Unit 9 AP World History

How have governmental and non governmental organizations strive to fulfill human rights for all?

1. 50 member nations signing the charter that made the UN pledged to achieve recognition of human rights. 2. In 1948 the UN adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which contributed to the codification of international human rights laws. The declaration singled out specific human rights violations such as extrajudiciial or summary executions, arbitrary arrest and torture, slvaery, or involuntary servited as well as discrimination on racial, sexual, or religious grounds. 3. Concern for human rights is shared by NGOs: Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, which pressure governments with public opinion. 4. 1980s: Human rights had emerged as one of the principal themes of global politics.

What is the history/context of external migration?

1. A combination of voluntary and forced international migrations have transformed the human landscape especually during the apst 500 years. 2. During the colonial era, European migrants colonized the Americas, Australia, Oceania, etc. 3. 1820-1980 37M migrants of Euro descent made the US their home. 4. Slave migrations> 12M Africans crossed Atlantic.

What has hampered international efforts in dealing with climate change?

1. A split between developed and developing countries. 2. Only the former commited themselves to cutting emissions. Developing countries made no such promise and insisted that the rich world bear the costs of reducing emissions. 3. In 2009, delegates from 193 countries gathered in Copenhagen ti renew the Kyoto protocal beyond 2012 with tougher limits on emissions. 4. They struggled to find a new way to a new protocal that would include commitments from developing countries. The conference ended without a new protocal or binding extensions to the Kyoto agreements. The only positice outcome was that both sides agreed to an international monitoring of any emissions reductions they promised to pursue.

How does the example of Evita show the sharing of cultural practices goes both ways?

1. A trend in Latin America is Music television (MTV) Latino, perceived by many critics as another case of foreign cultural intrusion, whereby Latin video DJs speak Spanglish, mixing Spanish and English. 2. Yet where Latin Americans once called protection from this influence, by the 1990s amny had relaxed their guard. They see evidence of increased cultural sharing among Latin societies, nothing that MTV and cable have come to serve as a means of communication and unity by making the nations of Latin America more aware of one another. In this way, cultural dominance is limited as fusing happens.

What were the costs of the war on terror and the Iraq war?

1. Casualties: 4700 coalition soldiers dead. 10s of thousands Iraqi military personnel and civilians dead. 2. Money: US spent 4 Billion a month maintaining troops in Iraq. Some critics in teh US balked at the president's aggressive approach to the war on terrorism. Dubbed by some the "Bush Doctrine of Deterrence," his preemptive strike against Iraq which had not overtly committed a terrorist act or been proven to harbor terrorists set a troubling precedent in US foreign policy. The increased presence of foreign military may have only fanned the Islamist fervor brought by bin Laden. 3. Obama shifted the war away from Iraq and back to bin Laden and Afghanistan. He announced in May 2011 that elite forces had fulfilled a major mission in teh war on terror by killing Osama bin Laden in Pakistan. 4. The US delcared the war in Iraq over in December of that year, as far as the US troops were concerned, at least, as Iraqis continued to face intense civil conflict. 5. Casualties: Iraq war caused the deaths of 4500 US soldiers and wounded 30K, cost 1 trillion dollars and left an uncertain legacy for the US and Iraq.

How did China rise as an economic power?

1. China's leaders launched economic reforms in the late 70s that reversed some earlier policies and opened CHinese markets to the outside world, encouraged foreign investment, and imported foreign technology. 2. With the economy growing dramatically, the government in 1992 signaled the creation of a socialist market economy. In effect the planned economic system of the past gave way to a market economy where demand for goods and services determined production and pricing and where the role of the government was limited to providing a stable but competitive environment. 3. Besides acting as a major exported China benefited from its large pool of cheap labor and its enourmous domestic markets that have made the Chinese economy the destination choice for foreign investment. 4. In December 2001 China became a meber of the WTO and moved to blobal economic superpower status.

How has American culture homogenized across the world?

1. Consumer culture that developed in the US during the mid 20th century has been exported throughout the world fundamentally through advertizing. 2. Especially apparent in the spread of its food. Pepsi and Coca Cola fight to dominate the world stage as fast food restaurants like Burger King, McDonalds, and Pizza Hut sell throughout the world. 3. The closing of many bistros and cafes in France is the result of more French people opting for fashionable fast food instead of taking the time for more traditional and lengthy lunches. US mass culture seems to threaten local culture everywhere too.

In what ways has the CCP failed to bring equality to women?

1. Few women gained high status in leadership of the CCP. 2. Most women in China have full time jobs, but no equal pay. They do most of the work at home too. Still, they are able to enter msot professions, although most Chinese women engage in menial work. 3. Confucian values degrade the status of women, especially in rural areas. 4. Parents prefer boys over girls. China's one child policy led to teh statistical disapearance of a large number of baby girls. More than 1/2 million female births go unrecorded anually in govt stats. 5. Some population experts link this to the preference of male children and say that parents send girls away for adoption, be secretly raised, or single them out for infanticide.

What efforts have been made with dealing with climate change?

1. In Kyoto, at a conference dedicated to climate change, the delegates from 187 nations agreed in 1997 to cut greenhouse emissions blamed for global warming. 2. The Kyoto protocal went into force in 2005 and imposed targets for carbon emission reductions on developde countries until 2012. 3. The protocol did not require developing countries, some of them major polluters, to reduce emissions. 4. The US did not sign the protocol asit didn't require anything of developing countries. 5. Since Kyoto, global CO2 emissions have risen by a third.

The new economy also brought perils. Give an example of this being the case for the Asian Tigers.

1. Many of the Asian tigers went from boom to bust economies. 2. At the center of this bust was a financial crisis that came to a head in 1997. In the previous 20 years the developing economies had started to embraced the market, opening their borders to imports and courting foreign investments. 3. The international investment community suddenly lost confidence in teh booming economies and withdrew support. The crisis began in Thailand in mid-1997, when investments that once poured into the country now left quickly causing the value of the currency to plummet. 4. The Thai stock market lost 75% of its value and the country found itself in teh grip of a depression. For no obvious reason the financial panic then moved the Malaysia, Indonesia, Phillipines, and South Korea.

What was happening around the world by the end of the 20th century?

1. Many traditional areas of state responsibility neededto be coordinated on an intergovernmental level. 2. Global problems need global solutions, and they compelled the governemnts of individual states to surrender some of their sovereignty to larger international organizations such as the UN. Issues concerning labor servitude, poverty, diseases, terrorism, and human rights demanded attention and acation on a scale greater than a nation.

How has AIDS and HIV affected the world overtime?

1. Medical experts first identified AIDS in 1981 among homosexual men and intravenous drug users in NY and San Francisco. 2. Evidence for an epidemic appeared among hetereosecual men, women, and children in sub-Saharan Africa, and rather quickly AIDS developed into a worldwide epidemic that affected every nation. 3. At the end of 2012 the number with HIV/AIDS was 35.3M and more than 30M AIDS deaths had occurred since the beginning of the epidemic. 4. Both new HIV infections and the number of AIDS death have been declining during the past decade thanks to the avaliability of new drug treatments. But the epidemic continues to affect sub Saharan Africa disproportionately, home to 70% of new hIV infections.

In what ways are the odds of a population explosion along with its consequences exaggerated and are receding?

1. One reason these odds are receding is due to the AIDS crisis --> heavy demographic toll in societies where fertility rates are high. 2. Fertility rates have been falling in teh past two decades in both rich and poor socieites. People also argue that despite rapid population growth, wages have risena nd the cost of everything extracted or grown from Earth has declined. Food production has also kept pace with the growing population.

What is an early example of an NGO?

1. The Red Cross, and international humanitarian agency, founded on the initiative of Swiss philantropist Jean Jenri Dunant. 2. This agency was originally dedicated to alleviating the sufferings of wounded soldiers, POWs, and civilians during war. 3. 1864: Representatuves of 12 nations signed the first Geneva Convention which laid down teh rules for the treatment of the wounded and the protection of medical personnel. They adopted the red cross as a symbol of neutral aid. 4. Later protocals included protection for non fighters too. The Red Cross ultimately extended its mission to those afflicted by natural disasters.

What conditions have women faced in India?

1. The same thing about education cannot be said in India, despite some advances uring the late 20th century. 2. By 2010 female literacy reached 50,8% but women remain confined at home. Labor force participation is still low and less than 1/4 of women of all ages were engaged in work, while the birthrate remained high even with greater birth control measures avaliable. 3. This has ensured a life of domesticity for many Indian women. This is shown in dowry deaths. There is a cultural practice that a woman and her family pay dowries to the husband and his family upon marriage, but this is difficult for many Indian families to meet. 4. If the husband finds the dowry inadequate, if he wants a new wife without returning the original wife's dowry, or even if the wife has simply annoyed the husband, the wife is literally burned to death.

In general, what do these examples show about women's role in politics in the modern world?

1. They ahve shown great leadership abilities in a variety of ways --> politiical figures as in South Asia, or anonymously joined organizations or particpated in activities design to to further the cause of women's rights. 2. The UN launched a Decade for Women program in 1975 and sicne then global conferences on teh status of women have been held regularly, attracting large crowds. 3. Iran: During the war with Iraq, women were trained to fight in Iran.

What is the United Nations?

1. This association attempts to find solutions to global problems and to deal with virtually an matter of concern to humanity. Unlike a national parliament, the UN does not legislate. It's members have a voice and vote in shaping the international community of nations.

How has trafficking become a global problem?

1. A growing global problem is trafficking of persons. 2. 1-2M people anually are brought and sold across international and within national borders. 3. Appears in many forms: In Russia and Ukraine, traffickers lure victims with the promise of well paying jobs abroad. Once the victims arrive, they become captives who force them into bonded labor, domestic servitude, or the commercial sex industry through threas and physical brutality, 4, Most of the victims are girls and women which is a reflection of the low social and economic status of them in many countries. 5. South Asia: It is common for proverty stricken parents or other relatives to sell young women to traffickers for the sex trade or forced labor. The trafficking industry is one of the fastest growing and most lucrative criminal enterprises in the world, generating billions of dolalrs anually.

What is terrorism like?

1. A key feature of terrorism: deliberate and systemic use of violence against civilians with the aim of advancing their goal. 2. Violent means: hijackings, assassinations, etc. in order to maginfy their power. 3. Terrorist and their organizations in contrast to those they fight are limited in size and resources. Despite their ability to destablizie societies, they have rarely met their goals. In fact they have more commonly discredited their causes. 4. During the last decades of the 20th century and the first decade of 21st century, terrorism increasingly assumed a global character because sustained terror campaigns require sophistacted financial support networks, a reliable and sustained supply of weapons tech, and places of sanctuary. Aside from regional initiatives such as those from teh EU, the intl community did not respond in a unified manner. However, these issues have regained new attention due to 9/11

How has tourism increased in the modern world?

1. A more recent form of migration is tourism. 2. Although travelers have established cultural links in history, it was usually for a reason: war, trade, religious pilgrimage, etc. 3. Many people didn't travel as it was risky, dangerous, expensive, and slow. 4. Industrial society gave birth to mass tourism by providing safer and faster transport and by institutionalizing two modern features of social life: leisure and travel.

What is another international aaction against terrorism. (hint:Operation: Iraqi Freedom)

1. A multinational coalition force some 300K strong largely made up of US and British troops but also including those from approx. 24 nations carried out an invasion of Iraq designed to wage further war on terrorism by ousting the regime of Saddam Hussein and creating a democratic state. 2. One special target was his suspected stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, devestating implements of war that could presumably be employed by global terrorists to wreak destruction on a scale even greater than that of 9/11. 3. Hussein himself was another target. Coalition forces managed to establish their military supremacy in Iraq but did not find any of the suspected weapons, nor did they immediately control Hussein. 4. Bush declared an end to major battle operations on May 1st 2003 and coalition forces since that time struggled in their efforts to occupy and stabilize Iraq. Hussein was finally caught and executed in 2006. (caught in 2003) but resistance in Iraq persisted.

What has led to the rise of economic alliances?

1. Accepting free trade and open markets means aknowledging glonal economic interdependence; no single economic power could fully control global trade and commerce. 2. In the rapidlychanging global economy, groups of nations have entered into economic alliances designed to achieve advantages and greater strenght for their partners in teh competitive global economy.

How have international mass migrations accelerated and increased cross-cultural interaction? What conflict has this sparked?

1. After thier arrival, migrants established cultural and ethnic communities that maintained their social scustoms and languages. 2. Their presence along with the culture, cuisine, language, etc. they brign ahve transformed large cities especially into multicultural environments. 3. It has also sparked conflict. People in host countries often believe that foreingers undermine national identity, and also believe that they are compettitors for job as they are willing to work for lower wages and not join labor unions. 4. When unemployment increases, migrants are too frequently blamed as scapegoats. 5. Xenophibia has somtimes led to violence and racial tensions. ex. Neo Nazis in Germany bombed community centers of Turkish women. 6. All in all: Migrants are reshaping the world outside their home countries but have also posed challenges to both migrants themselves and to the host society.

What forms of servitude have risen in poor economic conditions?

1. Although legal slavery ceased in Saudi Arabia and Angola, forced and bonded labor practices continue to affect millions of poor people in the developing world. 2. Of especial concern is child-labor: International Labor Organization states that 250M+ children between 5-14 work around the world, many in conditions that are harmful to their health and emotional well being. 3. Child labor servitude is most pronounced in South and SE Asia --> 50M children in India alone. Most child labor occurs in agriculture, domestic service, family businesses, and the sex trade, making it difficult to enforece existing prohibitions and laws against those practices. 4. Many children are born into a life of bonded labor because their parents have worked in debt bondage, where impoverished people work for low wages, borrow money, and pledge their labor as security.

What is the experience like for women in areas besides industrialized and communist nations?

1. Although women in industrial and communist nations are guarenteed basic legal rights and are educated in roughly equal numbers, women in other areas have been denied access ot education. 2. Girls and women who are expected to stay at home have high illiteracy due to this expectation. 3. Arab and Muslim countries: women are twice as likely to be illiterate. Some places: 9 in 10 are illiterate. 4. This is beginning to change though. In the past few decades girls have caught up with boys in education.

How did the Taliban emerge in Afghanistan?

1. Another related radical manifestation of Islam's resurgence: creation of Islamic State of Afghanistan in 1996. 2. The Taliban emerged out of disorder and devestation of the Afghan-Soviet War and the later civil war. They promoted themselves as anew force for unity and determined to create an Islamic state according to its own interpreation of Islam. 3. Taliban intolerance figured prominently and Islamic strictures alienated both those inside and outside the country. The Taliban under its mullah Mohammed Omar fought a series of holy wars against ethnic and Muslim groups such as the Shia minority. The Taliban provided a sanctuary for Islamist fighters in the Middle East and Central Asia, for instance bin Laden himself and al-Qaeda.

What are examples of women who were able to reach high political status? (women leaders)

1. Around the world, most woemn have the right to vote but they still do not exert the amount of political power they deserve. 2. South Asia has brought many women leaders such as Indira Gandhi and Benazir Bhuto that led India and Pakistan. 3. Chandrika Bandaranakie Kumaratunga became the first female president of Sri Lanka, and both her parents served as prime ministers. Her mother became the first elected woman prime minister in 1960. She appointed her mother to serve a third term as PM.

How has the internet reinforced the preeminence of the Englsih langauge?

1. As a result of British colonialism, subject people around the world have been forced into English. 2. In more recent times, many adopt the language of politically dominant and economicnally preemninent society voluntarily. 3. In this fashioon, English has almost become a universal language. 4. However, English language dominance on the internet draws discontent.

What efforts have been made to control population? How effective were they as whole?

1. As death rates declined throughout the world during the latter part of the 20th century, reducing birthrates became a cooncern of many governemnts and to date some 80 counyties have adopted birth control programs. 2. UN and two of its agencies, teh WHO and the UN Fund for Population Activites have aiided many countries in organizaing and promoting family-planning programs. 3. However the avaliability and promotion of contraceptives does not guarentee effective control of fertility. Whereas China has significantly reduced its population growth rate and some Latin American societies also have a decline in their birthreates, people in other societies have resisted efforts to reduce birthrates. 4. Sometimes resistance stems from politics or religion. India: Hindu emphasis on fertility impedded brith control efforts. Ths global attempts to prevent excessive population growth have had mixed results.

How does ASEAN show another economic alliance example?

1. Association of Southeast Asian Nations: ASEAN. 2. Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Phillipines. Its principal objectives: accelerate economic development and promote political stability in SE Asia. Origonally conceived as a bulwark against hte spread of communism, the economic focus of ASEAN became sharper after it signed cooperative agreements with Japan in 1977 and the European community in 1980. In 1992 member states agreed to establish a free trade zone and to cut tariffs on industrial goods over a 15 year period.

How was Japan able to overcome it's problems that were present at first glance?

1. At first sight Hapan's economy wasnt well equipped for intensive economic growth. They had lost their overseas empire, had a large population, and lacked natural resources. 2. Economic planners of Japan sidestepped many of these disadvantages by promoting an economic policy that emphasize export-import growth supported by low wages. 3. Japan's workforce was large and compliant and were willing to tolerate working conditions and wages considered intolerable in Western Europe and the US. This gave Japan a competitive edge over international rivals. Although Japanese industries had to pay for the import of most raw materials, teh low cost of Japanese labor ensured the production of goods that were cheap enough to compete on the basis of price.

What advances have been made against HIV/AIDS?

1. By 1995 researched succeeded in developing a new class of drugs known as protease inhibitors and in combination with some of the older drugs they produced what is known as highly active antiretrovial therapy, or HAART. 2. In most cases HAART can prolong life indefinitely. It has also the potential to reduce the risk of HIV transmission and the spread of tuberculosis. 3. The high cost of these sophistcated drugs initially prevented poor people from sharin in their benefits, but this is changing. In 2012, 9.7M people in low and middle income countries received HAART.

What caused the feminist movement?

1. Discrimination in the workplace in industrialized nations. 2. Women in most of these nations had gained the right to vote but these rights did not guarantee economic or sexual equality. 3. After WWII when more and more women went to work, women started to protest job discrimination, pay differences, and lacak of legal equality. 4. In teh 60s, this expanded into a feminist movement that criticized all of gender equality. 5. In the US: the civil rights movement that demanded equality for African Americans influenced the women's movement and provided a training ground for many women activists.

How have economic inequities led to external migration?

1. Economic inequities between socieites have caused most international migration. 2. this is where people leave their countries for better jobs, health care, education, and other services. 3. Most mass migrations today involved developing -> developed countries. 4. Since 1960: Some 13M guest workers" from S. Eur, Turkey, and Northern Africa ahave taken up permanent residence in W. Eur, 10M+ permanent migrants (mostly from Mexico) have entered tthe US> 5. Foreigners make up more than half of the working population in oil rich countries of Middle East. Approx. 130M people currently live outside their country --> "nation of migrants"

How has the power balance changed between rich and poor nations?

1. Emerging nations scour the Earth for raw materials and responsible for steep rise in world energy demands and consumption, causing an alarming increase in emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollution. The once-poor world is not only getting richer but also increasingly making its weight felt in international organizations on everything from trade issues to membership in the UN Security Council. 2. What all this means is that the rich developed countries no longer dominate the global economy the way they did during the 19th and 20th centuries. This shift is not as suprising as it seems as these countries are simply regaining their old power. China and India until the late 19th century were the world's biggest economies.

Where has the concept of human rights originated from?

1. Governmental and NG orgs have focused on the protection of human rights. 2. This concept originated with Greco-Roman law doctrines and evolved into specific efforts to protect the rights of humans such as abolition, universal suffrage. 3. Universal recognition of this concept came after WWII as the crimes of the Nazis were exposed. The Nuremberg war crimes trials challenged the notion of unlimited national sovereignty and created the concept of crimes against humanity which warranted international judgement and punishment.

Why have NGOs risen in the modern world?

1. Governments, despite interdependentness, still operate on a teritorial state. 2. Global problems and demands needs global soluttions, so nations have to surrender some of their sovereignty. 3. As national borders become less important, the effectiveness of natl govts has also declined. 4. This has lead to an increase in NGOs and governmental international organizations, which are important as they have the potential to tackle provlems that do not respect territorial boundaires and are beyond the reach of typical govts.

Describe the EU as an economic alliance

1. In March 1957 represantitves of France, West Germany, Italy, the Netheralnds, Belgium, and Luzembourg took a signifcant step in the direction of a common market and free trade by signing the Treaty of Rome. This treaty established the European Economic Communty. 2. At the heart of this new community of nations lay the dismantling of tariffs and other barriers to free trade among member nations. Subsequenet treaties creating political institutions such as the Council of Ministers and the European Parliament facilitated the long-range goal of European political integration. 3. The development of a supranational organization dedicated to increasing European economic and political integration culminated in the Maastricht Treaty of 1993 which established the EU. 28 European nations have submerged much of their sovereignty in the EU and since 1999 18 members have adopted a common currency. In the future this tight economic integration is expected to lead a European Political Union.

How did leisure and travel begin? How did it evolve since then?

1. In the mid 1800s it became fashionale in Europe for the affluent to vacation, often for extended periods. 2. Later in teh century working people began to copy the fashions of the wealthy. Working class families took to the road during holidays to escape the drudgery of industrial cities and created working class pleasure zones such Coney Island in the US or Varna at the Black Sea. 3. People journeyed for plasure and engaged in activities they normally didnt: weaing colorful clothes, long walks for reason, 4. 20th century: symbolic value added: Travelers could show of their special clothes requried for such journeys: ski apparel, bikinis, etc. 5. After WWII companies created the packaged tour which enabled millions to swarm across the world.

How has free trade drived globalization?

1. International trade proved to be a key driving force behind economic globalization 2. Trade across long distances especially figured prominently in human history, and for at least the past 500 years it has served as integratingg force. Of more recent origin: free trade, meaning freedom from state-imposed limits and constraints on trade across borders. 3. The issue of free trade engendered a debate about the extent to which free trade enhances the prosperity of a society. In the aftermath of WWII, leaders from industrializated nations especially teh US took a decisive stand on the issue.

What caused the rise of a global economy?

1. It came into public view after the collapse of communism in 1990. 2. Economists pointed to a new economic order characterized by the expansion of trade between countries, the growth of foreign investments, the unfetterd movements of capital, the privatization of former state enterprises, a wave of deregulation that undermined the control that national governments once exercised over economic activity, andn the emergence of a new breed of corporations. 3. Supporting the new glonal economoc: technological developments in communications; semiconductors. fiber-optic cables, and satellites have virtually eliminated geographic distances , causing an ever faster integration of the market economy. 4. The forces driving the wowrld economy toward increase economic integration have been responsible for globalization.

What challenges are there to urbanization?

1. It has proved difficult and challenging transformation for rural folk who have chosen or been forced to adjust to a new way of life. 2. Latin America, Africa, and South Asia: Large numbers of people have migrated to metropolitan areas in search from relief of rural poverty. 3. However, they found themselves equally destitute in the cities. Life is bleak in the slums in the city of Mumbai for instance. 4. More than 10M people cram in cities like Calcutta, Cairo, and Mexico City, straining those cities' resources. 5. The few serrvices that were avaliable to slum residents now diminished with the influx of new people. Diseases runs rampant and many suffer from malnutrition among the poor here.

How is domestic abuse not limited to India and Hindu women?

1. It has spread through South Asia. 2. Pakistan: 500+ husbands have set fire to their wives between 1994-1997. The motives can go beyond dowry, such as overcooking food. 3. The victims, some of whom survive, voice sad aspects of the treatment, this being resigning to their fate. 4. however, thi sis changing as Indian and Pakistani women activists challenge these pracitces and establish shelters for those threatened.

What do critics say about globalization?

1. It is not clear what the long term effects will be on the economies and societies globalization touches. To its supporters, the global economy delivers markets that operate with maximum effiency. 2. They also argue thhat hte new economy is the only way to bring prosperity to the developing world. 3. To the critics, NGOs ranging from labor unions to tribal-rights activists: the globaal economy is an untamed force tha tis neither inevitable nor desirable. It rewards few and impoverishes many. 4. They assert that it diminished soverignty of local and national governments and transfers the power to shape economic and political destinies to transnational corps and global insititutions like the WTO. They also claimed that rapid economic development from globalization is responsible for environmental degredation, widening gap between rich and poor societies, and worldwide homegenization of local, diverse, and indigenous cultures.

What are the effects of mass tourism?

1. Largest industry on the planet is Travel and tourism which produces more tourists and cheaper transport like the Jet Plane. 2. Tourism also provided jobs for 255M people. The attraciton of an industry that generates wealth and jobs quickly has served as a powerful incentive for both governments and business iin the developed and developing worlds to further promote tourism. 3. Downside: Tourism usually creates low paying jobs and most of the profits flows to developed world. 4. Travel boom has also sparjed concerns of the cultural impact of mass tourism. Large numbers of visitors ahve the tendency to transform local cultural traditions into commodities which are then consumed like any other commodity. 5. Religious rituals, ethnic rites, and festivals are reduced and sanitized to conform to tourist expecations --> "Restructing ethnicity."

What is internal migration like in the modern world?

1. Largest migrations today. 2. 2nd half of the 20th century: these migratiosn led ot rapid urbanization in much of the world. 3. Today the most highly urbanized societies are those of Western and Northern Europe, Aus, NZ, and temperate South and North America. People living in urban areas here exceeds 75%. In Belgium it is 97%! 4. The socieites of tropical Latin America are in an intermediate stage of urbanization with 50-65 percent of the population living in vities. In many countries in Africa and Asia, the process of urbanization has just begun. Although most people still reside in rural areas, the rate of urbanization is high.

In what ways have cultural practices become globalized?

1. Like trade and business organizations, cultural practices have also become globalized, thriving on a continuous flow of information, ideas, tastes, and values. 2. At the turn of the 20th century, local traditions still determined the cultural identity of the vast majoirty of people. 3. At the end of the 20th century thanks in part to tech and communications, information and cultural practices were becoming truly global.

What are the limits of international organizations?

1. Meetings degrade into arguments. 2. At the height of the cold war, the cold war hampered progress in finding solutions for crucial problems. 3. Contentious issues have sometimes paralyzed the UN and its affiiliates as socieites at different stages have differentt goals that may conflict. 4. Cultural diversity continues to make it difficult for people to speak a common language. 5. In the end, though, international organizations represent the closest thing to a global system of governance that can help solve international problems.

What is Americanization?

1. New communications media have tied the world together and have promoted a global cultural integration whose hallmark is consumption. 2. Beginning in teh 18th century: Industrialization and teh sebsequent rise in per capita income gave birth to a type of society in which the consumption of goods and services satisfied wants and desires rather than needs or necessities. 3. Although the desire to consume is hardly new, the modern consumer culture means more than simply consumption. It has become a means of self expression and a source for personal identity. 4. The peculiar shape of this consumer culture resulted from two trends: a tendency towards homgenization of cultural products and heighttened awareness of local tastes and values. 5. The homogenization aspect is sometimes called Americanization or McDonaldization.

How did US policies jump start Japan's economic revival?

1. Note that globalization also benefitted economies of Asia. 2. After its defeat in 1945, US policies jumpstarted its economy. By 1949 Japanese economy ahd already attained its prewar level of productivity 3. just as Western countries benefited from the Marshall Plan Japan benefited from direct US financial aid, investment, and the timely abadonment of war reparations. 4. There were no restrictions on the entry of Japanese products into the US market either. The US in its role as Japan's military protector contributed to long-term economic growth as well. 5. Since Japan wasn't able to spend much of its GDP on defense (not more than 1 percent due to mutual defense treaty in 1952,) Japan's leaders channeled nationa's savings into economic development.

How does OPEC give another example of economic alliances?

1. OPEC was the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, a producer cartel established in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, KSA. and Venezuela later joined by Qatar, Libya, Indonesia, Abu Dhabi, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, and Gabon. 2. The mostly Arab and Muslim member states sought to raise the price of oil through cooperation but OPEC demonstrated during the Arab-Israeli War of 1973 that cooperation had political as well as economic potenital. 3. The cartel ordered an oil embargo on oil shipments to the US and 4x the price of oil between 1973-1975. The huge increase in cost of petroleum triggered a global economic downturn as did a curtailment of oil exports later in the 70s. 4. OPEC's policies therefore contributed to global recession that hurt many developing nations, but its members demonstrated how the alliance could exert control over the developed world and its financial system. 5. Their influence diminished in the 80s and 90s due to overproduction, and dissension among its members over Iran-Iraq war and the Gulf War.

What are the principal purposes of the UN? How successful has the UN been in achieving these goals?

1. One si to maintain international peace. Some say they have failed: Iran-Iraq war, civil war in Somalia, bloodshed in Afghanistan. 2. Another is to achieve international cooperation in solving international problems. Without media attention, the UN has had many successes in this. WHO declared worldwide eradication of smallpox as a result of its 13 year program. UN efforts resulted in a 50% decrease in both infant and child mortality between. THey also promoted female literacy to increase, especially in Africa where for the first time in 200 a majority of women were literate. They have also worked to provide safe water for over 1B people.

How have global corporations transformed the poltiical and social landscape of many societies?

1. Past 65 years: major corporations throughout the developed world have been operating under the contrains of a social ccompact with their employees and communities. 2. Through a combination of collective bargaining agreements, tax laws, and envrionemental regulations, tehse comapnies ahd to contrubute to the welfare of their respective hme communities. 3. Highly mobile global corporations that are no longer bound to any location have managed to escape these obligations. Competing with companies around the world, global corporations has moved jobs from high wage facilities to foreign locations where wages are low and environmental laws are weak or nonexistent.

How have pessimistic predicitions about the planet's carrying capacity been countered?

1. People have pointed out that the predictions of the Club of Rome have not been facts. The Club of Rome predicted that global reserves of oil, natural gas, silver, tin, uranium, aluminum, copper, lead, and zince were approaching exhaustion and that prices would rise. 2. In all cases but tin, reserves have actually grown since 1972. 8 years later the prices for virtually all minerals except zinc and manganese had dropped. 3. This has not diminished the dystopian confidence. The Club of Rome in another report aknowledged their innaccuracies but continued to be pessimistic about the future.

How has population control been highly politicized?

1. Political leaders in developing countries charged representatives of industrialized countries with racism when they raised concerns of overpopulation. 2. Industrialized nations were accused of trying to safeguard their huge consumption patterns of teh world's nonrenewables. 3. Some leaders like Mexico's Luis Echevverria promoted pronatalist measures to increase births. 4. The problems caused by rapid population growth eventually persuaded many governments to take action to control fertility. By that time, the old pervasive notion that a large population is a source of power had given way to the idea that the best way to promote health and well-being of a population is to control its growth.

Who is Osama bin Laden?

1. Recall everything on 9/11. The US government launched an investigation and identified Islamic militant Osama bin Laden as the mastermind behind the attacks. Officials also acucsed him of directing previous attacks on US interests in Afirca and Middle East. US President Bush decalred war on bin Laden and global terrorism itself. 2. bin Laden headed al-Qaeda (the base,) the core of a gobal terrorist network. He became a popular figure in teh US backed effort to aid mujahideen (Islamic warriors who fought USSR forces in Afghanistan. By the end of the Persian Gulf war he began to regard the US and its allies with hatred. The stationing of US troops on Saudi Arabia, the bombing of Iraq, and supporting Israel was like declaring war against God. So, he called on every Muslim to kill all Americans and their allies.

How have economic inequities affected the world stage?

1. Several hundred million people, especially in the developing world, struggle for sufficient food, clean water, etc. 2. Poverty is a lack of basic human needs, and its effect are wide-ranging. 3. Malnutrition has led to starvation and death. It also responsible for stunted growth, poor mental development, and high rates of infection.It can also lead to mental disorders, organ damage, and vision failure/ 4. The poor have been exposed disproportionally to bacteria and viruses and poverty has been correlated with higher infant mortality rates and lower life expectancies.

Another example of a woman demonstrating political power is Aung San Suu Kyi. How did she rise to power in Myanmar/Burma?

1. She derived her politicla authority from her fatherm Aung San, who was assassinated in 1947. 2. Assuming leadership of the democratic movement after her return from exile, she called for a nonviolent recolution against Myanmar's "fascist government." She was then placed under house arrest --> gateside meetings. She spoke to followers from behind the gates of her home. 3. In 1990 elections she won a landslide victory but was not allowed to come to power. She won a Nobel Prize that she couldnt physically accept due to the house arrest. 4. She was eventually released in 2010 and was elected to the Burme parliament in 2012.

How has disease become a problem on the world stage?

1. Since the Spanish Flue, medical experts, public health officials, and scientist scored major victories in their fight against diseases, eradicating smallpox, diphtheria, etc. 2. The UN called for the elimination of all infectious diseases by the year 200. This was unrealistic and in teh meantime, old diseases once though under control like malaria and tuberculosis rose again. Public officials have also identified HIV/AIDS which are lethal.

What efforts at gender equality have China attempted?

1. Some communist socieites transformed their legal system to ensure basic equality. Legally, the position of women most closely matched men in former communist countries like the USSR, Cuba, and China. 2. In 1950, communist leaders passed a marriage law that delcared a new democratic marriage system which is based on free choice of partners, on monogamy, on equal rights for both sexes, and on protection of the laqful interests of women and children. The law aboloshed patriarchal practices such as child bethrotal and upheld equal rights for men and women in work, property, and inheritance.

How have some socieities adapted to European and US tech?

1. TV has been used to promote state building around the world since most TV industries are state controlled. 2. In Zaire the first TV pciture residents saw was of Mobutu Sese Seko. He especially liked to materialize in segments that pictured him walking on clouds. 3. The revolution in electron communications has been rigidly controlled in some socieites where authorities limit access to foreign servers on the Internet. 4. Thus, they harness the pwoer of tech for their own purpose while avoiding cultural interference. 5. A report on Internet Censorship: Iiran and China scored highest levels of pervasive substantial interference.

How has technology brought the Age of Access?

1. Technological advances such as in shipbuilding procided the means to dissolve boundaries betwene localities and peoples and thus allowed cultural transmission to take place. 2. Today birtually instant electronic communications have dissolved time and space. 3. Our age is labeled as the Age of Access. Communication by radio, telephone, TV, fax machine, and networked computers has spawned a global village that has swept away the social economic, and political isolation of the past. 4. However, since it takes capital to pruchase equipment for this technology, as well as to train people to use it, many societies find it difficult to enter the global village virtually. The existing guld between the connected and unconnected has the potential therefore to become one border in a world without borders.

How has terrorism risen in the post WWII world?

1. Terrorism attained its greated impact in a world distinguished by rapid tech advances in transportation, communications, and weapons development. 2. Hightened media awareness, especially the ibiquity of world TV coverage, has exposed the deamnds of terrorists to millions, but also transformed the practice of terror. 3. Terror has punctuated teh era following WWII as individuals and groups attempt to destablizie or overthrow political systems within or outside teh borders of their countries. 4. It has figured prominently in anticolonial conflicts in Algeria, Vietnam, between national groups such as Israelis and Palestinians who struggle for land, and in clashes between religious sects such as Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland, and between revolutionary forces and established regimes in Indonesia, Iran, and Nicaragua.

What is one international aaction against terrorism. (hint: War against global terrorism.)

1. The US also took aim at those who providede sanctuary for terrorists. 2. The refusal of the Taliban to give up bin Laden prompted the US and its allies on 7th October 2001 to begin military operations against Taliban military positions and terrorist training camps. The US militaryr and its international allies generally limited their operations to intelligence missions and massive air strikes, fighting the war on ground through proxies like the Northern Alliance. 3. By November, US led bombardments permitted Northern Alliance troops to capture Kabul and other key Afghan cities. The US coalition hampered both the Taliban and al-Qaeda, but conflicts continued. The war against terrorism beyond Afghanistan also promised to be a long term struggle necessitating a great deal of international cooperation.

How is the export of US products not the only determinant of global cultural practices?

1. The contemporary consumer culture strersses minute idfferences between products and encourages consumers to make purchase decisions based on brand names designed to eboke paticular tastes, fashions, or lifestyle, and because of this it also fosters differentiation. 2. Global marketing often emphasizes the local or indegenous value of a product. True Australian products such as Drizabone wet weather gear and Foster's Lager have become commodities internationally due to being Australian.

What is the context for the falling of political barriers across the world and how they led to the rise of a global consumer culture?

1. The demise of European colonial empires, the fall of teh Berlin Wall, and the end of the Cold war brought down the most apparent barriers of the psot WWII world. 2. Long before then, though, cultural and technological developments had started a simila rprocess of breaching boundaries. By showcasing the consumer goods of capitalist societies and spreading news of each chapter in teh fall of communism, TB had hleped spur the revolutions that ended the cold war.

What are the causes of poverty? (Hint: Natural resources, Population demographics and environment, colonialism, economic globalization)

1. The division between rich and poor has been a defining characterist of all complex societies. 2. Although relative poverty levels within a society remains a concern, it is the division between rich and poor socieities that has attracted the attention of the international community. 3. A worldwide shortage of natural resources as well as teh uneven distribution of resources have figured as major causes of poverty and have divided nations.. 4. High population desnities and envrionmental degredation have caused the depletion of avaliable resources, leading to food shortages, water, and shelter leading to poverty. 5. Another cause: colonialism: Many former colonies are conflicted with poverty and have tried to raise income levels. Only a few such as South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia have accomplished this. 6. Economic globalization: This generated a lot of wealth for developed nations, creating an even deeper divide between rich and poor countries. 7. A report issued by the antipoverty charity Ofxam noted that in 2014 the still growing wealth gap among the world's peoples had reach such a point that the world's richest 85 people possessed the same amount of wealth as the wrold's poorest 3.55B

What were the Little Tiger economies?

1. The earlist and most successful imitators of the Japanese model: Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan. 2. Their rapid growth rates earned them the title of the four little tigers and by the 1980s these newly industrializing countries became major economic powers. 3. Like Japan, all 4 countries suffered from a shortage of capital, lacked natural resources, and had to cope with overpopulation. 4. Like Japan a generation earlier, though, they transformed these disadvanteages into advantages through export driven industrialization. 5. By the 90s they were no longer simply imitators of Japan but had become serious competitors. As soon as new Japanese products had hit the market, corporations based in the Little Tigers moved in and undercut the original item with cheaper versions. 6. Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia joined the original tigers.

How did Global Corporations rise in the global economy?

1. The emergence of a new breed of corporation played another role in teh development of the new economic order. 2. Global corporations have increasingly replaced more traditional international or multinational forms of corporate enterprises. International companies were born out of the desire to extend business activities across borders in pursuit of specific activities such as importation, exportation, and the extraction of raw materials. 3. International companies became multinationals which conducted their business in several countries but had to operate within the confines of a given society's laws. 4. During the past 25 years the transformation of the corporate landscape has resulted in teh birth of some 50K global corporations. In contrast to the multinational, the typical global corporation relies on a small HQ staff while dispersing all other corporate functions across the globe in search of lowest possible operating costs. 5. They treat the world as a single market and act is thhe nation state doesnt exist.

What estimates exist about the Planet's Carrying capacity? What warnings do these pose to the world?

1. The exact number is a matter of debate but by many measures the Earth seems to strain already to support the current population. 2. Scientists have become increasingly convinxed that human society cannot infinitely grow. 3. Beginning in 1967 a group of international economists and scientists dubbed the Club of Rome attempted to specifiy the limits of btoh economic and population growth in relation to the capacity of the planet to support humanity. 4. 1972: "The Limits to Growth": Because the world's physical resources are finite, the Club of Rome concluded any transfression of thsoe limits would be calamitious. 5. 20 years later, 1500 scientists including 99 Nobel lareates and representatives sined a document titled "Warning to Humanity." This report sounded a clear alarm.

How has Pan-American Culture been resisted?

1. The experiences in the Americas demonstrate that US patterns of cultural consumption have not simply dominated the globe without competition. 2. As she was dying, the Argentine political and cultural icon Eva Peron said that she will return in millions. It came true as many images of her continually appear around the world, especially in the Americas. 3. In Buenos Aires, city housing projects are named after, a new film about her life played in 1996 and her face appears on souvenir show's cast members sing Dont Cry for Me, Argentina as their grand finale. The song is from thte musical Evita by Sir Andrew LLoyd Webber and Tim Rice which was first erformed in London and became a hit on Broadway. 4. While Argentine performers sing Euro-American song, their Evita has become an icon in teh US and Europe, not only in the musical but also in the 1996 film Evita starring Madonna.

What problem about the climate has risen?

1. The loss of nonrenewables and population growth are not the only problems. 2. The growth of human population is at the root of many environmental problems. As people are born, pollution levels increase, habitats and species disappear, and more natural resources are consumed. 3. In recent decades, one issue has especially taken center stage: climate change. It refers to human induced clinate change known as global warming.

What is HIV and AIDS?

1. The most seriois epidemic threat comes from acquired AIDS. This disorder of the immune system if caused by HIV which slowly attack and destroys the immune system, leaving the infected person vulnerable to more diseases. 2. AIDS is the last stage of HIV. HIV is spread through sexual contact, contact with contaminated blood, and transmission from mother to child during pergnancy and after birth through breast feeding. 3. Factors contributing to the spread of AIDS include poverty, ignorance, the prohibitive cost of drugs, and sexual promiscuity.

What is BRICs?

1. The nations hit hard by the financial crisis recovered quickly. Their recovery was matched by other emerging economies often identified as BRICS as they include the fast growing economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China. 2. In the aftermath of the cold war, the governments composing BRICS initiated political and economic reforms that embraced capitalism and allowed their countries to join teh world economy. 3. To make these nations more competitve their leader emphasized education, domestic entrepeneurship, foreiign investment, and domestic consumption. 4. Predictions point ot China dn India becoming dominant global suppliers of manufactured goods and services with Brazila nd Russia becoming dominant suppliers of raw materials. China already figures as an economic titan.

What has happened to the population in the past 100 years? What caused this?

1. The past hundred years or so have been accompanied by large population increases. 2. Causes: Advances in agriculture, industry, science, medicine, and social organization. This resulted in a fivefold population increase over 300 years. 3. 500M in 1650 --> 2.5B in 1950. 4. After WWII the widespread use of vaccines, antibiotics, and insecticides along with improvements in water supplies and increased agricultural yields caused a dramatic decline in world death rates. 5. The rapid decline in mortality among people who also maintained high levels of fertility led to explosive population growth in many areas of Asia and Africa. 6. In soem developing nations, population growth now exceeds 3.1%, a rate that ensures the doubling of the population within 23 years. 7. 2013: 7.2B people live on Earth. The UN estimates that Earth's population will stabilize around 9.6B in 2050. In teh meantime, 8.1M people are being born each year, and unless fertility declines, the population will grow forever.

What is global warming?

1. The phenomen of increasing air temperature near the surface of the Earth over the past two centuries. 2. On the basis of detailed observations, scientists have concluded that the influence of human activities since the beginning of industrialization have altered the Earth's climate. 3. Scientists are convinced that most of the observed temperature inccreases are caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases which prevent solar heat from escaping from Earth's atmosphere. 4. An average rise of global temperature by more than 2 degrees celcius or 3.6 Farenheit would cause siignificant economic and ecological damage.

What is globalization?

1. There is general agreement that in economic context, it refers tot he reduction and removal of barriers between national borders to facilitate that flow of goods, capital, services, and labor. 2. Global economic interaction and intergration is not a new phenomenon. Ancient Rome and China controlled and economically integratiied vast regions of the ancient world. In more recent centuries, the nations of western Europe through their global outreach and encounters with far-flung socieites created worldwide empires in which goods and people moved with ease. 3. Globalization has been different and unprecendented in scope and speed and it has the potential to transform the social and political as well as the economic contours of the world.

What laws did the Taliban bring? How did the international community react to the Taliban?

1. They forced a strict form of Islam that barred women from education and the workplace. As all forms of European and American dress became taboo, women had to be completely veiled and men had to wear necties and grow full beards. 2. They also called for a ban on TV, movies, photographs, and most music. Some of this had little to do with pure Islam but a religious police, the Ministry of the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice, which enforced them with an extremely harsh code of justice. 3. The UN and most governments withheld recognition of the Taliban as Afghanistan's legit government. De jure recognition came instead to the opposition force, the Northern Alliance, composed of the country's smaller religious and ethnic groups, mainly Tajiks, Uzbeks, Hazaras. 4. The Norhtern Alliance became a crucial ally of the US in its mission to punish those responsible for 9/11

How did Japan's economy change from focusing on labor-intensive manufactured goods?

1. They initially focused on tehse goods, which included textiles, iron, and steel which were to be exported to markets with high labor costs especially the US. 2. During the 60s: Japanese companies used their profits to switch to more capital intensive manufacturing and produced radios, TVs, motorcycles, and automobiles. 3. In teh 70s Japanese corporations took advantage of a highly trained and educated workforce and shifted their economic resources toward technology intensive products such as random access memory chips and CD ROM drives. 4. "Made in Japan" now means quality. 5. Japan's economic achievement gave its banks, corporations, and government a more prominent voice in global affairs. 6. In 1980s it seemed that it was going to overtake the US as largest economy however it became clear in the 90s that hsi growth was niot sustainable. Japanese economy went to in a recession that has continued into the 21st century.

What is GATT and what was it's effects?

1. US politicians and busiiness eladers wanted to establish an international trading system that suited their interests, and they pushed for the elimiination of restrictive trading practices that stood in teh way of free trade. 2. Main vehicle for the promotion of unrestricted global trade: General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 3. It was signed by the representatives of 23 noncommunist nations in 1947. In 1994 GATT members signed an agreement to established the WTO which took over GATT in 1995. 4. The WTO has developed into a forum for settling international trade disputes with the power to enforce its decisions. The WTO has 153 nations, which account for 97% of all world trade.

What were the largest mass expilsion during the 20th century? What has external migration been past this? (Refugees)

1. WWII: Nazi regime initiated the largest mass expulsions of the 20th century: deporting 8M people to forced labor sites and extermination camps. 2. After this, the USSR explled 10M ethnic Germans from Eastern and Central Europe to Germany. 3. Largest migrations in 2nd half of 20th century: refugees. Partition in India led to an exchange of millions of Hindus and Muslims to India or Pakistan. 4. UN: 45M+ arehave been displaced by 2013 as a result of conflict. 15M+ were refugees who fled their home countries. Another 30M were people who remained displaced by conflict within their homelands.

What have been the causes of migration since industrialization?

1. With industrialization, population experts sorted two types of migration: internal and external/international migration. 2. Internal migration: rural to urban movement. 3. External: long distances, across international borders. 4. Both result from push and pull factors. Push: Lack of resources, land, food, population pressure, persecution, discrimination. Pull: Better health care, education, arable land avaliable.

How did the status of women begin to change after WWII? How has feminism been like across the world in general?

1. Women after WWII gained more economic, political, social, and sexual rights in highly industrialized states than in developing nations. Nowhere were they fully equal to men. 2. Still, their attainment for basic rights has been slow. Agitation for gender equality is linked to women's acces to employment. Industrialized nations have the largest percentage of working women with 40-50%. In Islamic society, it is only 10% or less. In all countries, they are usually low paying jobs designated as female. 3. 40% of all farmers are women, many at the subsistence level. Rural African women do most of the continents subsitence farming and produce more than 70% of Africa's food. No matter what the job is, women continue to earn less than men and are kept out of high paying careers.

What is a significant consequence of global interconnectedness?

1.. Mass media has become a vehicle for cultural imperialism as most electronic media and the messages they carry emanate froom advanced societies 2. This has led to the dominance of English as the primary language of the globe.