Untitled

n glycolysis, the activation of glucose is accomplished by:

. In glycolysis, the activation of glucose is accomplished by ATP.

pyruvic acid

3-carbon compound that is the end product of glycolysis

As protons flow through the ______ , energy is released and exploited to combine ADP and inorganic phosphate to form ATP.

As protons flow through the ATP synthase, energy is released and exploited to combine ADP and inorganic phosphate to form ATP.

What is a primary difference between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?

Carbohydrates are oxidized by cellular respiration and water is oxidized by photosynthesis. Respiration releases chemical energy, while photosynthesis stores chemical energy.

In aerobic respiration, the energy in 1 mole of glucose is capable of producing how many ATP molecules:

In aerobic respiration the energy in 1 mole of glucose is capable of producing of how many ATP molecules 38 x (6.02 x 1023) molecules of ATP.

In the presence of oxygen, all cells synthesize ATP via the process of glycolysis. Many cells also can metabolize pyruvate if oxygen is not present, via the process of:

In glycolysis and fermentation ATP is produced from ADP entirely through substrate-level phosphorylation.

In glycolysis the most reduced compound formed is:

In glycolysis the most reduced compound formed is pyruvate.

Most ATP in eukaryotic cells is produced in the:

Most ATP in eukaryotic cells is produced in the mitochondria.

Most ATP produced in aerobic respiration occurs in the process of:

Most ATP produced in aerobic respiration occurs in the process of chemiosmosis.

Products of glycolysis include:

Products of glycolysis include pyruvate, ATP and NADH.

Products of the Krebs cycle include:

Products of the Krebs cycle include carbon dioxide, NADH and FADH2.

In aerobic respiration carbohydrates are ultimately broken down into:

The answer is b. In aerobic respiration carbohydrates are ultimately broken down into CO2.

Which stage of aerobic respiration requires CO2?

The correct answer is e. None of the above stages requires CO2.

The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is:

The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is oxygen.

The high concentration of protons in the inner mitochondrial space relative to the mitochondrial matrix represents:

The high concentration of protons in the inner mitochondrial space relative to the mitochondrial matrix represents potential energy.

Matrix

The space within the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Which stage of aerobic respiration produces ATP and NADH and releases CO2?

The stage of aerobic respiration which produces ATP and NADH, and releases CO2 is the Krebs cycle.

The net result of the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis and fermentation is the production of:

The stage of aerobic respiration which requires ATP is glycolysis.

What is the net gain of glycolysis?

Two ATP molecule ATP acts as the go-between for cellular actions that release and consume energy.

coenzyme A

a coenzyme, a small molecule required for enzymatic activity, present in all cells; necessary for cell respiration and fatty-acid metabolism

obligate anaerobe

a microorganism that lives without using oxygen (an anaerobe) and finds the presence of oxygen harmful

Which of the following is not a product of the Krebs cycle?

acetyl CoA Coenzyme A delivers acetate to the Krebs cycle.

Which metabolic pathway uses oxygen as the oxidizing agent?

aerobic respiration metabolism includes all decomposition and synthesis reactions in an organism.

lactic-acid fermentation

an anaerobic pathway producing ATP when the conversion of pyruvate to lactate produces NAD_, which cycles back through glycolysis

cytochrome

an electron-carrying pigment in electron transport systems; cytochrome c is the most abundant

facultative aerobe

an organism that is normally anaerobic but can also grow in the presence of oxygen

What determines whether pyruvate enters into aerobic respiration or a fermentation process?

availability of sufficient oxygen Fermentation is an anaerobic process.

Which of the following best describes organisms that can survive with or without oxygen?

facultative aerobes These organism's supply of energy may be either fermentation or aerobic respiration.

FAD

flavin adenine dinucleotide; combines with two hydrogen atoms during cell respiration to form FADH2

In what order do the stages of aerobic cellular respiration occur?

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport system Cellular respiration provides ATP and carbon skeletons, which are needed for biosynthesis.

hydrolysis

he splitting of a molecule by reaction with water

lactate

in mammals, to secrete milk; in chemistry, the ion of a 3-carbon acid (lactic acid) formed from pyruvic acid in fermentation

The Krebs cycle is ____.

involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. For cells to use proteins in respiration, they must first be broken down into amino acids.

obligate aerobe

microorganism that requires oxygen to live PAGE(S) 140

NAD

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; an electron and hydrogen carrier in cell respiration

anaerobic

occurring or living in conditions without free or dissolved oxygen

aerobic

occurring or living in the presence of free or dissolved oxygen

lactic acid

substance that forms from pyruvic acid when glycolysis occurs in the absence of oxygen

What determines the rate of biosynthesis and decomposition?

supply and demand Organisms must control their rates of respiration to direct energy and carbon skeletons accurately.

Krebs cycle

the cycle in cell respiration that completes the breakdown of the intermediate products of glycolysis, releasing energy; also, a source of carbon skeletons for use in biosynthesis reactions

glycolysis

the initial breakdown of a carbohydrate, usually glucose, into smaller molecules at the beginning of cell respiration or fermentation

mitochondria

the organelles in eukaryotic cells that carry on cell respiration; the site of ATP synthesis and of the Krebs cycle

electron transport system

the process in which electrons transfer from one carrier molecule to another in photosynthesis and in cell respiration; results in storage of some of the energy in ATP molecules

fermentation

the release of energy during the chemical breakdown of food, especially sugars, in the absence of oxygen

What is the role of brown fat in some mammals?

to produce extra ATP