Urinary System
12. Collecting ducts are larger than collecting tubules. a. True b. False
A
17. Stimulation of granular cells by the sympathetic nervous system causes them to: a. contract. b. relax. c. release calcitriol. d. increase endocytosis.
A
20. Macula densa cells signal granular cells to release renin through paracrine stimulation. a. True b. False
A
21. Peritubular capillaries are associated with the convoluted tubules, while vasa recta are associated with the nephron loop. a. True b. False
A
29. In the process of urine formation, first: a. filtrate is formed, then tubular fluid, then urine. b. tubular fluid is formed, then filtrate, then urine.
A
30. Fluid contained within a minor calyx is called urine. a. True b. False
A
33. Upon leaving the renal pelvis, urine passes directly into a ureter. a. True b. False
A
37. The endothelium of the glomerulus is made up of _________ capillaries. a. fenestrated b. continuous
A
41. Water and glucose are freely filtered through the filtration membrane of a renal corpuscle. a. True b. False
A
44. Blood pressure in the glomerulus is _______ than in other capillaries due to the relatively large diameter of ________ arterioles. a. higher, afferent b. higher, efferent c. lower, afferent d. lower, efferent
A
46. Blood colloid osmotic pressure opposes glomerular hydrostatic pressure. a. True b. False
A
5. The proximal convoluted tubule is lined with a: a. simple cuboidal epithelium with a large surface area. b. simple columnar epithelium with a slick smooth surface. c. stratified squamous epithelium with a large surface area. d. stratified squamous epithelium with a tough, durable surface. e. simple squamous endothelium that makes a slick surface.
A
51. Increases in NFP result in increases in GFR. a. True b. False
A
52. If the filtration membrane were made more porous, how would you expect the glomerular filtration rate to change? a. Increase b. Decrease c. No change
A
56. The myogenic mechanism of autoregulation that occurs within afferent arterioles of the kidney is an __________ control of GFR. a. intrinsic b. extrinsic
A
57. The tubuloglomerular feedback and myogenic mechanisms are both components of renal autoregulation. a. True b. False
A
63. The hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) causes an increase in GFR. a. True b. False
A
67. Substances that move through epithelial cells for reabsorption are said to undergo transcellular transport. a. True b. False
A
7. Both the proximal convoluted tubule and the distal convoluted tubule reside in the cortex of the kidney. a. True b. False
A
77. The reabsorption of both sodium and potassium is carefully regulated. a. True b. False
A
79. Aldosterone is a steroid hormone that __________ synthesis of Na+/K+ pumps and Na+ channels in principal cells of kidney tubules. a. stimulates b. inhibits
A
83. Dehydration results in: a. increased ADH secretion and increased water reabsorption. b. increased ADH secretion and decreased water reabsorption. c. decreased ADH secretion and increased water reabsorption. d. decreased ADH secretion and decreased water reabsorption.
A
84. Usually the urine of someone with a high protein diet does not contain any bicarbonate ions, as all of it that is filtered is reclaimed from the tubules. a. True b. False
A
89. Both aspirin and morphine are eliminated in the urine. a. True b. False
A
91. The countercurrent multiplier is a system by which the: a. nephron loop multiplies the concentration of salts in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla. b. nephron loop dilutes the concentration of solutes in the tubular fluid at its hairpin turn. c. vasa recta secretes multiple amounts of metabolic wastes against their concentration gradient. d. vasa recta becomes more concentrated with nitrogenous wastes than the urine.
A
93. The countercurrent multiplier is a negative feedback mechanism. a. True b. False
A
95. After the hairpin turn in the vasa recta, the blood within it starts to lose salt and gain water. a. True b. False
A
100. Substances that are both filtered and reabsorbed have a renal plasma clearance that is _________ the GFR. a. higher than b. lower than c. the same as
B
11. How are nephrons, collecting ducts, and collecting tubules related to each other? a. One collecting duct drains into one nephron, and one nephron drains into one collecting tubule. b. One nephron drains into one collecting tubule, and several collecting tubules empty into a collecting duct. c. One nephron drains into one collecting duct, and several collecting ducts empty into a collecting tubule. d. One collecting tubule drains into one nephron, and several nephrons drain into one collecting duct. e. One nephron drains into several collecting tubules, and all tubules eventually lead to one collecting duct.
B
13. Type A and Type B cells of kidney tubules are types of principal cells. a. True b. False
B
16. The main parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus are the: a. principal cells and macula densa. b. granular cells and macula densa. c. granular cells and intercalated cells. d. intercalated cells and principal cells. e. principal cells and granular cells.
B
23. The capillaries of the glomerulus differ from most other capillary networks in the body because they: a. carry only deoxygenated blood. b. drain into an arteriole instead of a venule. c. contain no endothelium. d. absorb nutrients from the glomerular capsule. e. secrete mucus.
B
25. The pattern of venous drainage in the kidney differs from the arterial supply in that there are no arcuate or segmental veins. a. True b. False
B
26. Immediately before blood enters arterioles of the kidney, it travels through small arteries that project peripherally into the renal cortex. These arteries are the: a. arcuate arteries. b. corticate radiate arteries c. segmental arteries. d. lobar arteries. e. peritubular arteries.
B
28. Fluid contained within the lumen of a nephron loop would be considered to be: a. plasma. b. tubular fluid. c. filtrate. d. urine.
B
3. The tubular pole of the renal corpuscle is where afferent and efferent arterioles attach to the glomerulus. a. True b. False
B
32. Urine passes from a papillary duct into a: a. major calyx, then to a minor calyx, then to a ureter. b. minor calyx, then to a major calyx, then to the renal pelvis. c. ureter, then to a minor calyx, then to a major calyx. d. renal pelvis, then to a major calyx, then to a ureter. e. collecting duct, then to a minor calyx, then to a major calyx.
B
35. How are the processes of reabsorption and secretion related? a. They both involve movement of material from the blood into the tubular fluid. b. Materials move in opposite directions: reabsorption moves materials into the blood, whereas secretion removes them from the blood. c. Materials move in opposite directions: secretion moves materials into the blood, whereas reabsorption removes them from the blood. d. They both involve movement of material from the tubular fluid into the blood.
B
39. Podocytes are cells with foot-like processes called pedicels. Podocytes are found in the: a. basement membrane of the glomerulus. b. visceral layer of the glomerular capsule. c. periphery of the distal convoluted tubule. d. endothelium of the glomerulus.
B
4. The glomerulus is part of the renal tubule. a. True b. False
B
40. Large proteins and red blood cells normally pass freely through the filtration membrane. a. True b. False
B
43. Mesangial cells help keep the basement membrane clean by: a. secreting emulsifying agents that dissolve trapped particles. b. engulfing macromolecules caught in its basement membrane. c. opening larger pores in the membrane so that trapped particles move accross. d. secreting antibodies that attack the molecules caught in the endothelium.
B
47. The presence of proteins in the plasma tends to: a. push fluid across the filtration membrane. b. draw fluid back into the glomerulus.
B
49. Net filtration pressure is equal to the: a. capsular hydrostatic pressure plus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and the glomerular hydrostatic pressure. b. glomerular hydrostatic pressure minus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure. c. capsular hydrostatic pressure minus the sum of the blood colloid osmotic pressure and glomerular hydrostatic pressure. d. blood colloid osmotic pressure minus the capsular hydrostatic pressure. e. glomerular hydrostatic pressure plus blood colloid osmotic pressure minus capsular hydrostatic pressure.
B
53. Increases in capsular hydrostatic pressure result in increases in net filtration pressure. a. True b. False
B
54. Increases in the levels of plasma proteins result in increases in net filtration pressure. a. True b. False
B
55. Sympathetic nervous system influences on glomerular filtration rate are considered ________ controls. a. intrinsic b. extrinsic
B
58. If there is an increase in systemic blood pressure, the resulting stretch of afferent arterioles results in reflexive: a. vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles to raise GFR. b. vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles to keep GFR normal. c. vasodilation of efferent arterioles to lower GFR. d. vasodilation of afferent arterioles to keep GFR normal.
B
60. If someone is bleeding severely, the body's adaptive response is to: a. increase sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore increase GFR. b. increase sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore decrease GFR. c. decrease sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore decrease GFR. d. decrease sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore increase GFR.
B
62. Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney results in: a. constriction of afferent arterioles and an increase in the surface area of the glomerulus. b. constriction of afferent arterioles and a decrease in the surface area of the glomerulus. c. dilation of afferent arterioles and an increase in the surface area of the glomerulus. d. dilation of afferent arterioles and a decrease in the surface area of the glomerulus.
B
65. The hormone ANP is released from the heart and causes the urinary system to: a. increase urine volume and blood volume. b. increase urine volume and decrease blood volume. c. decrease urine volume and blood volume. d. decrease urine volume and increase blood volume.
B
66. Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the: a. proximal convoluted tubule, where cells have many flagella. b. proximal convoluted tubule, where cells have many microvilli. c. distal convoluted tubule, where cells have many flagella. d. distal convoluted tubule, where cells have many microvilli.
B
70. The higher the concentration of a substance in the blood, the greater its transport maximum is. a. True b. False
B
71. Generally, the higher a substance's transport maximum is, the lower its renal threshold will be. a. True b. False
B
72. The renal threshold of a substance refers to: a. the number of protein transporters for the substance per tubule. b. the plasma concentration of the substance below which it does not appear in the urine. c. the concentration of the substance found in the kidney before the substance becomes toxic. d. the concentration of the substance in the urine that results in an overall increase in urine volume.
B
73. For glucose to be reabsorbed from the tubule lumen, it is transported into the tubule cell by means of a: a. glucose uniporter. b. Na+/glucose symporter. c. glucose protein channel. d. Na+/glucose antiporter.
B
74. Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids within the tubular fluid: a. are completely secreted. b. are completely reabsorbed. c. have half of their plasma concentration secreted. d. have a little less than half of their tubular fluid concentration reabsorbed. e. have concentrations in the filtrate and urine that match their transport maximum.
B
75. Peptides such as angiotensin are reabsorbed by means of phagocytosis by tubule wall cells. The peptide is then transported back to the blood as a functional molecule. a. True b. False
B
76. Proteins that are recaptured from tubular fluid are transported into the luminal membrane by way of: a. diffusion. b. pinocytosis. c. secondary active transport with a symporter. d. primary active transport with a protein pump. e. facilitated diffusion with a carrier.
B
78. Generally, a very _______ percent of Na+ in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed, and the reabsorption takes place _________. a. high, only in the nephron loop b. high, along the entire tubule c. small, only in the nephron loop d. small, along the entire tubule
B
8. Which class of nephron is crucially important in establishing a salt concentration gradient in the kidney so that urine concentration can be regulated? a. Intercalated nephrons b. Juxtamedullary nephrons c. Adrenal nephrons d. Cortical nephrons
B
80. Parathyroid hormone (PTH): a. stimulates reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate. b. stimulates reabsorption of calcium but inhibits phosphate reabsorption. c. inhibits reabsorption of calcium but stimulates phosphate reabsorption. d. inhibits reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate.
B
81. The primary mechanism of water reabsorption in the kidney is: a. primary active transport by means of a protein pump. b. osmosis through aquaporins. c. secondary active transport by means of a sodium-water symporter. d. bulk transport by means of endocytosis.
B
88. Which accurately describes the handling of urea by the kidney? a. All of the urea that reaches the kidney is excreted in the urine. b. About half of the urea that is filtered is excreted in the urine. c. None of the urea that reaches the kidney is excreted in the urine.
B
90. Pregnancy tests often involve checking the urine for the presence of: a. bilirubin from the fetus. b. human chorionic gonadotropin. c. sulfonamides. d. epinephrine and prostaglandin.
B
92. The word "countercurrent" within "countercurrent multiplier" refers to the opposite direction of flow of: a. sodium and potassium across the wall of the nephron. b. tubular fluid within the ascending and descending limb of the nephron loop. c. salts and water across the wall of the renal tubule. d. tubular fluid in the proximal convoluted tubule and collecting tubule.
B
94. As blood flows through the vasa recta alongside the ascending limb of the nephron loop, the blood is flowing: a. toward the cortex. b. deep into the medulla.
B
96. The diffusion of urea out of the distal convoluted tubule is an important part of maintaining the concentration gradient of the renal medulla. a. True b. False
B
98. To calculate GFR, the concentration of a marker molecule is measured in both the blood and the urine, and the total volume of urine produced is also measured. Which of the following sets of results indicates the highest GFR? a. High concentration of the marker in the blood, high volume of urine, low concentration of the marker in the urine b. High concentration of the marker in the urine, high volume of urine, low concentration of the marker in the blood c. High concentration of the marker in the urine, low volume of urine, high concentration of the marker in the blood d. High concentration of the marker in the blood, low volume of urine, high concentration of the marker in the blood
B
99. A GFR measurement will be directly related to the concentration of inulin in the plasma and inversely related to the concentration of inulin in the urine. a. True b. False
B
1. The renal corpuscle is located within the: a. collecting duct. b. renal medulla. c. renal cortex. d. renal pelvis.
C
14. Which type of distal cell within kidney tubules and collecting ducts are responsive to aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone? a. Type A cells b. Type B cells c. Principal cells d. Intercalated endocrine cells
C
18. Granular cells synthesize and release the enzyme: a. angiotensinogen. b. antidiuretic hormone. c. renin. d. calcitriol.
C
19. Macula densa cells monitor the concentration of: a. glucose in the blood. b. antidiuretic hormone in the urine. c. sodium chloride in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule. d. calcium in the fluid of the proximal convoluted tubule. e. aldosterone in the afferent arteriole.
C
24. An obstruction in the glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the: a. renal artery. b. proximal convoluted tubule. c. efferent arteriole. d. distal convoluted tubule. e. afferent arteriole.
C
36. The active transport of solutes out of the blood and into the tubular fluid is called: a. filtration. b. tubular reabsorption. c. tubular secretion. d. fenestration. e. titration.
C
42. Generally, negatively charged plasma proteins are: a. moved across the filtration membrane by active transport pumps. b. attracted by the positive charge of the filtration membrane. c. repelled by the negative charge of the filtration membrane. d. engulfed by endocytosis and reabsorbed at the filtration membrane.
C
45. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is the pressure of: a. blood in the nephron capsule. b. tubular fluid in the glomerular capsule. c. blood in the glomerular capillaries. d. filtrate in the glomerular capillaries. e. solutes in the tubular fluid.
C
59. The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism responds to an increase in: a. systemic blood pressure by signaling for a decrease in heart rate through blood-borne hormones. b. urine production by signaling for a decrease in urine production through the hormone ADH. c. NaCl concentration in tubular fluid by signaling for afferent arteriole constriction with local chemical messengers. d. glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure by signaling for afferent arterioles to constrict and increase filtration rate.
C
6. The nephron loop makes a hairpin turn within the ________ and its ________ limb ends at the distal convoluted tubule. a. cortex, ascending b. cortex, descending c. medulla, ascending d. medulla, descending
C
61. Sympathetic stimulation causes: a. mesangial cells to release angiotensin, which ultimately leads to granular cell contraction. b. mesangial cells to release angiotensin, which ultimately leads to granular cell relaxation. c. granular cells to release renin, which ultimately leads to mesangial cell contraction. d. granular cells to release renin, which ultimately leads to mesangial cell relaxation. e. inhibited release of erythropoietin and contraction of granular and mesangial cells.
C
69. The largest possible amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed or secreted across a kidney tubule wall in a given duration of time is known as the: a. glomerular filtration rate. b. renal threshold. c. transport maximum. d. net filtration pressure. e. renal clearance exponent.
C
82. Generally, most water reabsorption in a nephron occurs at the: a. nephron loop and is called obligatory water reabsorption. b. nephron loop and is called facultative water reabsorption. c. proximal convoluted tubule and is called obligatory water reabsorption. d. proximal convoluted tubule and is called facultative water reabsorption.
C
85. Someone with a diet that is high in vegetables but low in animal protein is likely to have very active: a. type A cells, that secrete HCO3- and reabsorb H+. b. type A cells, that reabsorb HCO3- and secrete H+. c. type B cells, that secrete HCO3- and reabsorb H+. d. type B cells, that reabsorb HCO3- and secrete H+.
C
86. Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste product produced from nucleic acid breakdown in the liver? a. Urea b. Deoxyribose c. Uric acid d. Creatinine
C
87. Which processes does urea undergo within the kidney? a. It is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted. b. It is filtered and can be reabsorbed and secreted. c. It is filtered and can also be secreted but not reabsorbed. d. It is not filtered nor reabsorbed but can be secreted. e. It is not filtered but can be secreted and reabsorbed.
C
9. Cortical nephrons have their corpuscles near the _________ edge of the cortex and are the ______ common type of nephron. a. deeper, more b. deeper, less c. peripheral, more d. peripheral, less
C
97. To measure GFR, an individual's urine is examined for the concentration of a test substance that they received by injection. How is that test substance treated by the kidney? a. It is filtered, reabsorbed, and excreted, but it is not secreted. b. It is neither filtered nor reabsorbed, but it is secreted. c. It is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted. d. It is filtered and secreted, but not reabsorbed. e. It is not filtered, but it is secreted and reabsorbed.
C
2. The thick tangle of capillary loops found within a corpuscle is known as the: a. Bowman. b. convoluted capillary bed. c. glomerular capsule. d. glomerulus. e. nephron.
D
22. Which is the correct sequence of arteries that a drop of blood would flow through as it entered the kidney and moved toward a glomerulus? a. Segmental artery - interlobar artery - interlobular artery - renal artery - arcuate artery b. Interlobar artery - segmental artery - interlobular artery - renal artery - arcuate artery c. Renal artery - interlobar artery - segmental artery - arcuate artery - interlobular artery d. Renal artery - segmental artery - interlobar artery - arcuate artery - interlobular artery e. Arcuate artery - interlobular artery - segmental artery - interlobar artery - renal artery
D
27. As it is leaving the kidney, blood passes directly from the arcuate vein to the: a. renal vein. b. vasa recta. c. segmental vein. d. interlobar vein. e. interlobular vein.
D
38. The basement membrane of the glomerulus is composed of glycoproteins and _________, and it restricts the passage of _________. a. phospholipids, plasma ions b. phospholipids, plasma proteins c. proteoglycans, plasma ions d. proteoglycans, plasma proteins
D
48. The capsular hydrostatic pressure is generally ______ than the glomerular hydrostatic pressure; increases in capsular hydrostatic pressure _________ the formation of additional filtrate. a. larger, facilitate b. larger, impede c. smaller, facilitate d. smaller, impede
D
50. The units for measurement of glomerular filtration rate are: a. mm Hg. b. mm Hg per minute. c. liters d. liters per minute.
D
64. ANP is a hormone that causes: a. constriction of the afferent arterioles and release of renin. b. constriction of the afferent arterioles and inhibition of renin release. c. dilation of the afferent arterioles and release of renin. d. dilation of the afferent arterioles and inhibition of renin release.
D
68. Peritubular capillaries tend to exhibit: a. high hydrostatic pressure and high colloid pressure. b. high hydrostatic pressure and low colloid pressure. c. low hydrostatic pressure and low colloid pressure. d. low hydrostatic pressure and high colloid pressure.
D
10. Which is not correct regarding nephrons? a. The renal corpuscle includes the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule. b. The renal tubule is composed of the proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule. c. The nephron is the functional filtration unit in the kidney. d. Eighty-five percent of nephrons are cortical nephrons. e. The renal corpuscle may be located in the renal cortex or renal medulla.
E
15. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located: a. within the renal sinus. b. in the renal papilla. c. in the perinephric fat. d. inside the tubular pole of the glomerulus. e. near the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle.
E
31. Place the regions of the nephron in the correct order for the process of urine formation. a: Capsular space of glomerulus b: Nephron loop c: Collecting duct d: Distal convoluted tubule e: Proximal convoluted tubule a. a, c, b, e, d b. e, d, b, a, c c. b, e, c, d, a d. b, d, c, e, a e. a, e, b, d, c
E
34. Which step(s) in the process of urine formation occur in the renal tubule? a. Filtration only b. Secretion only c. Reabsorption only d. Filtration, secretion, and reabsorption e. Secretion and reabsorption only
E
