US History 2 Final
fighting WWII: as the 1930s progressed, Roosevelt became more and more alarmed at Hitler's aggression as well as his accelerating campaign against Germany's Jews, who the Nazis stripped of citizen ship and property and began to deport to concentration camps. in a 1937 speech in Chicago, FDR called for international actions to ________ aggressors. but no further steps followed
"quarantine"
fighting WWII: WWII has been called a ____________ meaning that its outcome turned on which coalition of combatants could outproduce the other. in retrospect, it appears inevitable that the entry of the US, with its superior industrial might , would ensure the defeat of the _______
-"gross national product war" -axis powers
The First New Deal: Roosevelt promised a _________ for the American people. but his campaign offered only a vague hint of what this might entail. roosevelt spoke of the government's responsibility guarantee "every man... a right to make a comfortable living" but he also advocated a ________ and criticized his opponent, President Hoover, for excessive _________-
-"new deal" -balanced federal budget -government spending
The Second New Deal: some new dealers desired a program funded by the federal government's general tax revenue but others wished to keep relief in the hands of state and local authorities and believed that workers should contribute directly to the cost of their own benefits. Roosevelt himself preferred to fund social security by _______ on employers and workers, rather than out of the general _________-. he wanted to ensure that social security did not add to the ________
--taxes -government revenues -federal deficit
The First New Deal: the home owners loan corporation and ___________, insured millions of long-term mortgages issued by private banks. at the same time, the federal government itself built thousands of units of _______. new deal housing policy represented a remarkable departure from previous gov. practive
-Federal Housing Administration FHA -low-rent housing
The End of the WWII: FDR won a 4th term in 1944, but he did not live to see the allied victory. he succumbed to a stroke on April 12, 1945. to his successor, __________, fell one of thefts momentous decisions ever confronted by an american president--whether to _______ against Japan. having fled to the US from Hitler's Germany, Einstein in 1939 warned Roosevelt that nazi scientists were trying to develop an atomic weapon and urged the president to do likewise. in the following year, FDR authorized what came to be known as the __________, a top secret program in which american scientists developed an atomic bomb during WWII
-Harry S. Truman -used the atomic bomb -Manhattan Project
fighting WWII: during 1941, the US became more and more closely allied with those fighting germany and japan. but with Britain virtually bankrupt, it could no longer pay for supplies. at roosevelt's urging, congress passed the _________, which authorized military aid so long as countries promised somehow to return it all after the war. FDR also froze Japanese assets in the US, halting virtually all trade between the countries, including the sale of oil vital to Japan
-Lend-Lease Act
The Second New Deal: another major initiative of the second new deal was the __________. known at the time as "Labor's Magna Carta". this brought democracy in to the american workplace by empowering the national labor representation. it also outlawed _________, including the firing and blacklisting of union organizers
-Wagner Act -"unfair labor practices"
The First New Deal: Roosevelt declared a _________ temporarily halting all bank operations, and called congress into special session. on march 9, it rushed to pass the ________, which provided funds to shore up threatened institutions
-bank holiday -emergency banking act
Origins of the Cold War: FDR seems to have believed that the US could maintain friendly relations with the soviet unions once WWII ended. in retrospect, however, it seems all but inevitable that the tow major powers to emerge form the war would come into conflict. born of a ________ rather than common long-term interests, values, or history, their wartime alliance began to unravel almost from the day that peace was declared
-common foe
The First New Deal: Roosevelt conceived of the New Deal as an alternative to socialism on the left, nazism on the right, and the inaction of upholders of unregulated capitalism. He hoped to reconcile ______, ______, and _______ and ________.
-democracy -individual liberty -economic recovery -development
The Second New Deal: the first had focused on _______. the emphasis of the second was ______--a guarantee that americans would be protected against unemployment and poverty.
-economic recovery -economic security
second new deal: new dealers concluded that the ________ should no longer try to plan business recovery but should try to redistribute the nation income so as to sustain mass ________ on the consumer economy
-government -purchasing power
fighting WWII: ______________-the 1930s version of Americans' long-standing desire to avoid foreign entaglements-domineated congress during WWII. beginning in 1935, lawmakers passed a series of ________ that banned travel on belligerents' ships and the sale of arms to countries at war. these policies, congress hoped, would allow the US to avoid the ______________ of the seas that had contracted to involvement in WWI
-isolationism -neutrality acts -conflicts over freedom
second new deal: congress levied a highly publicized tax on ________ and _______--a direct response to the popularity of Huey Long's Share Our Wealth Campaign. it created the rural electrification agency (REA) to bring electric power to homes that lacked it. this became one fo the second new deal's most successful programs.
-large fortunes -corporate profits
Lyndon Johnson's Presidency: the 1960s clearly has a conservative side as well. with the founding in 1960 of young americans for freedom, conservative students emerged as a force in politics. there were striking parallels between the Sharon Statement, issued by ninety young people who gathered at the state of conservative intellectual william F. Buckley in Sharon, CT. Both manifestos portrayed youth as the cutting edge of a _________-, and both claimed to offer a route to greater freedom. The Sharon Statement summarized beliefs that had circulated among conservatives during the past decade--the free market underpinned "personal freedom" government must be strictly limited, and "international communism" the gravest threat to liberty, must be destroyed
-new radicalism
The First New Deal: headed by Hugh S. Johnson, a retired general and businessman, the NRA quickly established codes that set standards for _________, ______, and _______ in the textile, steel, mining, and auto industries
-production prices wages
fighting WWII: Roosevelt viewed Hitler as a mad gangster whose victories posed a direct threat to the US. but most americans remained desperate to _____________. after a tumultuous debate, congress in 1940 agreed to allow the sale of arms to britain on a ________- basis--that is, they had to be paid for in cash and transported in british ships. it also approved plans for military rearmament.
-remain out of the conflict -"cash and carry"
The First New Deal: the biggest difference between the parties of Roosevelt and Hoover during the campaign was the Democrat's call for the __________, although roosevelt certainly suggested a greater awareness of the plight of ordinary Americans and a willingness to embark on new ways to address the great depression
-repeal of prohibition
Lyndon Johnson's Presidency: unlike John F. Kennedy, raised in a wealthy and powerful family, Lyndon grew up in one of the poorest parts of the US, the central Texas hill country. Kennedy seemed to view success as his birthright; Johnson had to ____________ to achieve wealth and power. Johnson never forgot the poor Mexican and white children he had taught in a texas school in the early 1930s. Far more interested than Kennedy in _________, he continued to hold a new deal view that government had an obligation to assist less-fortunate members of society
-struggle -domestic reform
fighting WWII: in 1940, Roosevelt announced his candidacy for a __________. the international situation was too dangerous and domestic recovery too fragile, he insisted, for him to leave.
-third term as president
Lyndon Johnson's Presidency: the 1964 Civil rights act did not address a major concern of the civil rights movement-- the right to ___________. the summer, a coalition of civil rights groups, launched a voter registration drive in Mississippi. Hundreds of white college students from the north traveled to the state to take part in freedom summer. an outpouring of violence greet the campaign, including 35 bombings and numerous beatings fo civil rights workers. Freedom summer led directly to one of the most dramatic confrontations of the civil rights era---- the campaign by the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party to take the seats of the state's _____________ at the 1964 Democratic national convention
-vote in the South -all-white official party
The Second New Deal: before the 1930s, national political debate often revolved around the questions of ______ the federal gov. should intervene in the economy. after the new deal, debate rested on ______ it should intervene. in addition, the gov. assumed a responsibility, which it had never wholly relinquished, for guaranteeing americans a living wage and protecting them against economic and personal misfortune
-whether -how
fighting WWII: Germany, Italy, and Japan
Axis powers
fighting WWII: Japan also took control of the Dutch East Indies, whose extensive oil fields could replace supplies from the US. and it occupied Guam, the Philippines, and other Pacific Islands. At _______, in the Philippines, the Japanese forced 78,000 american and filipino troops to lay down their arms--the largest surrender in american military history
Bataan
The Civil Rights Revolution: the high point of protest came in the spring of 1963, when demonstrations took place in towns and cities across the south, dramatizing black discontent over inequality in education, employment, and housing. Even for the deep south, _________- was a violent city--there had been over fifty bombings of black homes and institutions since WWII. Local blacks had been demonstrating, with no result, for greater economic opportunities and an end to segregation by local businesses
Birmingham
The End of WWII: Britain also resisted, unsuccessfully, American efforts to reshape and dominate the postwar economic order. a meeting of representatives of 45 nations replaced the british pound with the dollar as the main currency for international transactions. the _____________ reestablished the link between the dollar and gold. it se the dollar value at $35 per ounce of gold and gave other currencies a fixed relationship to the dollar. the _________ would provide money to developing countries and to help governments from defaulting their currencies to gain an advantage in international trade, as many had done during the depression
Bretton Woods conference World Bank
Lyndon Johnson's presidency: in 1964, congress passed the __________, which prohibited racial discrimination in employment, institutions like hospitals and schools, and privately owned public accommodations such as restaurants, hotels, and theaters. it also banned discrimination on the grounds of sex--a provision added by opponents of civil rights in an effort to derail the entire bill and embraced by liberal and female members of congress as a way to broaden its scope
Civil Rights Act
fighting WWII: the major involvement of american troops in europe did not begin until june 6, 1944. on that date, known as _____, nearly 200,000 american, british, and canadian soldiers under the command of General _________ landed in Normandy. more than a million troops followed them ashore in the next few weeks, in the most massive sea-land operation in history.
D-Day Dwight D. Eisenhower
Origins of the Cold War: american troops did the bulk of the fighting on this first battlefield of the cold war. in september 1950, general ___________ launched a daring counterattack at Inchon, behind North Korea lines. the invading forces retreated northward, and MacArthur's army soon occupied most of north korea. Truman now hoped to unite Korea under a pro-americas government.
Douglas MacArthur
The Origins of the Cold War: an 11 month airlift followed, with western planes supplying fuel and food to their zones of the city. When stalin life the blockade in may 1949, the Truman administration had won a major victory. Soon, two new nations emerged, ____________, each allied with a side in the cold war. Berlin itself remained divided. The city's western part survived as an isolated enclave within East Germany. Also in 1949, the soviet union tested its first atomic bomb. in the same year, the US, Canada, and ten western european nations established the _____________, pledging mutual defense against any future soviet attack
East and West Germany North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO
The Civil Rights Revolution: The march on washington reflected an unprecedented degree of black-white cooperation in support of racial and economic justice. but it also revealed some fo the movement's limitations, and the tensions within it.
FYI
The Freedom Movement: Eisenhower privately told aides that the disagreed with the supreme court's reasoning. Ike failed to act in 1956 with a federal court ordered that Autherine Lucy be admitted to the University of Alabama; a mob prevented her from registering and the board of trustees expelled her. the university remained all white into the 1960s
FYI
The Origins of the Cold War: avoiding truman's language of a world divided between free and unfree blocs, Marshall insisted, "our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos" Freedom meant more than simply anticommunist--it required the emergence of the "political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist"
FYI
The First New Deal: during the first new deal, who came to be beloved as the symbolic representative of ordinary citizens
Franklin D. Roosevelt
fighting WWII: interventionists popularized slogans that would become central to wartime mobilization. In june 1941, refugees from germany and the occupied countries of europe joined with americans to form the __________, which sought to bring the UD into the war against hitler
Free world association
The Civil Rights Revolution: other forms of direct actions soon followed the sit-ins. blacks in Biloxi and Gulfport, MS engaged in "wade-ins" demanding access to segregated public beaches. scores were arrested and two black teenagers were killed. in 1961, the congress of Racial Equality (CORE) launched the ____________. integrated groups traveled by bus into the deep south to test compliance with court orders banning segregation on interstate buses and trains and in terminal facilities.
Freedom Rides
fighting WWII: US, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union: Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin
Grand Alliance
The End of WWII: on august 6, 1945, an american plane dropped an atomic bomb that detonated over ___________--a target chosen because almost alone among major japanese cities, it had not yet suffered damage. on august 9, the US exploded a second bomb over _______. on the same day, the soviet Union declared war on japan and invaded Manchuria. within a week, japan surrendered
Hiroshima, Japan Nagasaki
The Civil Rights Revolution: in may, king made the bold decision to send black schoolchildren into the streets of Birmingham. Place chief Eugene "Bull" Connor unleashed his forces against the thousands of young marchers. the images, broadcast on television, of children being assaulted with nightsticks, high-pressure fire hoses and attack dogs produced a wave of revulsion throughout the world and turned the Birmingham campaign into a triumph for the civil rights movement. it led president _________, to endorse the movement's goals. leading businessmen, fearing the the city was becoming an international symbol of brutality, brokered an end to the demonstrations that desegregated downtown stores and restaurants and promised that black salespeople would be hired
Kennedy
The Freedom Movement: with Truman's civil rights initiative having faded and the Eisenhower administration reluctant to address the issue, it fell to the courts to confront the problem of racial segregation. In the southwest, the _____________, the equivalent of the NAACP, challenged restrictive housing, employment discrimination, and the segregation of Latino students. it won an important victory in 1946 in the case of Mendez v. Westminster, when a federal court ordered the schools of Orange County desegregated
League of United Latin American Citizens
The Freedom Movement: The federal gov. tried to remain aloof from the black truffle. thanks to the efforts of senate majority leader __________, who hoped to win liberal support for a run for president in 1960, Congress in 1957 passed the first _____________ since Reconstruction. it targeted the denial of black voting rights in the south, but with weak enforcement provisions it added few voters to the rolls. President ____________ failed to provide moral leadership. he called for americans to abide by the law, but he made it clear that he found the whole civil rights issue distasteful
Lyndon B. Johnson national civil rights law Eisenhower
The Civil Rights Revolution: On august 28, 1963, two weeks before the Birmingham church mobbing, 250,000 black and white americans converged on the nation's capital for the ____________, often considered the high point of the nonviolent civil rights movement. class for the passage of a civil rights bill pending before congress took center stage. but the march's goals also included a public-works program to reduce unemployment, an increase in the minimum wage, and a law barring discrimination in employment
March on Washington
The Origins of the Cold War: the _________ offered a positive vision to go along with containment. it aimed to combat the idea, widespread since the great depression, the capitalism was in decline and communism the wave of the future. it defined the threat the american security not so much as soviet military power but as economic and political instability, which could be needing grounds for communism
Marshall Plan
The Freedom Movement: On December 1, 1995, Rosa Parks, a black tailor's assistant who had just completed her day's work in a Montgomery, Alabama, department store, refused to surrender her set on a city bus to a white rider, as required by law. Park's arrest sparked a yearlong _________________, the beginning of the mass phase of the civil rights movement in the south. within a decade, the civil rights revolution had overturned the structure of legal segregation and regained the right to vote for black southerners.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The End of WWII: even as the war raged, a series of meetings between Allied leaders formulated plans for the postwar world. Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin met at Tehran, Iran in 1943 and at Yalta, in the southern Soviet Union, early in 1945, to hammer our agreements. The final "big three" conference took place in Potsdam, near Berlin. It involved Stalin, Truman, and Churchill. At the _____________, the allied leaders established a military administration for Germany and agreed to place top nazi leaders on trial for war crimes
Postdam conference
The Freedom Movement: Buoyed by success in Montgomery, King in 1956 took the lead in forming the __________________, a coalition of black ministers and civil rights activists, to press for desegregation. But spite the movement's success in popular mobilization, the fact that Montgomery's city fathers agreed to the boycott's demands only after a supreme court ruling indicated that without national backing, local action might not be enough to overturn Jim Crow
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
The Freedom Movement: In 1956, 96 out of 106 southern congressmen--and every southern senator except Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas and Albert Gore and Estes Kefauver of Tennessee--signed a __________, denouncing the Brown decision as a "clear abuse of judicial power" and called for resistance to "forced integration" by "any lawful means." State after state passed laws to block desegregation. some made it illegal for the NAACP to operate within their borders
Southern Manifesto
The Civil Rights Revolution: With the sit-ins, college students for the first time stepped onto the stage of american history as the leading force for social change. in april 1960, Ella Baker, a longtime civil rights organizer, called a meeting of young activists in Raleigh, North Carolina. About 200 black students and a few whites attended. out fo the gathering came the ________________, dedicated to replacing the culture of segregation with a "beloved community" of racial justice and to empowering ordinary blacks to take control of the decisions that affected their lives.
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee SNCC
The First New Deal: John Steinbeck's novel _____________ and a popular film based on the book captured their plight, tracing a dispossessed family's trek form Oklahoma to California during the dust bowl
The Grapes of Wrath
End of WWII: WWII produced a radical redistribution of world power. Japan and Germany, the two dominant military powers in their regions before the war, are utterly defeated. Britain and France, though victorious, were substantially weakened. Only the __________ and the ______ were able to protest significant influence beyond their national borders
US Soviet Union
End of WWII: early in the war, the Allies also agreed to establish a successor to the League of Nations. In a 1944 conference, they develops the structure of the ________. there would be a general assembly--essentially a forum for discussion where each member enjoyed an equal voice--and a security council responsible for maintaining world peace
United Nations
The End of the WWII: in march, american troops crossed the Rhine River and entered the industry heartland of Germany. Hitler took his own life, and shortly afterward, soviet forces occupied Berlin. On May 8, known as _________ (for victory in europe), came the formal end to the war against germany
V-E Day
fighting WWII: after brutally consolidating his rule in germany, Adolf Hitler embarked on a campaign to control the entire continent. in violations of the ________, he feverishly pursued German rearmament. in 1936, he sent troops to occupy the Rhineland, a demilitarized zone between France and Germany established after WWI.
Versailles Treaty
The First New Deal: Great depression time: -the country, wrote the journalist and political commentator _______, "was in such a state of confused desperation that it would have followed almost any leader anywhere he chose to go" and FDR spent much of his time trying top reassure the public he stated "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself"
Walter Lippmann
The Second New Deal: roosevelt approved the establishments of the __________- which hired some 3 million americans, in virtually every walk of life, each year until it ended in 1943. this chanced the physical face of the US. it contracted thousands of public buildings and bridges, more than 500,000 miles of roads, and 600 airports. it employed many out-of-work white-collar workers and professionals, even doctors and dentists
Works Progress Administration WPA
The First New Deal: this authorized the federal government to set production quotas for major crops and pay farmers to plant less in an attempt to raise farm prices.
agricultural adjustment act AAA
The Second New Deal: Perhaps the most famous WPA projects were the ______. they set hundreds of artists to work decorating public buildings with murals. it hired writers to produce local histories and guidebooks to the 48 states and to record the recollections of ordinary americans.
arts
The End of WWII: as 1945 opened, allied victory was assured, in december 1944, in a desperate gamble, Hitler launched a surprised counterattack in France that pushed allied forces back 50 miles, creating a large bulge in their lines. the largest single battle ever fought by the US army, the _____________ produced more than 70,000 american casualties
battle of the bulge
Lyndon Johnson's Presidency: when he became president, nobody expected that Johnson would make the passage of _______________ his first order of business or that he would come to identify himself with the black movement more passionately than any previous president.
civil rights legislation
The First New Deal: in 1933, congress established the ____________ which set unemployed young men to work on projects like forest preservation, flood control, and the improvement of national parks and wildlife preserves.
civilian conservation corps
Origins of the Cold War: initially, american postwar policy focused on europe. but it was in asia that the cold war suddenly turned hot. occupied by japan during WWII, Korea had divided in 1945 into soviet and american zones. these soon evolved into two governments: ________, and ________, undemocratic but aligned with the US
communism North Korea anticommunist South Korea
Origins of the Cold War: convinced that stalin could not be trusted and that the US and a responsibility to provide leadership to a world that the tented to view in stark, black-and-white terms, Truman soon determined to put the policy of __________ into effect. The immediate occasion for this epochal decision came early in 1947 when Britain informed the US that because its economy had been shattered by the war, it could no longer afford its traditional international role. Britain had no choice but to end military and financial aid to two crucial governments--_________, a monarchy threatened by a communist-led rebellion and _________, from which the soviets were demanding joint control of the straits linking the black sea and the mediterranean
containment Greece Turkey
Origins of the Cold War: building on the wartime division of the globe into free and enslaved worlds, and involving a far older vision of an american mission to defend liberty against the forces fo darkness, the Truman doctrine created the language through which most americans came to understand the postwar world. More than any other statement, a prominent senator would write, this speech established "the guiding spirit of american foreign policy" Truman succeeded in persuading both republicans and democrats in congress to support his policy, beginning a long period of bipartisan support for the ________________ As truman's speech to congress suggested, the cold war was, in part, an ideological conflict. both sides claimed to be promoting ___________ and _______ while defending their own ______, and each offered its social system as a model for the rest of the world
containment of communism freedom social justice security
The First New Deal: Roosevelt did not enter office with a blueprint for dealing with the _______. at first, he relied heavily for advice on a group of intellectuals and social workers who took up key positions in his administration.
depression
The Freedom Movement: Looking back, its causes seems clear: the ___________ of the racial system during WWII; the mass ______________ our of the segregated south that made black voters an increasingly important part of the democratic party coalition; and the _______ and rise of ___________ in the third world, both of which made the gap between America's rhetoric and its racial reality an international embarrassment.
destabilization migration cold war independent states
The Origins of the Cold War: many europeans feared German rearmament. but france and other victims of nazi aggression saw NATO as a kind of "__________" in which west germany would serve as bulwark against the soviets while integration into the western alliance tamed and "civilized" german power
double containment
The First New Deal: a government system that insured the accounts of individual depositors
federal deposit insurance corporation
The First New Deal: the __________ transformed the role of the federal gov., constructed numerous public facilities, and provided relief to millions of needy persons
first new deal
fighting WWII: during the 1930s, with americans preoccupied by the economic crisis, international relations played only a minor role in public affairs. from the outset of his administration, nonetheless, FDR embarked on a number of departures in ______. in 1933, hoping to stimulate ________, he exchanged ambassadors with the soviet union, whose government his Republican predecessors had stubbornly refused to recognize
foreign policy american trade
The First New Deal: barred commercial banks from becoming involved in the buying and selling of stocks
glass-steagall act
The First New Deal: roosevelt took the US off of the ________
gold standard
fighting WWII: Roosevelt also formalized a policy initiated by herbert hoover by which the US repudiated the right to intervene militaryily in the internal affairs of latin american countries. this __________, as it was called, had mixed results
good neighbor policy
End of WWII: although the details took many years to emerge, Bretton Woods created the framework for the postwar capitalist economic system, based on a freer international flow of ______ and ________ and a recognition of the US as the world's financial leader. determined to avoid a recurrence of the great depression, american leaders believed that the removal of barriers to free trade would encourage the growth of the world economy, an emphasis that remains central to american foreign policy to this day
goods investment
The First New Deal: many americans thought that the New Deal was creating a class of Americans permanently dependent on _________
government jobs
The First New Deal: the depression devastated the american _________. the construction of new residences all but ceased, and banks and savings and loan associations that had financed him ownership collapsed or, to remain afloat, foreclosed on many homes
housing industry
Origins of the Cold War: Winston Churchill declared that an ________ had descended across europe, partitioning the free west from the communist east. Churchill's speech helped to popularize the idea of an impending long-term struggle between the US and the Soviets. but not until march 1947, in a speech announcing what came to be known as ________, did the president officially embrace the Cold War as the foundation of ___________ and desire it as a world wide struggle over the future of freedom
iron curtain truman doctrine american foreign policy
The Freedom Movement: echoing Christian themes derived from his training in the black church, King's speeches resonated deeply in both black communities and the broader culture. He repeatedly invoked the bible to preach _______ and __________. Like Frederick Douglass before him, King appealed to white American by stressing the protesters' love of country and devotion to national values
justice forgiveness
The Freedom Movement: the US in the 1950s was still segregated, unequal society. Half of the nation's black families lived in poverty. Because of ________ that linked promotions and firings to seniority, non-white workers, who had joined the industrial labor force later than whites, lost their jobs first in times of economic downturn. In the South, evidence of __________ abounded--int separate public institutions and the signs "white" and "colored" at entrances to buildings, train carriages, drinking fountains, restrooms, and the like
labor contracts Jim Crow
The First New Deal: FDR had repudiated the older idea of liberty based on the idea that the best way to encourage economic activity and ensure a fair distribution of wealth was to allow _________ to operate, unrestrained by the gov.
market competition
The Origins of the Cold War: the _________ proved to be one of the most successful foreign aid programs in history. by 1950, western european production exceeded prewar levels and the region was poised to follow the US down the road to a mass-consumption society. Since the soviet union refused to participate, fearing american control over the economies of eastern europe, the marshall plan further solidified the division of the continent
marshall plan
The First New Deal: the centerpiece of roosevelt's plan for combating the depression the __________, was to a large extent modeled on the government-business partnership established by the war industries board of WWI -the act established the _________, which would work with groups of business leaders to establish industry codes that set standards for output, prices, and working conditions
national industrial recovery act -national recovery administration (NRA)
Origins of the Cold War: the US emerged from WWII as by far the world's greatest power. although most of the army was quickly demobilized, the country boasted the world's most powerful _______ and ______. the US accounted for 1/2 the world's __________. It is believed that the US could lead the rest of the world to a future of international cooperation, expanding democracy, and ever-increasing living standards. American leaders also believed that the nation's security depended on the security of Europe and Asia, and that the American property required global _____________
navy air force manufacturing capacity economic reconstruction
The Freedom Movement: Marshall now launched a frontal assault on segregation itself. He brought the NAACP's support to local cases that had arisen when black parents challenged unfair school policies. The local school board spent $179 per white child and $43 per black, and unlike white pupils, black children attended class buildings with _________ or indoor _______ and were not provided with buses to transport them to classes.
no running water toilets
fighting WWII: stalin astonished the world by signing a ____________ with Hitler, his former sworn enemy. on september 1, immediately after the signing of the nazi-soviet pact, Germany invaded ________. this time, britain and france, who had pledged to protect Poland against aggression, declared war
nonaggression pact Poland
The Freedom Movement: a master at appealing to the deep sense on injustice among blacks and to the conscience of white America, King presented the case for black rights in a vocabulary that merged the black experience with that of the nation. Having studied the writings on peaceful civil disobedience of Henry David Thoreauand and Mohanda Gandhi, as well as the nonviolent protest the congress of racial equality had organized in the 1940s, King outlined a philosophy of struggle in which evil must be met with good, hate with Christian love, and violence with _______________
peaceful demands for change
fighting WWII: on december 7, 1941, Japanese planes, launch from aircraft carriers, bombed the naval base at __________ in Hawaii, the first attack by a foreign power on American soil since the war of 1812. japan launch the attack in the hope of crippling american naval power in the pacific. with a free hand in its campaign of conquest in east asia, japan would gain access to supplies of oil and other resources it could no longer obtain from the US. the next day, ________ declared war on the US. America had finally joined the largest war in human history
pearl harbor Germany
The First New Deal: the agricultural adjustment act (AAA) succeeded in significantly raising farm prices and incomes. but not all farmers benefited. money flowed to ________, ignoring that large number who worked on land owned by others. the AAA policy of paying landowning farmers not to grow crops encouraged the eviction of thousands of poor tenants and sharecroppers
property-owning farmers
The First New Deal: one section of the national industrial recovery act created the _________, which contracted with private construction companies to build roads, school, hospitals, and other public facilities
public works administration PWA
The Freedom Movement: The Montgomery bus boycott marked a turning point in postwar American history. It launched the movement for ______________ as a nonviolent crusade based in the black churches of the south. it gained the support of northern liberals and focused unprecedented and unwelcome international attention on the country's racial policies. It marked the emergence of ____________, who had recently arrived in Montgomery to come pastor of a Baptist church, as the movement's national symbol
racial justice Martin Luther King Jr
The Second New Deal: spurred by the failure of his initial policies to pull the country our of the depression and the growing popular clamor for greater economic equality, the buoyed by democratic gains in the midterm elections of 1934, Roosevelt in 1935 launch the _______
second new deal
fighting WWII: obsessed with the threat of communism, some Americans approved of his expansion fo German power as a counterweight to the Soviet Union. businessmen did not wish to give up profitable overseas markets. Henry Ford did business with Nazi Germany throughout the 1930s. indeed, ford plants there employed ________ provided by the german gov. trade with Japan also continued, including shipments of American trucks and aircraft and considerable amounts of oil. until 1941, 80% of Japan's oil supply came from the US
slave labor
The Second New Deal: the centerpiece of the second new deal was the __________. it embodied roosevelt's conviction that the national government had a responsibility to ensure the material well-being of ordinary citizens. it created a system on unemployment insurance, old age pensions, and aid tot eh disabled, the elderly poor, and families with dependent children
social security act
fighting WWII: US, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union: United in their determination to defeat nazi germany, they differed not only in terms of the _______ they represented but also in their ________
societies long-range goals
The First New Deal: this put the federal government, for the first time, in the business of selling electricity in competition with private companies. it significantly improved the lives of many southerners and offered a preview of the program of regional planning that spurred the economic development in the west
tennessee valley authority
The First New Deal: in 1921 FDR contracted polio and lost the use of his legs, a fact carefully concealed from the public in that pre-television era. very few americans realized that the president who projected an image of ____________ during the 1930s and WWII was confined to a wheelchair
vigorous leadership
Lyndon Johnson's Presidency: one last legislative triumph, however, lay ahead for the civil rights movement. in january 1965, king launched a ____________ campaign in Selma, Alabama. In march, defying a ban by governor Wallace, King attempted to lead a march from Selma to the state capital, Montgomery. when the marchers reached the bridge leading out of the city, state police assaulted them with cattle prods, whips, and tear gas. Once again violence against nonviolent demonstrators flashed across television screens throughout the world, compelling the deferral gov. to take action. Calling Selma a milestone in "man's unending search for freedom" Johnson asked congress to enact a law _____________. he closed his speech by quoting the demonstrator's song "We Shall Overcome" Never before had the movement received so powerful an endorsement from the federal gov. Congress quickly passed the ______________, which allowed federal officials to register voters. black southerners finally gained the suffrage that had been tripped from them at the turn of the twentieth century
voting rights securing the right to vote voting rights act
The Freedom Movement: When cases are united, they are listed alphabetically and the first cases fives the entire decision its name. In this instance, the first case arose from a state outside the old confederacy. Oliver Brown went to court because his daughter, a third grader, was forced to ___________________ each morning rather than being allowed to attend a nearby school restricted to whites. his lawsuit became _______________ of Topeka, Kansas. Thurgood Marshall decided that the time and come to attack not the unfair applications of "separate but equal" principle but the doctrine itself. Even with the same funding and facilities, he insisted, segregation was inherently unequal since it stigmatized one group of citizens as unfit to associate with others
walk across dangerous railroad tracks Brown v. Board of Education
The Freedom Movement: For years, the NAACP, under the leadership of attorneys Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood Marshall, had pressed legal challenges to the "separate but equal" doctrine laid down by the court in 1896 in Plessy v. Ferguson. At first, the NAACP sought to gain admission to ____________ for which no black equivalent existed.
white institutions of higher learning
The end of WWII: at the _________, Roosevelt and Churchill entered only a mild protest against Soviet plans to retain control of the Baltic states and a large part of eastern Poland, in effect restoring Russia's pre-world War I western borders
yalta conference
