Urinary System Exam Review (Pt. 3)

The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the vasa recta. lamina propria. detrusor muscle. trigone. rugae.

trigone.

A healthy adult typically produces ________ of urine per day. 2500 mL 250 mL 1200 mL 25 mL 500 mL

1200 mL

In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water. 70 50 60 80 40

50

In an adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water. 10 60 90 80 40

60

Define mineral balance. (Module 25.3A) Mineral balance occurs when the blood plasma concentration of sodium is equal to potassium. Mineral balance occurs when ion gains are equal to ion losses. Mineral balance occurs when the blood plasma concentration of sodium is equal to chloride. Mineral balance occurs when ion gain and loss is equal to water gain and loss. Mineral balance occurs when the minerals in the ICF are isotonic to the minerals in the ECF.

Mineral balance occurs when ion gains are equal to ion losses.

What is the term for painful or difficult urination? (Module 24.18A) renal calculi oliguria anuria dysuria pyelonephritis

dysuria

Describe a fluid shift. (Module 25.2B) A fluid shift is a slow transfer of water from the ECF into the ICF. A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient. A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water from the solid compartments into the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient. A fluid shift is a slow transfer of water from the ICF into the ECF. A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water from the ECF and ICF into the solid components in response to an osmotic gradient.

A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient

________ is/are an immediately life-threatening condition. However, if an individual survives the incident, full recovery is often possible. Dysuria Acute renal failure Kidney stones Prostate enlargement Chronic renal failure

Acute renal failure

In the PCT, ions and organic substrates are actively removed, thus causing what to occur? (Module 24.13A) An osmotic flow of water into the tubular fluid. An increase in aquaporin channels in the membrane. An increase in sodium transporters in the membrane. An osmotic flow of water out of the tubular fluid. A decrease in sodium transporters in the membrane.

An osmotic flow of water out of the tubular fluid.

What is a pyelogram? (Module 24.15B) An ultrasound of the kidneys to detect solid masses such as renal calculi. A study of the components of urine. A graph of the 24 hour glomerular filtration rate. An x-ray image of the urinary system taken after a radiopaque dye was administered. A laparoscopic evaluation of the inside of the bladder and ureters.

An x-ray image of the urinary system taken after a radiopaque dye was administered.

Briefly explain the difference between chronic and acute renal failure. (Module 24.14A) Chronic renal failure is a sudden loss in the ability to concentrate urine, whereas acute renal failure is a gradual loss in the ability to concentrate urine. Chronic renal failure is a sudden loss of renal function, whereas acute renal failure is a gradual loss of renal function. Chronic renal failure is a gradual loss in the ability to concentrate urine, whereas acute renal failure is a sudden loss in the ability to concentrate urine. Chronic renal failure is the gradual loss in the ability to reabsorb glucose, whereas acute renal failure is a sudden loss in the ability to reabsorb glucose. Chronic renal failure is a gradual loss of renal function, whereas acute renal failure is a sudden loss of renal function.

Chronic renal failure is a gradual loss of renal function, whereas acute renal failure is a sudden loss of renal function.

True or false? The micturition reflex is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system True False

True

Explain dehydration and its effect on the osmotic concentration of blood. (Module 25.2C) Dehydration occurs when water losses outpace water gain causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to increase. Dehydration occurs when water gains outpace water losses causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to decrease. Dehydration occurs when water losses equal water gains but the osmotic concentration of the ICF increases. Dehydration occurs when water gains outpace water losses causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to increase. Dehydration occurs when water losses outpace water gain causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to decrease.

Dehydration occurs when water losses outpace water gain causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to increase.

Define dialysis. (Module 24.14B) Dialysis is the breakdown of renal epithelial cells due to toxins. Dialysis is caused by the backup of urine into the kidneys due to a blockage in the ureter. Dialysis is the process of using an artificial semipermeable membrane to remove wastes and retain plasma proteins in the blood of a person whose kidneys are not functioning properly. Dialysis is the process of reducing blood pressure by taking diuretics to increase urine volume. Dialysis is the process of transplanting a kidney into a person whose kidney are not functioning properly.

Dialysis is the process of using an artificial semipermeable membrane to remove wastes and retain plasma proteins in the blood of a person whose kidneys are not functioning properly.

During the micturition reflex, the internal sphincter is consciously relaxed. sympathetic motor neurons that control the detrusor muscle become active. the external sphincter is unconsciously relaxed. stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall sends impulses to the lumbar spinal cord. None of the answers is correct.

None of the answers is correct.

Name the specialized smooth muscle of the urinary bladder, and describe its function. (Module 24.16C) The middle umbilical ligament compresses the bladder and expels the urine into the urethra. The detrusor muscle compresses the bladder and expels the urine into the urethra. The bulbospongiosus muscle compresses the bladder and expels the urine into the urethra. The lateral umbilical ligaments compresses the bladder and expels the urine into the urethra. The trigone muscle compresses the bladder and expels the urine into the urethra.

The detrusor muscle compresses the bladder and expels the urine into the urethra.

Which of the following connections is not true relating the urinary system and other body system? The muscular system, specifically the cremaster muscle and sphincters, helps with voiding the bladder. The skeletal system, specifically the sacrum and coccyx, help protect the bladder. The endocrine, specifically the hypothalamus producing renin, acts on the kidneys to produce more urine. The urinary system works with the nervous system to control the micturition reflex. The urinary system works with the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems to regulate fluid levels in the body.

The endocrine, specifically the hypothalamus producing renin, acts on the kidneys to produce more urine.

How does the urethra differ between males and females? (Module 24.15C) The male urethra is shorter and also transports semen. The male urethra is shorter. The male urethra is longer and also transports semen. The male urethra is longer. The male urethra is the same length as the female but also transports semen.

The male urethra is longer and also transports semen.

Identify routes of fluid loss from the body. (Module 25.2A) Water can be lost during anabolism, and in the production of bile and gastric secretions. Water can be lost during catabolism, by evaporation at skin and lungs, and by urination. Water can be lost during the production of saliva and gastric secretions, and by urination and in feces. Water can be lost during catabolism and anabolism. Water can be lost during urination, evaporation at skin and lungs, and in feces.

Water can be lost during urination, evaporation at skin and lungs, and in feces.

All of the following structures are subject to a urinary tract infection except a trigone. ureteral openings. a urethra. rugae. a calyx.

a calyx.

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to overproduction of aldosterone. hematuric oliguria. excessive ADH secretion. dilation of the afferent arterioles. absence of ADH.

absence of ADH.

Which of the tubules is impermeable to water? ascending limb of the nephron loop proximal convoluted tubule distal convoluted tubule descending limb of the nephron loop None of the answers is correct. All of the tubules are water-permeable.

ascending limb of the nephron loop

At which point is the osmotic concentration of filtrate highest? as it enters the proximal convoluted tubule at the deepest point of the nephron loop between the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop as it leaves the glomerular capsule as it blends with tubular fluid in the distal convoluted tubule as it enters the descending limb of the nephron loop

at the deepest point of the nephron loop between the descending and ascending limbs of the nephron loop

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases, the osmolarity of the urine decreases. more urine is produced. less urine is produced. both more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases. both less urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

both more urine is produced and the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

The ability to form concentrated urine depends on the functions of the proximal convoluted tubule. the collecting duct. the nephron loop. the distal convoluted tubule. both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.

both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct.

Which of the following is characterized as a slowly progressing disease that is irreversible? acute renal failure kidney stones prostate enlargement dysuria chronic renal failure

chronic renal failure

Urine passes, in the order given, through which of the following structures? collecting duct, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter renal pelvis, collecting duct, bladder, ureter, urethra renal pelvis, urethra, bladder, ureter, collecting duct collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra collecting duct, ureter, renal pelvis, urethra, bladder

collecting duct, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

The detrusor muscle functions as the external urinary sphincter. moves urine along the ureters by peristalsis. compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra. surrounds the renal pelvis. functions as the internal urinary sphincter.

compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.

With regard to fluid balance, water gains occur primarily in the liver. digestive tract. cardiopulmonary system. lungs. kidneys.

digestive tract.

Peristaltic contractions, beginning at the renal pelvis, sweep along the ureter, forcing urine toward the urinary bladder. In a normal, healthy person, how often do these contractions occur? 12-15 times a minute once every minute every 30 seconds or so every 2 minutes It is not known how often these contractions occur.

every 30 seconds or so

The ability to consciously control urination depends on your ability to control which muscle? (Module 24.17B) detrusor trigone internal urethral sphincter external urethral sphincter bulbospongiosus

external urethral sphincter

Rapid water movement between the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid is termed buffering. dehydration. fluid compartmentalization. fluid shift. fluid balance.

fluid shift.

Antidiuretic hormone causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of very dilute urine. is secreted in response to low potassium ion in the blood. increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water by increasing the number of aquaporins. increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water by decreasing the number of aquaporins. release is insensitive to the osmolarity of interstitial fluid.

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water by increasing the number of aquaporins.

About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid. intercellular extracellular intracellular vital interstitial

intracellular

What has to happen to the external urethral sphincter to allow urination? (Module 24.16B) it must be unconsciously stimulated to contract it must be consciously stimulated to relax it must be consciously stimulated to contract it must be unconsciously stimulated to relax

it must be consciously stimulated to relax

In French, it's "faire de pipi," in Spanish, it's "hacer pipí," in English, it's "I have to pee." What's the medical term for this universal urge to pass urine? micturition defecation degustation mastication filtration

micturition

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained, both the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid become more dilute. osmosis moves water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid. there is an increase in the volume of the intracellular fluid. the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid falls. None of the answers is correct.

osmosis moves water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid.

Which solid component makes up most of the body mass? (Module 25.1C) proteins carbohydrates vitamins minerals lipids

proteins

An X-ray image of the urinary system is called a pyelogram. nephrograph. renogram. pelvigram. urogram.

pyelogram.

The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is termed calculi. renal failure. glomerulonephritis. hematuria. polycystic kidney disease.

renal failure.

Intracellular fluid is found only within lymph. the cells of the body. blood vessels. the cerebrospinal fluid. the interstitial space.

the cells of the body.

If you have to urinate, but have to "hold it" until you can find a bathroom, what structure are you "holding it" with? the pyloric sphincter the internal anal sphincter the internal urethral sphincter the external urethral sphincter the trigone

the external urethral sphincter

The mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves all of the following except a properly functioning nephron loop. the release of natriuretic peptides. the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). a high concentration of NaCl in the fluid surrounding the collecting ducts. aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells.

the release of natriuretic peptides.

What are the two reflexes that control urination? (Module 24.17A) the urine deglutition reflex and the urine defecation reflex the urine deglutition reflex and the urine micturition reflex the urine storage reflex and the urine voiding reflex the urine trigone reflex and the urine detrusor reflex the pontine storage center and the pontine micturition center

the urine storage reflex and the urine voiding reflex

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium. simple cuboidal simple columnar stratified squamous pseudostratified columnar transitional

transitional

Urine is transported by the ________, stored within the ________, and eliminated through the ________. (Module 24.16A) urethra; urinary bladder; ureters urinary bladder; ureters; urethra ureters; urinary bladder; urethra ureters; urethra; urinary bladder urethra; ureters; urinary bladder

ureters; urinary bladder; urethra

The inability to urinate is termed urinary retention. oliguria. urgency. incontinence. dysuria.

urinary retention.

Metabolic water is water consumed as liquid. water produced through anabolic processes. water produced through catabolic processes. water consumed in food. the combination of all water consumed per day.

water produced through catabolic processes.

When does urine production end? (Module 24.15A) when the fluid enters the papillary ducts when the fluid enters the distal convoluted tubule when the fluid enters the collecting ducts when the fluid enters the minor calyx when the fluid enters the renal pelvis

when the fluid enters the renal pelvis