US History Chapter 1

As early at 1514 the Spanish formally approved of the marriages of the Spanish and natives partly as a way of bringing ____ to the native population.

Christianity

In 1531 this man saw a vision of the Virgin Mary, looking very much like a dark-skinned Indian near a Mexican village a shrine was built in honor of this woman... Who was this man and what was the name of the shrine?

Juan Diego; Virgin of Guadalupe.

What did the most successful colonists enjoy?

Lives of luxury similar to those of the upper classes at home.

What was a sign of noble status in Spain?

Living without having to labor (work).

What were people called who were a mix of Spanish and Native population that made up a large part of the urban population of Spanish America?

Mestizos.

What are haciendas?

large-scale farms

Mestizos populated what area and that disease decimated the original inhabitants?

Valley of Mexico.

Heathens

(non-Christians)

Pope Henry VI divided the non-Christian world between what two countries?

Spain and Portugal. Portugal had control over Brazil, with the remainder of the Western Hemisphere falling under the Spanish authority.

What did the pope require Spain and Portugal to do?

Spread Catholicism among the native inhabitants of the Americas.

What supplied the Spanish empire's wealth?

Tens of thousands of Indians were forced to work in gold and silver mines or on large-scale farms controlled by Spanish landlords.

What did the Spanish crown order?

That wives of colonists join them in American and that single men marry.

How did Spanish America differ from other New World empires?

The Indians performed most of the labor.

In what way was the Spanish like the later French empire and different from the English?

The Spanish authorities granted Indians certain rights within colonial society and looked forward to their eventual assimilation.

What did most of the Europeans who came to America believe that the societies would do?

Abandon their own beliefs and traditions and embrace those of the newcomers. Failure to do so lead the Europeans to believe that the people were uncivilized "heathens"

True or False? Over time Spanish America evolved into a hybrid culture, part Spanish, part Indian and in some parts African. With many different languages, many faiths and different governmental system.

False. They all have one language, one faith, and one governmental system.

Who outnumbered the European colonists and their descendants in Spanish America?

Indian inhabitants.

What are criollos?

Persons born in the colonies of European ancestry.

Who were peninsulares?

Persons of European birth.

What happened as the power declined in Europe in the seventeenth century?

The local elite came to enjoy more and more effective authority over colonial affairs.

What did the Virgin of Guadalupe represent?

The mixing of Spanish and Indian cultures, and later of the modern nation of Mexico.

Who did the Spanish government keep from emigrating to its American domains?

The non-Spaniards. Especially non-Christian Spaniards including Jews and Moors.

What began the intermixing of colonial and native people?

The population of Spanish woman began to run low.

What were royal officials in Spain usually from?

They were usually appointees from Spain rather than person born in the colonies of European ancestry.

True or False? Despite the decline in the native population, Spanish American remained populous enough that large-scale importations of African slaves were unnecessary.

True

True or False? Even though the Spanish introduced livestock, wheat, and sugar, the main agricultural crops were the same ones grown before colonization- corn, beans, and squash.

True.

What did Europeans bring with them to America?

Using violence to subdue their foes and missionary zeal to spread the benefits of their own civilization to others, while reaping the rewards of the empire.

The opportunity for social advancement drew what group of people from Spain?

Young single men. Many of them laborers, craftsmen, and soldiers, government officials, priests, professionals, and minor aristocrats. All ready to direct the manual work of the Indians.