Unit Exam 2

What happens in Canada after the Military Service Act, (Conscription) is passed in Canada in 1917

French Canadians were especially enraged by the Military Service Acts passing and so, after it became law on August 28th, violent demonstrations broke out in Montreal. Large numbers of police were called in. Of the 150 police officers four were wounded, as well as two demonstrators. One demonstrator was also killed the next day in Philips Square. Then on Easter Weekend, a man called Joseph Mercier was arrested for simply not having his conscription registration papers on his person. This only served to add more fuel to the already burning fire. The people rioted, smashing English shops windows and looting the offices of the army registrar. Until, on Easter Monday, soldiers were sent to Quebec City from Ottawa. They attempted to stop the demonstrators but were met with nothing but defiance and a torrent of rocks being thrown at them. By the end of the day, four unarmed civilians were dead and dozens more were wounded. Canada hadn't seen English and French Canada this at each other's throats since Louis Ariel's hanging in 1885. Even after the wars end a few months later, the Military Service Act's impact would be felt for long after, permanently deepening the already cavernous divide between English and French Canada.

Explain the Alaska Boundary Dispute and explain the effect that it had on Sir Wilfrid Laurier and Canada.

The Alaska boundary dispute refers to the dispute between Canada and the US on the matter of the boundary of southeastern Alaska and the coast of British Columbia. The issue had been smouldering for years and with the Klondike gold rush, it was brought to a head. The US wanted to maintain control of the intervening territory and Canada wanted a direct route from the Klondike gold field to the Pacific fjords. The biggest issue was deciding how the ocean coast should be defined as it was clear that the border should lie 56 km east to the ocean coast. The Americans thought that it should be defined as the point where the mainland touches Pacific water and the Canadians thought that it should be defined as the western boundary of the channel islands. Ultimately however, the Lord Chief Justice of England, Lord Alverstone sided with the Americans, which caused a sense of anti-British feeling to settle over Canada. Prime Minister Laurier was no different, as the event only served to increase both his and Canada's desire for full control over their foreign policy. The event is regarded as very important today as it is seen as one of the most notable reasons for Canada beginning to separate its political interests from Britain and the U.S.

Canada buys the Northwest Territories from the Hudson Bay Company in 1869-70. What does the government of Canada pay for the Territory?

Canada paid £300,000. They also gave one twentieth of the land in the North West to the Hudson Bay Company.

What were the views of the Mistawasis at the signing of Treaty Number Six?

Chief Mistawasis signed Treaty 6 in 1876. Due to the rapid decrease in the buffalo population, an animal with which Mistawasis's people structured their lives around hunting, they had grown desperate. Because of this and the the fact that the Canadian government promised they would not have to fight in any of their battles, Mistawasis signed Treaty 6.

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"Desperate Housewives" star Felicity Huffman pleaded guilty Monday in the college admissions bribery scheme. The Emmy-winning actress, 56, could face prison time after she admitted to participating in the nationwide scam, in which authorities say parents bribed coaches, rigged entrance exams or both to game the admissions system. Huffman pleaded guilty in federal court to paying an admissions consultant $15,000 to have a proctor correct her older daughter's answers on the SAT. She also considered going through with the plan for her younger daughter before ultimately deciding not to, authorities say. The consultant, Rick Singer, arranged for the cheating by having students obtain permission for extra time on the exams through diagnoses for things like learning disabilities, and then taking the exams at his testing centre, prosecutors say. Sentencing was set for Sept. 13. Because she agreed to plead guilty, prosecutors said they would recommend four months in prison, but the judge could also choose not to put her behind bars at all.

In your view explain three things that the Government would get out of the Treaties.

1) After confederation, Canada wanted to expand its borders from sea to sea. Although they managed to acquire land from the Hudson's Bay Company via the Rupert's Land Act of 1868 and the North-Western Territory Transfer Act of 1870, they still did not have full control and use of the land. They simply had sovereignty over the area, in order to use the land the way they wanted, they would need to make agreements with the First Nations people who occupied those lands. 2) In order to get British Columbia to join confederation, the Canadian Government promised to expand the Canadian Pacific Railway into BC. However, in order to do this they would need to build on First Nation territory. Because of this, they obviously wanted to create these treaties with the First Nation's so that they could fulfill their promise to British Columbia. 3) Many of the later treaties were created because the land had been discovered to have value. An example of this is gold being discovered in the Klondike or the discovery of oil in the Mackenzie River Valley. The Canadian government created treaties after these discoveries as the land was now considered useful to the government.

Go to The Numbered Treaties Overview and list 8 treaty rights found in Treaty #6.

1) Agricultural tools 2) Animals such as an ox and a cow for each family 3) Assistance for the poor and those unable to work 4) The ban of alcohol in the province of Saskatchewan 5) Education to be provided for each reserve 6) Ability to take resources from Crown lands such as timber, cooking stoves, and medicine 7) Access to bridges 8) The ability to refuse to serve in war

Explain how Laurier proposes to solve the Manitoba School Question.

Laurier took a sort of "middle-of-the-road" stance on the issue and offered a compromise. Under this compromise, if schools had forty or more Catholic Children, Catholic teachers could be employed and if enough families requested it, religious instruction would be allowed for a half hour a day. Additionally, if there were enough French-speaking students, French could be used in addition to English. Although this compromise was accepted, it was nowhere near a perfect solution. It still ultimately ended up with the French-Catholics conceding a lot, as the compromise offered little to no protection of their language, religion, or culture.

What were the views of Poundmaker at the signing of Treaty Number Six?

Poundmaker was quite unsure of Treaty 6 after its terms were outlined. He believed that the canadian government, in exchange for their indigenous lands, should provide the Indians, both now and in the future, with assistance and instruction in farming after the buffalo had gone.

Explain why Prince Edward Island joins Confederation

Prince Edward Island also originally didn't join Confederation in 1867, thinking that they would be better off by themselves. However, after also going heavily into debt after an attempt at building a railway within PEI, Islanders views started to change. They feared the colonies debt would result in taxes being raised and did not like the amount of PEI landowners that lived in Britain. They wanted to buy the land back but were not financially prepared to do that. So, when the Canadian government agreed to take over their debts and give them $800,000 to aid in buying back the land, PEI accepted their offer and joined Canada officially in 1873.

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Proposed changes could see dozens of positions for teachers, librarians and others soon cut from Saskatoon public schools. A final decision will be made some time in June, said Saskatoon Public School Division chair Ray Morrison. The proposed changes are expected to save more than $5 million in an effort to balance the division's budget. Morrison said cuts became unavoidable after finding out in March what the school board's grant would be from the province. In most cases, affected staff would be reassigned and not lose their jobs but cuts to these programs will have a massive impact on students. Morrison said this is the third year in a row that school divisions have had to make significant reductions. With these proposed changes there would also be an average budget cut of six per cent for every high school and elementary school. The division would also draw $1.5 million from its reserves.

Explain the accomplishments of two Canadian flying aces from World war I.

1) BILLY BISHOP Billy Bishop is probably one of Canadians most famous flying aces. He was one of three Canadian airmen to come out of WWI with the Commonwealths highest honour of valour, the Victoria Cross, which was given to him for his June 2nd lone attack on a German airfield. He also came out with a hefty 72 aerial victories and the Distinguished Flying Cross, which he won for shooting down 25 enemy soldiers in only 12 days. Besides all this, he was Canada's highest scoring ace and third highest overall of the war. He also played a very important role post WWI in the founding of the Royal Canadian Air Force. 2) RAYMOND COLLISHAW Raymond Collishaw joined the Royal Naval Air Service after he was rejected by the Canadian Navy. He was a skilled airman, and was responsible for shooting down 60 energy aircrafts as well as 8 observation balloons. He also was involved in the Allies' first genuine attempt at strategic bombing, led the "Black Flight" squadron, and was the first pilot to get six kills in a single day. Even after WWI, he stayed with the airforce, eventually attaining the rank of air vice-marshal in WW2.

Are border crossers breaking the law and jumping the queue?

1) Bypassing a border crossing is illegal in Canada. However, Canada is a signatory to the UN Convention on Refugees, which allows migrants to cross borders in order to make refugee claims, and Section 133 of Canada's Immigration and Refugee Act does make exemptions for refugees. This means that, while a border crosser has broken one Canadian law, another Canadian law allows them to be heard. It may seem counterintuitive but that's why most people who cross the border want to get arrested. It starts the asylum process. 2) There's a common misconception that border crossers are jumping the queue, that they're getting in line in front of other refugee claimants who have filled out their paperwork and are waiting patiently to be called. The truth of the matter is however that Canada actually has two refugee systems, the intake of one doesn't affect the intake of the other. 3) The refugee and humanitarian resettlement program is the program that brings in people from outside of the country, who are generally identified by the UN as displaced and can't get here on their own. That would include large groups like the recent Syrian refugees. These people are screened abroad and when they get here they have refugee protection. 4) Border crossers however, fall under the In Canada Asylum program. Those are people who come to Canada and typically make claims for individual reasons. They may not be part of an internationally recognized group but still face dangers in their home countries. Technically they aren't refugees until they're approved in an Immigration and Refugee Board hearing.

Explain three things that Indigenous People would get out of the Numbered Treaties.

1) Due to disease running rampant in First Nations communities such as smallpox and tuberculosis, the First Nations people needed aid from the Canadian government. 2) The First Nations peoples of Canada were also suffering from famine due to the rapid decline in the buffalo population. This meant that they also need food aid from the government in order to survive. 3) Many First Nations wanted to sign the treaties in order to ensure some form of education. They thought that by having formal education provided by the Canadian government, it would make help prevent the loss of their culture and make sure that their children would succeed in the newly developed West.

In the early 1870's Macdonald tries to open up the west to immigration. Explain four ways that he tries to do this

1) Firstly, Macdonald sent Alexander Morris to the west to negotiate treaties and agreements with the Indians. This led to the first treaty with the Indians being signed in 1871. In the agreement Indians agreed to give up their land and to live on reservations in return for money, yearly gifts, and farming training. 2) Secondly, the Macdonald government purposely passed laws including one that promised free land to anyone who agreed to live on said land for three years. Farmers could also buy more land at the price of two dollars per hectare. These laws were passed with the purpose of encouraging people to settle in the West. 3) Thirdly, in 1873 the Macdonald government established the North West Mounted Police. There purpose was to keep out troublemakers such the American whiskey traders and maintain order between the Indians, Metis, and settlers in the West. 4) Fourthly, Macdonald agreed to build a Canadian railway that would run from eastern Canada to British Columbia. This would allow settlers to travel to the West much easier and would allow the entire country to be connected.

Immigrants vs. refugees: How are people getting into Canada?

1) In order to immigrate to Canada, one must first submit a visa application to Canadian consular officials abroad. Officers will then do an in depth check that involves scrutinizing their documents, histories, and personal relationships and the police will do a background check to make sure applicants haven't committed any serious crimes or violated any international laws. Applicants also have to go through a health screening to make sure they won't pose a burden on the healthcare system. It can take years before they actually get improved for immigration. 2) There's two refugee processing categories: resettled refugees and asylum seekers. Resettled refugees start their applications abroad whereas asylum seekers, usually start the process within Canada, either at screening stations or CBSA office. 3) Refugees still undergo a screening process. All resettled refugees have to be referred to Canada by a designated organization like the UN's refugee agency. All refugee claimants must have in person face to face interviews, their identities confirmed via biometrics, their travel histories checked, their names run against databases of known or suspected terrorists, spies, etc. Only after they have gone through all of these steps can they be granted refugee status to come to Canada. 4) Many applicants won't find a permanent home in Canada even if they are granted temporary asylum. Of the 15,000 in country refugee applications processed in 2016 about a third were rejected, and that's not counting the hundreds of applications that were already terminated because the applicants either had criminal records or they abandoned their claims.

Explain four political changes that Alexander Mackenzie tries to make in the late 1870's

1) Introduced the secret ballot. Before, voters had to say out loud the name of the candidate they wanted, in front of the other voters. Now each voter could mark their ballot in secret, so no one would know how they voted. 2) He established stronger laws to prevent bribery in elections. For example, now, if an MP is discovered to have bought someone's vote they would lose their seat in the House of Commons. 3) He wanted to make Canada less dependent on Britain, so he worked hard to reduce the amount of power the Governor General possessed. 4) He set up the Supreme Court of Canada. This court would handle legal cases for the entire country.

List five important pieces of information about Aboriginal Recruitment and Aboriginal Enlistment

1) Many Aboriginal people within Canada voluntarily enlisted during WWI. Although the exact number is unknown, it is estimated to be well over 4,000 Aboriginal people enlisted in the Canadian forces during WWI. 2) During WWI, there was no official Aboriginal recruitment policy within Canada. However, they were generally discouraged from doing so. There were many eager to enlist but would often be turned away. However, as the War progressed this changed more and more as the Canadian troops needed more recruits. 3) It was the high casualty rates during WWI that ultimately led to Canadian policy becoming more lax regarding the recruitment of Aboriginals in Canada. This could be seen in 1915, when formal guidelines were issued that allowed Aboriginals to be recruited and in 1917, the government was actively trying to recruit Aboriginals. They did so by tasking Indian agents with holding recruiting events on reserves. 4) Despite the eagerness of Canada's aboriginal population in enlisting, many were not happy with the Military Service Act that made military service mandatory for all subjects who were of age to serve. They were unhappy because Treaty Indians were not exempt from the Act, despite the fact that certain treaty negotiations should have excused them from conscription in foreign wars. The complaints of the First Nations people were eventually heard, and the Canadian government exempted status Indians from combatant duties (although they could still be forced to fill non-combat roles within Canada). 5) Many Aboriginal people enlisted for the following reasons: friends or family members had already enlisted and they were following in their footsteps, they would get a regular wage by doing so, they would get to travel the world, to honor the relationship between the Aboriginal people and the British Crown, or for patriotic reasons.

Does immigration lead to an increase in crime?

1) Most research from Canada and the US suggests that not only is it wrong to suggest that immigrants increase the crime rate, but they can actually bring it down. One of the major Canadian studies on this issue followed two generations of teens in Toronto. It found that if they immigrated as kids or teenagers they were less likely to commit a crime than other Canadians. 2) Authors of the study came to the conclusion that they reason behind this was a commitment to school and strong family bonds. Both of which made it less likely that teens would engage in risky behavior. 3) Another Canadian researcher took a look at property crime rates across the country. She found that new immigrants didn't have an effect, but those who had been here longer were actually associated with a drop in the property crime rate. The researcher behind this study argues that it's not just a case of more law abiding people diluting the number of criminals around. She believes that immigrants can actually change the characteristics of a neighborhood or the behavior of the people in it. She calls it a 'spillover' effect that can result in a long term decrease. 4) Over the course of a couple of decades, while the percentage of foreign born people in the United States has gone up, the violent crime rate has taken a plunge. Some researchers argue that this isn't just a coincidence, and that immigration is part of the reason for that drop.

Immigration to Canada takes off between 1896-1911. Explain 3 "Push factors"

1) One such factor being European economic, political, and social climates growing increasingly difficult in the 1800s. There was a population surplus as the population was growing and the death rate was shrinking. This made for competition for resources and a shortage of jobs, so people began to look elsewhere for new employment opportunities. 2) Political tensions also caused many to leave in the late 1800s due to the reorganizing of governments and shifting of borders. 3) Additionally, many immigrated to Canada due to unfavourable environmental conditions. For those like the Icelanders, who were forced to seek new homes after, on top of land already being agriculturally depressed, a series of volcanic eruptions made it so that the majority of farmable land was covered in debris and rendered unusable. The Chinese were faced with a similar issue after their land was repeatedly accosted by floods, earthquakes, plagues, typhoons, droughts, and civil wars during this time.

List 8 points that would describe the horror of Trench Warfare

1) Soldiers were constantly on edge, terror was a constant companion. 2) Insomnia/a lack of sleep was common, which obviously took quite a toll on their health. 3) Rats! Spread disease throughout the trenches. 4) Lice! Caused trench fever, which symptoms include headaches, fevers, and muscle pains. 5) Trench life was highly unsanitary as it was ceaselessly cold and damp. This is what would cause trench foot, an infection that could lead to gangrene and amputation. 6) Random shelling and sniping was extremely common. 7) Their opponents would be for the most part hidden from view. This contributed to an ever present sense of stress and powerlessness over one's death. 8) The killing never stopped. Every day, dozens of Canadian soldiers were both killed and wounded on the Western Front.

How is Canada's immigration system different from that of the U.S.?

1) The US prioritizes more family based immigration whereas Canada has a merit based system. Canada most prizes skilled foreign workers and uses a point system, the more points you have the better your chances. Things like being proficient in english or french or having a job offer means you have a better chance of immigrating to Canada. 2) In the US, the family petition is one of the main immigration channels. An immediate relative who is a citizen or green card holder can sponsor you. There's no language or education requirement like there is with Canada. 3) In 2014, the vast majority of immigration to Canada was economic. Only about a quarter was family based immigration. In the US this was flipped around with almost 65 percent of green card recipients being either immediate relatives or family sponsored immigrants, employment based immigration only made up about 14 percent. 4) You can also get a green card in the U.S. by having a U.S. employer sponsor you. However, in order to do this they usually have to prove that they tried hiring an American before offering the job to a foreigner. You can also get a green card by being very rich. Individuals with a high net worth can get an investor green card. If you pour say around half a million dollars into a domestic project, create 10 jobs in the process and you might be eligible.

What were the basic demands of workers as the strike progresses in 1919

1) The right to collective bargaining 2) The right to a living wage 3) Safer working conditions

List three areas of social reform and woman's rights that take place in Canada during the war years.

1) WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE During the war, women had to start doing the jobs that had been reserved exclusively for men up until that point. Due to their aid on the home front during the war, and the efforts of many suffragettes/women's rights activists of the time, the right to vote was given to women. 2)INDUSTRIALIZATION Canada's economy was rapidly industrialized due to the War. Due to the demand for mass production of clothing, artillery shells, aircrafts, ships, etc. factories were being built and used more than they ever had before. 3)INCOME TAX: Something that also resulted from the War was the introduction of the income tax. Although this was framed as a temporary tax needed to make up for the cost of the war, it's introduction would lay the foundations for the federal government's eventual role in providing social services to the Canadian public.

What happens when an asylum seeker gets picked up at the border?

1) When someone crosses the border, they're taken to the nearest CBSA office, where officers determine whether they're eligible to make a refugee claim. A claimant has to prove their identity, show that they're not a danger to the public, and demonstrate that they're not a flight risk. CBSA also runs health and security checks like verifying a person's identity through travel documents and biometrics and will do criminal record checks through agencies like Interpol. All together these checks can take more than 8 hours. 2) If an asylum seeker doesn't pass these checks, what happens to them will depend on the circumstance. They could be returned to the US if they have status there, if they can't be identified or have been convicted of a serious crime they can be detained in Canada, or if they can prove they're not a flight risk or a danger to the public they could be released on a promise to appear at a removal hearing. 3) If a claimant clears all these checks, they're released into Canada and required to file an asylum claim within 72 hours. This is not a guarantee that they'll get to stay however. Of the nearly 24,000 asylum claims filed in Canada last year only 44 percent were approved. 4) After filing their asylum claim they will have an interview with a member of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada within 60 days after crossing. This is in order to determine if the claimant meets the UN's definition of a refugee, which is someone outside of their own country who can't return due to a well-founded fear of persecution due to race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion. If they qualify, they become refugees here in Canada and get to stay. If they're denied, they have 30 days to appeal. If they don't appeal and they don't leave, they can be arrested and deported.

Explain in a short paragraph the Pacific Scandal which forces Macdonald to resign

After Macdonald agreed to build the railway, he decided he wanted a group of Canadian businessmen to build it. Both a Montreal company and a Toronto company wanted the job and in the 1872 federal election, Hugh Allan, the president of the Montreal company gave large amounts of money to some Conservative Party candidates. Included in this was both Macdonald and Cartier who each asked for and received money from Allan. Macdonald subsequently decided to give Hugh Allan's company the contract after the Conservatives won the election. This was all fine and good but when the Liberal Party and the newspapers learned about Allan's contributions to the Conservative Party they accused Macdonald, Cartier, and other Conservatives of accepting bribes. Despite Macdonald only using the money for the election and the fact that it was legal for businessmen to donate political parties, people still felt that Allan had been given the railway job because of his donations. This made them lose faith and trust in the Prime Minister and caused him to lose his majority in the House of Commons. This ultimately resulted in Macdonald resigning on November 5th, 1873.

Explain the Battle of Duck Lake

After Riel's return and subsequent passing of the Revolutionary Bill of Rights and establishment of the provisional rebel government, the Canadian government began to fear that a First Nations uprising had begun. They wanted to re-establish control, so they sent out federal troops to Saskatchewan from the East. The Métis however, predicting that the government would try to intervene, occupied the community of Duck Lake. It was here that a group of around 100 Northwest Mounted Police (NWMP) and armed volunteers ventured to pick up supplies on March 26, 1885. As the troops walked along the Carlton Trail towards the village under the command of Superintendent Lief Crozier, they were met with a band of armed Métis led by Gabriel Dumont. Dumont and Crozier both ordered their men to get into defensive positions. They attempted negotiation, but these efforts were ultimately fruitless and ended with nothing but confusion on each side. Accounts differ as to what happened next but, what we do know is that subsequently, Crozier's men, the police and volunteers, fired at the Métis who were hiding around a log cabin and a battle ensued. Dumont was injured and his brother killed but this violent conflict ended quite quickly, with Crozier's men retreating to Fort Carlton. In total, nine volunteers, three NWMP officers, five Métis, and one First Nations warrior were killed, with many more injured. With that, the Métis returned to Batoche and the police evacuated and destroyed Fort Carlton before ultimately retiring to Prince Albert. Riel's forces had defeated Crozier's. This only served to heighten both the government and the North-West Territories fears of a Métis uprising.

Explain the Battle of Batoche

After his failure at Fish Creek, Middleton waited two weeks for reinforcements to arrive before once again setting off to Batoche. Then, on the morning of May 9, 1885, his forces attacked the Métis defenses at the Batoche settlement's southern end. They also attempted to attack the village from the river using a modified steamer called Northcote. However, the vessel was quickly rendered useless when the Métis lowered the ferry cable, knocking over two smokestacks and starting a fire. What followed was a quick but feverish conflict, where despite being outnumbered and facing off against superior weaponry, the Métis did not budge. Thus, no progress was made on either side and a camp was built south of Batoche by Middleton's men. The next two days of battle would follow a similar pattern to the first. Finally, on May 12, Middleton tried a different approach, attempting a coordinated onslaught from both the east and south. However, this also failed, as the southern group didn't hear the signal gun and therefore did not attack. Then, later in the day, acting on their own instincts, two colonels led a charge against their rebel enemies. This resulted in Dumont's men being overrun as a result of both weariness and lack of ammunition. Approximately fifty-one Métis and First Nations and eight of Middleton's men were killed during the Battle of Batoche. This defeat led to Riel surrendering on the15th of May and Dumont fleeing to Montana. This battle and Riel's arrest were the final nails in the coffin of the North-West Rebellion.

Explain why the Mackenzie Liberal government of the 1870's was unable to populate the Canadian west

After the Liberal government had opened up large amounts of land in the West, they tried to encourage settlers to go and live there with the promise of free land. Some took the government up on this offer, but not all that many, and the majority of those who did settle in Manitoba were from Ontario, which greatly upset the balance between the French-speaking and English-speaking people there. Not only this but as Mackenzie was attempting to populate the Canadian West, the economic depression was occurring simultaneously. The liberals really wanted a new Reciprocity Treaty to be signed with the U.S. in the hopes of creating more jobs and increasing trade between the two countries. The USA rejected this idea however and so, the depression continued, making it very hard for the Canadian federal government to build the Pacific Railway they had promised B.C. This railway was meant to connect the West to the whole of Canada and allow for settlers to travel there much easier. Mackenzie tried to change the bargain with B.C. the government had made in 1871, after they joined Canada. He wanted to build the railway slowly, in stages. Starting with a railway from Ontario to Manitoba and then extending it once the settlers had taken all the farmland in Manitoba. This method would mean that the railway would be completed in perhaps twenty to thirty years, as opposed to the ten years the Canadian government had initially promised BC. This would slow down Western settlement significantly and because of this, a large number of members of the Legislative Assembly in BC threatened to separate from Canada if the railway was not built as promised

What were the views of Alexander Morris at the time of treaty negotiations?

Alexander Morris approached the treaty negotiations with a strong sense of diplomacy and patience. He treated the Indians with respect and seemed to have genuinely good intentions, and would actively try to dispel any fear the first nations people had concerning the negotiations and stressed the Crown's friendship with the natives. He tried to listen and understand the first nations issues with the terms of the treaties and added things like the the famine and pestilence clause, which made it so the Crown would intervene if there was a national famine affecting the whole band. He also made agreements to provide farming tools and they would be given a medicine chest at each Chief's house. These were things that had not been offered before by anyone but Morris.

Explain the reasons as to why recruitment drops in English Canada

Although English Canadians were initially quite enthusiastic about enlisting, the longer the war went on, the more realized that it wouldn't be over anytime soon. On top of that, people back home started learning of the horrors of living in the trenches as well as the amount of casualties and wounded. This led to an increase of reluctance to volunteer. Also, with so many people gone, many jobs opened up at home, so many chose to stay in Canada and seek employment rather than enlist.

What were the views of the Ahtahkakoop at the signing of Treaty Number Six?

As has already been established above, in the 1860s, the buffalo population was rapidly decreasing and so like many others, Chief Ahtahkakoop was forced to seek assistance from the Canadian government. So, he signed Treaty 6 and in doing so agreed to relocate his people to a 67 square mile reserve at Sandy Lake.

Explain the reaction of the Federal Government to the strike.

As soon as the strike started, the federal government knew they had to get involved, fearing that more strikes of a similar nature would pop up across the country if this one was left unchecked. So, the government sent representatives to Winnipeg to meet with the Citizens Committee, who recommended they should side with the employers. The federal government heeded their advice and made their stance clear to the strikers. They ordered federal workers to return to work or they would lose their jobs, amended the Immigration Act to allow British-born immigrants deportation, broadened the Criminal Code's definition of sedition, and arrested leaders of the Central Strike Committee as well as two members of the OBU. They would also end up closing down the Western Labour News, and giving the NWMP orders to put down strikers demonstrations with whatever force was necessary.

What were the views of the Beardy at the signing of Treaty Number Six?

Beardy refused to go to the council on August 23rd 1876 where Treaty 6 was negotiated. He did so as the treaty commissioners would not hold the council where Beardy wanted it to take place. To gain his compliance, they agreed to hold a special meeting on August 28th near Duck Lake with Beardy and his people. However, Beardy was still not happy. He felt the treaty did not have a great enough benefit to him and his people. He wanted some sort of agreement on managing the remaining buffalo and thought that the assistance offered was insufficient considering the crisis his people were facing due to the buffalo dying out. Despite all this, his problems with the terms of the treaty were rectified, and Beardy signed anyway, seeing no other alternative.

Explain why the Treaty of Versailles laid the seeds for World War II

Because of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was forced to lose territory, had limitations placed on its military, had to accept responsibility for WWI, and had to pay numerous reparations payments. This not only humiliated Germany, but forced their economy into ruin. The German citizens were starving and the government was in pieces. It was for these reasons that the Treaty of Versailles laid the seeds for WW2. It created a climate within Germany that was optimal for the rise of the extremist ideologies such as Nazism and aggressive militaristic policies that would lead to WW2.

Explain the two main areas that Canada contributes to the war effort on the home front

Because of the war, a large majority of the men within Canada had left to serve their country. So those left behind (mostly women), had to pick up the slack and keep the country going whilst supporting the soldiers across the sea. One such way this was done was via rationing, something that was needed during WWI to make sure the troops stayed fed and had the supplies they needed. One example of the way this was done was that women would hold recycling scrap metal drives and donate old household items to ensure rubber, gas, metal, nylon, and other hard to come by materials remained available. Another way those on the home front contributed to the war effort was farm wives and children keeping their farms going while the men were away. They had to take up many tasks that they had never been responsible for prior to WWI such as caring for the animals, planting, harvesting, and managing finances. A similar assuming of roles that had traditionally had been filled by men could be seen off of farms as well as with the men at war, many jobs were left open and needing to be filled.

What were the views of the Big Bear at the signing of Treaty Number Six?

Big Bear, was incredibly against signing the Treaty and refused to sign it for six years (as long as the buffalo lasted). With the buffalo dying out, the plains people were growing restless and yet, Big Bear still refused, opting to move south to Montana where there were still buffalo. However by 1882, buffalo had also become scarce in Montana. His band tried fishing and eating gophers but it was no use. They could not survive that way. So, reluctantly and with no other options, Big Bear signed Treaty 6 on December 8th, 1882, in order to ensure his people would have food to eat.

Explain why British Columbia joins Confederation

British Columbia originally didn't join Confederation in 1867 as there were no roads or railroads connecting B.C. to Canada so the two felt rather far away from each other. After Canada bought the Northwest and Manitoba became a province however, this reduced the space between the them. Additionally, B.C. had recently gone into debt after spending an exorbitant amount of money on the Cariboo Road. Not only this, but the British government approved of the union. So, British Columbia agreed to join Confederation as long as Canada would take over their debts and build a wagon road connecting B.C. to the rest of Canada. MacDonald agreed but promised to build a railroad instead. British Columbia would then go on to officially join Canada in 1871.

What groups of individuals go out on strike in 1919 ? (List 8 groups)

Building workers, metal workers, telephone operators, retail workers, factory workers, policemen, firemen, postal workers, etc

Clifford Sifton is the Minister of the Interior in the Laurier Government. List four areas of the world that he advertises for new immigrants to Canada.

Clifford Sifton really wanted to advertise to people like the Ukrainians, Hungarians, Mennonites, and Romanians.

Explain your opinion on Louis Riel's trial

Despite Riel's powerful emotion-filled speeches, on July 31st, 1885, Riel was found guilty of treason by the jury. However, the jury actually suggested mercy to the Judge, but he rejected this and went ahead with the sentence despite it. I personally think this decision was the wrong one, but do not believe that Riel is entirely innocent. He made decisions that I disagree with, such as the execution of Thomas Scott in 1869, but I don't think that means he deserved the sentence he received. His actions, although sometimes misguided, were in service of a greater cause and one that I believe was completely justified. I don't buy the Crown's narrative of him being a selfish, money hungry, fear monger. There's no disputing the fact that the government at the time had very little concern for those in the West, and I genuinely believe that Riel was trying to make a legitimate positive impact on the country. Apart from my own personal beliefs on the man, I think the trial as a whole was unjust. Both the jury and judge presiding over the case were English protestants, people who lacked the same cultural and linguistic ties that French Roman Catholics shared with him. They were inherently biased in the prosecutions favor. Additionally, the trial, although originally planned to be held in Winnipeg was moved to Regina by Prime Minister MacDonald. This was because Saskatchewan did not have the same bilingual protections that Manitoba had. Under Manitoba law, the jury would have most likely been comprised of up to half french-speaking jurors. These circumstances should have been more than enough to call for a mistrial at the least.

Explain what the Manitoba school question was all about.

During Manitoba's creation in 1870, its population was divided into two groups of nearly equal size. These two groups were the French-speaking Catholics and the English-speaking Protestants. Because of this, under the Manitoba Act of 1870, a dual school system was created that made it so both Catholic and Protestant schools were publicly funded. However, when Greenway become Premiere of Manitoba, English-speaking Protestants had become the majority in Manitoba by quite a large margin. Because of this, Greenway abolished the formed dual system in favor of a non-denominational school system in 1890. This meant that Catholic schools would no longer be publicly funded. Additionally under this legislation, these new schools would be exclusively run in English and English would now be the only language used in the courts and government. This obviously upset Manitoba's French population as they felt this legislation put their language and culture at risk and violated their rights under the Manitoba Act. This debate quickly spread throughout the whole country, dividing French and English Canadians, creating tension between Catholics and non-Catholics, and questioned the provincial and federal government's role in education like never before.

Explain why Thomas Scott is executed in 1870 and what were the consequences of this act throughout Canada

During the First Riel Resistance, when the Metis took over Fort Garry, some members of the Canada Party resisted. One such person was Thomas Scott, who along with a few others was jailed by Riel's men. Scott escaped and attempted to get the settles to capture Louis Riel but he was apprehended by Riel's men once again. He was then tried by the Metis and sentenced to death on March 4th, 1870. Riel was warned by many of his supporters that he should not follow through with the execution. Riel does not listen and perhaps this act more than any other comes back to haunt him. This event created a deep divide between English and French Canadians. Many English Canadians saw Thomas Scott's execution as murder, whereas many French Canadians saw it as justified and labeled Riel a hero.

Sympathy strikes start in other cities in Canada that year. List 5 cities.

Edmonton, Calgary, Vancouver, Amherst, Toronto, Victoria.

Explain the Frog Lake Massacre

Emboldened by Riel's victory at the Battle of Duck Lake, the war chief of Big Bear's band, Wandering Spirit, got the idea that both he and his people should begin looting arms, ammunition, and food. Due to their proximity, their first targets were the government stables, the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) post, and George Dill's store at Frog Lake. On the morning of April 2, 1885, a band of Cree led by Wandering Spirit, took Thomas Quinn, the town's Indian Agent, hostage in his home. Apart from Quinn, additional white settlers, including two priests, were also taken hostage by the Cree. They gathered them in the local Catholic church and waited for Mass to finish. The Cree then ordered their prisoners to leave the town, and go to their encampment, which Quinn refused. Because of this refusal, Wandering Spirit shot Quinn in the head. Panic erupted and another eight unarmed settlers were killed. Big Bear tried to stop this, but it was no use. News of the event spread quickly throughout the Battleford area, and it inspired other First Nations to follow in Big Bear's band's footprints, raiding HBC stores at Fort Pitt, Lac La Biche, Cold Lake, Green Lake, and Battleford. This event, along with the Métis rebellion, which was happening concurrently, forced the Canadian government to send troops and police to the area.

Explain the Trial & Execution of Louis Riel

Following his defeat at Batoche, Louis Riel and other rebellion leaders were put on trial for high treason in Regina. Riel's lawyers tried to argue that he was insane, and that because of this he could not be held fully responsible for his actions. However, this approach ultimately failed, largely due to the two impassioned speeches Riel gave during the trial. Riel was deemed guilty and since at the time, the law provided no alternative other than the death penalty when it came to high treason, Riel was sentenced to death on September 18, 1885. His execution was repeatedly pushed back, largely due to the efforts of the many French Canadians who believed his sentence should be suspended. However, despite the two appeals and further medical examination, all attempts at preventing Riel's execution met with a dead end. The appeals both failed and the medical examination was inconclusive. The Canadian government could have commuted his death sentence but decided against it. This was in part due to John A. Macdonald's own vendetta against Riel, as he believed he deserved to be punished for leading yet another armed rebellion. Finally, Riel was hanged in Regina on November 16, 1885. His death and character have been debated time and time again. Opinions of him range widely from a murderer to a bonafide Métis hero. No matter your personal opinion on the man, both he and his actions were an incredibly important part of our history.

Explain why the Komagata Maru was coming to Canada

For one, early in the 20th century, a couple thousand South Asians migrated to British Columbia. Many garnered high wages and achieved great success there, and so they encouraged others back home in India to follow in their footsteps. This is partially why many South Asian people, including the passengers of the Komagata Maru, wanted to move to Canada. They hoped they would be able to start a new life there, one where they could earn money and save before either bringing their families over with them or returning home to India with their spoils. Besides this, before the Komagata Maru came to Canada, a judge had overruled an order for the deportation of 38 Punjabi Sikhs, finding fault in the Canadian government's continuous journey regulation and 200$ requirement that allowed passengers to land. This ruling greatly encouraged the Komagata Maru's subsequent voyage in the April of 1914. However, despite these racist policies being invalidated for a short while, they were put back in place in January of 1914. Despite this however, those in charge of the Komagata Maru passengers believed that the Canadian court would rule in their favour as they had with their predecessors, the 38 Punjabi Sikhs. With this belief in mind, a wealthy Sikh named Gurdit Singh, chartered the ship known as the Komagata Maru, after meeting a large group of Punjabi men who wanted to emigrate to Canada while on business in Hong Kong. The men had been repeatedly turned away by shipping lines, as they knew they would be sent back to Asia as soon as they arrived in Canada. So with that, Gurdit Singh took it upon himself to act as these men's spokesperson, chartering the Komagata Maru and with 376 Punjabi's on board, sailed the ship from Hong Kong to Vancouver.

Explain the reasons for the Vancouver Riot of 1907

For one, in the early 1900s, Anti-Asian ideology was common on the west coast of North America. This stemmed from a fear that Asian immigrants would accept lower wages and subsequently take jobs from white workers. Many also believed that, "the inevitable result of this great influx of the yellow race will be the retreat of the white race already here." This is what led to the Asiatic Exclusion Leagues formation in Vancouver, British Columbia. There purpose was to work towards the creation of an act similar to the former Natal act, that if it hadn't been rejected by the federal government, would have required immigrants to pass a language test. This kind of thinking that led to the Vancouver Riot of 1907 was also somewhat stoked by the daily paper, "Vancouver World" who were vehemently against Asian immigration and featured pieces on the subject frequently.

Explain four reasons as to why recruitment drops in Quebec

French Canadians were not all that interested in enlisting from the very start. This was for a few reasons. For one, they felt little to no attachment to Britain and two, to them, the Canadian army was a English Canadian institution, not a French Canadian one. They lacked the same patriotism that those of English Canada felt. Thirdly, they were all still upset about Ontario banning French in schools. Fourthly, English was the only language used in the Canadian army.

Given all of the historical primary documents presented and given the fact that both parties were to benefit from these documents. This clearly this did not happen. Explain in a number of paragraphs four reasons as to why you feel one side benefited and the other did not.

I really do believe that the Canadian government benefited from these documents far more than the first nations did. For one, the signing of the treaties made it so that the Canadian government had control over most everything, most notably education, resource extraction, and land use. Whereas for the first nations, the agreements they made were purely out of a need for survival, asking for things from the government that nowadays seem quite basic, like education and food. Despite this, the government has still gone on to violating the promises they made to the first nations time and time again. The most prominent example we see of this is in the creation of residential schools, schools that were, instead of being used to provide first nations children with the educations they were promised, were used by the Canadian government to further their agenda of cultural assimilation. The government's violation of promises can also be seen in the way First Nations were often given a lot less land than what they were originally promised in the terms of the treaty. Not only that, but many first nations people believe that the treaties were violated when the government put further policies and restrictions in place that were not agreed upon in the treaties. Some examples of this are in the way they took away the first nations traditional forms of government, made them wards of the state, and hired Indian agents to control the sale of reserve peoples goods.

We like to see ourselves as an inviting nation free of stereotypes when it comes to immigration. Has the country changed or are there issues that still need to be dealt with when it comes to Canadians views on immigration? What's your view?

I think for the most part, Canada's immigration system has greatly improved, as well as Canadians views on immigration overall. Although our immigration policies were highly restrictive and discriminatory for a long time, there was a noticeable change in the way we as a society thought about immigration after World War 2. This is most evident in the implementation of an immigrants points system being introduced in 1967. This ranked potential immigrants based on their work skills, education levels, language ability, and family connections and not based on their race or nationality. This is further exemplified by the Immigration Act of 1976 that didn't simply omit race as a factor, but instead encouraged diversity and non-discrimination. We have for the most part continued to practice these values today in our immigration system, as our main source of immigrants is from Asia and we are hoping to welcome around one million new immigrants to Canada between 2018 and 2020. This isn't to say our immigration system is perfect (although it is far better than the US's in my opinion). Immigration is, and always will be a difficult issue, and racism is definitely present within Canada. Although we are heading in the right direction and we have made great strides at rectifying our anti-asian immigration policies of the past, it's important to still to look back at these mistakes and learn from them, to ensure Canada remains the safe, diverse, welcoming country we all know and love.

Explain who the Barr Colonists were

In 1902, Reverend Isaac Barr acquired a huge tract of land between what is now the Alberta-Saskatchewan border and Maidstone, Saskatchewan. He would then go on to bring around 2000 colonists from England to Canada in March 1903. They arrived in Saskatoon on April 17th and spent the subsequent weeks bickering before finally embarking on a wagon trip to the colony. At this time, many colonists who were displeased with the circumstances left and formed their own communities. Barr would then go onto resign, as he was tired of constantly being buffeted with criticism. Leadership would then be given to Reverend George Lloyd, who would have the colony's first town, Lloydminster, named after him in July 1903. Despite the setbacks, the Barr colonists would go on to open up the vast area west of Saskatoon. The following year in 1905, the border of Alberta and Saskatchewan would end up running down the middle of Lloydminster. Most became farmers and the rest sold their lands to new Ukrainian immigrants and became businessmen in Lloydminster.

Joseph Howe wants to take Nova Scotia out of Confederation in 1868. How does Macdonald persuade him to change his mind?

In exchange for Nova Scotia remaining part of Canada, Prime Minister Macdonald offered to give them a better deal. Meaning, they would get more money from the federal government. On top of this, Britain refused to let Nova Scotia separate.

Explain how Canadian troops participated in the Battle of Ypres

In the April of 1915, the Canadian troops were transferred to the Allied line in front of the City of Ypres. It was here that the Germans would premiere there new weapon, poison gas on April 22nd of the same year. They unleashed 160 tons of chlorine gas and the French troops all either died or fled. This caused a 6.5 kilometre hole in the Allied line, which the German hoped to use to get behind the Canadian trenches. However, they were unable to do so due to lack of planning and the Canadian troops managed to hold their ground, fighting to close the gap all through the night while simultaneously staging a counter-attack against their enemy. The Canadians survived the night and attempted two additional attacks against their enemies with little to no success. It still managed to buy them some time however (which they desperately needed). Finally, on April 24th the Germans would stage another gas attack, this time directing it at the Canadians. Once again however, the Canadians persevered, holding on just long enough for reinforcements to arrive. Although the Canadian troops suffered extensive casualties, this feat established Canada's troops as a formidable foe.

Explain how Canadian troops participated in the Battle of Somme

In the August of 1916, the Canadian troops moved from to the Somme. Here, on September 15th, they assaulted on a sector west of Courcelette. They were successful in this in part because of there use of armoured tanks and by 8 a.m., they had completed their goal of taking a defence bastion called the Sugar Factory. With that, they continued on to Courcelette, meeting with German bombardment every step of the way. Despite this, they managed to fend them off and solidify their position. The three Canadian divisions would then make slow but steady progress towards their main goal, Regina Trench, until finally being relieved and replaced with the 4th Division. They succeeded in capturing Regina Trench but alas, by the time they did it had become nothing more than a depression in the chalk. A short week later, the Canadians would move towards Desire Trench during the final attack of the Somme. They would then rejoin the Canadian Corps opposite Vimy Ridge and halt their advances for the year. This battle also cost Canada many casualties, around 24029, but similarly to the battle of Yypres, it further solidified the Canadian troops reputation as a formidable foe.

Explain in detail the short term and long term results of the Vancouver Riot of 1907

Laurier's government tried to appease both British Columbia and their Asian citizens. They attempted to do this by, first apologizing, to both their Asian citizens and the Japanese government for the riot, and dispatching the Deputy Minister of Labour, Mackenzie King, to investigate and settle the victims damage claims. Although he deemed most claims legitimate, no funds were awarded for the cost of weapons, ammunition, or damaged opium factories. He ended up giving around $9,000 to Japanese victims and around $26,000 to Chinese victims later on. To appease British Columbia, Ottawa made an agreement with Japan. This negotiation was known as the Gentleman's Agreement, and made it so Japan would only 400 individuals to migrate to Canada each year. This number would then be further decreased to 150 persons in 1928, and Japanese immigration would stop fully in 1940, after Japan aligned itself with Nazi Germany. Japanese immigration would then go on to not resume until the 1960s.

Explain how Laurier and the Liberal Party adapt their campaign in the 1896 election to appeal to English Canada and appeal to Quebec at the same time

Laurier's strong suit was finding compromises between parties that were deemed irreconcilable. To secure his victory he had to make a few key changed to the Liberal Parties campaign if he was going to win the 1896 election. In order to do this, Laurier, knowing that many Canadians had voted Conservative in 1891 because they were against the Liberals plans for freer trade with the US, slowly distanced the Liberals from their stance on free trade. This not only hindered the Conservative Party but allowed Laurier to pull moderate Conservatives in Québec over to his side. He also had the upper hand when it came to the Manitoba schools issue as since he was the opposition, he did not have to state his own position of the matter. Instead, he simply would attack the weaknesses in the government's policy. This allowed him to hold a vague stance on this divisive issue, which in turn made it so he avoided alienating the French Catholics or the English Protestants.

Immigration to Canada takes off between 1896-1911. Explain 2 "Pull factors"

Many changes had recently been made in Canada that would allow for greater economic opportunity and an improved quality of life for immigrants. Some of these draws were things like the creation of a transcontinental railroad, the Dominion Lands Act of 1872 that created free and fertile homesteads for settles, the establishment of the NWMP which made living in the Prairies much safer, and the creation of the Department of the Interior in 1873. Not only that but Clifford Sifton's appeal to desirable immigrant groups through intensive advertising and international immigration agencies, made Canada seem like a place rife with opportunity and adventure.

Describe who the undesirable candidates for immigration were and explain how they were kept out of the country from 1891-1921.

Many in Canada, including Sifton, due to prevailing pseudoscientific race theories, believed that certain ethnic groups were inferior and would be unable to assimilate. Because of this, they believed that the darker an individual's skin was, the more foreign they were, and therefore the more undesirable they were. They also took into consideration the amount to which the prospective immigrants religious, political, and social practices differed from the British. Based on these standards, a racial hierarchy was created, with the British at the top and those like the Asiatics and Blacks at the bottom. People often used climate as an excuse for preferring certain ethnic groups over others when selecting immigrants as they believed that Canada's harsh climate would only allow for "sturdy" Northern races to thrive in Canada. They used this premise to turn away countless "undesirable" groups of people. The Canadian government also increased their head tax on all Chinese immigrants in order to keep these settlers out. Not only this, but to keep those from India out of Canada, a clause in the Immigration Act of 1908 called the "continuous journey" clause was used. The clause dictated that if one wished to immigrate to Canada, they had to travel there in an uninterrupted journey. This was impossible for Indian immigrants as ocean steamers had agreed not to travel directly from India to Canada.

One International Event

North Korea on Tuesday called the U.S. seizure of a North Korean cargo ship involved in banned coal exports a "robbery" and demanded that the vessel be returned immediately. The North's official Korean Central News Agency carried a statement by an unnamed foreign ministry spokesman who accused the United States of betraying the spirit of a summit agreement last June between North Korean leader Kim Jong Un and President Donald Trump. The seizure of the cargo ship, which was announced last week, came at a delicate moment in U.S.-North Korean ties, with North Korea resuming weapons tests that seem meant to force the United States to ease sanctions. Before the United States seized the cargo ship, the vessel, named the Wise Honest, had first been detained by Indonesia in April 2018 while transporting a large amount of coal. It was brought Saturday to American Samoa, where it will undergo inspections. North Korea is banned from exporting coal under UN sanctions toughened in 2017 to punish increasingly powerful weapons tests that year. Experts believe coal and other mineral exports help finance the North's weapons industry.

Explain the Battle of Fish Creek

On April 3, 1885, General Middleton set off to Batoche with approximately 900 men with the goal of cutting the rebellion off at its source. The group split into two groups, one for each side of the South Saskatchewan River. Meanwhile, the Métis were planning their defensive strategy. They all knew that they wanted to fight but couldn't agree as to where they wanted to make a stand. Riel thought that defending Batoche should be their main priority, whereas Dumont thought they should take a more forward position. Dumont's proposal eventually won out and with that, he prepared an ambush at Tourond's Coulee, otherwise known as Fish Creek. However, this surprise attack failed as, on April 24 Dumont opened fire on Middleton's scouts as they approached the creek, revealing themselves prematurely. This misstep did not mean the Métis lost entirely as while Middleton's soldiers attempted to drive the rebels from the ravine, they were ultimately unsuccessful. Six of his men were killed and forty-nine were wounded. This was in sharp contrast to the rebels, who had only lost four. This failure was in part due to the fact it took most of the day for Middleton's troops on the other side of the river to get to the site of the battle, and by the time they arrived, it was too late. Both the Métis and the Canadian government's commanders pulled back, with the Métis going back to Batoche and Middleton's men halting their advance.

In a short paragraph describe the events of June 21st 1919.

On June 21st 1919, approximately 30,000 strikers gathered at Market Square. It was here that the Mayor of Winnipeg, Charlies Gray read the Riot Act, and fearing that the protestors would resort to violence, called in the NWMP. However, the NWMP while attempting to disperse the crowd, ended up using violent tactics to do so. After strikers overturned and set fire to a streetcar, the NWMP charged into the crowd on horseback, beating and shooting strikers all the while. This led to the death of to men and the injuries of around 35-45 others, as well as many arrests. This is what caused June 21st 1919 to be known as "Bloody Saturday". In the next few days the NWMP would shut down Western Labour News and the Central Strike Committee would ultimately call off the strike on the 25th.

Describe the cultural groups who were considered the desirable candidates for being new immigrants to Canada.

One group Sifton believed to be the ideal immigrant was the American farmer. He thought that they made for excellent settlers as they would already be equipped to deal with North American conditions. Additionally, although Sifton departed from this tradition slightly, British immigrants were still highly valued. Besides that, Sifton saw Central and Eastern European agriculturists as prime candidates for Canadian immigration. He thought that these people, although not traditionally valued, were the ideal settlers for the Prairies especially as they were already familiar with agriculture, rural lifestyle, and harsh climates.

Explain 4 problems that Residential Schools have caused in Canada today.

One of the largest problems with Residential Schools was the fact that the education they provided was shoddy at best. It did not provide its aboriginal students with the education they had been promised when they signed the treaties. Not only this, but it taught the students who attended their that because of their cultural heritage they were less than, that they were inferior to those of european descent. It is also very widely known that many children who attended these schools were subject to all forms of abuse whether it be emotional, physical, or sexual. All of these factors have ultimately led to four main issues: 1) Chronic Unemployment 2) Poverty 3) Substance Abuse 4) Family violence

Explain Louis Riel's Return & Setting Up of the Provisional Government

Tension and fear were rising rapidly within the Métis population of Canada in 1884. The railway construction, the buffalo's depletion, and fears of their farmland being stolen from them all led to a prevailing attitude of discontent in the Métis of Northern Saskatchewan. They wanted change and wanted to revolt against the federal government who they felt didn't have their best interests in mind. In order to do this however, they needed a leader. So, in the summer of 1884, Louis Riel, who was in exile at the time, was retrieved from where he was teaching in Montana by Gabriel Dumont alongside a group of Saskatchewan Métis. Riel, now back in Canada, attempted to deal with the fears of the Métis in a peaceful, constitutional manner, creating a petition in the Autumn of 1884 with the hopes of getting both non-Métis and Métis to sign it. He felt that if they were going to make a difference, those in the North-West needed to join and make their dissatisfaction known to Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald. The results of Riel's work culminated in a 10-point "Revolutionary Bill of Rights" being passed by the Métis on March 8, 1885. This document made many demands such as claiming Métis rights to the ownership of their farms and more. The federal government ignored these concerns. Following this, as tension rose and Riel became more desperate and erratic, the Métis decided to form a provisional rebel government, naming Riel its president and Gabriel Dumont its military commander.

Explain the Boer War and explain the effect that it had on Sir Wilfrid Laurier and Canada.

The Boer War is most significantly remember in Canada for being Canada's first official dispatch of troops to an overseas war. You see, in 1899 Great Britain had become involved in a conflict with two small republics, settled by Boers, in South Africa. Obviously, as Britain was the world's greatest power at the time, the republics were not expected to last long against them. Despite this, many English-Canadians urged the Canadian government to assist. Most French-Canadians however and other recent immigrants to Canada were against Canada participating in a war halfway across the world. Laurier too, did not want to get involved but with the close bond Canada and Britain had and public pressure mounting, Laurier caved. He compromised, sending a battalion of volunteers to South Africa. Despite the compromise, his decision to get involved only served to further divide the English-Canadians and French-Canadians on the issue of Canada's responsibility in British conflict.

Explain the preparations which the First Canadian army took to prepare for the attack on Vimy Ridge

The Canadian army made extensive preparations for the attack on Vimy Ridge. The troops practice and trained for months by doing night raids to gain information on their Germany enemies, got night combat experience, practiced in a mock-up battlefield, etc. This made it so they were all extremely prepared when the day of the battle finally came. They also made sure that every unit knew both their objectives and the objectives of the units around them. This enables them to be able to pick up the slack if an adjacent unit was facing heavy onslaught. Similarly, Junior officers and NCOs were also told the plans so that they could take over for their superiors if something went wrong. Finally, around 40,000 maps of the battlefield was spread amongst the troops to ensure they were even further prepared for the upcoming battle.

Explain the contents and the purpose of the Manitoba Act

The Manitoba Act was responsible for the creation of the province of Manitoba. It also guaranteed the Roman Catholic religion and that the lieutenant governor of of Manitoba must speak both French and English. Not only this but it gave the Metis 560,000 hectares of land and that Manitoba voters would be allowed to elect four MPS to represent them in the House of commons.

Explain the events of the First Riel Resistance/ Rebellion in 1869-70

The Metis were worried that they would be assimilated by English-speaking Protestant settlers that they feared would come after Canada's purchase of the Northwest. Because of this, the leader of the Metis, Louis Riel, led a rebellion against the federal government in 1869. His efforts were successful, and the Metis were able to take over Fort Garry. Macdonald, having no other options gave in to the Metis' demands.

Explain what the OBU is and its purpose

The OBU or One Big Union is the name given to the industrial union formed during the Winnipeg General Strike. It was created by western Canadian unionists who were fed up with the management of the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada, the American Federation of Labor, and the Canadian government. They wanted to formally leave the TLC and form their own separate "revolutionary industrial union" of workers that would be entirely driven by class instead of one's profession, occupation, or nationality.

Explain three lasting effects of the Winnipeg General Strike which carried on in to the 1920's and 1930's.

The Winnipeg General Strike ultimately ended with the metal workers going back to work without a wage increase. Many who participated in the strike were jailed, deported, or lost their jobs. This isn't to say that the strike was a complete failure however. The social and economic climate that both caused and resulted from the strike, persisted even after the strike was officially ended. The strike's efforts would lead Tobias Norris, the premier of Manitoba at the time to call a public inquiry to the conditions that caused the Winnipeg General Strike. It also led to the Conservative's defeat and the Liberals win in the federal election in 1921, with their promises of labour reform. There was also a pretty apparent rise in labour representatives being elected in both civic and provincial elections in the following years AND led to the formation of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation in 1932, which would later become the New Democratic Party. Basically what I'm trying to say is, although the strike may have been smothered, the ideas behind it were not. Today, we have legislation that protects union rights, standardized safe work conditions, improved social welfare, higher minimum wage, and much more.

Explain the Crown's argument against Louis Riel during his trial

The crown based the majority of their case against Riel around witness testimonies. They wanted to create the narrative that Riel was a self-serving traitor, and not the heroic visionary most of the Metis and French Canada made him out to be. There were five witnesses who testified against Riel in total: John Willoughby, Thomas McKay, George Ness, Thomas Jackson, and Charles Nolin. Nolin was their star witness, due to his personal connection with Riel. As his cousin and close associate, his testimony made quite an impact on the jury. Nolin told the court that Riel's ultimate goal was to create disparity within Canada in the hopes of it splitting into several separate countries that were each governed by a single ethnic group. Not only that, but he claimed that Riel would have given up the fight in exchange for a $35,000 bribe from the Canadian government. Christopher Robinson, the Crown's senior prosecutor, made sure to emphasize this point as, if it were true, it greatly contradicted the martyr like picture of Louis Riel that the defense was trying to paint. The prosecutions other witnesses helped further fortify this stance. John Willoughby said that Riel wished for a new government of god-fearing citizens. George Ness claimed that Riel believed he could predict the future. Thomas McKay said that Riel described the HBC and the Canadian government as "curses" and wanted his followers to use violence to combat them, Thomas Jackson told a similar story of inciting violence.

Explain Louis Riels defence of himself during his trial

The defense's original plan was to argue that Riel was innocent by reason of insanity. They didn't actually believe that he was crazy, but they knew that it was the only way for Riel to avoid execution. To do this, they too used five witnesses, including doctors from a mental asylum Riel had been at for a short period in the 1870s. However, Riel was not on board with the defense's plan, as he believed that by labelling him as insane, it would invalidate all his criticisms of the Canadian government. As Riel put it, "Life, without the dignity of an intelligent being, is not worth having." So, against his lawyers better judgment, Riel decided to take matters into his own hands. During the trial he gave two speeches, each of which were defending his actions in the rebellions as justified. He stated that the rebellions were not the actions of a deluded madman but were in response to the Canadian Governments lack of concern for those in the West. He believed that the only treason to be found in this conflict, if any, was committed by the government. He also argued all violent action his people had taken was in self-defense. He saw himself as not only a leader of the Metis in the Northwest but a "leader of good" and hoped to be remembered that way.

Explain the Destruction of the Halifax Explosion

The fallout of the Halifax Explosion was absolutely devastating. The main areas hit were the north ends of Halifax and Dartmouth. It wasn't as bad for Dartmouth though as there North wasn't incredibly developed at the time. However, it did completely destroy the Mi'kmaq settlement at Turtle Grove, if not by the explosion then by the tsunami that followed as a result. Richmond was also hit incredibly hard. Houses, trees, telegraph poles, railway yards, and much more were demolished, not even large buildings made of concrete or stone were safe. Around 1,600 people died instantaneously and an additional 400 passed away from resulting injuries. Those who did survive were often left with devastating injuries. Men, women, and children were blinded by flying glass, burned, or left with amputated limbs and broken bones. Even those who came out unscathed were left in shock, traumatized by the explosion, had their homes destroyed, or loved ones killed.

Explain three reasons as to why workers in Winnipeg go on strike in 1919

The largest being, that trades and metal workers were repeatedly having their demands and concerns go unheard and uncorrected. They wanted better wages, better working conditions, and recognition of their unions and they realized the only way they could accomplish this was to go on strike. In a more broad sense however, a large cause of the Winnipeg Strike was the wake of high unemployment and inflation that came in the aftermath of World War I. The Russian Revolution's success two years earlier also led to an influx of socialist and labor ideas amongst the populace.

One National Event

The opioid crisis is not only a problem in urban areas, but in smaller communities across Canada as well. In the small town of Arnprior in Ottawa, at least five suspected opioid overdoses in the span of week prompted police to issue a public warning. Access to extremely dangerous opioids is not limited to larger cities, and the drugs have infiltrated every corner of Canada in some form or another. The problem plaguing Arnprior, a town of 9000, is shared by small communities across Canada according to 2017 data presented late last year by the Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI), indicating they in fact have hospitalization rates for opioid poisonings more than double those in Canada's largest cities.

Briefly explain in a short paragraph how the city of Saskatoon began

The story of Saskatoon begins in 1881, when a group of Ontarian temperance activists formed the Temperance Colonization Society. The Society's goal was to create an agricultural colony on the prairies. This colony would adhere to the ideals of the Temperance Movement that thought alcohol was to be blamed for the majority of societies issues. Simultaneously as this was going on, the Canadian government was trying to encourage people to settle on the prairies by offering blocks of land to colonization companies. The TCS jumped on this opportunity, as this offer would enable them to not only be an agricultural and social utopia, but would allow them to get quite a bit of money from selling land to prospective settlers. With that, they signed up 3,100 colonists for more than two million acres and come June of 1882, a methodist minister turned entrepreneur, John Lake, began to scout out potential colony sites along the South Saskatchewan River. Their colony extended from present day Clarkboro in the North to the present day Whitecap First Nation in the south and there was to have a central townsite that would act as a sort of service centre for the farms that surrounded it. Based on advice he got from the Chief White Cap of Moose Woods, John Lake decided to pant the new town on the site we now call "Nutana". With that, Saskatoon was born.

Explain why the passengers on the Komagata Maru were not allowed to land in Vancouver

There were two regulations that allowed immigration officers to not allow the passengers of the Komagata Maru to land in Vancouver. The first being, the continuous journey regulation, which meant that nobody could come to Canada if they hadn't traveled their on a continuous journey from their home country. This made it virtually impossible for South Asians to come to Canada because the governments of India and Canada wouldn't sell Indian natives through tickets to Canada. This was no different for the passengers of the Komagata Maru, who had come from Hong Kong, not their home country. The second regulation that prevented the passengers of the Komagata Maru from landing was one that made it so Canadian immigration officers could bar any Asian who came to Canada with less than 200$. This may not seem like a lot today, but in 1914, that was a substantial chunk of money (200$ is approximately equivalent to $5000 dollars today). These two regulations, although not overtly discriminatory towards Indian immigrants, were created for the sole purpose of preventing Indian immigration. As I also said in the last question, these regulations were briefly overruled by a Canadian judge but were put back into place three months before the Komagata Maru left on its journey.

How does Clifford Sifton advertise for immigrants?

To do this, he hired immigration agents to give lectures abroad on the benefits of living in Canada. He also arranged for shipping companies to get bonuses for each newcomer they brought to Canada. His most effective tactic however, was his immigration pamphlets. These pamphlets were translated into dozens of language and spread across Europe, each containing information on the transportation, soil, and climate of Canada. They framed Canada with glowing regards and only highlighted it's positive aspects, pushing all negative info such as Canada's cold winters, to the side. This campaign was a ginormous success and resulted in more than a million people immigrating to Canada between 1896 and 1905.

Explain the Naval Bill and explain the effect that it had on Sir Wilfrid Laurier and Canada.

Up until 1910, Canada had no navy of its own and exclusively relied on the British Royal Navy. However, this all changed when Laurier's Liberal Government passed the Naval Service Act and established the Royal Canadian Navy on May 4th, 1910. This was a response to the naval arms race between Britain and Germany in the years before WWI. This was heavily opposed by many French-Canadians however, as they feared this would lead to Canada becoming further involved in imperial affairs. On the other side, those who supported the British Empire thought that the Act didn't do enough to help the Royal Navy. Because of this, Laurier was receiving criticism from both sides of the argument, which Robert Borden, leader of the Conservatives, capitalized on. He used the Naval Bill to win against Laurier in the election of 1911.

Explain the Reciprocity Agreement of 1911 and explain the effect that it had on Sir Wilfrid Laurier and Canada.

Up until 1911, the U.S. had not been interested in having any sort of Reciprocity deal with Canada. However for a multitude of reasons by 1911 the U.S. had changed their stance on the issue and expressed interest in opening up their markets to items like agricultural produce and livestock. Laurier was okay with their being no reciprocity agreements but even so, he knew that it would greatly benefit Canadian farmers. So, an agreement was negotiated between the two parties. Canadian businesses and railway companies were not happy about this and they thought it would loosen their control over the Canadian farmers. Borden's Conservatives would also use the reciprocity agreement against the Liberals in the 1911 election, harnessing anti-US feelings within Canada. This was just another reason for the Conservatives winning the election of 1911.