US Hist 1301 chapter 1-4
Describe the society and government of Massachusetts Bay
- the towns were the centers of public life - they had a shared purpose which created a strong sense of community obligation - government was based on an expanded franchised so that anyone who was a male member of the church could vote -government consisted of many elected officials -created a civil court system to resolve disputes -created a set of written laws -created neither a democracy nor a theocracy
Decribe the basic tenets of Puritanism in Massachusetts Bay.
- they were very Calvinists. they believed in predestination -they believed in continually examining themselves for grace -they believed in doing away with corruption; follow bible
Describe the foundation & society of Georgia
-English crown granted 21 trustees the right to operate Georgia -Colony was formed to stop Spanish expansion upward -providing a place where London poor could get a fresh start -slave based plantation society
Discuss the primary aspects of Aztec Society. Where were they primarily located? What was the main ceremonial center of the Aztecs?
-Farmers, warlike (dominated civilizations around them), stone age people, and human sacrifice. -The Aztecs were aggressive, warlike people ruling by force. Its main ceremonial center was Tenochtitlan. They ceremoniously believed that the blood of their victims possessed powers. Their ritual killings connected with the agricultural style. The Aztec's were primarily located in Mexico (central and southern)
Describe the Spanish settlement in the Southwest in the 17th & 18th centuries.
-Growth of the spanish speaking people was slow -People that did move northward were mostly men and not born in Spain -Spanish, much more than English, exploited the Indians for labor -Spanish never fully secured the frontier
Discuss the realities of 18th century British politics.
-House of Commons and Lords came from the same background -no strict separation of powers -very few people spoke out against this system -the three distinct groups were not representative
Describe the origins, cultural differences, and lifestyles of the first settlers of North America before the European Conquest. What development revolutionize their culture?
-Nomadic hunters who came from Asia. They divided into groups; speaking different languages. Aztecs established complex societies. The development that revolutionized their culture was that members of the small migrating group stopped hosting a number of communicable diseases -The real first settlers of North America were Native Americans. They originated from the Paleo-Indians, who were the first human beings to set foot on the continent. Each group focused on their own survival. They were nomadic, isolated people, who for an unknown reason stopped hosting a number of communicative diseases.
Discuss the demographics & contributions of American cities in the 18th century
-Population in cities were very small -There was a very small pool of labor -Cities had a huge influence on colonial culture because it was through cities that European ideas were expressed
Describe the New England society in the 17th century
-Society was very stable socially and politically -Family was the most important social institution -it was a very religious society -society had strong communal ties -society was composed mostly of middle-class -had a very hierarchical society
Describe the Portuguese relationship with West Africa. What were they searching for?
-The Portuguese sailed to Africa in hopes of finding gold and slaves. The officials were willing partners in trade but insisted that the Portuguese respect African trade regulations. They were required to pay tolls and fees. The Africans formed an army and the Portuguese realized they could not force their will upon the Africans, and soon disease proved lethal. Portuguese were the first people to explore the west coast of Africa. They also became slave traders.
Explain the social classes and their relationships in 17th century Chesapeake society
-at the top of the society were the landowners -the next class were the freedman. They were people who came as indentured servants and earned their freedom (largest class) -the next class were the indentured servants -at the bottom were the slaves
Describe the society & economy of Maryland in the 17th century.
-colony developed much like Virginia with a sharp class and with indentured servants -very dispersed with farms along rivers and Chesapeake bay -buying coal was the basis of the economy
Describe the economy of the 17th century Chesapeake society
-economy depended on Tobacco -people believed to be successful in tobacco, labor was very necessary
Describe the foundation & society of the Carolinas
-formed as a commercial venture; make money by renting land -were a slave based society -rice was Carolina's best crop
Describe the foundation & society of Rhode Island.
-founded as a refuge for religious dissenters -society of very independent minds, religious tolerance -quarrelsome society
Describe the foundation & society of Pennsylvania
-founded as refuge for english quakers -consisted of families and a diverse group of people -population was very divided
Describe Benjamin Franklin's intellectual contributions
-he symbolized the spirit of American Enlightenment -he pursued useful knowledge and conducted in the investigation of electricity -he promoted the spread of the use of reason throughout the colonies -he developed a colony to colony communication system
Explain the demographics, education, & labor system of New England in the 17th century.
-increase in population -immigration slowed dramatically -population had a relatively balanced sex ratio -education was seen as a family responsibility -subjects of education were Christianity and Reading -literacy rate grew due to education system -primary place of work was the household -most men were yeoman farmers -significant number of men were employed as fisherman or merchant seamen -many people worked as servants or apprentices
List the primary changes to American Society caused by the Great Awakening
-it promoted a greater willingness to question established authority -made Americans more optimistic of America's future -Preparation of a revolutionary mindset -encouraged people to speak up and take role in their own salvation -had a huge effect in converting slaves to Christianity -Increased awareness that lots of other people had common interests
Describe the demographics of 17th century Chesapeake society.
-most of the immigrants were white and became indentured servants -life expectancy was low -sex ratio was very unbalanced -high mortality rates made less families, forming step-parents or guardians -many of the people died due to disease
Describe the demographics of colonial Virginia
-mostly men, indentured servants -high mortality rate
Describe the transatlantic economy of the 18th century
-per capita income did not drop during this period -colonists had lots of crops to trade -Imports from England rose dramatically -Trade with the West Indies was vital to the colonies -Inter colony trade rose dramatically -the patterns of trade caused the following effects: -make American culture more English (Anglocizing) -increased contact among the colonists
Describe the demographics of the North American colonies between 1700 and 1770
-population growth was phenomenal (large portion was under 16 years of age) -Natural reproduction was responsible for population growth -There was also some significant immigration from Scots-Irish and Germans
List the requirements of the Navigation Act of 1660.
-ships trading in the colonies must be constructed in England -ships must be manned by 75% English people -Enumerated goods must go either to England or to another colony
Describe the social aspects of slavery in 17th century America
-slave experience varied from colony to colony -slaves developed separate cultural identities, which depended on size and density of the slave population -newly arrived Africans were viewed with contempt by native born slaves -African-American culture did develop to varying degrees often based on Christianity as well as African culture -There were sources of relative freedom -Little violence by slaves
Discuss the key aspects of the growth of slavery in the 17th century.
-slavery was small after the founding of Jamestown -the reason it was small was because it was more profitable to sell them in the caribbean than use them -a significant growth in the number of slaves came later -late in the century, the Royal African Company became very good in profiting from slaves
Describe the foundation & society of Connecticut
-spread of Massachusetts bay to good farm land -society was the same as Massachusetts bay
Describe the foundation & government of New Jersey
-the Duke of York gave some of that land which became NJ -East and West Jersey combined to form NJ -Refuge of the quakers
Explain how the government of Virginia changed in 1624
-the king transformed Virginia into a royal colony (was a proprietary colony) -appointed a governor and a council
Explain the Dutch experience in North America
-the purpose of the colony was to establish a base to attack the Spanish, and to establish a fur trade -population was always small but it consisted of an extraordinary ethnic mix -poor leadership, no elected assembly, people ignored government -Dutch later surrendered to English, New Amsterdam became English -Dutch, however, remained unassimilated with the English
Describe the society & government of Plymouth colony.
-they had no authority to form a government -they agreed to form a government by the Mayflower compact -they elected a governor and began operating -society consisted of humble farm communities -little congregation churches were centers of the community
Discuss the conditions and beliefs of Quakers in England in the 17th century
-they were harassed and persecuted by the Church of England -they believed anyone's interpretations of scripture was as good as anyone else's -they believed anyone could be saved, not in predestination -were pacifists -believed everyone was equal -tried to convert others, Evangelical
List the enforcement mechanisms of the Navigation Act of 1696.
-to put pressure of governors of colonies to keep out non-English ships -expanded the number of customs officials in the colonies and established a court system in colonies to resolve disputes
Describe the basic concepts of the 18th century English Constitution.
-was not embodied in a written document -had some statutes, court cases, traditions that had evolved over time to protect life, liberty and property -change was seen as dangerous. People believed that their tradition was their greatness -The three parts of government, each representing a socio-economic interest with checks against each other, were the Monarch, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons
Describe the lives of women in 17th century New England.
-women worked a lot in the household mainly for food -vast majority of women were married -more women in church than men -in political and legal matters, their rights were limited -divorce was very difficult for women and men -high degree of affection between husband and wife
Describe England's relationship with Spain in the 16th century. What was the mission of the Spanish Armada?
A. The mission of the Spanish Armada was to overthrow Protestant Queen Elizabeth I and restoring Catholic rule over England B. There was a silent war going on. Spain wanted Elizabeth out of rule, they tried to send over fleets, but the English fleet took them out.
Evaluate the beginnings & results of the Seven Year's War for Britain & the colonies
Beginnings: -decided French were going to be driven out of Americas -determined need for funds wasn't going to cause the British to back down Results: -British won the war and drove the French out of America -the British received all the territory the French owned in the Americas -the war drew the colonists closer to Britain -Many colonists gained much knowledge about other colonies in the Americas -American colonists developed a core of officers
Describe the factors that caused Englishmen to immigrate to the New World in the 16th & 17th centuries.
Motivations: - Economic opportunities - Escaping religious prosecution - Desire for social position Conditions in England: - Political events and turmoil - Economic recessions - Religious repressions - Population increase in England
Explain the role of tobacco in colonial tidewater Virginia
It allowed commercial success
Explain the social standing & occupation of most 17th century New Englanders
Most were if the middle-class as yeoman farmers
Explain Christopher Columbus' motivation & accomplishments.
Motivations: -Obsessed with reaching Cathay -Wanted to spread the Christian Faith Accomplishments: -Discovered the New World -made three trips as well a. His first plan was altered to voyage to Africa first b.was given a small fleet (nina, pinta, santa maria)
Explain the origins & contributions of the Germans in America
Origins: -Generally came from same area of Germany Contributions: -Later, a third of the population in Pennsylvania was German -Germans were very good farmers -Added and preserved a new culture to the colonies -Added a distinct moral aspect to area where they lived
Explain the origins & contributions of the Scots-Irish in America
Origins: -People of Scottish ancestry who had lived in Ireland for awhile Contribution: -Added a substantial amount of people to the overall population -Added and preserved a new culture to the colonies -Tended to carve out farms in West Pennsylvania -Added a distinct moral aspect to area where they lived
Describe the participants & results of the Treaty of Tordesillas
Participants: Portugal, Spain, and the Pope Results: -Treaty divided the New World for purposes of exploration and colonization -Treaty didn't affect other nations -Portugal exploring and colonizing Brazil
Describe the first European settlers in North America.
Scandinavian seafarers known as Vikings established settlements in North America, but it took a thousand years for them to receive recognition. Medieval Kingdoms were organized and ignorance and disease discouraged travel far from the center.
Explain British commercial policy toward the American colonies prior to 1660.
Prior to 1660, there were no commercial policies
Describe the main institutions of Royal Government in the colonies.
Royal Governor: -top of the institution -they had lots of power -they didn't have power to tax, however The Council: -they didn't represent a distinct group The Elected Assemblies: -they represented the colonists -the assemblies saw themselves as having an obligation to preserving the rights of the colonists -as wars occurred, the need for money helped fight these wars, thus making them more powerful -Assemblies drew colonies closer to England
Describe the Carolina's economy and explain the difference between the Carolina's economy and the economies of the other colonies.
Staple crops: -Rice in Carolinas -Tobacco in Virginia and wheat in Pennsylvania. -New England had none Labor Systems: -Slaves in Carolinas -Indentured servants in Virginia and Family farmers in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts bay
Explain how the relationship between the Europeans & Indians changed.
The first recorded interaction had a feeling of curiosity and surprise rather than hostility. The Indians desired peaceful trade. the Europeans began trying to "civilize" the Indians but this was usually rejected. The relationship quickly became less and less cooperative. Disease eventually destroyed the cultural integrity of many tribes.
Explain the intent of the Navigation Act of 1663
The intent was to eliminate the Dutch competition of trade
Describe the early Spanish colonial system. What was the encomienda?
a. Encomienda System- those conquistadores were given Indian villages and were provided with labor tribute in exchange for legal protection and religious guidance. b. This system made the colonizers more dependent on the king c. The Spanish brought Catholicism to the New World, and the two orders (Dominicans and Franciscans) established missionaries. d. The sudden acquisition of money caused inflation, and Spain became too dependent on the annual shipment of bullion from America.
List the European prerequisites for exploration in the 15th century.
a. European nations became prosperous b. European nations grew in population c. Development of a more expansive outlook d. Development and distribution of reliable technical knowledge e. Development of centralized political authorities in Europe - bold new creative thinking, growth in population, reliable technical knowledge.
Explain how the Spanish conquered the Aztecs. Who was the leader of the Spanish conquest?
a. Hernan Cortes was an extraordinary leader b. He had 600 followers and a number of Indians as allies c. He had military superiority (guns and horses) d. He had a psychological advantage (Aztec thought that he was a God) e. Disease killed a number of Aztecs
Discuss the Roanoke experiment in the late 16th century. Who sponsors the Roanoke colony? What doomed the Roanoke settlement?
a. James believed the colony was a critical social experiment in free labor and a potential model for resettling freedmen on their own lands b. Sir Walter Raleigh funded and authorized the expeditions to Roanoke island - poor planning, preparation for war with Spain, and hostilities with Native Americans doomed the experiment.
Describe the early English settlement in Virginia in the 17th century.
a. Jamestown was founded in 1607 as a business venture b. Private funds were used to finance Jamestown founding c. Money was gained through joint stock companies d. Jamestown became a proprietary colony e. Selected a site for military reasons f. the site had significant shortcomings g. The colony was very unsuccessful at first h. Society developed in a very spread out fashion along the rivers non-concentrated with a strong planter system
Explain the major religious beliefs in 16th century England and why Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church.
a. Protestant Reformation began to view Spain (catholics) as huge enemy c. Once catholic the king wanted to divorce his Spanish wife due to the fact that she had bore no son
Describe the Elizabethan Settlement in religion in 16th century England.
a. Queen Elizabeth recognized her urgent duty to end the religious turmoil that divided the country. She had no desire to restore Catholicism, nor restore the religion during the end of her father's reign. She established an institution; Catholic in many ceremonies and governing, but Protestant in doctrine. b. She was titled "Supreme Head of the Church"
Describe the early French colonial system, where they settled, and how they made money. How did the French view Native Americans?
a. The crown remained indifferent to Canadian affairs, royal officials stationed in New France received limited support from Paris. b. Their hopes were to migrate to the New World to convert the Indians to Christianity, however this required cooperation c. The French viewed the natives as necessary economic partners. d. Furs were most valuable export e. French traders often lived among the natives
