US CIVIL WAR 2022 - aiken
Lincoln's Dilemma 2
- lincoln's political shrewdness *put dilemma onto Jefferson Davis* - lincoln executed a clever political maneuver. *HE WOULD NOT ABANDON Fort Sumter, BUT NEITHER WOULD HE REINFORCE IT*. He would merely send in "food for hungry men."
Lincoln's Dilemma 3
- now it was Jefferson Davis who faced a dilemma. ^ ^ ^ ^ lincoln gets out of a tough situation ^ ^ ^ ^ - if he did nothing, he would damage the image of the Confederacy as a sovereign, independent nation. - on the other hand, if he ordered an attack on Fort Sumter, he would turn peaceful secession into war. - davis chose war!! LOTS OF DIFFICULT CHOICES
Four more states *secede* after fall of Ft. Sumter: (% of population enslaved) V A T NC way to remember: *V*eronica *A*te *T*wo *N*utella *C*ookies
8 Virginia (33%) 9 Arkansas(22%) 10 Tennessee (24%) 11 North Carolina (33%)
Habeas Corpus Lincoln suspends habeas corpus:
Constitutional protection against unlawful imprisonment - order to bring accused to court, name charges
In Washington, ladies and gentlemen put on their best clothes and mounted their carriages. Carrying baskets of food and iced champagne, they rode out to observe the first encounter of the war. The battle did not turn out to be the entertainment viewers expected. When the Confederates forced the Union to retreat, the Northerners were blocked by the carriages of the panicking civilians.
"worst picnic in history"
(The ill-defined area known as "Nickajack" generally refers to the rugged Appalachian foothills in eastern Tennessee and northeastern Alabama. "Nickajack" is a corruption of the Cherokee word)
(nickajack)
glory for the 54th Massachusetts
*July 16, 1863*, serving as a diversion for the intended attack on Morris Island, *South Carolina*, the regiment saw its first action on James Island, losing forty-five men. *July, 18, 1863* after a couple days with little sleep, food or water, the regiment was instructed to lead the attack against Fort Wagner on Morris Island. In the disastrous assault led by Colonel Shaw, the 54th suffered very heavy losses, most notably the loss of their commander, and nearly half of the men present were killed, wounded, or missing. )))); Despite this, the unit showed exceptional bravery and honor, never retreating as they waited for the reinforcements which would never arrive
54th Massachusetts Regiment
*May 1863*, the regiment comprised over 1,000 enlisted men They took up arms to end slavery They had the most to win...and to lose...
The Gettysburg Address
*November 19, 1863*, ceremony held to dedicate cemetery in Gettysburg * Lincoln's now-iconic Gettysburg Address eloquently transformed the Union cause into a struggle for liberty and equality—in only 272 words and delivered in less than two minutes*
For once McClellan acted aggressively and ordered his men forward after Lee. The two armies fought on ________________ ___ _______ beside a creek called the Antietam!!!!!!
*September 17, 1862* *September 17, 1862* *September 17, 1862*
Gettysburg: July 1 to July 3, 1863
*THREE-DAY BATTLE AT GETTYSBURG, PENNSYLVAINIA CRIPPLES SOUTH, TURING POINT OF THE WAR!!!!!!!!!!!*
Lincoln's Dilemma 1
- *reinforcing fort by force would lead rest of slave states to secede* and Lincoln would be the aggressor responsible for starting hostilities - *evacuating fort would legitimize Confederacy, endanger Union*, weaken his administration, and anger Republican Party!!
Although the Confederates had fewer soldiers and suffered higher casualties - - - Lee's determination and unorthodox tactics so unnerved McClellan that he backed away from Richmond!!!
Lee's determination led to his second win in the Second Battle of Bull Run; marches into Maryland...
How did the southerners feel about seceding from the union? Who did slavery benefit? Were the "hill??" people willing to enter the war?
Many Southerners did not want to secede from the Union. Slavery benefited wealthy plantation owners, not the poor dirt farmers of the Appalachians. Many of these hill people resented being dragged into what they considered "a rich man's war."
Five slave states *remain* in Union (% of population enslaved) M J M D way to remember:
Missouri (13%) Kentucky (21%) Maryland (15%) Delaware (3%)
Sherman's March
Sept. 1864, Sherman takes Atlanta; South tries to cut supply lines Sherman cuts wide path of destruction in Georgia; lives off land December, takes Savannah, turns north to help Grant fight Lee - inflicts even more destruction in SC The army burned almost every house in its path.
Lee orders attack on Union lines; North cuts down Confederates George Meade (UNION) does not counterattack; Lee (CONFEDERATE) retreats to Virginia: JULY 4 - staggering losses on both sides
Union casualties in the battle numbered 23,000 The battle was a crushing defeat for the Confederacy. the Confederates had lost some 28,000 men (more than a third of Lee's army.)
Battle of Vicksburg (1863)
Split the south in two and gave the Union control of the Mississippi River
Anaconda Plan (1861)
Union strategy to conquer South - blockade Southern ports - divide Confederacy in two in west - capture Richmond, Confederate capital _______________________________________________________________________________ -Civil war strategy planned by northern general winfield scott to crush the southern rebellion -called for a naval blockade to shut out european supplies and exports, a campaign to take the mississippi river and, thereby, split the south, and a targeting of southern cities in hopes that pro-unionists would rise up in the south and overthrow the secession -both the blockade and the taking of the mississippi were successful
South Carolina's Fort Sumter
an island in Charleston harbor
______________ western counties secede from VA
antislavery
what day does the civil war begin?
april 12, 1861
Confederate soldiers immediately began taking over federal installations in their states — _________________, ________ ____________, and especially ___________.
courthouses post offices forts
Lincoln's Gettysburg Address asserts unity of U.S. - honors _____ soldiers - calls for ______ to dedicate selves to ____________ Union, freedom
dead living preserve
Confederate strategy: ____________________, invade North if opportunity arises
defense
Americans Expect a ______ War
short
Union advantages: ___________, _______________, ________, _______________
soldiers factories food railroads
Eastern Theater essentially remained in ___________ until 1864, Union troops in the west, beginning in 1861, were able to steadily surround and drive back the Confederate troops, forcing them into eventual capitulation
stalemate
The Confederacy was forced to defend an enormous area with limited resources. Most railroads ran north to south, as opposed to east to west, making it difficult to send Confederate troops and supplies to troops further from the more heavily populated and industrialized areas of the eastern Confederacy.
struggles of the confederacy
West Virginia becomes a ______________ state _________
union 1863
McClellan _______ to attack Richmond, drills troops for 5 months
waits
The Battle of Antietam gave Lincoln *victory*, and on *September 22*, he gave the Confederacy 100!! days notice to return to the Union or else on *January 1, 1863*, __________________________________________________________
....all slaves held in areas in rebellion would be free!!
First seven states order of secession (% of population enslaved) SC M F A G L T way to remember: Sam Catches Many Fish At Great Lake Tahoe
1 South Carolina (57%) 2 Mississippi (51%) 3 Florida (45%) 4 Alabama (45%) 5 Georgia (42%) 6 Louisiana (47%) 7 Texas (27%)
civil war years
1861-1865
Emancipation Proclamation: issued by Lincoln in
1863
african american soldiers
African Americans 1% of North's population, by war's end 10% of army The majority were former slaves from Virginia and other slave states, both Confederate and Union... After emancipation, Blacks rushed to join the war About 180,000 enlisted in the Union Army The most famous was the 54th Massachusetts Regiment
The Western Theater of the American Civil War encompassed...
Alabama Georgia Florida Mississippi North Carolina Kentucky South Carolina Tennessee Louisiana east of the Mississippi River.
Prelude to Gettysburg
BATTLE OF CHANCELLORSVILLE, VA *April 30-May 6*, 1863 South defeats North at Chancellorsville, VA Considered to be General Lee's greatest victory ... although Union army nearly twice size of Confederate army!!!!!!! Lee broke with conventional strategy by splitting his army allowing the surprise confrontation with General Hooker Stonewall Jackson mistakenly shot by own troops - dies 8 days later of pneumonia :(
Antietam outcome
Battle a standoff; Confederates retreat; McClellan does not pursue Union Victory *November 7, 1862*: Lincoln fires McClellan
Confederate troops surprise Union soldiers at Shiloh, Tennessee Grant counterattacks; Confederates retreat; thousands dead, wounded Shiloh showed that Confederacy vulnerable in West After the two day battle the Union finally won!! As a result of the victory the Union was able to secure their position on the Western front. Thus giving them an advantage over the Confederacy which may have allowed them to finally win the Civil War!!!
Battle of Shiloh, March 1862
According to the historian Garry Wills, Lincoln's Gettysburg Address "remade America."
Before the war, people said, "The United States are." After Lincoln's speech, they said, "The United States is."
*Following his elevation* by *Abraham Lincoln* to General-in-Chief, Grant *put Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in charge of the combined armies* Chattanooga served as a launching pad for Sherman to capture the ___________ _____-____ of Atlanta and to march to the Atlantic, inflicting a major logistical and psychological blow to the Confederacy.
Confederate rail-hub
Remember the defensive and political nature of the war. A successful push into the North might very well have caused the collapse of support for the war in the North and favorable peace terms for the Confederacy. After the Battle of Seven Days', ____________ _____ ____________ ___________ ____ ________ ___________
General Lee moved against the Union capital.
Union ___________ ____________ ___ ____________—brave, tough, decisive, commander in West (Western Theater)
General Ulysses S. Grant
The *bloodiest battle of the war (______________)* and the *bloodiest single day of the war (____________)*
Gettysburg Antietam
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free "My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or destroy Slavery." Federal government has no power to abolish slavery where it exists Lincoln decides army can emancipate slaves who labor for Confederacy Emancipation discourages Britain from supporting the South
*Divided by a scant 100 miles* and a few broad rivers, *Washington and Richmond were the nerve centers* of the two armies and the all-consuming goal of each.
It is sometimes called The War Between the States, especially in the South, but more than anything, the conflict was a war fought between-and for-the two capitals.
Grant appoints who?
March 1864, Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union armies Grant appoints WilliamTecumsehSherman commander
Vicksburg Under Siege
May 18 - July 4, 1863) was the final major military action in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War [(Confederate Vicksburg prevents Union from controlling Mississippi)] [(Spring 1863, Union destroys MS rail lines, sacks Jackson Grant's assaults on Vicksburg fail, begins siege in May)] Starving Confederates surrender on July 4 Confederacy completely divided side notes - - - - set up a steady barrage of artillery, shelling the city from both the river and the land for several hours a day and forcing its residents to take shelter in caves that they dug out of the yellow clay hillsides. food supplies ran so low that people ate dogs and mules.
Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederate States of America
Reactions to the Proclamation
Proclamation has symbolic value, gives war high moral purpose Free blacks welcome ability to fight against slavery Northern Democrats claim will antagonize South, ..... prolong war Confederacy becomes *more determined* to preserve way of life!! *Compromise no longer possible; one side must defeat the other!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!*
Determined to save ______________, Lee moved against McClellan -- in a series of battles known collectively as the Seven Days' Battles, fought from June 25 to July 1, 1862...
Richmond
The War for the Capital
Spring *1862*, Robert E. Lee takes command of Southern army After dawdling all winter, McClellan finally got under way in the spring of 1862!! He *transported the Army of the Potomac slowly toward the Confederate capital*. On the way he encountered a Confederate army commanded by *General Joseph E. Johnston*. After a series of battles, Johnston was wounded, and command of the army passed to Robert E. Lee. Lee was very different from McClellan—*modest rather than vain, and willing to go beyond military textbooks in his tactics*. He had opposed secession. However, he declined an offer to head the Union army and cast his lot with his beloved state of Virginia.
Glory for the 54th Massachusetts
The *54th Massachusetts Colored Infantry* was initiated by Massachusetts Governor John Andrew The first African American regiment raised in the North Meant to be a striking refutation to all those who felt African Americans were incapable of fighting. This was a revolutionary regiment, organized by and containing men who saw in this war the end of slavery. The formation of the regiment was a matter of controversy and public attention from its inception. Andrew employed recruiters who traveled all across the free states enlisting former slaves and life-long freemen. *Frederick Douglass was one of those recruiters, and his two sons were the first two enlistees from New York.*
Battle of Gettysburg: Effects
The Union had won in a major turning point, stopping Lee's invasion of the North. Demoralized by the defeat at Gettysburg, Lee offered his resignation to President Jefferson Davis, but was refused.... (combined with Ulysses S. Grant's victory at Vicksburg, also on July 4) irrevocably turned the tide of the Civil War in the Union's favor. It inspired Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address," which became one of the most famous speeches of all time.
Sgt. William Carney
The first African-American Medal of Honor <3
total war
They believed that it was essential to fight not only the South's armies and government but its civilian population as well. They reasoned that civilians produced the weapons, grew the food, and transported the goods on which the armies relied. It was the strength of the people's will kept the war going. If the Union destroyed that will to fight, the Confederacy would collapse.
Women Civil War Medicine
U.S. Sanitary Commission works to better hygiene; hire, train nurses - Dorothea Dix superintendent of women nurses - Union death rate drops Surgeon general orders at least 1/3 of Union nurses be women Southern women volunteer as Confederate nurses Union nurse Clara Barton serves on front lines
The South had great battlefield commanders like Lee and Stonewall Jackson, but was hurt by a lack of central government leadership. Jefferson Davis was unable to get Southern governors to _____ ___ ____________ ______ ___ _________ ______________, and his own meddling in military affairs *weakened!!* the Southern cause.
act in concert with the central government
"Copperheads" / Peace Democrats
advocating peace—among arrested
Antietam
bloodiest single-day battle: 23,000 casualties
____ ____ —first battle, about 30 miles from capitol city Washington D.C.; *Confederate victory* Also known as the *Battle of Manassas/1st Battle of Bull Run* Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall Jackson for firm stand in battle virginia, july 21, 1861
bull run
Protecting Washington, D.C. After _______ _______, Lincoln calls for ___ __________ additional soldiers Appoints *General George McClellan* to lead Army of the Potomac!!
bull run 1 million
1863 New York City was a tinderbox waiting to explode. Poor people were crowded into slums, crime and disease ran rampant, and poverty was ever-present. Poor white workers—especially Irish immigrants— the rioters wrecked draft offices, Republican newspaper offices, and the homes of anti-slavery leaders. They attacked well-dressed men on the street (those likely to be able to pay the $300 commutation fee) and attacked African Americans.
draft riots angry people --> unable to afford to pay money to get out of going to war ---> riot
conscription
draft to serve in army; compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.
although the battle seemed to be a ______, it had a long-range impact on the war The Confederate failure to hold on to its Ohio-Kentucky frontier showed that at least part of the Union's three-way "____________ ______" strategy the drive to take the Mississippi and split the Confederacy, might succeed
draw Anaconda Plan
_______ __________ is noted for strategic significance, proximity to the large population centers, major newspapers, and the *capital cities of the opposing parties!!!!*
eastern theater
Remembered for most *famous campaigns* of the war epic *struggles between the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, under Robert E. Lee, and the Union Army of the Potomac, under a series of less successful commanders*. The *bloodiest battle of the war (Gettysburg)* and the *bloodiest single day of the war (Antietam)* were BOTH FOUGHT IN THIS THEATER. The capitals of Washington, D.C., and Richmond were both attacked or besieged!!! !!!!!Majority of battles occurred in the *100 miles* between the cities of Washington and Richmond!!!!! *<--* IMPORTANT The Union advantage was control of the sea and major rivers, which would allow an army that stayed close to the ocean to be reinforced and supplied.
eastern theater facts
Confederate advantages: ____________, ________ _________, ____________
generals cotton profits motivation
Grant's strategy
immobilize Lee in VA while Sherman raids Georgia *May 1864-April 1865* Grant and Lee fight many battles Heavy losses on both sides; North can replace soldiers, South cannot
The day after his ________________, the new president received an urgent dispatch from the fort's commander, _______ ____________. The __________________ was *demanding that he surrender or face an attack*, and his *supplies of food and ammunition would last six weeks* at the most.
inauguration major anderson confederacy
By the time of Abraham Lincoln's inauguration on _____ _ , *only two Southern forts remained in Union hands*. The more important was *South Carolina's Fort Sumter*, on an island in Charleston harbor.
march ( fourth )
the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War consists of the major __________ and ___________ operations in the states of *Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania the District of Columbia*
military naval
This sentiment led to a movement to create a pro-Union (or at least neutral) state in the South, named _______________
nickajack
One reason the war lasted much longer than either side expected was what? ... Lincoln proved to be an adept political leader, but was plagued by indecisive and weak generals until he found *GRANT*.
offsetting strengths and weaknesses in military and political leadership
The Lincoln administration believed that slavery was the basis of the Confederate economy and leadership class and that victory ____________ its _________________.
required destruction
Soldiers and civilians on both sides were caught up in the ___________ of war and __________________ views of ____________ and _________.
romance idealistic bravery heroism
The ____________ ____________________ states that seceded following the 11/1860 presidential election and 3/1861 Lincoln inauguration *_____________ ______ ____________________ __________ ____ _______________* on February 4, 1861.
seven southernmost !!! formed the Confederate States of America !!!
As the campaign in the west progressed and the Union navy tightened its blockade of Southern ports, the third part of the North's three-part strategy (Ananconda Plan) —_____ ______ ___ __________ ____ ____________ _______ ___ ___________ — faltered. One of the problems was General McClellan. Although he was an excellent administrator and popular with his troops, McClellan was extremely cautious. *scaredy cat* After five full months of training an army of 120,000 men, he insisted that he could not move against Richmond until he had 270,000 men. He *complained* that there were only two bridges across the Potomac, not enough for an orderly retreat should the Confederates repulse the Federals. Northern newspapers began to mock his daily bulletins of "All quiet on the Potomac," and even the patient Lincoln commented that he would like to "borrow McClellan's army if the general himself was not going to use it."
the plan to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond
After reaching the ocean, *Sherman invaded the Carolinas*!!! Operations in the Western Theater concluded with ______ __________________ ____ ________________ ___________ to the Union armies in North Carolina and Florida in May 1865 following General Robert E. Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House.
the surrender of Southern forces
Grant and Sherman believe in _______ ____ to destroy South's will to fight
total war
______ ______________ -Splits away from Virginia, admitted to Union in 1863)
west virginia
