US History A: Unit 4 - Complete Review

Pure Food and Drug Act

1906 law that allowed federal inspection of food and medicine and banned the interstate shipment and sale of impure food and the mislabeling of food and drugs

Alien Land Law

1913; prohibited Japanese and other Asian aliens from owning property in the California

Theodore Roosevelt

26th President of the United States

how many electoral votes must a candidate win in order to be elected president?

270 electoral votes

how many electoral votes did Wilson win?

435 electoral college votes

Partido Liberal Mexicano

A network which, like the Urban League, provided social services to Mexican Americans to help them settle into urban America

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Women's organization founded by reformer Frances Willard and others to oppose alcohol consumption

why did suffragettes argue that America was not a democracy?

because 20 million American women were denied the right to vote

why did Roosevelt enter the presidential campaign of 1912?

because he felt betrayed by William Taft after he raised tariffs and prices for consumers

why did Jacob Riis care about poverty in the US

because he was once a poor immigrant himself

why did Progressives call Wisconsin the laboratory of democracy?

because the Wisconsin state government established many reform laws, made railroads pay higher taxes and demanded they charge lower fees, made improvement to education, and made factories safer

what was interesting about Taft and Roosevelt's home states?

both of their home states voted for wilson

how did business leaders feel about the federal reserve and the FTC?

both were welcomed by many business leaders as a means of restoring order to the economic marketplace and warding off more radical measures for curbing corporate power

Roosevelt Dam

built on the Arizona River; conservation project

what lasting impact did the sixteenth amendment have on the US economy?

congress enacted a graduated income tax

Square Deal (3 C's)

control of corporations, consumer protection, conservation of natural resources

what types of ideas did Sociedades Mutualistas endorse?

cooperation, service, and protection

what was significant about Wilson's win in the 1912 presidential election?

Wilson received more than 4 times the number of electoral college votes than Roosevelt and Taft combines. He was also the first southern-born president in nearly 60 years

how did Wilson's leadership lead to the passage of the Underwood Tariff?

Wilson told the American people to hold their elected representatives accountable

how did Roosevelt's Square Deal impact the Interstate Commerce Act?

it expanded the commission and its reach was extended to include express companies, sleeping car companies, and pipelines

Why was the Keating-Owen Act ruled unconstitutional?

it overstepped the purpose of the government powers to regulate interstate commerce

why was the 1920 presidential election significant?

it was the first US presidential election where women could vote

what contributed to the growth of the National Urban League?

it's research into the problems blacks faced in employment opportunities, recreation, housing, health and sanitation, and education

what did immigrant women often work as?

laundresses or servants

Muller v. Oregon

limited women to a 10 hour work day

how were churches vital during the progressive era?

many different social services were offered to immigrants through the churches

what other regulations did Roosevelt champion?

meat packers, food processors, and makers of drugs and patent medicines

how did all levels of government work together to protect water in the west?

moved to control the power of western rivers, building dams and irrigation projects to regulate their flow, prevent waste, and provide water for large-scale agriculture and urban development

Progressivism

movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms

why was it important for women to have a voice in the city?

they needed a voice on the boards of public health, police commissions, and school boards

how did Asian Americans respond to the alien land law?

they put their properties in the names of their children who were US citizens

what was the role of journalists during the progressivism movement

they wrote sensational reports on a variety of serious problems facing the US and motivated people to make reforms

how did women achieve their goals?

through education & modern ideas

how did the Urban League Movement begin?

through the combination of the Committee for the Improvement of Industrial Conditions Among Negroes in New York, the National League for the Protection of Colored Women, and the Committee on Urban Conditions Among Negroes

what did Roosevelt feel was the job of the president?

to be the caretaker of public welfare and to take any actions necessary for the common good

what was the purpose of slogans used by the women's suffrage movement?

to convince people to support the movement

what strategy did the NAACP mainly employ?

to focus on legal action designed to enforce the 14th and 15th amendments

why was the Committee of Urban Conditions Among Negroes founded?

to help African Americans find jobs and housing, and to generally adjust to urban life

Bureau of Indian Affairs

to manage Indian removal to western lands, Congress approved the creation of a new government agency

Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives

told the public about the lives of poor immigrants and those who live in the tenements

Jacob Riis

used his journalism and photography to expose the life of poor immigrants to the rest of society

southern progressives

used the misguided scientific theories to justify not giving blacks voting rights

W.E.B. Du Bois

wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans - what he called a "Talented Tenth"

what effect did the street railroad monopoly have on taxpayers

workers earned low pay and paid higher tax

Elkins Act

1903 law that forced railroads charge the same prices to all their customers

Warehouse Act

authorized loans on the security of staple crops

how did Roosevelt become president?

became president after the assassination of William McKinley in 1901

which region was last to grant women full suffrage?

the south

how did the split help Wilson?

the split created an opportunity for the democrats and Wilson to win the White House

Triple Wall of Privilege

the tariff, the banks, and the trusts

Hepburn Act

(1906) allowed ICC to regulate shipping prices of railroads [pro farmer]

Meat Inspection Act

1906 - Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.

why did progressives hold prejudice against nonwhites?

-believed some people were more fit to lead than others -agreed with invalid scientific theories that black people were not as smart as white people

Clayton Act

A federal law that prevents price discrimination

Niagara Movement

A group of black and white reformers who organized the NAACP in 1909

National Child Labor Committee

A reform organization that worked (unsuccessfully) to win a federal law banning child labor. The NCLC hired photographer Lewis Hine to record brutal conditions in mines and mills where thousands of children worked.

Antiquities Act

Allows the President of the United States to create National Monuments; No involvement of Congress is required, allowing for a fast method of conservation.

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

what did Wilson's New Freedom call for?

Anti-trust legislation, bank reform, and tariff reductions

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators

how did W.E.B Du Bois differ in his approach to equality than Booker T. Washington?

Du Bois rejected Washington's gradualism and separatism, he argued that the black community should be given full and immediate access to the mainstream of American life

Ida Tarbell, The History of the Standard Oil Co.

Exposed corruption of Rockefeller & Standard oil

how was Nevada instrumental to water conservation?

Francis Newlands (Nevada senator) wanted the federal government to establish reservoirs in western states to hold and conserve water

how did Galveston respond to the hurricane in 1900?

Galveston replaced its government with a 5 person commission

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Springfield Riot

Killed black citizens, and rioted in black neighborhoods

how did Montezuma advocate for the society of American Indians?

Montezuma established a newsletter that condemned federal paternalism toward the Indians and called forth abolition of the Bureau of Indian Affairs

Oyama v. California

Oyama held unconstitutional a provision of California's Alien Land Law, which allowed the state to take an escheat action on property given to U.S. citizens that had been purchased by their parents who were not eligible to become citizens.

Robert La Follette

Progressive Wisconsin governor who attacked machine politics and pressured the state legislature to require each party to hold a direct primary

Graduated Income Tax (16th Amendment)

Progressive idea to tax wealthier people more than other people to help fund government and social programs. Attempt to reduced gap between rich and poor.

Keating-Owen Act

Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children

18th Amendment

Prohibition of alcohol

Booker T. Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society

Underwood Tariff

Reduced duties on imports, taxed the higher earners. Protects the workers more than the employers.

Harry Burn

Republican who was forced by his mom to vote for Women's Suffrage, was apart of the Tennessee general assembly and was the last vote needed for the passage of the 19th amendment

how did Roosevelt's Square Deal impact the conservation movement?

Roosevelt moved to preserve parts of the natural environment from economic exploitation

how did Roosevelt improve the lives of all Americans through preserving wildlife?

Roosevelt saved roughly 230 million acres of public lands

Northern Securities Case

Roosevelt's legal attack on the Northern Securities Company, which was a railroad holding company owned by James Hill and J.P. Morgan. In the end, the company was "trust-busted" and paved the way for future trust-busts of bad trusts.

what is considered the birthplace for women's rights activism?

Seneca Falls

Social Gospel vs. Social Darwinism

Social Gospel: inspiration to help the less fortunate by building homes Social Darwinism: supports the idea of letting go and not interfering with whatever problems are occurring

how did the Taft campaign differ from the campaigns of Roosevelt and Wilson?

Taft only focused on defeating Roosevelt while Roosevelt and Wilson had actual good campaigns that fought for the good of the people

how did Taft differ from Roosevelt?

Taft was quiet, reserved, and cautious

which of Taft's policies contributed to the split in the republican party?

Taft wasn't committed to conservation, labor unions, or the restrictions on the employment of women and children

why was Tennessee important to women's suffrage at this time?

Tennessee became the 36th state to approve the women's suffrage amendment, giving it the required 3/4 approval by the states to be a part of the constitution

Adamson Act

This law established an eight-hour day for all employees on trains involved in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime. It was the first federal law regulating the hours of workers in private companies, and was upheld by the Supreme Court Wilson v. New (1917).

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.

which national parks were established prior to 1900?

Yellowstone national park and Yosemite national park

Federal Trade Commission

a federal agency established in 1914 to investigate and stop unfair business practices

National American Woman Suffrage Association

a group formed by leading suffragist in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. Led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

what event led to stronger workplace safety regulations in New York

a lethal fire in 1911 at the Triangle Shirtwaist company in NYC

Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

goal of populism

addressing dramatic economic decline & a systematic corruption scandal that damages the established political parties

goal of progressivism

addressing problems caused by industrialization. urbanization, immigration, and political corruption

Children's Bureau 1912

an agency created by Taft, that investigated and publicized problems with child labor.

progressive president woodrow wilson

approved of segregation

what hardships did suffragists face?

cruel imprisonment

how did the national reclamation act impact water conservation and distribution?

dams were built & managed, which created reservoirs that generated power and directed the flow of water. this helped water from streams and rivers in one state be made available to other states

what did the Women's Christian Temperance Union emphasize?

emphasized that all social problems were interconnected

what were the aims of political reforms by progressives

establish a more transparent and accountable government which would work to improve US society

John Spargo, The Bitter Cry of the Children

exposed the horrific working conditions of child laborers

Lincoln Steffens, The Shame of the Cities

exposed the workings of corrupt political machines in several major US cities along with efforts to combat them

Sherman Antitrust Act

first federal action against monopolies

why was the NAACP formed?

formed in response to the ongoing violence against African Americans around the country (the Springfield riot was the last turning point)

Juvenile Court Committee

founded by Jane Addams, it improved the administration of justice in all cases involving marriage, family, or children

Jane Addams

founded the US settlement house movement

National Reclamation Act

gave the federal government the power to decide where and how water would be distributed

Workingman's Compensation Act

gave wages to temporarily disabled civil service employees

how did Congress increase the powers of the president in 1891?

granted the president the power to set aside land as federal forests

Society of American Indians

group that worked for social justice and tried to push Native Americans into the American mainstream

what did Jacob Riis think about poverty

he believed that poverty was not caused by moral weakness or bad behavior, but by an economic issue that was failed to be resolved

how did Theodore Roosevelt impact the environment?

he created national monuments, parks, and sanctuaries for wildlife

what happened when Roosevelt retired to the ranch?

he developed a love for wilderness

how did Wilson become president?

he did not win the popular vote, but he did win more than four times the number of electoral votes that went to Roosevelt or to Taft (435 electoral college votes)

how did Roosevelt change the US presidency and federal government?

he greatly expanded the role and visibility of the presidency as well as the authority and scope of the federal government

what actions did Roosevelt take to protect the environment?

he ordered that millions of acres be set aside as wildlife preserves and encouraged congress to create new national parks

what hurt Taft's reputation?

he supported a bill that raised tariffs and raised prices for goods for consumers

how did Booker T. Washington address America's racial issues?

he taught black students useful trades so that they could gain self-respect and economic study, he believed that blacks would gain more rights through economic independence

what was Taft's stance on trusts?

he thought that all trusts were bad and needed to be broken up

how was Roosevelt a reformer?

he vigorously promoted the conservation movement, emphasizing efficient use of natural resources

Gifford Pinchot

head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

what social reform issues did Addams work on

issues such as promoting women's rights, ending child labor, and mediating the garment workers strike

La Follette Seaman's Act

it benefited sailors by requiring decent treatment and a living wage on American ships

how did the Society of Native Americans support the needs of Native Americans?

it brought together Indian intellectuals to promote discussion and public exposure of the plight of Native Americans

why was the federal reserve system important to economic growth?

it consisted of 12 regional banks that were overseen by a central board who was empowered to handle the issuance of currency, aid banks in danger of failing, and influence interest rates

how many electoral votes can each state cast in a presidential election?

one for each member in the house of representatives plus two for the senators

how many women were receiving college education by 1900?

one third of all college students, nationally, were women

National Consumers League

organization concerned with improving the working and living conditions of women in the workplace

National Association of Colored Women

organization formed to fight against discrimination and for women's rights

what progressive goals were used to promote a stronger central government?

organization of society based on scientific principles, regulation of business, and promotion of moral improvement

Anti-Defamation League

organization to defend Jews and others from false statements, and verbal or physical attacks

Mutualistas

organized groups of Mexican Americans that make loans and provide legal assistance to other members of their community

Conservation Movement

political, social and scientific movement to protect natural resources

Frances Ellen Watkins, Iola Leroy

portrayed some of the struggles of black Americans

Americanization

process of acquiring or causing a person to acquire American traits and characteristics

B'nai B'rith

provide religious education & help to Jewish families

municipal

relating to a city, town, village, or the like with local self-government

1912

republican party split over the issue of reform

Upton Sinclair, The Jungle

revealed unsanitary nature of meat-packing industry, inspired Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

how did the federal government promote the conservation movement?

served the public good while preventing "special interests" from causing irreparable damage to the environment

Hull House - Jane Addams

settlement house founded in chicago 1889 by jane addams to provide social and educational opportunities for immigrant workers in surrounding neighborhoods.

Anne Dallas Dudley

she was the National director of the Women's Suffrage Movement. She lobbied for the passage of the 19th Amendment from Tennessee.

what rights did members of the Niagara Movement fight for?

suffrage, education, and civil liberty

how did the NAACP's actions impact American law?

the NAACP successfully lobbied for the passage of landmark legislation and the Voting Rights Act of 1965

how did NAWSA's argument for women's suffrage change during Carrie Catt's lead?

the NAWSA began favoring the idea of giving women the vote if they were to continue attending to traditional duties

what convinced McKinley to make Roosevelt his running mate for president?

the Republican leaders who did not like Roosevelt and wanted him to leave New York

Federal Reserve System

the central bank of the United States

who received the money that the women worked for?

the man of the household (husband, son, brother, etc.)

how did the women's suffrage movement use non-violent resistance?

the movement used lobbying & petitioning, parades, picketing & demonstrations, and arrests & imprisonment

how did the New Freedom protect American workers?

the new freedom established the Clayton Act, the Keating-Owen Act, the Adamson Act, and the Warehouse Act

how were sailors and civil-service employees protected under the New Freedom?

the new freedom established the La Follette Seaman's Act and the Workingmen's Compensation Act

how did the Galveston plan influence other cities?

the plan spread to nearly 500 US cities

what conditions did Wilson's New Freedom create?

the renewal of economic competition without increasing government regulation of the economy