unit 9

After the 751 Battle of Talas River, an Arab Muslim victory over the Chinese meant that Islam would come to dominate Central Asia, although its language and culture remained Turkic. a Chinese victory over the Arab Muslims meant that Islam would not spread into Central Asia for many centuries. an Arab Muslim victory over the Chinese meant that Arabic culture and the Muslim religion would both come to dominate Central Asia. a Chinese victory over the Arab Muslims meant that Mahayana Buddhism would eventually become the dominant religion practiced in the region of the Iranian Plateau.

a

After the 751 Battle of Talas River, an Arab Muslim victory over the Chinese meant that Islam would come to dominate Central Asia, although its language and culture remained Turkic. a Chinese victory over the Arab Muslims meant that Mahayana Buddhism would eventually become the dominant religion practiced in the region of the Iranian Plateau. an Arab Muslim victory over the Chinese meant that Arabic culture and the Muslim religion would both come to dominate Central Asia. a Chinese victory over the Arab Muslims meant that Islam would not spread into Central Asia for many centuries.

a

After the Muslim-ruled city of Toledo fell to Christian armies in 1085, the libraries of Toledo furnished Western Europeans with an immense number of philosophical texts, both of the ancient Greeks and of the medieval Arabs. access to Muslim texts meant that more and more educated Christians became interested in and converted to Islam. By 1215, there were small communities of Christian converts to Islam in every major city in Western Europe. Christians burned all books in the libraries of Toledo, reasoning that they were Muslim books and so the product of a false religion. the treasure that was held in the Great Mosque of Toledo was used to pay the expenses of the First Crusade in 1095-9.

a

As for daily life medieval Europe, which of the following is NOT true? Whereas the noble diet was heavy in meat, peasant farmers never enjoyed it. Popular noble recreation could result in accidental death. Whereas nobles often resided in large rural houses, peasants usually lived in small one- or two-bedroom houses with perhaps a table and stool. The commonest drink in northern Europe was beer.

a

Genghis Khan's vision of a united political empire was never truly achieved because ______________. civil wars emerged among his descendants, thus breaking the empire up along the lines created by the four patrimonial states. his son Ögedei died before completing the conquest of Vienna. he had failed to conquer all of China, which then occupied eastern Mongolia and incorporated into the Yuan Dynasty. Kublai Khan and his successors, as great Khans, attempted to rule the empire from Beijing

a

How did the Il-Khans finally resolve the disputes between the Mongol rulers of Persia and the Middle East and their Muslim subjects? The khan Mahmud Ghazan converted to Islam. Rule of the Il-Khanate was handed over to Khubilai Khan, who, as a shamanist, could be a neutral arbiter between Buddhist and Muslim. They forced their Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity. They forced their Muslim subjects to convert to Buddhism.

a

Perhaps the most significant geographical feature of Central Asia is The Great Eurasian Steppe, a set of broad, flat grasslands that reach from Eastern Europe to the region of Mongolia to the north of China. The Great Vilayet Sea, an inland sea that stretches for over a thousand miles from what is now Russia into Northern Iran. The Dead Marshes, a set of swamps stretching for hundreds of miles in every direction. They are known as the Dead Marshes because the bodies of those slain by Genghis Khan in 1206 and ordered thrown into the swamp can still be seen today. The Great Sahara Desert, a massive set of deserts that have long prevented the people of Central Asia from having much contact with Europe.

a

The Islamization of Central Asia _______________________________. began in the eighth century and took several centuries. commenced with the migration of Turkic tribes out of the Orkhon Steppe. began in the twelfth century with the rise of the Mongols. was prevented by the presence of Chinese garrisons in the region.

a

The two principal actors responsible for the exploration of West Africa and the Atlantic during the late Middle Ages were ___________________. Genoese merchants and Iberian kings. the Papacy and crusaders. Renaissance humanists and the rulers of Italian city-states. French kings and Venetian merchants.

a

Under the system established by Genghis Khan, how would someone establish that he had a right to rule the khanate? Descent from Genghis Khan through his wife Börte Might in battle Descent from both Genghis Khan and the Chinese emperors If supernatural signs occurred at his birth

a

Which late medieval technology did Timur have a near monopoly on in Central Asia? Gunpowder The making of cast iron The compass The windmill

a

Which of the following cities was not conquered by the Mongols? Vienna Baghdad Samarkand Kiev

a

Which of the following is not true of Timur? Correct Answer His rise to power was paved by his pedigree, which could be traced back to Genghis Khan. His army was strengthened by employing an early form of artillery, and thus gunpowder technology. He was one of the great military campaigners and conquerors in Central Asian history. Incorrect Response Because his sons fought over it, his empire quickly fell apart after he died.

a

Which of the following is not usually true of a Khagan? Ideally, he obtained his position by hereditary descent, as eldest son of the prior Khagan. He maintained group cohesion and warded of challenges through personal charisma and martial skills. He laid claim to some sort of divine providence. He was primarily the ruler of a steppe confederation of clans and tribes.

a

Which of the following would likely be least important to the way of life of a pastoral nomad in Central Asia? Correct Answer Horticulture Organizing camps in a way that reduced the threats posed by enemies Seasonal migration Incorrect Response Mounted warfare

a

Which of these was the politically weakest, most decentralized state for most of the eleventh century? West Francia, what is today called France The Byzantine Empire East Francia, what is today called Germany England

a

Which type of Islam most helped the tribes of the Central Asian steppe to convert to Islam? Sufism Shiism Radicalism Sunnism

a

After Normans conquered England in 1066, the Kingdom of England kept nearly all of its indigenous nobility. moved closer to France in language, institutions, and culture, but retained a relatively centralized bureaucracy. became much more politically decentralized as a result of the introduction of feudalism. was annexed to the Kingdom of France.

b

After the Muslim-ruled city of Toledo fell to Christian armies in 1085, Christians burned all books in the libraries of Toledo, reasoning that they were Muslim books and so the product of a false religion. the libraries of Toledo furnished Western Europeans with an immense number of philosophical texts, both of the ancient Greeks and of the medieval Arabs. access to Muslim texts meant that more and more educated Christians became interested in and converted to Islam. By 1215, there were small communities of Christian converts to Islam in every major city in Western Europe. the treasure that was held in the Great Mosque of Toledo was used to pay the expenses of the First Crusade in 1095-9.

b

All told, for the period 1000-1500 in Western Europe and Byzantium, which of the following states could be considered the strongest and most successful? the Holy Roman Empire Correct Answer France Venice Incorrect Response Byzantium

b

Although many of the papacy's efforts at Church reform in the eleventh century were successful, one consequence was that the Holy Roman Emperors confiscated all bishops' lands in the Holy Roman Empire. As a result, bishops in the Holy Roman Empire lost a major source of wealth. Catholic and Orthodox churches were split from one another. the Church of England split from the Catholic Church in 1054. It has remained separate from the Catholic Church to the present day. the papacy was forced to relocate to Constantinople for several decades after German troops seized the city of Rome in 1066.

b

As a result of the Third Crusade, the crusaders managed to take northern Egypt, establishing the Duchy of Alexandria. the crusaders established control over the coast of the Levant, but were unable to take the city of Jerusalem. the crusaders were completely victorious, retaking Jerusalem in 1191 and re-establishing the Kingdom of Jerusalem. the crusaders were utterly defeated, so that all Crusader States came to an end in 1192.

b

Both Timur and Genghis Khan's Mongol armies were known for constructing harbor facilities to improve sea-borne trade. pyramids of severed heads. shelters for stray dogs. Buddhist temples.

b

Genghis Khan's vision of a united political empire was never truly achieved because ______________. his son Ögedei died before completing the conquest of Vienna. civil wars emerged among his descendants, thus breaking the empire up along the lines created by the four patrimonial states. Kublai Khan and his successors, as great Khans, attempted to rule the empire from Beijing he had failed to conquer all of China, which then occupied eastern Mongolia and incorporated into the Yuan Dynasty.

b

In Western Europe of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, castles were almost always made of stone. were initially made of wood, but later came to be constructed out of stone. were initially made of mud brick, but later came to be constructed out of stone. largely served as luxurious houses.

b

In his youth, Temujin (who would later come to be known as Genghis Khan) converted to Islam when a shaman explained to him that Allah was just the Arabic translation for The Everlasting Sky. had a sense that he was destined for glory and to rule over many other peoples. suffered from a lack of confidence, but eventually resolved to become the khan of his people when his older brother died and made his last request to Temujin that he rule the Mongols. suffered from a disability and was unable to walk until he was fourteen.

b

In his youth, Temujin (who would later come to be known as Genghis Khan) suffered from a disability and was unable to walk until he was fourteen. had a sense that he was destined for glory and to rule over many other peoples. converted to Islam when a shaman explained to him that Allah was just the Arabic translation for The Everlasting Sky. suffered from a lack of confidence, but eventually resolved to become the khan of his people when his older brother died and made his last request to Temujin that he rule the Mongols

b

In the 1071 Battle of Manzikert, The Saljuq Turks defeated the Egyptian army under the command of Caliph al-Hakim the Mad. the Saljuq Turks under Alps Arslan wiped out the Byzantine field army under the command of Emperor Romanos IV. the Byzantine field army under the command of Emperor Romanos IV wiped out the army of the Saljuq sultan Alps Arslan. The Saljuq Turks and Byzantine Empire fought to a standstill, with neither side achieving victory.

b

Major developments in eleventh and/or twelfth century Europe include all but which of the following? a revival of trade, which fueled the growth of towns Correct Answer substantial decrease in population caused by plague, famine, and warfare Incorrect Response among some kingdoms, a gradual centralization of power increased agricultural production in northern Europe

b

Major developments in eleventh and/or twelfth century Europe include all but which of the following? increased agricultural production in northern Europe Correct Answer substantial decrease in population caused by plague, famine, and warfare a revival of trade, which fueled the growth of towns Incorrect Response among some kingdoms, a gradual centralization of power

b

The Dutch scholar Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1546) sought to use Aristotelian logic to analyze the Arabic text of the Quran. use linguistic analysis on the Greek text of the New Testament. use Aristotelian logic to analyze the Greek text of the New Testament. use linguistic analysis on the Sanskrit text of the Ramayana.

b

The German-speaking Holy Roman Emperors legitimated their rule by claiming that as Christ's deputy on earth, the emperor was both priest and king after the order of Melchizedek. proclaiming themselves to be protectors of the Church. claiming that they possessed Narsil, a sword passed to their families from ancient times. claiming descent from Attila Dorn, the Father of Werewolves, a legendary figure who was said to have led an army of werewolves into Hell to do battle with the devil.

b

The first significant addition to the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan was _______________. Mongolia northern China Siberia Persia

b

The name Genghis Khan means Fist of Heaven. universal ruler. sacred and wild. Flash of the Soaring Dragon of Heaven.

b

Western Europe's economy began to grow in the late eleventh and twelfth centuries because nobles had a demand for luxury goods and when crusaders took the city of Jerusalem, they took control of the treasury of the al-Aqsa Mosque, which had the world's largest known concentration of gold, silver, and precious stones. The gold and silver then entered circulation in European markets. Italian city-states largely cleared the Mediterranean of Muslim pirates. crops failed in China, and the demand for European grains caused wealth to flow from east to west. Italian merchants figured out how to make cinnamon, saffron, and cardamom grow in the soil of Western Europe.

b

When Genghis Khan sent an envoy to the Khawarazmian Turks, their leader, Khwarazmshah Ala al-Din Muhammad II bribed the envoy to give him information about the Mongol armies that allowed Ala al-Din Muhammad to be the first leader to defeat Genghis Khan in battle. had this envoy executed, which precipitated an invasion of Khwarazmian territory by Genghis Khan. he refused to meet with this envoy, who returned to Mongolia. This precipitated an invasion of Khwarazmian territory by Genghis Khan. surrendered to the Mongols without a fight, sparing his people the death and destruction that would surely have come from a Mongol invasion.

b

Which of the following best describes the status of knights in the eleventh and twelfth centuries? Because of the high status of knights, Christian priests eventually were required to also be knights. Because armor, horses, and weapons were expensive, knights gradually became part of a warrior aristocracy, with more rights than peasants. Because knights often went heavily into debt to purchase their equipment, they eventually lost their freedom to money lenders, becoming an unfree class of soldiers, similar to mamluks in the Muslim world. Because chain mail armor was relatively affordable, knighthood was open to men of any social class.

b

Which of the following is not true of Genghis Khan? Incorrect Response To become Khagan, he had to overcome many serious obstacles as a youth. Correct Answer His ascendency to power culminated with his execution of rivals at a great Mongol assembly held in 1206. He brought a new level of cohesiveness, or unity, to the diverse tribes of Mongolia. He believed he was predestined to rule the earth.

b

Which of the following is not true of Timur? His army was strengthened by employing an early form of artillery, and thus gunpowder technology. Correct Answer His rise to power was paved by his pedigree, which could be traced back to Genghis Khan. Incorrect Response He was one of the great military campaigners and conquerors in Central Asian history. Because his sons fought over it, his empire quickly fell apart after he died.

b

Which of the following is not usually true of a Khagan? He laid claim to some sort of divine providence. Ideally, he obtained his position by hereditary descent, as eldest son of the prior Khagan. He was primarily the ruler of a steppe confederation of clans and tribes. He maintained group cohesion and warded of challenges through personal charisma and martial skills.

b

Which of the following was the least important component of warfare in nomadic society? Accurate assessment of the likelihood that an enemy could be defeated Correct Answer Careful organization of supply lines Feigned retreat Incorrect Response Mounted archery

b

Why was Sufi practice instrumental in helping to convert the peoples of Central Asia to Islam? Sufis taught that although Muhammad had originally recited the Qur'an in Arabic, the true Qur'an that existed in the Mind of God was in Turkish. Sufis were doctrinally flexible and so made some concessions to pre-Muslim practices among new converts to Islam. Sufis claimed that meditation would give them supernatural powers that would bring victory. The warriors of the steppes thus converted to Islam so that Sufi holy men could perform miracles on the battlefield. Sufis were doctrinally rigid, and the harsh warriors of the steppe respected their unbending refusal to make concessions in how new converts practiced Islam.

b

As a consequence of Mongol rule over Central Asia, both Mongol and Turk gradually became absorbed into Arabic culture. the Mongols instituted a sharp set of distinctions between Turk and Mongol so as to maintain their identity. Correct Answer the Mongols gradually became absorbed into the culture of Turkic peoples. Incorrect Response the Turks gradually became absorbed into the culture of the Mongols.

c

As for daily life medieval Europe, which of the following is NOT true? The commonest drink in northern Europe was beer. Whereas nobles often resided in large rural houses, peasants usually lived in small one- or two-bedroom houses with perhaps a table and stool. Whereas the noble diet was heavy in meat, peasant farmers never enjoyed it. Popular noble recreation could result in accidental death.

c

How did the Il-Khans finally resolve the disputes between the Mongol rulers of Persia and the Middle East and their Muslim subjects? Rule of the Il-Khanate was handed over to Khubilai Khan, who, as a shamanist, could be a neutral arbiter between Buddhist and Muslim. They forced their Muslim subjects to convert to Buddhism. The khan Mahmud Ghazan converted to Islam. They forced their Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity.

c

In Western Europe of the eleventh and twelfth centuries, castles were initially made of mud brick, but later came to be constructed out of stone. largely served as luxurious houses. were initially made of wood, but later came to be constructed out of stone. were almost always made of stone.

c

In medieval European history, the term Reconquista refers to efforts by the Spanish to reconquer Spain from its French rulers. efforts by Spanish Muslims to reconquer Christian-ruled Spain and subject it to Muslim rule. efforts by Spanish Christians to reconquer Muslim-ruled Spain and subject it to Christian rule. efforts by Spanish Christians to conquer the Muslim-ruled Middle East and subject it to Spanish rule.

c

In the Middle Ages, most of the peoples of Western Europe thought of themselves as united by a shared belief that all people should be equal under the law. a shared white race. a shared Christian religion. a shared Muslim religion.

c

In the eleventh century, Muslim Spain became less politically powerful than it had been earlier because the Christian kingdoms of Spain were united under one monarch, Sancho the Almost-Just, and he created an army that was able to outclass anything Muslim Spain had. the Umayyad caliphs increasingly devoted resources to trying to make war on the Fatimid rulers of Egypt. the Umayyad Caliphate had collapsed after the civil wars resulting from Abd al-Rahman's attempt to make himself caliph. The resulting taifa states were much weaker. an outbreak of Bubonic Plague hit southern Spain in 1008.

c

One of the main ideals of Renaissance Humanism was to reject religion and embrace atheism. reject the study of literature and turn to a study of logic and philosophy. reject medieval commentaries on ancient texts and return to a study of the texts themselves. reject Christianity and return to the worship of Greek and Roman gods.

c

Perhaps the most significant geographical feature of Central Asia is The Great Vilayet Sea, an inland sea that stretches for over a thousand miles from what is now Russia into Northern Iran. The Great Sahara Desert, a massive set of deserts that have long prevented the people of Central Asia from having much contact with Europe. The Great Eurasian Steppe, a set of broad, flat grasslands that reach from Eastern Europe to the region of Mongolia to the north of China. The Dead Marshes, a set of swamps stretching for hundreds of miles in every direction. They are known as the Dead Marshes because the bodies of those slain by Genghis Khan in 1206 and ordered thrown into the swamp can still be seen today.

c

Prior to the rise of the Mongols, which ethnic group had the most significant impact on Central Asia? Arab Chinese Turkic Persian

c

The German-speaking Holy Roman Emperors legitimated their rule by claiming that as Christ's deputy on earth, the emperor was both priest and king after the order of Melchizedek. claiming descent from Attila Dorn, the Father of Werewolves, a legendary figure who was said to have led an army of werewolves into Hell to do battle with the devil. proclaiming themselves to be protectors of the Church. claiming that they possessed Narsil, a sword passed to their families from ancient times.

c

Throughout chapter 11: Central Asia, we find that the two ethnic groups most important to this early history of the region were _________________. Persian and Chinese Chinese and Turkic Turkic and Mongol Mongol and Russian

c

Western Europe's economy began to grow in the late eleventh and twelfth centuries because nobles had a demand for luxury goods and when crusaders took the city of Jerusalem, they took control of the treasury of the al-Aqsa Mosque, which had the world's largest known concentration of gold, silver, and precious stones. The gold and silver then entered circulation in European markets. Italian merchants figured out how to make cinnamon, saffron, and cardamom grow in the soil of Western Europe. Italian city-states largely cleared the Mediterranean of Muslim pirates. crops failed in China, and the demand for European grains caused wealth to flow from east to west.

c

Which of the following was the least important component of warfare in nomadic society? Incorrect Response Mounted archery Accurate assessment of the likelihood that an enemy could be defeated Correct Answer Careful organization of supply lines Feigned retreat

c

Which of the following would likely be least important to the way of life of a pastoral nomad in Central Asia? Seasonal migration Mounted warfare Horticulture Organizing camps in a way that reduced the threats posed by enemies

c

Which one of the following rulers sought to arrest the decentralization of power in the Holy Roman Empire? King Edward I Manuel Komnenos Frederick of Barbarossa Timur

c

Which one of the following was not one of the major factors contributing to the decline of the Byzantine Empire? the Fourth Crusade Saljuq Turks in Central Anatolia the Concordat of Worms Battle of Manzikert

c

Why did European sailors, particularly Genoese and Iberians, begin exploring the western coast of Africa in the fourteenth century? They were looking for a city that was said to be the home of a fantastical race of creatures called Chthonians, creatures that, if they could be bribed with gifts of wine, could be convinced to cause earthquakes that could be used against enemies in time of war. They were looking for the legendary Kingdom of Shambala. They were looking for a route to the source of West Africa's gold. They were looking for a source of coal reserves.

c

All told, for the period 1000-1500 in Western Europe and Byzantium, which of the following states could be considered the strongest and most successful? the Holy Roman Empire Incorrect Response Byzantium Venice Correct Answer France

d

In medieval European history, the term Reconquista refers to efforts by the Spanish to reconquer Spain from its French rulers. Incorrect Response efforts by Spanish Christians to conquer the Muslim-ruled Middle East and subject it to Spanish rule. efforts by Spanish Muslims to reconquer Christian-ruled Spain and subject it to Muslim rule. Correct Answer efforts by Spanish Christians to reconquer Muslim-ruled Spain and subject it to Christian rule.

d

One of the main ideals of Renaissance Humanism was to reject religion and embrace atheism. reject the study of literature and turn to a study of logic and philosophy. reject Christianity and return to the worship of Greek and Roman gods. reject medieval commentaries on ancient texts and return to a study of the texts themselves.

d

The four Crusader States were the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, the Kingdom of Jerusalem, and the Viceroyalty of New Spain. the Commandery of Mt. Athos. the Duchy of Alexandria. the County of Tripoli.

d

The result of Manuel Komnenos's efforts to extend the power of the Byzantine Empire was that he defeated the Saljuq Turks at the 1176 Battle of Myriokephalon, but was militarily defeated in battle by the Hungarians in the 1184 Battle of Mohi. he defeated both the Saljuq Turks and the Fatimid Egyptians, resulting in an Empire that ruled the whole of the Eastern Mediterranean. he was militarily defeated by both the Hungarians and the Saljuq Turks and so it was under his reign that the power of the Byzantine Empire was fully broken. he successfully allied himself with the growing power of the kingdom of Hungary, but was defeated by the Saljuq Turks at the 1176 Battle of Myriokephalon and so was unsuccessful in his efforts to re-assert Byzantine control over central Anatolia.

d

The two principal actors responsible for the exploration of West Africa and the Atlantic during the late Middle Ages were ___________________. Renaissance humanists and the rulers of Italian city-states. French kings and Venetian merchants. the Papacy and crusaders. Genoese merchants and Iberian kings.

d

Under the system established by Genghis Khan, how would someone establish that he had a right to rule the khanate? Descent from both Genghis Khan and the Chinese emperors Might in battle If supernatural signs occurred at his birth Descent from Genghis Khan through his wife Börte

d

When making war on China, the Mongols faced which challenge? The Chinese employed camel-mounted soldiers. These camels could go even further without water than horses, and so could outmaneuver Mongol troops when fighting them in the Gobi Desert. Many Mongol soldiers were Buddhists, and so they were reluctant to engage in violence against the Chinese because many of them were also Buddhists. The vast swamps of Northern China meant that the Mongols were unable to use their cavalry for mobility, depriving them of one of their key advantages. Chinese cities were usually walled, and some of these walled cities even connected to smaller fortified towns through a set of underground tunnels.

d

Which of the following is not true of Genghis Khan? He believed he was predestined to rule the earth. He brought a new level of cohesiveness, or unity, to the diverse tribes of Mongolia. Incorrect Response To become Khagan, he had to overcome many serious obstacles as a youth. Correct Answer His ascendency to power culminated with his execution of rivals at a great Mongol assembly held in 1206.

d

Which of the following was NOT a major cause of a largescale loss of life in late medieval Western Europe? the Hundred Years' War Incorrect Response the bacterium Yersina pestis famine Correct Answer the Crusades

d

Which of the following was not a military advantage enjoyed by the nomads of the steppes? The Mongol Horse could travel up to 160 kilometers in a day, giving their armies great range and mobility. The Great Hunt gave them practice in coordinating large numbers of people on horseback. Their recurve bows had great range and piercing power. The steppe peoples were the first peoples in the world to perfect the technology of the rifle. Firing rifles from horseback, the Mongols combined both firepower and mobility.

d

Which one of the following rulers sought to arrest the decentralization of power in the Holy Roman Empire? King Edward I Timur Manuel Komnenos Frederick of Barbarossa

d

Why did European sailors, particularly Genoese and Iberians, begin exploring the western coast of Africa in the fourteenth century? They were looking for the legendary Kingdom of Shambala. They were looking for a source of coal reserves. Incorrect Response They were looking for a city that was said to be the home of a fantastical race of creatures called Chthonians, creatures that, if they could be bribed with gifts of wine, could be convinced to cause earthquakes that could be used against enemies in time of war. Correct Answer They were looking for a route to the source of West Africa's gold.

d