Urinary system (Med. Term. Chp 7)

Name four organs of the urinary system.

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

What is the main function of the kidneys?

Remove toxic products from blood by forming urine

What structure in the nephron forms urine?

Renal tubule

What is the name of the structure that stores urine until it is voided?

Urinary bladder

-iasis

abnormal condition

hypospadias

abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of penis

ARF

acute renal failure

BPH

benign prostatic hyperplasia, benign prostatic hypertrophy

cyst/o, vesic/o

bladder

BNO

bladder neck obstruction

diuretics

block reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys to increase the amount of salt and water excreted by urine

hemat/o

blood

-emia

blood condition

BUN

blood urea nitrogen

Cath

catheter

CRF

chronic renal failure

interstitial nephritis

condition associated with pathological changes in renal interstitial tissue; can be primary or due to a toxic agent; causes destruction of nephrons and severe impairment in renal function

hemodialysis

continually shunting patient's blood from the body into a dialysis machine for filtering, then returning clean blood into the body via tubes connected to the circulatory system

-tripsy

crushing

C&S

culture and sensitivity

Cysto

cystoscopy

urology

diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the urinary systems, as well as male reproductive disorders (bladder cancer, infertility, sexual dysfunction) -a urogynecologist treats urinary problems involving the female reproductive system

-pathy

disease

structure of the kidney

each kidney has a renal cortex (outer layer), renal medulla (inner cortex), renal artery and vein, and nephrons that contain a glomerulus and a renal tubule to filter urea; the renal pelvis narrows into two muscular tubes called ureters

uremia

elevated levels of urea and nitrogenous waste products in the blood due to the kidneys' failure to expel waste products; AKA azotemia

ESRD

end-stage renal disease

EU

excretory urography

ESWL

extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

-pexy

fixation of an organ

-genesis

formation, producing, origin

inflammation of the glomerulus and kidney: ________/o/nephr/_______

glomerul/itis

glomerul/o

glomerulus (a cluster of capillaries forming a unit of the kidney known as a nephron)

HD

hemodialysis

renal hypertension

high BP that results from kidney disease

nephrotic syndrome

high levels of protein lost in the urine, low levels of protein present in the blood

urethrotomy

incision of urethral stricture

azoturia

increase in nitrogenous substances, especially urea in urine

diuresis

increased formation and secretion of urine (think about how coffee is a diuretic)

catheterization

insertion of catheter into cavity or organ to instill a substance or remove fluid such as urine

IVP

intravenous pyelogram/pyelography

IVU

intravenous urogram/urography

enuresis

involuntary discharge of urine after an age at which bladder control should be established (usually by 5 years old) Urinary incontinence, such as bedwetting

inflammation of the renal pelvis: pyel/______

itis

nephr/o, ren/o

kidney

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

kidney disease advanced to the point that the kidneys can no longer adequately filter blood; requires renal dialysis or transplantation; AKA chronic renal failure

diabetic nephropathy

kidney disease with hyperproteinemia due to thickening/hardening of glomeruli; causes diabetic neuropathy (nerve damage by glucose)

KUB

kidney, ureter, bladder

purpose of the kidneys

kidneys filter waste substances from the blood into urine which exits through the ureters into the urinary bladder; essential substances are reabsorbed into the bloodstream

urinary system components

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

antibiotics

kill bacteria that cause UTIs

Wilms tumor

malignant neoplasm of the kidney that occurs in young children usually before 5 years old

dialysis

mechanical filtering process to clean blood of high concentrations of metabolic waste products, draw of excess fluids, and regulate body chemistry when kidneys fail - two types: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis

fixation of a kidney: ________/o/pexy

nephr

tumor of the kidney:

nephr/oma

noct/o

night

azot/o

nitrogenous compounds

meat/o

opening, meatus

renal transplantation

organ transplant of kidney in a patient with end-stage renal disease

peritoneal dialysis

patient's own peritoneum is used as a dialyzing membrane

PD

peritoneal dialysis

urinalysis

physical, chemical, and microscopic evaluation of urine

ureteral stent

placement of a thin tube into ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow

PKD

polycystic kidney disease

-ptosis

prolapse, downward displacement

PSA

prostate-specific antigen

disease of the renal pelvis:

pyel/o/pathy

pyelography

radiographic study of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder after injection of a contrast agent -Intravenous pyelography - contrast medium is injected intravenously; AKA intravenous urography (IVU) and excretory urography (EU) -Retrograde pyelography - contrast medium is introduced through a cystoscope directly into the bladder and ureters using small-caliber catheters

computed tomography

radiographic study using a narrow beam of x-rays rotating in a full arc to acquire multiple views of body

nuclear scan

radiographic technique using a radionuclide substance that releases radiation -Renal nuclear scan determines renal function and shape

voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)

radiography of the bladder and urethra while bladder fills and empties

pyel/o

renal pelvis

potassium supplements

replace potassium loss due to diuretic drugs

RP

retrograde pyelography

olig/o

scanty

instrument to examine the bladder: cyst/o/_______

scope

Urine is formed through the process of filtration, reabsorption, and ________.

secretion

-lysis

separation, destruction, loosening

lith/o

stone

nephrology

subspecialty of internal medicine concerning medical disorders of the kidneys

antispasmodics

suppress spasms of the ureter, bladder, and urethra by relaxing smooth muscles to allow normal emptying of bladder

where are the adrenal glands located?

the adrenal glands sit on top of the kidneys

purpose of the urinary system

to regulate the volume and composition of fluids in the body and remove waste substances and excess fluid from the blood

incision of the meatus: meat/o/_________

tomy

TURP

transurethral resection of the prostate

crushing of a calculus or stone: lith/o/________

tripsy

US

ultrasound

stone or calculus in urinary tract: ______/o/______

ur/lith

expansion of the ureter: _______/ectasis

ureter

ureter/o

ureter

Urine is transported from the kidneys into the urinary bladder via the ________.

ureters

narrowing or stricture of the urethra: ________/o/________

urethr/stenosis

urethr/o

urethra

excessive urination: poly/_______

uria

scanty urine: olig/_______

uria

UA

urinalysis

UTI

urinary tract infection

-uria

urine

ur/o, urin/o

urine, urinary tract

VCUG

voiding cystourethrogram/cystourethrography

WBC

white blood cell