Urinary system

Arrange the following structures in the order that urine would flow from where it is formed in the kidneys to where it is eliminated from the body 1. Ureter 2. Renal pelvis 3. Calex 4. Urinary bladder 5. Urethra

3.2.1.4.5

In order to regulate the pH of extra cellular fluid, the kidneys are able to adjust the excretion of _____ A hydrogen ions B calcium C sodium D potassium

A

Voluntary micturition A involves higher brain B involves control of the internal C is a reflex action D involves control of smooth muscle

A

When sodium is actively transported from tubular cells to the interstitial fluid,

A Na+ concentration gradient is established between the tubule lumen and tubule cell are all again

Diabetes insipidus is a consequence of a loss of____

ADH production

An increase in the rate of filtrate flow through the distal tubule results in contractoon of the _____ and a _____ in GFR.

Afferent arteriole Decrease

Renin converts___

Angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter, or leave the kidneys at a region called ____.

Hilum

Decrease filtration

Increase in capsular pressure, an increase in plasma, protein, concentration, and obstruction in the proximal tubule, severe dehydration

Decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure affects renal function by

Increasing NFP

Aldosterone exerts it effect on the kidney tubules by

Increasing the synthesis of the transport proteins for sodium

The trace of blood flow from the renal cortex to the renal vein

Interlobular v➡️ arcuate v➡️interlobar v➡️ renal v

Tubular secretion involves the secretion of water, and tell him to cross the wall of the nephron ____ the filtrate

Into

Why is the external urinary sphincter under conscious control?

It is made of skeletal muscle

What secretes renin?

JG cells

Three components of juxtaflonerular apparatus

JG cells, mesangial cells, macula densa

The urge to urinate results from the _____

Micturition reflex

A renal pyramid passes urine into a ____.

Minor calyx

Smooth muscle cells in the walls of the afferent and efferent arterioles dilate or constrict as needed in response to changes in blood pressure. The process of auto regulation is called the _____

Myogenic mechanism

The _____ involves smooth muscles in the arterials acting as stretch receptors, does dilating or constricting that arterial in response to change in blood pressure

Myogenic mechanism

The structural and functional unit of the kidney are ____.

Nephrons

Water is reabsorbed across the wall of the nephron by____.

Osmosis

The kidneys are located the ____ membrane on the poster side of the ___ wall

Peritoneal Abdominal

Water and solutes that are reabsorbed across the wall of the nephron enter the

Perpendicular capillaries

Increased aldosterone causes increased A urine volume B sodium secretion C potassium secretion D filtrate

Potassium secretion

Information of filtrate depends on a

Pressure gradient

Most water is reabsorbed from the filtrate in the ____

Proximal convulated tubule

antidiuretic hormone enhanced water ____by____ the number of aquaporins at the tubular cell membrane.

Reabsorption Increasing

What are the function of the kidneys?

Regulation of the concentration of solutes in the blood regulation of blood volume and pressure. Regulation of vitamin C synthesis Bile production. Regulation of extra cellular fluid PH. Synthesis of new red blood cells.

Increase filtration

Relaxation of the affaerent arteriole, constriction of the efferent arteriole, increase in blood volume

What is tubular reabsorption?

The process where the nephron returns water and some filtered molecules to the blood

The proximal convoluted tubule is

The site of glucose in amino acid reabsorption

The lining of the bladder that accommodates the expansion of this organ is composed____

Transitional epithelium

Solutes are reabsorbed across the wall of the nephron by____.

Transport process

The _____ involves muscula densa cells sending signals to the juxtaglomeral cells to either constrict or dialate the arteriole.

Tuboglomerular mechanism

The process whereby the flow of filtrate through the distal tubule results in changes in the GFR is____

Tubuloglomerular feedback

When systemic blood pressure decreases, the result is that the ___________ arterioles change diameter by undergoing ______________.

afferent; vasodilation

Aldosterone enhances the reabsorption of sodium through the upregulation of the sodium-potassium pump found at the ________________.

basolateral membrane

Urine is prevented from flowing back into the ureters from the bladder by ________________.

compression of the ureteral openings

Filtration is a

passive process

Where does majority of permeability take place? Amino acids are reabsorbed here.

proximal convulayrd tubule

The movement of fluid into Bowman's capsule is opposed by

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

Atrial natriuretuc hormone A promotes the secretion of DH B is secreted by the posterior pituitary C causes the formation of concentrated urine D is secreted when arterial blood pressure increases

D

Watse is moved crom the ____ into the capillaries of the vasa recta by the process of____

Descending loop, osmosis

The ____ is responsible for contraction of the urinary bladder during micturition.

Detusor muscle

Permeability to water, and saw you in this region, very based on hormone regulation

Distal convulated tubule

Send lung cancer, secrete large amounts of ADH. This causes increased water reabsorption in the

Distal, convoluted tubule and collecting ducks

Descending limb

Filteate osmaritu increases as it passes through and permeable to water

Ascending limb

Filtrate osmolarity decreases as it passes through, more premiable to solutes, and impermeable to water

There are two routes for eliminating solutes from the circulation. The first is _____, which transfer solutes directly from the blood to the tubular lumen, and the other is ____, which transfers saw you from perpendicular capillaries to interstitial fluid, and from there through tubular cells into the tubular lumen.

Filtration Tubular secretion

Substances that are contrasported into proximal convulates tubule cells include

Glucose molecules with sodium ions

Urine formation

1. Filtrate created in glomerulus 2. Filtrae flows through the tubules and useful substances are 3. Waste products are secreted by the tubules. 4. Water conservation in the collecting duct, if blood volume or pressure is low.

List the layers of the urinary bladder from most inferior cell type or tissue layer to the final exterior layer

1. Transitional epithelium. 2. Lamina propria 3. Detrusor muscle 4. Adventitia

The juxtamedullary nephrons

Have long loops of henle

Renal papillae drain into ____ A arcuate B peritubular C segmental D renal

Arcuate

Regulation is achieved through___

Autoregulatiom

Which of the following is not an organ of the urinary system? A urethra B collecting duct C ureter D urinary bladder

B collecting duct

Filtration involves the movement of materials across the filtration membrane into

Bowmans capsule

When urination is desired, decreased action, potentials along, which of the following causes relaxation of the external urinary sphincter? A neurons that pass from the urinary bladder to the sacral region of the spinal cord B parasympathetic neurons that passed from the spinal cord to the urinary bladder C somatic motor neurons D ascending, spinal pathways to the pons and cerebrum

C

Glomerulonephritis involves an increase in the pre-mobility of the filtration membrane. Which of the following might you expect to observe as evidence of that? A. Urine is concentrated. B. Decreased urine production C. Increase in GFR D. None are correct

C. Increased GFR

The process of ____ is the ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively constant GFR.

Renal autoregulation

Regions containing cortical tissue that are located between the pyramids are referred to as _____.

Renal columns

The kidneys needs protection from mechanical shock by the____.

Renal pad fat

Enhancing the reabsorption of sodium, aldosterone algae enhances the ____ of potassium.

Secretion

The trace of blood flow from the renal artery into the renal cortex

Segmental a➡️interlobar a➡️ arcuate a➡️ interlobular a

In the sodium-hydrogen antiport system

Sodium ions are transported into the cell and hydrogen ions are transported out of the cell.

The micturition reflex is initiated by the _____.

Stretching off the walls of the urinate bladder

The kidneys produce renin, when

The blood pressure in the afferent arteriole decrease

The renal corpuscle consists of___.

The glomerulus and bowmans capsule