Unit 9 PK Terms + SAQ

Hindutva

A Hindu nationalist movement that became politically important in India in the 1980s; advocated a distinct Hindu identity and decried government efforts to accommodate other faith communities, particularly Islamic.

Muslim Brotherhood

A Sunni Islamist religious, political, and social movement that was considered the largest, best-organized political force in Egypt, with adherents estimated to number between 2 and 2.5 million.

Consumerism

A culture of leisure and consumption that developed during the past century or so in tandem with global economic growth and an enlarged middle class; emerged first in the Western world and later elsewhere.

Women's Department

A distinctive organization, known as Zhenotdel, within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union that worked to promote equality for women in the 1920s with conferences, publications, and education.

Second-Wave Environmentalism

A movement that began in the 1960s and triggered environmental movements in Europe and North America. It was characterized by widespread grassroots involvement focused on issues such as pollution, resource depletion, protection of wildlife habitats, and nuclear power.

HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

A pathogen that spreads primarily through sexual contact, contaminated blood products, or the sharing of needles; after sparking a global pandemic in the 1980s, it spread rapidly across the globe and caused tens of millions of deaths.

September 11, 2001

A series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Wahhabi terrorist group Al-Qaeda against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.

World Health Organization

A specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution, which establishes the agency's governing structure and principles, states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health".

Holocene Era

A warmer and often a wetter period that began approximately 12,000 years ago following the end of the last ice age. These environmental conditions were uniquely favorable for human thriving and enabled the development of agriculture, significant population growth, and the creation of complex civilizations.

Automobile

A wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation.

What changes in patterns of international migration took shape during the past century?

Africa and Latin America began to produce more migrants, and Europe became a major destination. More women began to migrate. Many persecuted groups migrated to other nations.

Informal Economy

Also known as the "shadow" economy; refers to unofficial, unregulated, and untaxed economic activity.

Silent Spring

An environmental science book by Rachel Carson. The book was published on September 27, 1962, documenting the adverse environmental effects caused by the indiscriminate use of pesticides.

Population Explosion

An extraordinarily rapid growth in human population during the twentieth century that quadrupled human numbers in little more than a century. Experienced primarily in the Global South.

Green Belt Movement

An indigenous, grassroots, non-governmental organization based in Nairobi, Kenya that takes a holistic approach to a development by focusing on environmental conservation, community development and capacity building.

Electric Grids

An interconnected network for delivering electricity from producers to consumers.

Paris Climate Agreement

An international agreement negotiated in 2015 among some 195 countries, 700 cities, and many companies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions sufficiently to avoid a 2C increase in global temperatures. The United States withdrew from the agreement in 2017.

World Trade Organization

An international body representing 149 nations and charged with negotiating the rules for global commerce and promoting free trade; its meetings have been the site of major anti-globalization protests since 1999.

World Bank

An international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.

Export Processing Zone

Areas where international companies can operate with tax and other benefits, offered as an incentive to attract manufacturers.

Compare the modernization movements of Iran and Turkey.

Both Turkey and Iran featured state-sponsored feminism in their modernization movements. However, Iran took away many of the liberties it had previously granted women with its Islamic revolution.

One-Child Family Policy

Chinese policy of population control that lasted from 1980 to 2014; used financial incentives and penalties to promote birth control, sterilization, and abortions in an effort to limit most families to a single child.

What global social changes have accompanied economic globalization?

Economic globalization led to a vast expansion of the middle class. However, recently the size and living standards of the middle class have been receding, and the richest 1 percent gained even more power.

Nuclear Weapons

Explosive devices that derive their destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or from a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb).

How was feminism different in the Global South than it was in the Global North?

Feminism in the Global South emphasized providing support for one another, community projects, buying land/businesses, etc. Feminism in the Global North however, emphasized on education, employment, and reproductive rights.

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)

Free trade agreement between the United States, Mexico, and Canada, established in 1984.

Chlorofluorocarbons

Fully or partly halogenated paraffin hydrocarbons that contain only carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine, produced as volatile derivative of methane, ethane, and propane. They damage the ozone layer, meaning that the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays reach the Earth's surface more easily.

Transnational Corporations

Global businesses that produce goods or deliver services simultaneously in many countries; growing in number since the 1960s, some have more assets and power than many countries.

What impact has the Anthropocene era had on the environment?

Humans began using a large amount of the world's land area for agriculture. This lead to widespread deforestation and the depletion of grasslands and swamps. Human activities have lead to the extinction or near-extinction of several plants and animals. Industry has produced large amounts of pollution and depleted natural resources.

Service Sector

Industries like government, medicine, education, finance, and communication that have grown due to increasing consumerism, population, and communication technologies.

Green Revolution

Innovations in agriculture during the twentieth century, such as mechanical harvesters, chemical fertilizers, and the development of high-yielding crops, that enabled global food production to keep up with, and even exceed, growing human numbers.

What specific factors allowed the human population to grow rapidly over the last century?

Medical technology and public health programs lowered global death rates. Agricultural technology allowed food production to keep up with the population growth.

Feminism in the Global South

Mobilization of women across Asia, Africa, and Latin America; distinct from Western feminism because of its focus on issues such as colonialism, racism, and poverty, rather than those exclusively related to gender.

Communication Revolution

Modern transformation of communication technology, from the nineteenth-century telegraph to the present-day smart phone.

Islamic Radicalism

Movements that promote strict adherence to the Quran and the sharia, often in opposition to key elements of Western culture. Particularly prominent since the 1970s, such movements often present themselves as returning to an earlier expression of Islam. Examples include the Iranian revolution, Taliban, al-Qaeda, and Islamic State.

Bretton-Woods System

Name for the agreements and institutions (including the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund) set up in 1944 to regulate commercial and financial dealings among the major capitalist countries.

Asian Tigers

Nickname for the East Asian countries of South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong, which experienced remarkable export-driven economic growth in the late twentieth century.

Religious Fundamentalism

Occurring within all the major world religions, fundamentalism is a self-proclaimed return to the alleged "fundamentals" of a religion and is marked by a militant piety, exclusivism, and a sense of threat from the modern secular world.

What was new about energy production in the twentieth century?

Oil became the dominant source of energy, and coal became used more often. Natural gas became more popular, and nuclear, wind, hydroelectric, and solar energy began being used. Electricity became more widely available.

BJP Party (Bharatiya Janata Party)

One of two major political parties in India, along with the Indian National Congress. It is the current ruling political party of the Republic of India, having been so since 2014.

Cellular Phones

Portable telephones that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area.

What impact has modern communication technology had on the world of the past century?

Radio allows governments to reach almost every citizen of a state at once. It also gives people access to more information in countries that attempt to control the media. Computers connect people around the world and have created new industries, forms of commerce, and fields of study.

What do the various "fundamentalist" movements from around the world have in common?

Religious fundamentalism is a collection of infallible beliefs or principles that provide guidance regarding how to obtain salvation. Religious fundamentalists believe in the superiority of their religious teachings, and in a strict division between righteous people and evildoers. This belief system regulates religious thoughts, but also all conceptions regarding the self, others, and the world. It is a "meta-belief" - a worldview that provides an absolute foundation for determining what to do in various particular situations and for how to live in general. Therefore, it helps provide a sense of coherence and control, and it helps to reduce ambiguity about the world.

How did the increase in technological infrastructure lead to globalization in the twenty-first century?

Technology has assisted in overcoming the major hurdles of globalization and international trade, such as trade barriers, lack of common ethical standards, transportation costs, and delays in information exchange, thus helping a lot in the creation and growth of the global market.

What criticisms of economic globalization have emerged, and from what sources do they derive?

The Global South felt that they were taken advantage of by the rich nations of the Global North. A growing popular movement from across the world feel that globalization has lowered labor standards, harmed the environment, and increased global inequality. In Mexico, peasants blamed globalization for the privatizing of communally owned land.

Bollywood

The Indian Hindi-language film industry based in Mumbai (formerly Bombay).

What were the long-term causes of the opening up of the Chinese economy?

The collapse of communism, combined with the popularity of neoliberalism in international trade, led to the opening up of the Chinese economy. Capitalist countries sought cheap labor and low taxes in foreign nations.

In what different ways was environmentalism expressed throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries?

The contemporary environmental movement arose primarily from concerns in the late 19th century about the protection of the countryside in Europe and the wilderness in the United States and the health consequences of pollution during the Industrial Revolution. In opposition to the dominant political philosophy of the time, most early environmentalists believed that government rather than the market should be charged with protecting the environment and ensuring the conservation of resources. Environmental organizations established from the late 19th to the mid-20th century were primarily middle-class lobbying groups concerned with nature conservation, wildlife protection, and the pollution that arose from industrial development and urbanization.

What conflicts have emerged because of cultural globalization?

The core values of western societies, especially, as embodied in a culture that places its primary concern on the rights of the individual are in conflict with the core values of many developing countries like South Africa. Many cultures in developing countries are based on a concept of protecting the livelihood of ethnic, racial, religious groups, or those who share a common language, not individuals. This conflict can be noted in different concepts of epistemology, morality, and social values.

Economic Globalization

The deepening economic entanglement of the world's peoples, especially since 1950; accompanied by the spread of industrialization in the Global South and extraordinary economic growth following World War II; the process has also generated various forms of inequality and resistance as well as increasing living standards for many.

Global Urbanization

The explosive growth of cities after 1900, caused by the reduced need for rural labor and more opportunities for employment in manufacturing, commerce, government, and the service industry.

Cultural Globalization

The global spread of elements of popular culture such as film, language, and music from various places of origin, especially the spread of Western cultural forms to the rest of the world; has come to symbolize modernity, inclusion in global culture, and liberation or rebellion. It has prompted pushback from those who feel that established cultural traditions have been threatened.

Labor Migration

The movement of people, often illegally, into another country to escape poverty or violence and to seek opportunities for work that are less available in their own countries.

What is the relationship between human population growth and human migration during the past century?

The rate of population growth is the rate of natural increase combined with the effects of migration. Thus a high rate of natural increase can be offset by a large net out-migration, and a low rate of natural increase can be countered by a high level of net in-migration.

Radio

The technology of signaling and communicating using radio waves.

Climate Change

The warming of the planet largely caused by higher concentrations of "greenhouse gases," generated by the burning of fossil fuels. It has become the most pressing environmental issue of the early twenty-first century.

Influenza Pandemic

The worst pandemic in human history, caused by three waves of influenza that swept across the globe in 1918 and 1919, carried by demobilized soldiers, refugees, and other dislocated people returning home from World War I; between 50 million and 100 million people died in the pandemic.

Explain how transportation methods impacted the environment.

Transportation is a major user of energy, and burns most of the world's petroleum. This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide.

Age of Fossil Fuels

Twentieth-century shift in energy production with increased use of coal and oil, resulting in the widespread availability of electricity and the internal combustion engine; a major source of the greenhouse gases that drive climate change.

What impact did urbanization in the past century have on the environment?

Urbanization resulted in large concentrations of people that polluted the environment. However, public transportation and energy-efficient buildings help to reduce electricity consumption and carbon emissions.

Megacities

Very large urban centers with populations of over 10 million; by 2017, there were thirty-seven such cities on five continents.

What elements of popular culture have spread globally during the past century?

Western film, TV, sports, fashion, and music spread globally. English became widely used around the world, and fast food chains expanded globally. Foods from cultures outside the west also spread globally. Indian yoga and Bollywood films became enjoyed around the world.

What were the causes of global feminism?

When women's suffrage became widespread post-WWII, feminism expanded globally with a focus on reproductive rights, employment, and education. Global feminism was spurred by women's increased participation in the work force. Feminism saw global attention when it gained UN support in the International Women's Year and Decade of Women. It established a convention to address discrimination against women.

Explain why an economic crisis in Spain or Sierra Leone can affect multiple nations.

Whether in the private sector or government, a debt crisis in one country can and frequently does spread economic pain to other countries. This can happen through a tightening of financial conditions such as a spike in interest rates, a slowdown in trade and economic growth, or merely a steep decline in confidence. This is especially true if the country in crisis is large and intricately linked to the global economy.

Second-Wave Feminism

Women's rights movement that revived in the 1960s with a different agenda from earlier women's suffrage movements; second-wave feminists demanded equal rights for women in employment and education, women's right to control their own bodies, and the end of patriarchal domination.