Unit 7 AP World

The mention of "President Wilson's principles" is most directly significant to understanding the editorial's point of view about the Treaty of Versailles because of the United States president's commitment to A establish an international organization to prevent future conflicts B work to create nation-states for ethnic minorities that had been under imperial control C broker a peace agreement on liberal principles that would not be motivated by revenge D resist the spread of Bolshevism following the Russian Revolution

broker a peace agreement on liberal principles that would not be motivated by revenge

Which of the following developments during the Second World War would Franck most likely have cited as evidence to support his arguments in the passage? A Nazi scientists were working frantically to develop nuclear weapons and other weapons of mass destruction that could save the Nazi regime from defeat. B Allied firebombing in Germany and Japan had caused massive devastation and civilian casualties, and atomic weapons were vastly more powerful than those used in firebombing. C German scientists such as Franck were critical to helping the United States develop nuclear weapons, and some of those scientists wanted the weapons used on Germany rather than Japan. D Some United States allies were largely unaware of the United States attempt to develop nuclear weapons.

Allied firebombing in Germany and Japan had caused massive devastation and civilian casualties, and atomic weapons were vastly more powerful than those used in firebombing.

The treaties that settled the conflict referred to in the passage most directly changed the geopolitical structure of the Middle East in which of the following ways? A Most states that were formerly under European colonial rule became independent. B The state of Israel was created, which led to numerous wars. C Allied powers received territorial mandates from the League of Nations. D Religious fundamentalism increased, which led to attacks on Western states.

Allied powers received territorial mandates from the League of Nations.

Which of the following best describes a similarity between the Russian Revolutions of 1917 and the Chinese Revolution of 1911 ? A Both were initiated in response to invasions by foreign powers. B Both gained the support of government reformers holding high bureaucratic positions. C Both were led by members of the working classes who had risen through the ranks of labor unions. D Both were able to gain support because of the ineffectiveness and corruption of the existing monarchies.

Both were able to gain support because of the ineffectiveness and corruption of the existing monarchies.

Which of the following best explains the changes depicted in Map 2 ? A The rise of the Safavid Persian Empire B European imperialism and increasing ethnic nationalism C Sunni versus Shia rivalries within the Islamic world D The decline of Silk Road trade routes

European imperialism and increasing ethnic nationalism

The table best supports which of the following conclusions? A European powers did not provide financial support for the maintenance of their colonies. B European powers maintained colonies despite global war and economic depression. C Europeans migrated and established settler communities in Africa. D Revenue from cash crops accounted for the majority of "other income" in French African colonies.

European powers maintained colonies despite global war and economic depression.

Watson, in the first paragraph of Source 1, uses the newspaper quote to support the claim that A Russian troops committed atrocities against German civilians B German propaganda portrayed the conflict with Russia as a defensive war C parts of eastern Germany were occupied by Russian troops in the early stages of the war D ordinary Germans were not genuinely afraid of the effects of a possible Russian invasion

German propaganda portrayed the conflict with Russia as a defensive war

The economic development Stalin describes above was achieved primarily through which of the following? A Government control of the national economy B Foreign investment from Western Europe C Extensive trade with the United States D Creation of private companies by Russian entrepreneurs

Government control of the national economy

Which of the following best supports the contention that the First World War was the first total war? A Governments mobilized large segments of their populations and economies and targeted their opponents' military and economic capabilities. B The militaries of all major powers used the most advanced weaponry available to them. C All the major European powers were involved in the war. D Many of the countries on the victorious side of the war were weakened politically by conflict.

Governments mobilized large segments of their populations and economies and targeted their opponents' military and economic capabilities.

As shown in the image, the deployment of soldiers by European powers most directly relates to which of the following causes of conflict during the early twentieth century? A The network of rival alliance systems B Imperialist expansion and competition for resources C Decline in global economic production and trade D The emergence of revolutionary communism

Imperialist expansion and competition for resources

Which of the following factors contributed most significantly to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century? A Adoption of gunpowder weaponry B The Opium Wars C The Berlin Conference of 1884 and 1885 D Independence movements inspired by ethnic nationalism

Independence movements inspired by ethnic nationalism

Taken together, the two sources best support which of the following conclusions regarding the situation in British India in 1940? A The British skillfully manipulated religious tensions within India to rally support for the imperial war effort. B Indian opposition to British rule involved groups pursuing very different political goals. C Indian Muslim religious scholars rejected Gandhi's emphasis on nonviolence to achieve political change. D There was a clear difference between Hindu and Muslim visions of what postwar India should be.

Indian opposition to British rule involved groups pursuing very different political goals.

Which of the following contributed significantly to the decline of both the Qing and the Ottoman Empires? A Widespread revolts by factory workers and labor unions B Collapse of domestic stock and bond markets C Attempts by the Soviet Union to spread world communism D Internal conflict with ethnic and religious minorities

Internal conflict with ethnic and religious minorities

Which of the following arguments would a supporter of using nuclear weapons against Japan have most likely cited to explain the limitations of Franck's arguments in the first and second paragraphs? A The United States use of nuclear weapons against Japan might provoke the Soviet Union into becoming Japan's ally. B Japanese government propaganda instilled fierce, suicidal nationalism in the Japanese population, making Japan unlikely to surrender unconditionally without experiencing the effects of nuclear weapons. C The United States use of nuclear weapons against Japan would likely force the United States into a prolonged occupation of Japan in order to ensure the economic redevelopment of the country. D Japanese military actions in the Pacific, though often brutal, did not justify the use of nuclear weapons against Japanese cities with large civilian populations.

Japanese government propaganda instilled fierce, suicidal nationalism in the Japanese population, making Japan unlikely to surrender unconditionally without experiencing the effects of nuclear weapons.

A historian researching the motives of the perpetrators of the Holocaust would find which of the following sources most useful? A Letters and publications written by Nazi leaders before the Second World War B The diary of Anne Frank, written by a Jewish girl who lived in hiding from the Nazis during the Second World War C Reports of Adolf Hitler's Beer Hall Putsch, his 1923 attempt to take over the German government D Field reports from American, British, and Russian generals published after the Second World War

Letters and publications written by Nazi leaders before the Second World War

Which of the following best describes an important difference between the theories of revolution of Mao Zedong and those of Lenin? A Lenin stressed the need for a powerful state structure. B Lenin thought that Marx's writings were important. C Mao claimed that Marx's early writings were less valid than Marx's later ones. D Mao thought that communism was appropriate only for some nations and cultures. E Mao placed emphasis on the revolutionary potential of peasants.

Mao placed emphasis on the revolutionary potential of peasants.

Which of the following most directly led to the start of the First World War? A European powers meeting in Berlin in 1884 and 1885 to divide Africa into colonies B Nationalist competition among industrialized powers for resources C Japanese imperialist expansion into Korea and China D Political tensions between communist and capitalist states

Nationalist competition among industrialized powers for resources

The situation shown in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following aspects of twentieth-century warfare? A States used propaganda to intensify patriotism in times of war. B States used new industrial technologies to fight wars that were deadlier and more expensive. C States made full use of their populations and material resources to fight total wars. D States increasingly mobilized their citizens for warfare regardless of gender or class.

States made full use of their populations and material resources to fight total wars.

Which of the following was a major similarity between the goals of leaders of the Chinese Communist Revolution, such as Mao Zedong, and the goals of leaders of the Mexican Revolution, such as Emiliano Zapata, in the early twentieth century? A Advocacy of a global workers' revolution B Active encouragement for integration into the global economy C Concern primarily with improving conditions for urban factory workers D Support for redistribution of land to poor peasants

Support for redistribution of land to poor peasants

The image can best help explain which of the following differences between the Nazi program of genocide and other acts of genocide in the early twentieth century? A The Nazis persecuted specific ethnic and religious groups because they viewed them as threats to the state. B The Nazis industrialized the killing process, allowing them to commit murder on a massive scale. C The Nazis attempted to conceal their atrocities from the larger international community. D The Nazis committed their crimes during the course of a major international conflict.

The Nazis industrialized the killing process, allowing them to commit murder on a massive scale.

The declaration's mention of a "heavy toll" in the third paragraph was most likely a reference to which of the following? A The casualties of the First World War B The deaths that occurred as a result of the use of nuclear weapons during the Second World War C The deaths that occurred during the Holocaust D The mass violence that occurred under communist leaders, such as Mao Zedong

The deaths that occurred during the Holocaust

The implementation of the policies of extermination shown in the image is most directly explained by which of the following aspects of Nazi ideology? A The idea that Germans descended from a master "Aryan" race B The idea that some minority populations could eventually be Germanized C The idea that minority populations within Germany were somehow responsible for its defeat during the First World War D The idea that Germany needed to expand its postwar borders in order to provide "living space" for its people

The idea that minority populations within Germany were somehow responsible for its defeat during the First World War

Which of the following accurately explains the historical significance of the harsh conditions imposed on Germany that the editorial describes? A They led to a successful communist revolution in Germany. B They triggered a massive wave of emigration from Germany. C They resulted in the virtual deindustrialization of Germany. D They encouraged the rise of political extremism in Germany.

They encouraged the rise of political extremism in Germany.

As described by Keshavarz in the first paragraph, which of the following would best explain why European countries were implementing policies to increase the size of their populations? A They had adopted Marxist economic philosophy. B They wanted to address the effects of the First World War and mobilize for future conflicts. C They needed to employ the workers who had lost their jobs in the Great Depression. D They feared a popular backlash against the economic and social costs of the welfare state.

They wanted to address the effects of the First World War and mobilize for future conflicts.

Durnovo's argument in the second paragraph regarding the effect of war between Germany and Russia on the two countries would prove to be A inaccurate in its prediction that war between Germany and Russia would lead to "social revolution" B accurate in its prediction that both Germany and Russia would succumb to revolution regardless of which side won the war C inaccurate in its prediction that revolution would break out first in the defeated country D accurate in its prediction that a war with Germany would create the circumstances for a revolution in Russia

accurate in its prediction that a war with Germany would create the circumstances for a revolution in Russia

The Brazilian government's pride in listing the extensive workers' rights guaranteed under the 1937 constitution is significant because it shows that A governments across the political spectrum sought the support of the military in obtaining political power B governments across the political spectrum were influenced by socialist economic and social policies C governments across the political spectrum used nationalism to mobilize their populations for war D governments across the political spectrum promoted state-led industrialization to foster economic growth

governments across the political spectrum were influenced by socialist economic and social policies

Asian reactions to Western claims of racial and cultural superiority, such as the reaction by Shigenobu in the passage, were also instrumental in the period 1918-1945 in the A intensification of anti-imperial resistance activities and independence movements B growing number of conversions to Christianity among Asian peoples C growing popularity of laissez-faire economic policies in Asian states D establishment of European immigrant enclaves in many parts of South and East Asia

intensification of anti-imperial resistance activities and independence movements

The Ottoman Empire likely entered into the conflict referred to in the passage because A it shared religious and cultural values with Germany and Austria-Hungary. B it had undertaken significant political and economic reforms in the late nineteenth century. C it had lost significant territory to other European states in the nineteenth century. D its economy significantly lagged behind those of the other European powers.

it had lost significant territory to other European states in the nineteenth century.

Shigenobu's point of view regarding Western attitudes toward Japan as expressed in the passage is significant in that similar ideas were used by members of the Japanese government during the period between the First and the Second World Wars to justify A engaging in war with Russia over influence in Manchuria B militarizing the Japanese state and expanding its territories in Asia C overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate and establishing the Meiji dynasty D introducing reforms that industrialized Japan's economy

militarizing the Japanese state and expanding its territories in Asia

Goldfarb, in Source 2, most directly supports her claim that the British press during the First World War routinely suppressed important war news by citing A letters by soldiers complaining of the incompetence of their leaders B rewards given to journalists by the British government C the more obtrusive press censorship of German authorities D the case of the sinking of a battleship and the Battle of Jutland

the case of the sinking of a battleship and the Battle of Jutland

Which of the following best explains why the British government felt the need to distribute the pamphlet? A British authorities were concerned that going to war against a Muslim country could fuel anti-imperialist protests among India's large Muslim population. B Many people in Britain regarded the First World War as a religious conflict between Christian and Islamic states. C Religious tensions between India's Muslim and Christian populations significantly increased before the outbreak of the First World War. D British passenger ships and shipping companies made significant profits by transporting Muslim pilgrims on the hajj from India to Mecca and Medina.

British authorities were concerned that going to war against a Muslim country could fuel anti-imperialist protests among India's large Muslim population.

The expenditures shown in the table most strongly illustrate which of the following? A Despite some medical advances, the environment in Africa continued to present unique challenges to European imperialism. B Despite economic challenges they faced at home, European imperial powers continued to finance local manufacturing in their colonies. C The primary objective of European imperialism in Africa was to stop the rule of private joint-stock companies. D European colonial powers did not build roads, bridges, or railways in the African territories under their control.

Despite some medical advances, the environment in Africa continued to present unique challenges to European imperialism.

In the mid-twentieth century, which of the following was a similarity between the approaches of China and the Soviet Union in managing their respective economies? A Insistence on the participation of industrial workers in planning their economies B Recognition of the independence of satellite states in developing their economies C Building popular support for their regimes by slowing the pace of industrialization D Direct intervention in their economies to speed the process of industrialization

Direct intervention in their economies to speed the process of industrialization

Giolitti's concerns in Source 2 about the potential consequences of conflict in the Balkans are most directly explained by which of the following developments in Europe in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? A Ethnic and religious diversity in European states ensured that ethnic tensions in one region would quickly spread across Europe and spark civil wars. B European states entered into military alliances with each other that forced them to come to their allies' aid in the event of conflict with a nonallied state. C Military experts feared that future wars between European states would likely be far deadlier than past wars, because of the recent development of more advanced weapons. D Conflict between European rivals had already led to the dissolution of imperial states such as the Habsburg Austro-Hungarian Empire.

European states entered into military alliances with each other that forced them to come to their allies' aid in the event of conflict with a nonallied state.

Which of the following twentieth-century developments most directly weakened European colonial states and contributed to the changes between the two maps? A The decline of European economies during the Great Depression B Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia during the Second World War C Competition between Great Britain and France D The conquest of Spanish imperial territories by the United States

Japanese occupation of Southeast Asia during the Second World War

Which of the following most directly explains the Nazis' ability to carry out the policies of extermination shown in the image? A Jews in many regions of Europe had been restricted to certain occupations and had to live in ghettos until the nineteenth century. B Many European Jews emigrated to Palestine after the First World War following the establishment of a Jewish homeland in the region. C Local populations collaborated with the regime either out of racial prejudice, fear, or hopes for material gain. D Nazi officials used propaganda to convince local populations that German occupation would benefit and liberate them.

Local populations collaborated with the regime either out of racial prejudice, fear, or hopes for material gain.

Which of the following types of evidence does Watson (Source 1) cite to support his claim that early German support for the war was not limited to the young? A Muster rolls and letters B Newspaper articles C Propaganda ministry records D The works of other historians of the war

Muster rolls and letters

Which development during the first decade of the twentieth century can best be explained in the context of the "weakening of the conservative principle" mentioned in the first paragraph of the passage? A The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as socialists in the Balkans led revolutions that greatly weakened the Habsburg monarchy B The Mexican Revolution, as middle classes and peasants united to oust longtime dictator Porfirio Díaz and establish a more equitable society C The Boer War, in which Dutch-speaking white settlers inflicted several military defeats on British colonial armies in southern Africa D The formation of the Triple Entente alliance, in which Great Britain, France, and Russia pledged to work together to check the rise of Germany

The Mexican Revolution, as middle classes and peasants united to oust longtime dictator Porfirio Díaz and establish a more equitable society

Which of the following true statements about the Netherlands best explains how the newspaper's national origin likely influenced the view of Germany expressed in the editorial? A The Netherlands, by remaining neutral during the war, profited significantly from helping Germany evade the Entente's naval blockade. B The Netherlands, like Germany before the war, had a significant overseas empire. C The Netherlands, like Germany, had a large merchant fleet. D The Netherlands, like Germany until 1918, was a constitutional monarchy, although the Dutch monarchs had less effective power than the German kaiser.

The Netherlands, by remaining neutral during the war, profited significantly from helping Germany evade the Entente's naval blockade.

Which of the following best explains a potentially significant limitation of using the document for understanding the reforms described in the passage in Brazil? A The document likely exaggerates the extent to which the reforms benefited Brazil's middle and upper classes. B The document likely exaggerates the importance of the Work Tribunal in reshaping economic development in Brazil. C The document likely ignores the deep tensions that existed between workers and union leaders. D The document likely ignores some economic problems that might have occurred because of the reforms.

The document likely ignores some economic problems that might have occurred because of the reforms.

Which of the following was the most important factor behind Europeans' readiness to embrace authoritarian political systems in the 1930s? A Dissatisfaction with the welfare state B Admiration for the economic achievement of the Soviet Union under Stalin C The economic crisis caused by the Great Depression D Resentment of United States mass culture and consumer society

The economic crisis caused by the Great Depression

The memorandum is best explained in the context of which of the following developments in the early twentieth century? A The decline of the Western-dominated global order B The emergence of external and internal challenges that threatened the stability of imperial states C The emergence of new nation-states based on the principle of ethnic self-determination D The use of government propaganda to mobilize national populations for conflict with rival states

The emergence of external and internal challenges that threatened the stability of imperial states

Contemporaries who agreed with Franck's argument in the second and third paragraphs regarding the need for an international agreement would most likely have made which of the following arguments to support their position? A New international organizations could have only a limited effect in restraining the actions of the great powers. B The peace agreements should ensure that Germany could never threaten the stability of Europe again. C The end of the war would probably lead to a new rivalry between the victorious states. D Mass atrocities committed during the war required that states possess sufficient armaments to defend themselves in future conflicts.

The end of the war would probably lead to a new rivalry between the victorious states.

Which of the following best explains the historical significance of views such as those expressed in the passage? They show that many political leaders used the economic challenges of the Great Depression to justify implementing repressive policies. B They show that many states responded to the Great Depression by using race-based ideologies to mobilize economic resources. C They show that, in response to the disruptions of the Great Depression, many political leaders saw it as their duty to take an active role in guiding economic life. D They show that, in response to the disruptions of the Great Depression, some states reaffirmed their commitment to pursuing liberal economic policies.

They show that, in response to the disruptions of the Great Depression, many political leaders saw it as their duty to take an active role in guiding economic life.

Shigenobu's criticism of European race-based discrimination against Japanese people is significant mostly because it shows that advocates of Japanese imperialism A shared European Enlightenment views about representative government and natural rights B accepted Western racial hierarchies and the place that those hierarchies assigned to Asian peoples C adopted the European attitudes about a "civilizing mission" and used those attitudes to justify Japan's own imperial policies D vigorously opposed European and United States' restrictions on Japanese immigration to the United States and Europe or European colonies

adopted the European attitudes about a "civilizing mission" and used those attitudes to justify Japan's own imperial policies

In addition to the potential destabilization of the Ottoman Empire, Giolitti's argument in Source 2 regarding Italy's ambitions in Libya is likely explained by the concern that any attempt by a European state to acquire colonies in Africa could A lead African states to unite with each other against European powers B greatly endanger the spread of Catholicism and enable the spread of Islam C encourage Japan to take advantage of the situation and conquer Italian colonies in Asia D dangerously intensify rivalries between European states seeking to acquire territories and resources

dangerously intensify rivalries between European states seeking to acquire territories and resources

Moltke's prediction in Source 1 about the consequences of a potential war between Germany and France is most directly explained by the fact that A France's recent industrialization made it militarily superior to Germany B France had a much larger population than Germany C previous conflicts had stirred intense nationalism in France and Germany D fascists within Germany sought to use a potential war with France as an excuse to establish a dictatorship

previous conflicts had stirred intense nationalism in France and Germany