updated psychology final ch 1-4, 12-14

Which of the following statements is true of social facilitation?

it is the process by which a person's performance is increased when other members of a group engage in similar behavior

hallucinogens effect

melatonin

Philippe Pinel was one of the first to:

view psychological disorders as diseases of the mind and encouraged humane treatment.

Stimulants activate

sympathetic nervous system

What type of attributional style claims that people who are kind are just "nice" people all around?

dispositional attributions

Which of the following best describes attitude?

it is an enduring mental representation of a person, place or thing that typically evokes an emotional response and related behavior

Asch's study using line judgments was able to demonstrate __________.

the effects of social conformity

Delmar believes that he has been sent to earth to save mankind. He believes that women are evil and that any male who speaks to a female is doomed to be a slave. He often tells people of his grand plan to save males from the influence of females. Nothing one says or does can convince him that his ideas are absurd. Delmar's behavior best exemplifies _________.

delusions

It seemed like no matter what you were talking about, Sam always thought you were talking about him. What type of delusion is he most likely suffering from?

delusions of reference

After getting ill from eating her friend's Thanksgiving turkey, Natalia couldn't stand the the sight or smell of turkey. However, when her friend baked a whole chicken, Natalia thought it sounded good. This illustrates:

discrimination

Jonathan often fantasizes about having sex, and he would prefer to have sex as often as he could. However, he knows that rather than have sex all the time, he must go to classes, do his homework, and study for exams so that he can get a good job later on. According to Freud, Jonathan's _____ is regulating his sexual desires.

ego

According to the text, what is the most important prenatal phase of development for organ formation?

embryonic period

Which is an example of a monocular cue of depth perception?

linear perspective

In the manic phase of bipolar disorder, a person may ____________.

make huge contributions to charity

people with mood disorders

may become severely depressed when things are going well or when they encounter mildly upsetting events

post-traumatic stress disorder

may occur months or year after a traumatic experience

the behavioral perspective focuses on

observable behavior

The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of a(n) ________ measure of personality.

projective

A divorced man is asked about his wedding day with his ex-wife who later deserted him. He replies, "I don't remember much about it; I think it rained." His inability to recall details of that day suggests that he applies the Freudian defense mechanism of

repression

When Marla first moved to New York City, she could hardly sleep because of all the noise coming from the nearby street. But after a month or two, she stopped noticing these noises, and now she feels like she would have a hard time sleeping in a quiet country village. What explains this change?

sensory adpatation

Which of the following characteristics is an aspect of groupthink that contributes to flawed decisions?

the group's belief in its rightness

slot machines are examples of

variable ratio schedule

In Stanley Milgram's study, whenever some of the "teachers" would hesitate his research assistants would say one of the following, except for:

"you cannot stop, the experiment must continue"

The stages of the sleep cycle last for approximately

90 minutes

Asch's research was focused on studying obedience. T OR F

FALSE

Psychological disorders are predictable responses to specific events.

FALSE

Between which pair of values is one most likely to find a positive correlation?

GPA and amount of studying

Anxiety is an appropriate response to a real threat, but it can be abnormal when it is excessive. T OR F

TRUE

Which of the following is the correct definition of memory

The nervous system's capacity to acquire and retain skills and knowledge for later retrieval

Hal is experiencing a state of cognitive dissonance, which of the following scenarios will not help to reduce it?

a change in consequences

which of the following statements is true of the biological views that explains the origins of anxiety disorders

a predisposition torward anxiety, in the form of a highly reactive autonomic nervous system, can be inherited

Which feature of the neuron makes it distinct from other cells in the body?

ability to communicate with other cells

Peipei's mother brings her 2-year-old daughter to see a new doctor. Peipei's mother leaves the room and Peipei is momentarily left alone with the doctor. When Peipei's mother returns and hugs Peipei, Peipei looks at her mother and smiles, but at the same time she yells and pushes her mother away. Peipei has most likely formed a(n) __________ attachment with her mother.

ambivilent

Ryan, a teenager, exhibits erratic behavior. He is very happy at times and at other times he shows signs of extreme depression. Ryan's mother thinks he is possessed and takes him to an exorcist. In this scenario, Ryan's mother supports the __________ of psychological disorders.

biopsychsocial model

A young man is having trouble getting along with his roommate. Sometimes, his roommate does not speak for days. On other days, he speaks rapidly without stopping. He is often abrasive and aggressive. The roommate is showing symptoms of ___________.

bipolar disorder

The fact that we can still read the words on a newspaper that has been partially covered by spilled box of toothpicks demonstrates the gestalt perceptual organizing principle of

closure

Ivan Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person was a(n):

conditioned stimulus

People are said to __________ when they change their behavior to adhere to social norms.

conform

Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding

decreases;increases

Stephanie was becoming concerned because her mother was starting to routinely carry on conversations with no one else in the room. Her mother is most likely experiencing __________.

hallucinations

Seligman (1996) suggested that when things go wrong, we sometimes develop inappropriate attributional styles towards the causes of failure. Which of the following was not proposed by him?

negative or positive

The strong tendency to view one's successes as stemming from internal factors and one's failures as stemming from external factors is called the __________.

self-serving bias

Which of the following scenarios exemplify negative punishment?

astrid sends her daughter to her room alone when she misbehaves

In the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder, seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce anxiety are referred to as obsessions. T OR F

FALSE

Even though the accident happened directly in front of the crowd, no one called the authorities. This is an example of the bystander effect. T OR F

TRUE

In the Milgram studies on obedience, lack of social comparison was a factor contributing to why people complied to perform immoral tasks. T OR F

TRUE

Obsessions are so compelling and recurrent that they disrupt daily life. T OR F

TRUE

One suffering from mania may have grand delusional schemes, speak rapidly, and show a rapid flight of ideas T OR F

TRUE

why is REM sleep sometimes called paradoxical sleep

The paradox lies in the fact that some parts of the brain are more active during REM sleep than they are during wakefulness.

which of the following is a physical symptom of anxiety disorders

a racing heart

The biopsychosocial model assumes that illnesses have physical or biological causes that can be identified and that people afflicted by them are to be cured through treatment or therapy. T OR F

FALSE

The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to attribute others' behaviors to situations, not their dispositions. T OR F

FALSE

One reason for the fundamental attribution error is that in the West, people tend to infer traits from social roles and obligations. T OR F

false

Sydney has been drinking during her pregnancy. By doing so, she is putting her baby at risk of a severe disorder called

fetal alcohol syndome (FAS)

the year 1879 is important in psychology because it is associated with

founding of the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany

__________ is a type of persuasive communication that influences behavior on the basis of arousing anxiety and concern instead of rational analysis of the issues.

fear appeal

Lisa has been invited to a party. Immediately after receiving the invitation, she meets with her friends to decide what to wear for the party. Though she does not like to dress elaborately, she agrees to dress elaborately because her friends have planned to do so. In this scenario, Lisa's behavior demonstrates _________.

conformity

Schizophrenia is characterized by ___________.

disturbances in thought and language, perception and attention, motor activity and mood

humanistic approaches

emphasize self-actualization

Abe has a fear of heights and his job interview is on the 52nd floor of a skyscraper. After he runs out of the elevator and onto the street, he finally begins to calm down, his heart rate slowing and his body returning to normal. Which division of the nervous system is at work here?

parasympathetic division

Caroline suffers from the symptoms of depression. Some psychologists believe that her depression could be caused by a deficiency of which neurotransmitter?

seratonin

Valerie snores so loudly during the night that her son, Kevin, can hear her all the way down the hall. Valerie is also frequently tired during the day and struggles to maintain a healthy weight. Kevin suspects his mother has which sleep disorder?

sleep apnea

Yarema is a cyclist. He notices that whenever he trains with someone else, his time improves markedly. In the context of group behavior, this phenomenon occurs due to a process known as _________.

social facilitation

Alex wants to be physically fit. As he cannot workout effectively at his home, he goes to a gym with his friends. At the gym, he works out better when his friends work out along with him. In the context of group behavior, this is the result of _________.

social facilitiation

__________ are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights.

specific phobias

A research experiment was conducted on people's attitude toward a particular section of the society. After the experiment, the participants were requested to donate a small amount for the research organization. When they agreed and donated, they were followed with more requests for bigger donations. This is an example of ____________.

the foot-in the door technique

Which of the following statements is true of attribution theory?

we are biased torward making dispositional attributions when we explain other people's behavior