unit 8 practice quiz -- metabolism, nutrition, energetics

Epinephrine: - is released from the adrenal medulla and acts to stimulate glycogenolysis - levels in the blood decrease with dieting - decreases glucose levels in the blood - increases lipid storage

is released from the adrenal medulla and acts to stimulate glycogenolysis

Which of the following describes the role of NADH during cellular respiration? - it carries hydrogen to the site of electron transport reactions - it produces the oxygen needed for aerobic respiration - it carries carbon dioxide to the mitochondria - it transports glucose to the mitochondria for use in cellular respiration

it carries hydrogen to the site of electron transport reactions

The energy content of foods is commonly given in units of a) ATP units. b) carbohydrate. c) grams (also, g, or gms). d) kilocalories (also, kcal or Cal). e) degrees Celsius.

kilocalories (also, kcal or Cal).

In the absence of oxygen, what is produced at the end of glycolysis? lactic acid carbon dioxide pyruvic acid acetyl coenzyme A

lactic acid

In skeletal muscle, one major disadvantage of relying solely on glycolysis under anaerobic conditions is that: - lactic acid accumulates in the muscle. - without oxygen, glucose cannot be broken down. - CO and alcohol are the final products. -ATP cannot be produced.

lactic acid accumulates in the muscle.

The hormone ________, which suppresses appetite and stimulates satiety, is released by adipose tissue. a) ghrelin b) leptin c) neuropeptide Y d) insulin e) estrogen

leptin

All of the following occur during the postabsorptive state except that a) glycogen is broken down into glucose in the liver. b) levels of blood glucose are elevated. c) ketone bodies may be formed. d) lipid mobilization may occur.

levels of blood glucose are elevated.

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolized are a) carbohydrates. b) proteins. c) lipids. d) nucleic acids. e) vitamins.

lipids

All of the following are true of beta-oxidation except that a) it occurs in the mitochondria. b) fatty acids break down into acetyl-CoA that enter the citric acid cycle. c) lipids are converted into glycogen molecules. d) it requires coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD. e) it ultimately yields large amounts of ATP.

lipids are converted into glycogen molecules.

During starvation (a long-term situation): little or no glycogen is stored in the liver insulin secretion by the pancreas is increased epinephrine stimulates glycogenesis in muscle cells protein synthesis in the liver and muscles is increased

little or no glycogen is stored in the liver

Urea is formed in the a) liver. b) stomach. c) kidneys. d) small intestine. e) large intestine.

liver.

During electron transport, the transfer of electrons through the cytochromes to oxygen: - makes more ATP than can be made directly from glycolysis. - takes place outside the mitochondria - is an energy-requiring process - is called the Krebs cycle

makes more ATP than can be made directly from glycolysis

When a cell needs energy, glycogen may be hydrolyzed to: many disaccharides. two fatty acid molecules. many glycerol molecules. many glucose molecules.

many glucose molecules.

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given time is called a) glycolysis. b) oxidative phosphorylation. c) catabolism. d) anabolism. e) metabolism.

metabolism

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state. a) postabsorptive b) absorptive c) starvation d) deprivation e) preabsorptive

postabsorptive

The carbohydrates in an uneaten candy bar can best be described as: ATP energy. potential energy. exothermic energy. kinetic energy.

potential energy.

The mitochondria are often called the "powerhouses" of the cell because they: synthesize glucose. produce most of the ATP (cell energy) generated from glucose. are where glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport all occur. conduct glycolysis, and therefore other pathways as well, which has to occur before any ATP can be produced.

produce most of the ATP (cell energy) generated from glucose

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into a) citric acid b) amino acids c) glycerol d) pyruvic acid

pyruvic acid

The function of the citric acid cycle is to a) remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes. b) transfer the acetyl group. c) hydrolyze glucose. d) produce carbon dioxide. e) produce water.

remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

Resting energy expenditure is most directly determined by monitoring a) heart rate. b) respiration. c) body temperature. d) blood pressure. e) body weight.

respiration.

During lipolysis, a) triglycerides are converted into molecules of acetyl-CoA. b) triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. c) lipids are converted into glucose molecules. d) lipids are formed from excess carbohydrates.

triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids.

True or False: One of the major results of cellular respiration is heat.

true

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces a) ketone bodies. b) urea. c) nitrate. d) acetyl-CoA. e) water.

urea.

Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of a) vitamin A. b) vitamin B12. c) vitamin C. d) niacin. e) riboflavin.

vitamin A

Which of the following is an end product of the electron transport chain? NADH glucose carbon dioxide water

water

An increased caloric intake without an increase in external expenditure would most likely lead to: weight gain decreased BMR weight loss no change in weight or BMR

weight gain

The metabolic rate of an individual may be lower than the BMR - during exercise - while sleeping - during the postabsorptive state - metabolic rate will never be less than BMR

while sleeping

________ contains all of the essential amino acids. A complete protein A carbohydrate A water-soluble vitamin A fat-soluble vitamin An essential fatty acid

A complete protein

All cells use which of the following directly for energy to fuel their work? ATP. sunlight. glycogen. glucose.

ATP

The molecule that supplies our cells with an immediate source of energy is: glucose. glycogen. ATP. monosaccharide.

ATP

There are ________ essential amino acids that the body either cannot synthesize or that cannot be produced in amounts sufficient for growing children. a) 2 b) 6 c) 8 d) 10 e) 20

10

What is the net energy yield of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle? 4 ATP 34 ATP 2 ATP 38 ATP

2 ATP

Obesity is defined as a body weight more than ________ percent above the ideal body weight for an individual. a) 5 b) 10 c) 15 d) 20

20

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin a) A. b) B. c) C. d) D. e) E.

A

Acetyl CoA for the citric acid cycle may be formed through metabolism of: fatty acids glucose amino acids All of the above None of the above

All of the above

Glycolytic breakdown of glucose first results in ________ molecules. a) 2 pyruvate (pyruvic acid) b) 2 NADH c) 2 ATP (net) d) All of the answers are correct

All of the answers are correct

The food pyramid recommends many servings a day of dark-green and orange vegetables. Which vitamin is particularly abundant in this food group? a) A b) C c) E d) folic acid e) All of the answers are correct

All of the answers are correct

A balanced diet should a) include adequate substrates for the production of energy. b) provide essential amino acids and fatty acids. c) contain adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. d) All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

The vitamin that prevents breakdown of vitamin A and fatty acids is vitamin a) A. b) B. c) C. d) D. e) E.

E

An adult weighing 130 lb. requires the same amount of energy to walk up a flight of stairs as does an adult weighing 280 lb. - True. The distance is the same so the energy expended is equal with the two individuals. - False. It requires more energy for the larger adult because he/she has a higher BMI. - False. It requires less energy for the larger adult because he/she has more muscle. - False. It requires more energy for the larger adult because he/she is out of shape.

False. It requires more energy for the larger adult because he/she has a higher BMI.

Which of the following does not release hydrogens that are used to make ATP in electron transport? glycolysis conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl Co-A (pre-citric acid cycle) citric acid cycle all of these release hydrogens for use electron transport

all of these release hydrogens for use electron transport

The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is called a) body mass index rate. b) homeostasis. c) steady state. d) basal metabolic rate. e) stasis.

basal metabolic rate.

The citric acid cycle a) begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid. b) directly produces most of the ATP from the catabolism of glucose. d) contains enzymes called cytochromes. e) forms acetyl-CoA from glucose-6-phosphate.

begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.

Which of the following is the first step in ATP production from fat? - deamination - beta-oxidation - phosphorylation - glycolysis

beta-oxidation

The process that catabolizes fatty acids to acetyl-CoA is called a) lipolysis. b) lipogenesis. c) emulsification d) beta-oxidation.

beta-oxidation.

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are the a) high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). b) very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs). c) low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). d) chylomicrons.

chylomicrons.

During cellular respiration, which set of reactions releases carbon dioxide? glycolysis citric acid (Krebs) cycle electron transport none of them produce carbon dioxide

citric acid (Krebs) cycle

A chemical reaction by which the -NH2 group is removed from an amino acid is known as: deamination. isomerization. hydrolysis. oxidation.

deamination

During cellular respiration, which set of reactions produces water? glycolysis citric acid cycle electron transport Krebs cycle

electron transport

Most of the ATP in our cells is produced during: electron transport. glycolysis. beta-oxidation. photosynthesis.

electron transport.

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called a) water-soluble vitamins. b) essential fatty acids. c) high-density lipoproteins. d) low-density lipoproteins. e) chylomicrons.

essential fatty acids.

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid are examples of a) transport proteins. b) lipoproteins. c) essential fatty acids. d) essential amino acids. e) vitamins.

essential fatty acids.

The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is a) pantothenic acid. b) pyridoxine (B6). c) folic acid (folate). d) vitamin C. e) vitamin K.

folic acid (folate).

It's been 5 hours since you had breakfast and now you're thinking about trying the new Mexican lunch place that just opened up across the street. The more you think about it, the hungrier you get. That's the result of the ________ that your empty stomach is releasing into your bloodstream. a) cholecystokinin (CCK) b) leptin c) ghrelin d) pepsin e) insulin

ghrelin

Decreasing blood glucose is a stimulus for the secretion of: epinephrine glucagon growth hormone all of the above

glucagon

Which of the following hormones increase the blood glucose level? - epinephrine and insulin. - glucagon and epinephrine - glucagon and insulin. - insulin and glycogen

glucagon and epinephrine

The conversion of glycerol and amino acids into glucose in called: glycogenolysis glycogenesis glycolysis gluconeogenesis

gluconeogenesis

The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called a) glycogenolysis. b) glycogenesis. c) glycolysis. d) gluconeogenesis.

gluconeogenesis.

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest. a) glycogen b) glucose c) protein d) fat

glucose

During the absorptive phase of metabolism: - fats are broken down into glycerol and keto acids - glucose is the primary energy source for most cells - glycogen is converted to glucose - there is an increase in ketones

glucose is the primary energy source for most cells

All of the following are reasons why glucose is the primary energy source for cells except a) glucose is a small, soluble molecule. b) glycogen breakdown occurs very slowly. c) glucose can be stored efficiently. d) glycogen breakdown involves only a single enzymatic step. e) glycolysis does not require oxygen to generate ATP.

glycogen breakdown occurs very slowly.

Which of the following is most likely to occur if blood glucose levels are elevated? gluconeogenesis glycogenesis glycogenolysis all the above

glycogenesis

Blood glucose levels are increased by: glycogenolysis glycogenesis insulin glycosuria

glycogenolysis

If the cell starts with fat as its fuel source, which of the following reactions will NOT occur? Beta-oxidation citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) electron transport glycolysis

glycolysis

In the absence of oxygen, which is the last process that can occur to make ATP? electron transport citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) glycolysis cellular respiration

glycolysis

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as a) gout. b) rheumatoid arthritis. c) anorexia nervosa. d) lupus.

gout.

A disorder caused by the ingestion of excessive quantities of a fat-soluble vitamin is known as a) protein deficiency disease. b) Kwashiorkor. c) avitaminosis. d) carbohydrate loading. e) hypervitaminosis.

hypervitaminosis

At the Holy Frijoles restaurant, you order a burrito grande with extra sour cream and cheese and an order of tortilla chips with guacamole. You're very satisfied with your meal—it's a lot of food—and as you finish off the last of the chips, the satiety center in your ________ starts letting you know that you've had enough to eat now. a) cerebellum b) pons c) mid-brain d) hypothalamus e) medulla oblongata

hypothalamus

The area of the brain that regulates body temperature is the a) medulla oblongata. b) pineal gland. c) hypothalamus. d) cerebral cortex. e) pons

hypothalamus.

A political prisoner has been on a hunger strike for seven days. Compared to normal, he has: increased release of fatty acids from adipose tissue elevated glucose concentration in the blood increased plasma insulin concentration increased glycogen storage in the liver

increased release of fatty acids from adipose tissue

temperature regulation is: influenced by peripheral thermoreceptors in the skin primarily regulated by conductive heat loss independent of hormonal influences accomplished primarily by regulating heat gain

influenced by peripheral thermoreceptors in the skin

The conversion of one amino acid to another: - involves peptide bond formation. - is done by transamination. - occurs as a normal part of the Krebs cycle. - is not necessary, because all amino acids are obtained from our diet.

is done by transamination.

A decrease in body weight occurs when caloric intake: equals basal metabolism plus external work is greater than basal metabolism plus external work is less than basal metabolism plus external work is less than basal metabolism plus internal work

is less than basal metabolism plus external work

Body temperature: - is always constant except when one has a fever - is regulated primarily by regulating heat loss - regulation by evaporation of sweat is important only during exercise - none of the above

is regulated primarily by regulating heat loss

A person decides to go on a hunger strike to further one of his favorite causes. After many days with nothing but water you would expect to observe a) elevated levels of glucocorticoids. b) ketone bodies in his urine. c) lowered blood pH. d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.

All of the answers are correct.

ATP can be used for a) muscle contraction. b) ion transport. c) protein synthesis. d) glycogen synthesis. e) All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Glucocorticoids have which of the following effects on general peripheral tissues? a) They increase the conversion of amino acids to pyruvate. b) They increase gluconeogenesis. c) They increase glycogenolysis. d) All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

The electron transport system a) receives electrons from coenzymes. b) produces more the ATP than Glycolysis c) is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane (the cristae). d) All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

________ is deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids. A fat-soluble vitamin A complete protein A water-soluble vitamin An incomplete protein

An incomplete protein

Inadequate exposure to sunlight can result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body. a) A b) B12 c) C d) D e) E

D

The vitamin that is required for proper bone growth and for calcium absorption and retention is vitamin a) A. b) B. c) C. d) D. e) E.

D

Which of the following carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver? a) Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) b) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) d) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Which of the following statements is true about carbohydrates? They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and the simplest form is a disaccharide. Their main use is to provide energy. They are stored in adipose tissue as fatty acids. All of the above are true. A and B only

Their main use is to provide energy.

Amino acids can be converted into: fatty acids other amino acids. glucose. all of the above

all of the above

Regulation of body temperature is controlled by: - shivering - vasodilation of cutaneous vessels - is regulated by a center in the hypothalamus - all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following increases the breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue? - epinephrine - thyroid hormone - exercise - all of the above

all of the above

In a healthy individual who has just finished eating a large nutrient-balanced meal: glucagon enhances the absorption of glucose from the intestinal tract insulin increases the excretion of glucose in the urine blood plasma will have an increased concentration of fats, glucose, and amino acids insulin decreases the entrance of glucose into most tissue cells

blood plasma will have an increased concentration of fats, glucose, and amino acids

About 60% of the heat loss from a nude person standing in a room at 70 degrees (F) is by radiation. Heat loss in this manner is based on the principal that: - body temperature is greater than the surrounding temperature, so the nude person releases more heat than he receives - large amounts of air move through the room - objects in direct contact with the skin surface will absorb large amount of body heat - water on the skin surface which changes from the liquid to vapor phase carries away body heat

body temperature is greater than the surrounding temperature, so the nude person releases more heat than he receives

The process(es) that occur(s) in the mitochondria is/are: glycolysis. Krebs cycle. electron transport. all of the above both b and c

both b and c

Cellular respiration is best described as the: - exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere. - synthesis of glucose using the energy of ATP. - breakdown of glucose into CO2 and H2O and production of ATP. - conversion of CO2 and H2O into ATP.

breakdown of glucose into CO2 and H2O and production of ATP.

Which of the following terms describes the process by which glucose is metabolized to produce CO2, H2O, and energy? synthesis deamination catabolism digestion

catabolism

The following equation represents: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --------> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP + heat - decomposition. - beta-oxidation. - cellular respiration. - dehydration synthesis.

cellular respiration.

The largest lipoproteins, ________, are produced by intestinal epithelial cells from the fats in food. a) very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) b) low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) d) high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) e) chylomicrons

chylomicrons

Acetyl CoA is important in cellular metabolism because it: serves as an intermediate in multiple energy pathways, for the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids. releases energy for cell work. is the final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport system.

serves as an intermediate in multiple energy pathways, for the metabolism of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids.

Most nutrient absorption takes place in the a) small intestine. b) stomach. c) large intestine. d) duodenum. e) liver.

small intestine.

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during a) glycolysis. b) the citric acid cycle. c) electron transport. d) all of the above

the citric acid cycle.

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell. a) cytoplasm b) the plasma membrane c) the mitochondria d) the endoplasmic reticulum e) None of the answers is correct.

the mitochondria

Basal metabolism most directly refers to the energy output required: to maintain basic body functions for growth of a child during old age during exercise

to maintain basic body functions

In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is ________, yielding a different amino acid. a) converted to ammonia b) converted to urea c) transferred to another molecule d) absorbed by water

transferred to another molecule

Low-density lipoproteins function to: transport cholesterol to cells for use in plasma membranes or hormone synthesis transport cholesterol to the liver for removal assist lacteals in the absorption of fatty acids lower cholesterol levels

transport cholesterol to cells for use in plasma membranes or hormone synthesis