Unit 9

Election of 1928

-Herbert Hoover (Repub.) vs. Alfred E. Smith (Demo.) -Smith was a Catholic and from NY but people from South still voted for him because he was a democrat -Hoover won

Documentary Impulse

-Hire documentors, people interviewed former slaves -Dorthea Lang: Documented migrant workers; people who have nothing are still smiling because they are going to get though it

Depression Era Literature

"Grapes of Wrath" to "Superman"

Red Scare

"Palmer Raids" - intended to investigate, arrest, and try people who were starting unrest -- especially communist sympithizers

Stock Market Collapse

-People didn't think much of the lowering stock, just thought it was a normal business cycle -People started getting out of stocks and selling them because there was a total loss of confidence in the market -Tuesday, Oct. 29: Stock Market crash -Black Tuesday: Catalyst of depression, but it wasn't its only cause

Swing Era: Dance Troubles Away

-People got money in dance marathons

Depression-Era Culture

-People interested in things that made them feel safer -Coping mechanism 1. Hollywood 2. Golden Age of Radio 3. Documentary Impulse 4. "Swing Era"

Ideology: Propoganda

-Have to make people keep supporting the war -Buy liberty bonds -Fear enemy (Germany, swastika is murky) -Women should work -Free speech doesn't mean careless talk -- helps to stop the issue of spies

Economic Growth

-People investing money in business, stock prices rising and more investments (Bull Market) -Factories were producing more -Wages rising -People buying

Global Event

-Hawley-Smoot Tariff: tax on all imports and encouraged Americans to buy American; however, foreign countries got mad and retaliated by closing foreign markets -Europe was still recovering from World War I and USA ended loans to Euro. countries (especially Germany) causing Germany's economy to crash -Entire economy of Western world was in Depression

Unresolved Issues

-"What happens to a dream deferred?" Following feel alienated about what it going on: 1. Women 2. African Americans 3. Intellectuals

Spanish Flu Epidemic

-1918 -Johanna Meyer Heller: died from working in hospital with soldiers -Upper respiratory flu -March 1918: soldiers at Fort Reilly, KA -Happened in 3 waves -Most victims: young adults -Gone by the next year -600,000 Americans and 30 million worldwide died -Think we have technology but we don't -Shift of Progressiveism (we can fix it) to we have no control, we must roll with the punches

18th Amendment

-1919 -Prohibition

Hoover's Response Fails

-He believed it was just a normal business cycle -- "if it ain't broke, don't fix it" -Volunteerism/charity: willingly give money to charities and help the homeless -"Localism": neighbors need to help neighbors -Worst thing to do is bail out individuals, give no relief to individuals

Snow White and 7 Dwarfs

-1st full length cartoon -Each frame painted separately -Escapism -Shows people getting through anything

Advertising Modernity

-Advertisements were sexual -Listerine - no one wants to kiss you if you have bad breath

Harlem Renaissance

-African Americans coming together and converging to express themselves and question -Whites and Blacks went for entertainment and cultural music of jazz; popularize phonograph -Langston Hughes

Roosevelt's Nobel Prize

-After the Russo-Jap War, Roosevelt volunteered to negotiate after the war was complete -TR was bias and felt that Russia should have won so he wrote the treaty in favor of the Russians -TR won the Nobel Prize for negotiating so "greatly"

Women and Politics

-Alice Paul -National Women's Party - Alice Paul and Lucy Burns founded the organization originally under the name the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage in 1913; by 1916, the name had been changed to the National Women's Party. It split from the National American Woman Suffrage Association, which focused on lobbying individual states. -Equal Rights Amendment - a proposed amendment to the US Constitution stating that civil rights may not be denied on the basis of one's sex. -- taken out in 1980s

World at War

-Allies got Soviets to halt Nazi's at Stalingrad -Casablanca Conference (Jan. 1943): Break German's will and ability to produce stuff -Unconditional surrender -Successful in breaking German production -Daylight bombings as seen in Memphis Belle -Tehran Conference: decided to have Soviets push Germany and American's would invade France and force Germany to fight on two fronts -D-Day (June 6 1944) - land invasion on the ground

Pearl Harbor

-America put an embargo on goods and Japan retaliated -America knew they were going to attack somewhere -People though they were going to attack somewhere closer to Japan -People thought it was a complete surprise, no more isolationism -No problem in getting people excited for the war or getting a declaration for the war

Wilson Plead to Congress

-April 1917 -"We must make the world safe for democracy" -This war was actually about greed, not democracy but Wilson knew he had to "sell it" -Ironic: Germany was a constitutional monarchy

Bank Collapse

-Banks had too many loans and not maintaining enough reserve cash for customers -People ran to get money out of bank

Return to Presidential Activism

-Believed president job to get things done -Hoover: believed in state and local government and charities -FDR: federal action -FDR wanted "Brain Trust" = knowledgeable advice from professionals

Phonograph and Recording Industry

-Bessie Smith=became famous off of STL Blues -STL's hockey team got the name from that and they had to get it approved -Before recording music you had to sing or play an instrument, nowadays people do neither

Sports and Celebrity

-Black Sox Scandal = Black Sox threw the 1919 World Series because of gangster gambling, people say "it's been rigged!" even to this day -Pete Rose could have been in the Hall of Fame but got into gambling -Babe Ruth was always happy and friendly -Sportsman's Park, STL, 1926 World Series

Truman: April - June 1945

-Born in MO -Poor background and not well educated -Not a subtle man -Married his childhood sweetheart -Mizzou mascot is named Truman -Not the best politician Agenda: -No concessions to USSR; didn't want to cooperate with Stalin because he was crazy -Wanted USA to lead rebuilding after war without USSR and Britain -USA ready to attack Japan; "unconditional surrender" --> island hopping - land on beach and attack on land; however, didn't work and the cost was one million Americans and several million Japanese, didn't happen like D-Day

Ford Pioneers Mass Production

-Cars were invented in Germany and very expensive so many people didn't even hope to own it -Ford found that mass production, standardize parts, and less variations made it cheaper -Model T -Workers great conditions "5 dollar day, 40 hour week" -great pay and work hours -Picked Detroit as center -Most important invention on 1920s

Isolationism

-Charles Lindberg's child was abducted - first time a celebrity something scandalous happened to them

Movie Stars and Celebrity: New Morality

-Clara Bu: The "it" girl and vibrates having a good time and influencing and empowering women -Flapper: no curves, shaped like your brother, want to be flat chested -Designer came up with bra when people said "heck with it!" for being flat-chested -Women admired look and attitude

Allies Reject Wilson's Ideas

-Compromise: Treaty of Versailles (treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans) -Punish Germany: Reparations, give up colonies, and disarm -World Peace: League of Nations

Challenges to New Deal(s) Supreme Court

-Courts conservative while courts were liberal -FDR's solution was to add judges to help tip the balance -People didn't like this because they thought it was a dictatorship action

Consumer Debt (1920-1931)

-Debt rising dramatically

Frankenstein

-Defined idea of old stories -Escapism -Realism (People feared what science could do)

Roosevelt Corollary

-Definition: Roosevelt Corollary. a corollary (1904) to the Monroe Doctrine, asserting that the U.S. might intervene in the affairs of an American republic threatened with seizure or intervention by a European country -People in the Caribbean still felt independent, TR said we will intervene in the Latin American strike when we felt we needed too -This is still in place to this day -This worked in our best interest

Dust Bowl

-Dug out top soil and drought made wind pick up waves of dust -"black blizzards" -Made people lose farms and people left farms to become migrant workers -- Okies from CA

Wizard of Oz

-Escapism (get away from harsh outside world) -hope for common man -1st colored movie ever

USA Rejects Treaty of Versailles

-Henry Cabot Lodge rejected -"Irreconcilables": Article 10: "mutual defense" was unconstitutional -"Reservationists": wanted changes including collective security -Wilson refused compromise and USA didn't join League

First Hundred Days

-FDR knew he had to prove himself 1. Restoring Fair in Banks -Emergency Banking Act -Bank "holiday" 2. Fireside Chats (30) 3. 15 major new laws 4. Repeal Prohibition: 21st Amendment (1933) - suppose to regulate criminal activity and put people back into jobs. Sadly, too late to change

No "Safety Nets"

-Factories laid of workers, couldn't pay for other things, and those businesses began going under -People began hording money, cause not enough money to be in circulation to keep the economy going -Republicans had a laissez faire policies and didn't intervene because they thought everything would work out

Background on Teddy Roosevelt

-Family had "one money" -Roosevelt was a sickly child, his father helped him overcome a lot of his illness -He loved the outdoors -TR's first wife died and left him with one child -TR's second wife had many children -He loves his children and loved playing with them -Many pets -One of his children brought his sibling a pony to his room when he was sick -Very robust (talked loud, lots of energy,always up and moving -Loved to hunt -1st president to be on an airplane -One of his sons died in WWI and one of his sons was an officer on D-Day -TR didn't drink alcohol, only coffee -- and lots of it (gallon/day)

Movie-Made America

-Famous for her portrayal in Sheik, Clara Bu was important in the way she affected people. Bu was very expressive, wore a short skirt, wore makeup, had short hair, and was quite sexually explicit -- Call "it" girl aka sex girl -Valentino was a heart throb and people were madly in love with him -Hollywood became "movie-center" because it was sunny all the time -Studio controlled actor and distribution of movies -Movies influenced many people -People loved celebrities and gossip columns -Controversy over censorship -Jazz Singer was important because it was the 1st talking movie

Enforcing Loyalty

-Fear of foreigners, especially Germans and communists -- worldwide revolution -Repression of Civil Liberties: 1.) American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) - an organization founded in 1920 to defend the civil rights of all U.S. citizens. This was lawyers defending people in trouble for speaking mind.

Golden Age of Radio: Staying Connected

-Fireside chats -"War of the Worlds" (1939): H. G. Wells on Halloween. People thought this was actually going on. This incident shows the power of radio and how people believed and trusted the radio

Economics: "Prosperity"

-Ford Advertisement: women driving in winter scene for "cancel distance and conquer weather"; drove children around to have fun; car gives you an opportunity to do what you want and be happy. Cars are easy to operate by a woman. -How to afford it? -- Use credit on electricity items (refrigerator, toaster, vacuum, washing machine, fan and radio)

Peace Without Victory

-Fourteen Points: The "Fourteen Points" was a statement given on the 8th of January, 1918 by United States President Woodrow Wilson declaring that World War I was being fought for a moral cause and calling for postwar peace in Europe. -Self-Determination: the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government -League of Nations: an international organization to promote world peace and cooperation that was created by the Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Public Enemy

-Gangster and organized crime -black and white film, nighttime and rainy -Man deserved to die because he was bad

Ideology: Selling War

-George Creel: George Creel was an investigative journalist, a politician, and, most famously, the head of the United States Committee on Public Information, a propaganda organization created by President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. -Had to make propaganda campaign so people wanted to participate in WWI -Examples: "Together We Win", "Destroy Mass Brute" "Enlist" and "Little Americans do Your Bit"

"Trickle Down Economy"

-Hoover said give loans to businesses in order to make business up and running again -Federal money to banks, large businesses -Reconstruction Finance Corporation: The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) was an independent agency of the United States government, established and chartered by the US Congress in 1932, Act of January 22, 1932, c. 8, 47 Stat. 5, during the administration of President Herbert Hoover. -Only works if banks and businesses loan money and hire more workers -Didn't work because of hording money -Hoover Dam - allowed for people to go back to work

Frank Capra

-Hope for common man -Famous for "Its a Wonderful Life"

New Workers

-Inclusion of new workers -Rosie the Riveter: women can get things done -Propaganda 1. women only for the duration; don't have to worry about babysitting for children forever 2. simple, like housework - you don't have to be super smart (Ex. if you can sew curtain you can sew a parachute -- gave women lots of self confidence *Rules in which you had to wear a bra to work

War Ends in Europe

-Invasion plan succeeds -Russia on East Front and Br. and Amer. were Western front -VE-Day (May 8 1945): unconditional surrender because of Hitlers suicide

Sacco & Vanzetti

-Italian immigrants who were anarchists and didn't speak English. When a burglary of a shoe store happened they were arrested because they were Italian and not well represented. Both were convicted and executed.

Popular Culture and "Good War"

-Japan propaganda is much more direct and violent -Gee I wish I was a man and could join the navy -Women doing a man's job -Last war in which Americans believe we are the good guys and have a moral obligation to do the right thing

Radio Broadcasting

-KDKA -Radio was small and while not portable, you could put it anywhere -Its the was the "must-have item" -Radio gave information -Broadcasting baseball: announcers had to make things up with much imagination and constantly had to talk while waiting for the next bit of news, no silence -Radio plays offered amusement -Sold advertising to pay for radio broadcasting -- laundry soap -Specific programming designed to different groups of people -- Soap operas -Radio was important in the depression - people didn't want to give it up because it provided a feeling of safety, so important it was a question on the census -There was no calling into radio broadcasting

A Shared Experience: Mass Culture

-Learned all of this from new sense of mass culture 1. Media 2. Advertising 3. Cult of celebrity: a new morality

Gone with the Wind

-Margaret Michell wrote novel and became huge bestseller -Realism is strained -Person surviving and giving people hope

Economic Conversion

-Most reason America won war - America had ability to "outproduce the enemy" (large industrial base, many natural resources, and large population of able/excited workers)

Top Hat

-Musicals -Pure fluff -Escapism - forget troubles -Fred and Ginger Estare

Restricting Immigration

-Nativism and Red Scare -Efforts to stop eastern and central Europe from coming; problem when with Nazi takeover: 1. Immigration Act of 1921 2.National Origins Act of 1924 -- excluded Asians especially

Roosevelt's Recession

-Not really working... -True economic boom of total recovery happened during WWII

World War I comes to an end

-November 11, 1918 -Location: Railroad car in Compiegne, France

American's Protest Hoover's Failures

-People of USA never lost faith in the System of Capitalism (neither communists nor fascists gained any political power in the USA) -People left the USA (many to Soviet Union) more than people came into the USA -Most people knew something had to be done (Ex. Bonus Army)

Long Term Effects of Depression

-People scared it was gonna happen again; people became frugal and hoarders and no buying on credit only cash -USA became a Welfare State - rely on government for intervention and help

Religious Fundamentalism

-People take Bible literally; no interpretation or wiggle room -Consequence: people started to "lay their religion on others" because they felt that their religion was always right -Scopes Trial: Scopes wanted to question parents and TN law by teaching evolution. He was trying to create a test case and wanted to the TN Supreme Court to get involved and look at the legality of the law. Darrow was the defense of the Scopes and Bryan was the prosecutor. Jury ruled Scopes broke the law and people came to watch. Trial was exciting because it had never been challenged and created conflict. Fears of what scientific knowledge and technology could bring

"New" KKK

-People were sympathetic to clan, make uncomfortable for people to fit into American culture

President Hoover

-President who overlaps into Depression

Hidden Problems

-Prosperity of Bull Market hides troubles -Stocks were rising and businesses growing -Too low of prices for farm products and farmers were producing too much -Unequal distribution of wealth: rich getting really rich and workers were just getting less poor -Consumers buying less while production remained high (Things were bought only as a 1 time thing) -Easy credit...Too much debt... -No laws governing banking or stock market

Election of 1920: "Return to Normalcy"

-Republican Warren G. Harding -Isolationism: a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, esp. the political affairs of other countries***

Roosevelt Remembered #1: Trustbusting

-Roosevelt broke up monopolies -Example: 1902 Philadelphia Coal Miners Strike

Panama Canal

-Roosevelt knew the importance of the Navy and wanted to have a "2 Ocean" navy (the ability to cut through the continent) -Problems Encountered: Rainforest, sand, very mountainous -Achieving Panama: TR convinced the USA that we indeed needed it. TR asked Columbia for Panama however they denied us. The USA than encouraged a revolution in Panama and was successful in becoming a new independent nation. Columbia than rewarded the USA by giving us Panama. -1914: Panama Canal opened -Tended to be used for access of our navy -1970s: The USA decided that we no longer needed the Canal anymore

Muzzling Dissent

-Sedition Act: no critical talk of government -"Schenck v. USA": wrote article condemning war and was arrested. Case went to Supreme Court and Oliver Wendell Holmes stated there are limits to free speech; coined phrase "Don't say things if it may harm common good" -FBI (Federal Bureau Investigation): dealt with national or more than 1 state -Laws intended to control dissent

Second Hundred Days

-Social and political reform, not just economic 1. Social Security Act of 1935 -Need to have money when you can't work anymore -pensions for elderly -unemployment insurance -Lots of controversy -Didn't work for some people (especially domestic work) or if a divorced wife -Created idea governments job to take care of us 2. Wagner Act -Collective bargaining -Reform in order to make people's lives better -- social -Fair Labor Standards Act (Minimum wage, max hours, prohibits child labor)

Opposition leads to Second New Deal

-Some people felt he was going too far, others thought he should reform social and political too, not just economy -Huey Long: he felt we should share wealth and take money away from rich and give to the poor. "Wealth for all". FDR said he was the most dangerous man in the world. In the end, he was assassinated by his son-in-law -Father Coughlin: Radio preacher and big person to support prayer and rosary to convert Russia. "Family who prays together, stays together". He believed Jewish conspiracy that they were trying to take over the world by getting all the money. He was very successful in getting anti-antisemitism message around -Francis Townsend: Concerned with elderly. He argued that there should be intervention for the elderly and the handicap.

Politics: Stagnition - "Return to Normalcy"

-Switch from activist/expansion president to step back to isolationist president; leave it alone -Presidents: Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover -Expansionist and activist (TR, Taft, Wilson) to laissez-faire government and isolationism

Taft & Roosevelt: Creation of the Bull Moose Party

-Taft hated the president and he didn't follow through with Roosevelt's plan -In the 1912 Election there was a split Republican Party -Roosevelt created the Bull Moose Party -Woodrow Wilson (a Democrat) was elected president instead of either

Presidents of National Progressivism

-Teddy Roosevelt -Woodrow Wilson -William Howard Taft

Selective Service Act

-The Selective Service Act or Selective Draft Act (Pub.L. 65-12, 40 Stat. 76, enacted May 18, 1917) authorized the federal government to raise a national army for the American entry into World War I through conscription. -Usage of draft card and some people volunteered

Roosevelt's "Big Stick Diplomacy"

-This mean't we must talk nice, but always have a big military to back us up. -"Talk soft, but carry a big stick"

Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945)

-USA handed over E. Europe, especially Poland to Soviets, gave Stalin the power over Poland -In exchange: Stalin agreed to declare war on Japan 3 months later on August 8

Franklin D. Roosevelt

-Wealthy family -Healthy child -Mother loved him and he had everything -Studied law -Mother found him a wife, homely woman who would never cheat on him -Arranged to marry Eleanor; had a happy relationship with wife and kids Press didn't report: 1. His affair with Eleanor's press secretary 2. Polio during 1920's and he overcame the disabilities -Demo. party chose him to run against Hoover -"Yellow Dog Against Hoover" = no matter who ran they would beat Hoover, people also voted for Demo. Congress -Exuded optimistic spirit

American Troops Join the Fight

-When the United States entered, Germany was basically done -American Expeditionary Force - The American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) were the United States Armed Forces sent to Europe in World War I. During the United States campaigns in World War I the AEF fought in France alongside French and British allied forces in the last year of the war, against Imperial German forces.

19th Amendment

-Women's Suffrage

Hoover Background

-smart -started his own company -dedicated his life to public service

Relief for Unemployed

1. Civilian Conservaition Corps (CCC) was a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men from relief families, ages 18-25 as part of Roosevelt's New Deal. -Planted Trees -When joined you got a place to live, a paycheck, and a portion of paycheck went to family 2. The Public Works Administration (PWA) was a New Deal agency in the United States headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes. It was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933 in response to the Great Depression. -Rehabed hospitals -Ex. paved River Des Peres

Disney Cartoons

1. Der Fuehrer's Face 2. Education for Death

Causes of Depression

1. Hidden Problems 2. Stock Market Collapse 3. Banking System Collapse 4. No "safety nets" 5. Goes global

First New Deals

1. Relief for unemployed - succeeded 2. Recovery for Private Businesses - failed until after WWII 3. Reform of Flaws of System that cause Depression - succeeded

Programs to Promote Recovery

1. The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) was a United States federal law of the New Deal era which reduced agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies not to plant on part of their land and to kill off excess livestock. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus and therefore effectively raise the value of crops. -Paid farmers to grow less and eliminate surplus

Reforms for Long Term

1. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is a United States government corporation operating as an independent agency created by the Banking Act of 1933. -Insured savings accounts and intended to make people have faith in banks again 2. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is a federally owned corporation in the United States created by congressional charter in May 1933 to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression. -In conclusion: created a couple of lakes, provided industry for unemployment and electricity -Big deal because people got nervous the government was in charge of utilities, like socialism or communism 3. The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was the primary New Deal agency established by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in 1933. The goal was to eliminate "cut-throat competition" by bringing industry, labor and government together to create codes of "fair practices" and set prices. -Set minimum wages

Roosevelt Remembered #3: Regulating Food and Drug Industries

1.) Meat Inspection Act:The Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906 (FMIA) is a United States Congress Act that works to prevent adulterated or misbranded meat and meat products from being sold as food and to ensure that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions. 2.) Pure Food and Drug Act:For the band, see Pure Food and Drug Act (band). Not to be confused with Food and Drugs Act. An Act for preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for other purposes. -Pure Food and Drug Administration (Example of Present-day: NY Soda Cup and Calories on Food)

Boom to Bust a World at War

1932: Nazi's elected to power -goal is to bring depression to an end -implement long term goals (purify race and world power, get land) -Invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939 -Japan attacking China in 1932 for more land

Wilson's Presidency is characterized as...

A progressive faced with World War I

The Making of "Teddy" Roosevelt

A rancher in Mississippi invited Teddy Roosevelt over to his home to bear hunt because Roosevelt loved to hunt. Once the rancher heard word that there was no bears he ordered that an orphaned bear cub be tied up to a tree so that the president would have something to shoot. Once there, Roosevelt refused to shoot at the cub because he found it inhuman. After so much press happened around the event, a candy company decided to make a stuffed animal bear to commemorate and honor the president. Theodore Roosevelt than became "Teddy" and created the "Teddy Bear."

Economic Recovery

Arsenal of Democracy -Economic Conversion - New Workers (women, Hispanics, and African Americans)

Woodrow Wilson

Background: -Democrat -Southerner -Racist -Well educated and smart -President of Princeton University and studied government -Wilson impressed people with his ability to speak -He won the 1912 election Goal: -Wilson wanted to make the USA a better place; however, he was consumed with dealing with Europe and World War I

Roosevelt Remembered #2: TR & The Railroads

Background: Railroad was the dominant form of transportation Problem: Railroad Trusts controlled the shipping rates Solution: 1.) Hepburn Act: The Hepburn Act is a 1906 United States federal law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates and extend its jurisdiction. This led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers. 2.) Northern Securities Company -Sherman Anti-Trust Act: Sherman Antitrust Act. an act of Congress (1890) prohibiting any contract, conspiracy, or combination of business interests in restraint of foreign or interstate trade. Sherman Antitrust Act definition. A federal law passed in 1890 that committed the American government to opposing monopolies. -"Northern Securities v. United States" (1904) = broke up the monopoly

The Great War: WWI in a Flash

Causes: -Imperialism: the desire for colonies in Africa -Nationalism: patriotism -Militarism: arms race **War of Attrition: result of stalemate** Russia: Lots of casualties and the monarchy collapses and causes a revolution -Lenin took over from "Bread, Land & Peace" High points: -SS Lusitania -- RMS Lusitania was a British ocean liner, holder of the Blue Riband and briefly the world's biggest ship. She was launched by the Cunard Line in 1907, at a time of fierce competition for the North Atlantic trade. In 1915 she was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat, causing the deaths of 1,198 passengers and crew. -Treaty of Brest-Litovsk --The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Russia (the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey), which ended Russia's participation in World War I. Germany moved troops on Western front -Zimmerman Telegram -- The Zimmermann Telegram (or Zimmermann Note) was a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire for Mexico to join the Central Powers, in the event of the United States entering World War I on the side of the Entente Powers.

April 12, 1945

Death of FDR

"Lost Generation"

Definition: a group of American writers of this generation, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and John Dos Passos. Writers: -Gertrude Stein: coined this term -Ernest Hemingway: "Farewell to Arms" -Erich Remarque: "All Quiet on the Western Front" -T.S. Elliot: From STL and was an American and British writer, he was very alienated and was very dreary. However, wrote "Old Possems Book of Practical Cats" -- used as lyrics of "Cats" the musicial

President Coolidge

Facts: -Never meant to lead -Religious -Had high personal standards -Pro-prohibition -No people skills at all -Funny story: so quite people said he couldn't say more than two words; woman flirted with him; "You lose." -After term ended, didn't run again

Election of 1928

Hoover (Repub.) was elected by majority -He was ideal person and conditions in America were good -His strengths turned into his weaknesses because he was a self-made man and didn't know how to respond

Boom to Bust to a World at War

Key Idea: Isolationism to a World Leader

Teddy Roosevelt and Presidential Activism

Roosevelt got rid of the hand-off presidency and used his opportunity as president to be an inspiring guide to get things done. After Roosevelt, all presidents started to be judged on what they got done while in office.

President Harding

Problem: 1920 times turning back on progressive things Facts: -Republican -1st president elected after woman voted and was friendly with the ladies -reversal of progressive policies -passed away from a heart condition; Coolidge took over

1902 Philadelphia Coal Miners Strike

Problem: No coal! Means no heat for houses and no cooking food TR's Reaction: "American people must be protected and I will not let them freeze and go hungry just because the Constitution does not state this in my job description, I must do something!" Conclusion: The strike was negotiated and the miners won out

Resistance to Modernity: Too much too fast

Prohibition after World War I -Tipping point: anti-immigrant attitude, environment to break the law, and people chose not to obey -People started to disobey the law by brewing their own beer and people taking advantages of clubs -Women drank in public and it changed the way people thought of themselves -Speakeasy: (during Prohibition) an illicit liquor store or nightclub -Al Capone: wealthy man, ruthless and didn't hesitate to kill people. Example: St. Valentine's Day Massacre. Internal Revenue Service is the one that got Capone in jail because he didn't pay his taxes -Volstead Act: law that said 18th Amendment would be enforced. The National Prohibition Act, known informally as the Volstead Act, was enacted to carry out the intent of the Eighteenth Amendment, which established prohibition in the United States.

Feminism in Transition

Should women in post-suffrage age stress their differences (work for protective legislation and protect women, Ex. prohibit drafting) or similarities (work for civil and legal equality)?

Social Changes in 1920s

Social Tensions: -Progressives: morality and do-gooderism -Now: people either changed for the fun of it or they resisted to change at all

New Forms of Journalism

Tabloids: something to read on buses due to convenience and had "fun news"

Ideology: Reaction to World War I

Turning Point: Turned to isolationism instead of progressivism due to feeling betrayed by technology and Spanish Flu showed the world that we couldn't always make the world better Tension: Some people believed things happening are bad while other people thought things happening were good

Becoming a world power

What drove the progressive presidency was: 1.) Progressive Diplomacy - Commercial expansion backed by growing military presence 2.) Moralism 3.) Concern for the disorder in the world 4.) Special, even a God-given role as new world power

Conclusion of 1912 Election

Woodrow Wilson won be default