U.S. Government Chapter 4

Dual Federalism

(1790-1930) The time period which national and state governments were seen equal authorities, operating over separate areas of influence, and the authority of national government was generally limited to the expressed powers listed in the Constitution; also called "layer cake" federalism

Cooperative Federalism

(1930-1960) an era of federalism during which the national and state government shared functional authority in broad policy areas; also called "marble cake" federalism

What is fiscal federalism?

A system of spending, taxing, and providing aid by the national government.

How does Health Care drive changes in our federal system?

Americans are turning to their national and state government for creative solutions to the rising costs of medical services, health insurance, and hospitalization. The U.S. may be on the verge of a health care crisis. But no one knows which level of government should help pay for it.

Grants that can only be used for a specific purpose of state and local spending are called.......

Categorical Grants

What powers are shared by both the national government and state government?

Collect taxes, provide for the health and welfare of people, build roads, and borrow money.

Collecting taxes, building roads, borrowing money, regulating education, and establishing courts are.....

Concurrent Powers

Step 5 of becoming a state

Congress passes an act of admission (creating the new state)

What powers do state governments have?

Draw electoral district lines, conduct elections, maintain state militias (the National Guard), regulate commerce within the state, levy taxes, ratify amendments to the Constitution, exercise powers not specifically delegated to the nation or prohibited to the states, establish and operate state court systems

How are grants-in-aid funded?

Federal income taxes.

How does Immigration drive changes in our federal system?

Immigration has become an important issue testing our federal system. Although the national government handles immigration policies, such as citizenship and boarder protection, immigration isn't just a national issue. State government take responsibility for a number of immigration-related issues, including increased education costs, health and social services, employment related issues, and low cost housing.

Step 1 of becoming a state

Request Statehood (area requesting statehood)

The goal of New Federalism is to.....

Return authority to state governments.

Step 4 of becoming a state

Submit constitution to Congress for consideration

Full Faith and Credit Clause

The provision of the Constitution that requires each state to honor the public acts, official records, and judicial proceedings of every other state

Step 2 of becoming a state

They are directed (enabling act) to write a state constitution

How did the New Deal and Great Society programs change federalism?

They led to greater cooperation between the national and state governments.

Grant-in-aid

federal funds given to state and local governments specific projects

Federal Mandates

regulations that the national government imposes on state and local governments

Fiscal Federalism

a system of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system

Creative Federalism

(1960-1980) the period which the national government channeled federal funds to local governments and citizen groups to address problems that states could or would not address; also called "picket fence" federalism

New Federalism

(1980-Present) the modern era in federalism in which authority that rested which the national government is being returned to the states; also called "devolution"

Which philosopher believed that dividing power between different parts of government was the best way to defend people's freedom?

Baron de Montesquieu

Why is Article VI of the Constitution called the Supremacy Clause?

Because it states that national laws reign supreme over state laws.

Because they are for general purposes or broad policy areas, states typically prefer to receive.....

Block Grants

How have grands and mandates been used to increase the power of the federal government?

By supporting particular programs important to the federal government.

Step 3 of becoming a state

Popular vote on the constitution in the proposed state.

What events caused the expansion of national power in the twentieth century?

Southern states tried to secede from the U.S. due to the disagreements over slavery; this led to the Civil War.

How does Homeland Security drive changes in our federal system?

The Department of Homeland Security was formed after 9/11, to protect our country from terrorism, natural disasters, and other emergencies. After Hurricane Katrina, local and state government worked with Homeland Security. But people questioned whether leadership and better cooperation with the levels of government might have saved more lives.

Expressed Powers

The power explicitly granted to Congress by the Constitution

What powers does the national government have?

They have the power to borrow and coin money, levy taxes, conduct foreign relations, raise armies, declare war, and make peace, regulate commerce with foreign nations and between states, establish post offices, regulate immigration and naturalization, establish and operate the federal court system, make laws necessary and proper to execute national powers.

According to the Constitution, what is the role of the Supreme Court in conflicts between the nation and the states?

To resolve these conflicts as it sees fit

How does the Environment drive changes in our federal system?

Efforts to protect the environment are often seen as the responsibility of the national government. The environmental policies of the state might affect other states and a state government might hesitate to enact environmental regulations that might cause businesses to relocate to a different state with fewer restrictions. Some leaders believe that environmental protection is better handled at the state and local level. Members of Congress representing their views have asked to limit the reach of national government's Environmental Protection Agency favor of local recycling and conservation efforts.

Powers considered to be logical extensions of those powers specifically listed in the Constitution are called....

Implied Powers

How does Poverty drive changes in our federal system?

In 1996, Congress passed a welfare reform law that gave the states the authority to manage their own welfare system using federal grant blocks. Since then, the numbers of people on welfare in the U.S. has decreased.

Why is Article IV of the Constitution --- often called the full faith and credit clause -- important?

It promotes cooperation between states and prevents states from discriminating against citizens from other states.

How does the Constitution limit the powers of the state of the states and national government?

The Bill of Rights limits national government. States are not allowed to coin money or tax imports and exports from other states; states cannot form armies or enter treaties with other nations.

How does the Constitution guide the relationships between the nation and the 50 states?

The Constitution describes the responsibilities that the national government and the states have toward one another.

What role does the Supreme Court play in American federalism?

The Supremacy Clause of Article VI of the Constitution states that the Constitution, national laws and treaties made by national government are the Supreme Law of the Land.

What event firmly established the supremacy of the national government over state sovereignty?

The Union victory in the Civil War.

Doctrine of Nullification

The belief that states had the right to cancel federal laws with which they disagreed

Doctrine of Succession

The idea that a state had the right to separate from the Union

Devolution

The modern trend in federalism in which more power is given back to the states; also known as "New Federalism"

What best describes dual federalism?

The national and state governments were equal authorities within their own spheres of influence.

Concurrent Power

The power that is shared by both the federal and state government

Implied Powers

The powers assumed by the government that are not specifically listed in the Constitution

How was the government power divided in dual federalism?

The powers of the national government included only those powers listed in the Constitution. All other powers were reserved to the states.

Reserved Powers

The powers that are not specifically granted to the federal government nor denied to the states that are reserved for the states

Step 6 of becoming a step

The president signs the act, the new state enters the union

Why did the Framers choose federalism?

They chose federalism because they wanted a government that was able to unify a belief within the states without diminishing each states' ability to control itself.

Inherent Powers

Those delegated powers of the Constitution that are assumed to belong to the national government because it is a sovereign state

Categorical Grant

a federal grant that can only be used for a specific purpose, or category, of state and local spending; these grants usually require that the state contribute money in addition to the national money

Block Grants

federal grants given to state and local governments for broad purposes, such as welfare, community development, public health, or education