urinary system
In the ascending limb of the loop of Henle the ________.
thick segment moves ions out into interstitial spaces for reabsorption
The urinary bladder is composed of ________ epithelium.
transitional
The mucosa of the bladder is comprised of _____.
transitional epithelium
Eating large amounts of meat will increase the levels of _____ in the blood.
urea
Which structure is the first to collect the urine?
ureter
Which structure is last in the sequence of urine flow? A) ureter B) kidney C) bladder D) urethra
urethra
Which system functions in the excretion of soluble nitrogenous wastes? A) gastrointestinal B) pulmonary C) urinary D) integumentary
urinary
Which blood vessels surround the loops of Henle?
vasa recta
when Glucose is excreted in urine?
when its concentration exceeds the renal plasma threshold
In males as well as in females, the external urethral sphincter is made up of skeletal muscle, and is thus under voluntary control. Where is the external urethral sphincter located in males?
within the urogenital diaphragm
Arrange the following structures in the correct sequence in which urine passes through them to the external environment. (1) ureter, (2) renal pelvis, (3) calyx, (4) urinary bladder, (5) urethra
Correct Answer: 3, 2, 1, 4, 5
Urea transport into the medullary collecting duct is enhanced by ________.
Correct Answer: ADH
How is Na+ reabsorbed?
Correct Answer: Active transport using ATP
Juxtamedullary nephrons account for more than 80% of the nephrons.
Correct Answer: False
Which of the following substances is the standard substance used to measure the GFR? Your Answer: Protein Correct Answer: Inulin
Correct Answer: Inulin
Which of the following cells in the kidney play a major part in the regulation of body water and Na+ balance? Your Answer: Granular cells Correct Answer: Principle cells
Correct Answer: Principle cells
Which substance would NOT normally be expected in urine? Your Answer: Water Correct Answer: Protein
Correct Answer: Protein
Which of the following is the countercurrent multiplier in the kidney? Your Answer: Bowman's capsule around the glomerulus Correct Answer: The loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron
Correct Answer: The loop of Henle of a juxtamedullary nephron
Blood pressure in the glomerulus is higher than in other capillary beds.
Correct Answer: True
Reabsorption occurs through the tubule wall and into the peritubular capillaries.
Correct Answer: True
The distal tubule is under control of ADH and aldosterone.
Correct Answer: True
The juxtaglomerular apparatus contains both osmoreceptors and mechanoreceptors
Correct Answer: True
The myogenic control mechanism reflects the fact that vascular smooth muscle tends to contract when stretched.
Correct Answer: True
The renal cortex contains the glomeruli
Correct Answer: True
Which of the following substances is the largest component of urine by weight after water? Your Answer: Inulin Correct Answer: Urea
Correct Answer: Urea
Which structure is the muscular tube that delivers urine to the bladder? Your Answer: Prostate Correct Answer: Ureter
Correct Answer: Ureter
Micturition is:
Correct Answer: a sacral reflex.
The blood supply to the nephron is the:
Correct Answer: afferent arteriole.
The most important factor affecting the glomerular filtration rate is:
Correct Answer: blood hydrostatic pressure.
What is the average glomerular filtration rate?
180L per day
How much of the cardiac output passes through the kidneys?
25%
How much sodium is actively reabsorbed by the proximal segment of the nephron?
70%
What is the function of the renal system?
A) maintain blood pH B) regulate blood pressure C) control blood concentration D) all of these
Which of the hormones below is responsible for facultative water reabsorption? A) ADH B) thyroxine C) aldosterone D) atrial natriuretic peptide
ADH
The energy needed for secondary active transport is provided by the:
Correct Answer: concentration gradient established by Na
All of the following functions are carried out in the renal tubules, except:
Correct Answer: filtration.
Renal ptosis would lead to:
Correct Answer: hydronephrosis due to urine backup
Choose the one trait that does not characterize the structure of a nephron.
Blood that will be filtered flows into the glomerular capsule.
The structure which receives the filtrate from the glomerulus is the _____.
Bowman capsule
The renal corpuscle is comprised of a glomerulus and _____.
Bowman's capsule
If the efferent arteriole constricts while the afferent arteriole remains unchanged, the glomerular filtration rate:
Correct Answer: increases
All of the following would stimulate the release of renin from granular cells, except
Correct Answer: inhibition by the macula densa cells
Major calyces are:
Correct Answer: large branches of the renal pelvis
When the concentration of ADH increases:
Correct Answer: less urine is produced.
The renal hilum lies on the ______ surface of the kidney.
Correct Answer: medial
The basic functional unit of the kidney is the:
Correct Answer: nephron.
The renal ___________ is continuous with the ureter.
Correct Answer: pelvis
The _____________ attaches the kidney to the posterior body wall.
Correct Answer: perirenal fat capsule
The Bowman's capsule and glomerulus make up the:
Correct Answer: renal corpuscle.
The presence of glucose and ketone bodies in the urine can indicate:
Correct Answer: untreated diabetes mellitus
an increase in urine volume.
Diuresis
All of the following are layers of the filtration membrane in the glomerular membrane, except the:
Your Answer: renal capsule
Which of the following is not associated with the renal corpuscle? A) a podocyte B) a vasa recta C) a fenestrated capillary D) an efferent arteriole
a vasa recta
The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is ________.
glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure
A drug that is an ACE inhibitor will lower blood pressure by inhibiting conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.t
f
Aldosterone and ADH tend to have the same effect on blood concentration.
f
An increase in ADH production will tend to make the blood more hypertonic.t
f
Chronic glomerulonephritis is usually a renal infection associated with streptococcal bacteria.t
f
Cystitis could spread from the bladder to the kidneys through the urethra.t
f
During trauma with significant loss of blood, the release of renin will be inhibited.t
f
Excessive sweating will usually cause a person to withhold their secretion of ADH.t
f
High blood pressure is inversely proportional to the rate of urine formation.t
f
In the female, the urinary bladder lies posterior to the uterus and vagina.t
f
It is normal for urine and semen to mix in the male.t
f
Persons with spinal cord damage in the lumbar area will no longer have urination reflexes.t
f
Renal calculi are commonly comprised of urea and calcium salt precipitates.t
f
The capsular hydrostatic pressure is usually higher than the glomerular hydrostatic pressure.t
f
The kidneys are located in the lower abdominal cavity at the L5 to S3 region.
f
The reason that most persons only have trace amounts of albumin in the urine is that most of it is returned to the blood by reabsorption.t
f
Which of the choices below is a function of the loop of Henle? A) form a large volume of very concentrated urine or a small volume of very dilute urine B) form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine C) absorb electrolytes actively with an automatic absorption of water by osmosis D) none of these
form a large volume of very dilute urine or a small volume of very concentrated urine
Which force favors filtration? A) glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure B) capsular hydrostatic pressure C) glomerular capillary osmotic pressure D) capsular osmotic pressure
glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
Which process is most affected by blood pressure?
glomerular filtration
The factor favoring filtrate formation at the glomerulus is the ________.
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Which of the following is usually not found in the urine?
glucose
What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys
Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.
hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments
Which of the choices below is the salt level-monitoring part of the nephron? A) macula densa B) principal cell C) vasa recta D) loop of Henle
macula densa
Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate? A) juxtaglomerular cells B) mesangial cells C) macula densa cells D) podocytes
macula densa cells
The pyramids are areas located within the _____ of the kidney.
medulla
The renal pyramids are located within the _____.
medulla
The striated appearance of the pyramids is caused by _____.
microtubules
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.
nephron
What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
Which of these does not operate under a renal threshold mechanism?
sodium
Which of these has the highest concentration in the urine?
sodium
The action of aldosterone is to increase _____.
sodium reabsorption
The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.
stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position
An increase in the level of blood urea usually indicates renal or liver dysfunction.t
t
Gout is a disease that causes uric acid crystals to form in joints.t
t
Infants have a greater probability of dehydrating than adults.t
t
Ions such as chloride usually passively follow the movement of cations to achieve electrical balance.t
t
PAH is a plasma clearance test that can be used to assess plasma flow through the kidneys.t
t
The appearance of glycosuria indicates that the renal plasma threshold has been exceeded.t
t
The glomerulus most closely resembles an area of capillaries.t
t
The internal urethral sphincter is totally under parasympathetic, autonomic control.t
t
The kidneys have the capability of controlling their own blood flow independent of general controls for circulation of organs such as the pancreas.t
t
The membranous urethra is the portion found in males as well as females.
t
The nephrotic syndrome usually causes hypoproteinemia, proteinuria and generalized edema.t
t
The secretion of H+ and reabsorption of bicarbonate anions are important pH regulating mechanisms of the kidney.t
t
There are about one million nephrons in each kidney.t
t
Vitamin C will appear in the urine when an excess is consumed in the diet or supplements.t
t
Water will move from a hypotonic to a hypertonic area by osmosis.t
t
Fetal kidneys do not have to work very hard because ________.
the placenta allows the mother's urinary system to
The granular appearance of the renal cortex is due to ________________.
the random distribution of nephrons in this area
Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)? A) the stretching of the bladder wall B) motor neurons C) the pressure of the fluid in the bladder D) the sympathetic efferents
the stretching of the bladder wall
Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body.
1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct
An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.
1.001-1.035
How much urine is formed in 24 hours?
1.5L
Why is the plant compound known as inulin the best substance to use to measure renal clearance?
Inulin is neither reabsorbed or actively secreted into the filtrate.
Which of the following best describes kidney function in older adults (70 years or older)? A) Kidney function remains the same throughout life, regardless of age. B) Only about 3% of older adults have any loss of kidney function. C) Only obese and diabetic older adults have any kidney dysfunction. D) Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy.
Kidney function decreases due to kidney atrophy.
Select the correct statement about urinary system development.
Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges.
What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?
Net filtration would decrease
If one says that the clearance value of glucose is zero, what does this mean?
Normally all the glucose is reabsorbed.
The concentrations of substances in the plasma, in the glomerular filtrate, and in urine differ in what way?
Plasma and glomerular filtrate are virtually identical, but urine contains proportionately more waste products.
Which statement is correct? A) Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled. B) Normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein. C) Most of the water passing through the kidney is eliminated as urine. D) The excretion of sodium ions is one of the mechanisms that maintains the pH balance of the blood.
Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled.
Which of these is not a function of the kidneys?
The kidneys help control the rate of red blood cell production.
Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A) The male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time. B) The male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems but at different times. C) The male urethra is longer than the female urethra. D) The male urethra is a passageway for both urine and semen.
The male urethra serves both the urinary and reproductive systems at the same time.
Select the correct statement about the nephrons.
The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is simple squamous epithelium.
Choose the statement that does not correctly characterize the kidneys.
The right kidney is usually 1.5 to 2 centimeters higher than the left one
Select the correct statement about the ureters.
The ureters are capable of peristalsis like that of the gastrointestinal tract.
Which of the following is not a reason why substances are either not reabsorbed or are incompletely reabsorbed from the nephron?
They are extremely complex molecules.
Which of the following statements describes the histology of the ureters? A) They are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia). B) They are actually an extension of the visceral peritoneum. C) They are made up of several layers of endothelium. D) They are made up entirely of muscle tissue because they need to contract in order to transport urine efficiently.
They are trilayered (mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of Henle
Blood is carried to the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole.
Your Answer: False
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is impermeable to sodium chloride and actively transports water into the surrounding interstitial fluids.
Your Answer: False
The thick smooth-muscle layer of the bladder is called the trigone.
Your Answer: False
Which of the following is NOT associated with primary nocturnal enuresis?
Your Answer: Females over the age of 60 years
Which of the following statements about the urinary system is INCORRECT?
Your Answer: It carries out the majority of gluconeogenesis in the body
Which process results in increased glomerular filtration in response to hormone release? Your Answer: Renin-angiotensin mechanism
Your Answer: Renin-angiotensin mechanism
Renal clearance tests are conducted to test the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Your Answer: True
The macula densa is a chemoreceptor.
Your Answer: True
The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule.
Your Answer: True
The stimulus for renin secretion is a drop in systemic blood pressure.
Your Answer: True
The ______________ can contract, changing the total surface are of the capillaries available for filtration in the glomerulus.
Your Answer: mesangial cells
Which gland sits atop each kidney? A) adrenal B) thymus C) pituitary D) pancreas
adrenal
The targets of angiotensin II are blood vessels and _____.
adrenal cortex
Which vessel directs blood into the glomerulus? A) renal artery B) afferent arteriole C) efferent arteriole D) peritubular capillaries
afferent arteriole
Vigorous exercise could release high amounts of _____ into the urine.
albumin
Within the renal tubule, two hormones play a role in determining the final volume and sodium concentration of the urine. The hormone _______________ regulates sodium reabsorption, while ________________ regulates water reabsorption.
aldosterone; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Which of the choices below are the most important hormone regulators of electrolyte reabsorption and secretion? A) angiotensin II and ADH B) angiotensin II and aldosterone C) angiotensin I and epinephrine D) angiotensin I and atrial natriuretic peptide
angiotensin II and aldosterone
Renin acts on _____ to convert it to angiotensin I.
angiotensinogen
If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________.
appear in the urine
The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.
arcuate
The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin ________.
by a decrease in the blood pressure
Tubular reabsorption ________.
by active mechanisms usually involves movement against an electrical and/or chemical gradient
Which of the choices below is not a method by which the cells of the renal tubules can raise blood pH? A) by secreting hydrogen ions into the filtrate B) by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions C) by producing new bicarbonate ions D) by secreting sodium ions
by secreting sodium ions
The outermost covering of the kidney is the _____.
capsule
The outermost structure of a kidney is the _____.
capsule
The macula densa cells respond to ________.
changes in solute content of the filtrate
Renal calculi are usually comprised of the following except which one?
cholesterol
In which area can the term urine be correctly used? A) Bowman's capsule B) collecting duct C) nephron D) loop of Henle
collecting duct
The last part of a nephron is the _____.
collecting duct
Which factor does not affect glomerular filtration rate? A) blood pressure B) osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtrate C) plasma osmotic pressure D) concentration of leukocytes in the blood
concentration of leukocytes in the blood
The function of angiotensin II is to ________.
constrict arterioles and increase blood pressure
The descending limb of the loop of Henle ________.
contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla
Which of these is not usually secreted by the kidneys?
creatine
Which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys?
creatinine
Which of the following is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule? A) Na+ B) K+ C) glucose D) creatinine
creatinine
What affect does ADH have on urine output?
decreases
A disease caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the pituitary gland with symptoms of polyuria is ________.
diabetes insipidus
Where does ADH have its greatest effect?
distal convoluted tubule
Which section of the nephron is after the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
distal convoluted tubule
Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method? A) renal autoregulation B) neural regulation C) electrolyte levels D) hormonal regulation
electrolyte levels
Which of the choices below is not a function of the urinary system? A) helps maintain homeostasis by controlling the composition, volume, and pressure of blood B) regulates blood glucose levels and produces hormones C) maintains blood osmolarity D) eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat
eliminates solid, undigested wastes and excretes carbon dioxide, water, salts, and heat
The kidney secretes _____ for the purpose of stimulating bone marrow activity
erythropoietin
Which of these is under voluntary control?
external sphincter
The fluid in the descending limb of the loop of Henle is _____ relative to the capillaries
hypertonic
Excretion of dilute urine requires ________.
impermeability of the collecting tubule to water
An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to a(n) ________.
increase in the production of ADH
The function of the countercurrent multiplier is to _____.
increase the concentration of NaCl
Alcohol acts as a diuretic because it ________.
inhibits the release of ADH
The final branches of the interlobular arteries give rise to the _________________ that carry blood to the nephrons.
interlobar arteries
Which blood vessel delivers blood to the cortex?
interlobular artery
Which blood vessel conveys blood out of the nephron?
interlobular vein
The compound used to assess the function of the kidney at the level of the glomerulus is _____.
inulin
The glomerulus differs from other capillaries in the body in that it ________.
is drained by an efferent arteriole
Which area actually secretes renin into the blood?
juxtaglomerular cells
Which of these could appear in the urine from dieting or the utilization of excess lipids?
ketone
What is the main factor that promotes bladder infections in the female?
length of urethra
The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.
loop of Henle
The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.
osmosis
The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.
owman's capsule and glomerulus
Peristaltic muscular contractions are important for conveying urine through the excretory system, much like peristalsis in the digestive tract. Peristalsis of the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder is controlled by ______________.
parasympathetic nervous impulses
The ureter directly receives urine from the _____ of the kidney.
pelvis
Urine passes through the ________.
pelvis of the kidney to ureter to bladder to urethra
What causes urine to flow from the kidneys to the bladder?
peristalsis
What is the main factor that causes urine to enter the urinary bladder?
peristalsis
Renal secretion of a compound usually occurs from the _____ into the distal convoluted tubule.
peritubular capillaries
Tubular reabsorption occurs from the nephron tubules into the _____.
peritubular capillaries
Most small proteins are reabsorbed by _______________.
pinocytosis
The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of ________.
plasma protein
Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus? A) granular cells B) macula densa C) podocyte cells D) mesangial cells
podocyte cells
Which ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium?
potassium
Which of the following are not found in the glomerular filtrate?
protein
Most tubular reabsorption occurs at the _____.
proximal convoluted tubule
Tubular reabsorption is responsible for retaining nutrients the body requires. Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the _______________ where microvilli, and their numerous carrier proteins, increase the surface area available for reabsorption.
proximal convoluted tubule
Where are most microvilli found?
proximal convoluted tubule
Where does most selective reabsorption occur?
proximal convoluted tubule
Uric acid results from _____ metabolism.
purine
The entrance into the kidney is called the _____.
pyramid
Which of the following occurred by active transport?
reabsorption of amino acids
The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________.
regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure
The filtration membrane includes all except ________.
renal fascia
Each minor calyx receives urine from the _____.
renal papillae
when the plasma concentration of a substance increases to a critical level in which more substances are in the filtrate than the active transport mechanisms can handle
renal plasma threshold
The kidney secretes _____, which is an enzyme-hormone that raises blood pressure.
renin
Juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete _______________ when _______________.
renin; blood pressure drops
The kidneys are located in the _____ space.
retroperitoneal
Which of the choices below does not describe the importance of tubular secretion? A) disposing of substances not already in the filtrate, such as certain drugs B) eliminating undesirable substances such as urea and uric acid that have been reabsorbed by passive processes C) ridding the body of bicarbonate ions D) ridding the body of excessive potassium ions
ridding the body of bicarbonate ions
The micturition reflex is centered in the _____.
sacral cord
Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.
secondary active transport