US HISTORY CHAPTER 11: FIRST WORLD WAR
Britain, France, and Russia- Later joined by Italy
Allies
Armed only with a rifle and a revolver, he killed 25 Germans, silenced 35 enemy machines guns, and, with 6 other soldiers, captured 132 prisoners
Alvin York
killed 25 machine-gunners and captured 132 German soldiers when his soldiers took cover; won Congressional Medal of Freedom
Alvin York
Why were America's ties with the Allies stronger than its ties with the Central Powers?
America's ties with the Allies were stronger because they felt that the Allies were the ones protecting the people and stopping the war. The Central Powers included Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia and the Germans had so much power and were abusing it. America felt bad for the countries so they sided with the Allies.
About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals.
American Expeditionary Force
Assassinated in 1914 by a Serbian terrorist. His assassination started the conflict of WWI
Archduke Ferdinand
His assassination sparked World War I
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
How did Wilson's support for the League of Nations stand in the way of Senate support for the Treaty of Versailles?
Because Woodrow Wilson supported the League of Nations, he was not able to support the Treaty of Versailles because it was different idea. The League of Nations was to keep peace and solve conflict without going to war, the Treaty of Versailles was unfair. Although Germany had started the war, it wasn't possible for them to repay the debt. They also took away territory from Germany and Russian and wouldn't listen to the public about self-determination.
In 1918, the War Industries Board was reorganized under the leadership of ___________________, a prosperous businessman.
Bernard M. Baruch
established the War Industries Board in 1917; a prosperous business man
Bernard M. Baruch
where did the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand occur?
Bosnia
Between 1914 and 1920, Americans debated the role their country should have in world affairs. From the events of World War I, what might Americans have learned about intervention in the affairs of other nations?
By interfering in national affairs, American have learned that war cost lots of money, men, and can be dissatisfying. With the making of weapons, big or small, America spent a lot of money on the war. Additionally, they not only costed the nation, but nations families since they needed men for the war and some were chosen randomly. In the end there was the Treaty of Versailles, yet America was unsatisfied with it.
Having shot down at least 29 enemy planes, he was America's leading ace pilot in the war
Captain Eddie Rickenbacker
Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire
Central Powers
Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses
David Lloyd George
"ace" pilot who downed 26 enemy fighters in WWI
Eddie Rickenbacker
Under the______________________, a person could be fined and/or imprisoned for interfering with the war effort.
Espionage and Sedition Act
Two laws enacted to impose harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S participation in WW1
Espionage and Sedition Acts
A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.
Fourteen Points
Who was on the western front?
France
He commanded the American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
General John J. Pershing
led the American Expeditionary Force; urged that the AEF operate as an independent fighting force, under American command; was made General of the Armies of the United States, which is the highest rank given to an officer
General John J. Pershing
A journalists who was the head of the Committee of Public Information. He helped the anti-German movement as well as inspired patriotism in America during the war.
George Creel
______________ was a muckraking journalist who led the Committee on Public Information, the nation's first propaganda agency.
George Creel
An effective and almost dictator-like leader of France, who would not take defeat as an answer
Georges Clemenceau
Where did Germany begin its war offensive, and what happened there?
Germany began its war offense in Belgium. They invaded the country using the Schlieffen Plan, fighting against Russia and France. Then there was a long siege between Germany and the Allies. Later on, the first battle occurred, it lasted months and were about 1.2 million casualties.
(WW) , movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920
Great Migration
Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations
Henry Cabot Lodge
Gains made by women in World War I included?
Increased support for women's right to vote (the 19th amendment)
What reason did Senators give for opposing U.S. membership in the League of Nations?
It would drag the United States into European conflicts
A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.
League of Nations
A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.
Lusitania
This British liner was sunk by a German U-boat
Lusitania
What was a result of the Selective Service Act?
Men were required to register for military service
A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war
Militarism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
Nationalism
Do you think that the war had a positive or a negative effect on American society?
Positive effects of the war: expanded opportunities for African Americans and women; Negative effects of the war: increased government control and eroded personal liberties; encouraged persecution of ethnic groups
Ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause.
Propaganda
What nation was not a member of the "Big Four"?
Russia
Who was on the eastern front?
Russia
Although American women served in the navy, marines, and Army Corps of Nurses, they were not subject to this
Selective Service Act
Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft
Selective Service Act
This required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service
Selective Service Act
Describe the changes in national boundaries after the Versailles peace settlement.
Some changes in national boundaries from before and after the war include great changes in eastern Europe and the middle east. New countries were made such as Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Syria, Iraq, and Transjordan. Russia and Germany lost land, Austria-Hungary became two countries, and Romania gained land.
What events during the war undermined civil liberties?
Some events that undermined the civil liberties was hysteria of the citizen. When the war erupted so did the people. There were attacks on many immigrants especially the Germans and Austria-Hungary ones. People would change anything if it was German or take away German culture and publicly humiliating German Americans. Because of this the Espionage and Sedition Act was passed.
Why did so many Americans oppose the Treaty of Versailles?
The Americans opposed the Treaty of Versailles because it was not good for the economy and "pulled down all of Europe" which can negatively affect the US, too. People believed that it was a sell-out to imperialism and others said that the new national boundaries did not satisfy the demands of self rule.
Why didn't the Treaty of Versailles lay the foundations for a lasting peace?
The Treaty of Versailles didn't lay the foundations for lasting peace because they started off bad. They humiliated Germany and used the war guilt clause. It excluded Russia from the peace meeting and they and Germany lost land. In addition, they didn't listen to the claim of people about self-determination.
Who suffered the fewest casualties during World War I?
The United States
How did the United States mobilize a strong military during World War I?
The United States mobilized a strong military during World War I because of the Selective Service Act, random men would be called to the front to fight in the war. About 2 million were registered and ¾ of them went to fight.
What new weapons made fighting in World War I deadlier than fighting in previous wars?
The deadly weapons used in World War I were the tank and the airplane. The tank was built from metal so bullets couldn't break it and they could go through barbed wires. The planes had new and improved machine guns on them and were also used to carry bombs.
Why do you think the flu spread so quickly among the troops?
The flu spread so quickly among the troops because of the cramped living conditions.
What were the main reasons for U.S. involvement in the war?
The main reasons the US got involved in the war was because of nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and forming allies. Many countries were scared of Germany's nationalism. Imperialism helped Germany with its markets making it stronger. With all this power they even had the an army all set up. Yet, Germany still goes and makes allies with Austria-Hungary, Italy, and other European nations. They had too much power and were attacking many places so the US had to take part.
What were the major effects of the Treaty of Versailles?
The major effects of the treat was the new countries. The new countries included Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine and Transjordan. Russia and Germany lost territory, Austria and Hungary became two separate countries, and Romania gained territory.
How did the war affect government power?
The war expanded government power over private business and the economy and interfered with civil liberties and free speech.
Describe some ways in which World War I threatened the lives of civilians on both sides of the Atlantic.
The war threatened the lives of civilians on both sides of the atlantic because of nationality. The Central Powers didn't care for anyone, but themselves destroying towns and villages of innocent people. On the east coast, if anyone was a descendant from those of central powers, they were publicly humiliated by most of the population, there was no respect, especially for Germans.
Why do you think Germany escalated its U-boat attacks in 1917?
They couldn't import things like crop fertilizer and food. People were starving so they had to do something and were getting annoyed.
What methods did the U.S. government use to sell the war to the nation?
To sell the war to the nation, the government raised taxes. It raise ⅓ of the war effort from raising taxes with progressive income, war profit tax, tobacco, liquor, and luxurious goods. They also had thousands of people asking for money and guilted them if they didn't give them any by saying only "a friend of Germany" wouldn't help.
Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment.
Treaty of Versailles
Under the ___________________, the nation's main wartime regulatory body, industrial production in the United States increased by about 20 percent.
War Industries Board
In what ways did WWI represent a frightening new kind of warfare?
World War I introduced mechanized warfare. This new technology meant that more soldiers could be attacked from a greater distance than ever before. Fire power increased and casualty rates skyrocketed. The horrific conditions on the battlefront led many to suffer from shell shock.
1917 - Germany sent this to Mexico instructing an ambassador to convince Mexico to go to war with the U.S. It was intercepted and caused the U.S. to mobilized against Germany, which had proven it was hostile
Zimmerman note
What weapons of mechanized warfare were introduced in WWI?
airplanes and tanks
Who rejected Wilson's "Fourteen Points" peace plan?
allied leaders
In 1914, this alliance consisted of France, Great Britain, and Russia
allies
The Schlieffen Plan was effective because it?
allowed Germany to drive quickly toward the french capital
The Espionage and Sedition Acts affected freedom of speech because they?
allowed government to silence ideas that challenged its authority
A state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms
armistice
Because militarism had been a major cause of the war, the framers of the Treaty of Versailles?
barred Germany from maintaining an army
In 1914, this alliance consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire
central powers
Person who refuses to enter the military or bear arms due to moral or religious reasons
conscientious objector
This term describes a person who opposes warfare on moral grounds
conscientious objector
Admiral William S. Sims convinced the British to use this as a hindrance to German U-boat attacks
convoy system
This involved merchant vessels traveling in large groups with naval ships acting as guards
convoy system
the protection of merchant ships from U-boat-German submarine-attacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by warships
convoy system
Labor leaders were targeted by the Espionage and Sedition Acts because they?
demanded better conditions for workers, even during a war crisis
What did the United States use to overcome the threat of German U-boats?
groups of guarded ships
Closely linked with industrialization, this long-term cause of the war involved a contest for colonies
imperialism
what reason did senators give for opposing U.S membership in the league of nations?
it would drag the United States into European conflicts
This began with the introduction of the tank and the airplane as weapons
mechanized warfare
This long-term cause of the war involved the development of the armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy
militarism
This long-term cause of the war encouraged competitiveness between nations and encouraged various ethnic groups to attempt to create nations of their own
nationalism
what was the policy that kept the US out of the war for three years? called?
neutrality
Territory between rival Trenches, very dangerous
no man's land
The Great Migration was a large-scale movement of hundreds of thousands of Southern African Americans to_____________ farms?
north
These people opposed World War I because they perceived all wars as evil
pacifists
What was the purpose of the Wilson's 14 points?
prevent future wars
As part of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was ordered to pay fines to the Allies to repay the costs of the war. Opposed by the U.S., it quickly lead to a severe depression in Germany.
reparations
These people opposed World War I because they saw it as an imperialist struggle
socialists
U-Boats were also known as what?
submarines
American supporters of entry into the war could claim their country was fighting a moral war because?
the United States joined the war only after Russia's oppressive monarchy was replaced
the war might have involved only two nations, Austria-Hungary and Serbia, if not for?
the alliance system
What caused widespread starvation in Germany?
the british blockade
What was the Great Migration?
the mass movement of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North
The most compelling reason for the US to enter the war was?
the outrage of American citizens over German submarine warfare
The treaty of Versailles overlooked the importance of?
treating all nations justly, including the losers of a war
A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield.
trench warfare
In the Battle of the Somme, this resulted in the exchange of seven miles of territory at the cost of 1.2 million casualties
trench warfare
Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries., Headed by Bernard Baruch, could order businesses to support war by building more plants, etc.
war industries board
in treaty of Versailles; declared germany and austria responsible for WWI; ordered Germany to pay reparation to Allied powers
war-guilt clause
This contained a suggestion of an alliance between Mexico and Germany that deeply angered the American people
zimmermann note
