW1?

5. Triple Alliance (Central Powers) - Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (switches sides) Triple Entente (Allies) -US, Britain, France, Russia

6. How did the miscalculations by military leaders exacerbate (make it worse) the war?

6. For starters, they miscalculated the power of their secret alliances, so by pouring their entire economies into the war, many countries lost billion due to casualties and an exponential in increase war expenditures. Military leaders blindly (for the most part) declared war on their enemies, such as Austria-Hungary to Serbia, and suffered the consequences when they learned that a more powerful country (in this case Russia) was backing up the latter. This complex web of alliances forced neutral countries to get entangled amidst the 'Great War'.

7. Why did Russia leave WW1?

7. Russia left WW1 because it could not handle the economic burden that being in such a large war brought to the nation. They were suffering from immense food shortages and political turmoil. To expand on the latter, a group of communists led by Vladimir Lenin (aka the Bolsheviks) overthrew the government in Nov 1917 and created a Communist gov. Lenin wanted to withdraw Russia from the war to focus all of their efforts on building their small bud of Communism. **Had to negotiate the Treaty of Brest-Litvosk with Germany on March 3, 1918. This treaty gave Germany the territory of Ukraine, Finland and Polish and Baltic territories. Germany on the other hand had to remove their army from Russian lands.

8. Why did the US enter WW1?

8. - The intercepted Zimmerman Note (basically it was Germany asking Mexico if they would fight against the US, and Germany would get Mexico back the land that they lost to the US). This note made the US join the war. *Was issued in the event that the US were to join the war (the US was NOT already a part of the war at this time) - US ships were sunk by the Germans -After Russia leaves the Allies, the US feels much more comfortable about the possibility of joining the war because they don't have to worry about their hostility with the nation.

9. What were some of the weapons used during WW1 that added to the deadly reality of the war?

9. WW1 was the epitome of trench warfare. The usage of old fighting methods (trenches) with new, technologically advanced weapons, proved to be deadly. Weapons: -rifles -barbed wire -machine guns -artillery -poison gas -aircraft -tanks -airships

17. Why was the Great Depression more severe and why did it last longer than previous economic downturns?

Before the Great Depression, the United states was already assisting France and Great Britain in WW1, so the Depression was more severe because the economy of the US was already dedicated to war efforts and homeland efforts. Additionally, all major nations experienced some form of depression and economic slump, which meant that no nation could help the other.

11. What were some elements of the German reply to the treaty of Versailles?

The Germans replied very formally, however got their point across effectively. They stressed the fact that Germany cannot possibly have enough money to feed and give jobs to all Germans, and the fact that Germans cannot immigrate to any other nation means that thousands of innocent people will die. They connected the loss of their colonies, military, and enormous reparations with the starvation of the German people, which, although is true, was stressed mostly to trigger an emotional response from the Allies.