US History Chapter 14

What was the significance of the assault on Fort Wagner by the 54th Massachusetts Infantry?

It convinced Union officers of the value of black soldiers -- The 54th Massachusetts Infantry under Colonel Robert Gould Shaw was an all-black unit with white officers. Their assault on Fort Wagner was costly and a failure, but the bravery of the troops was recognized by Union leaders.

increasingly corrupt and tied to railroad interests and other big business

Liberal Republicans challenged the reelection of Grant on the grounds that his administration had become ___.

Based on the map, which of the following areas would be least likely to supply men for the Confederate army?

Northern Georgia -- Northern Georgia had a large area where delegates were opposed to secession, suggesting that volunteers for the army were unlikely to come from that area in large numbers.

states from using race to disfranchise voters

The Fifteenth Amendment barred ___, but states could still block access to the ballot based on any standard they thought proper.

George Pickett

United States army officer who became a major general in the Confederate states army during the Civil War. known for his participation in the Battle of Gettysburg

What factor made it important to Abraham Lincoln to keep Kentucky and Maryland in the Union

strategic location-Kentucky: 500-mile long border on the Ohio River, Maryland: bordered nation's capital on three sides

What was one of the measures the federal government took in order to bolster the Union's ability to fight a long war

supported the construction of railroads-Henry Clay's program for a nationally financed transportation system

What loophole of the South's draft was controversial

the ability of draftees to hire substitutes

1/5; 20%

About ___ of black farmers in the South managed to buy their own land after 1865.

civil and political rights

African Americans embraced the importance of politics as a means of exercising one's ___.

moderate Republicans, Radicals

Alienated by President Johnson's rhetoric and policies, the ___ made common cause with the ___, giving them the upper hand vis-a-vis the president.

Slavery

As sharecroppers found themselves caught up in a perpetual cycle of indebtedness, their obligations to their landlord increasingly resembled the conditions of ___.

400,000 acres of land, land transfer

During the war's later stages, the Union government had distributed to freedmen some ___ abandoned by Confederates along the Atlantic Coast. The committee says they have received "Certificates" reflecting the ___.

land, land of their own to farm

Freedman wanted ___. With ___ they could take care of themselves and enjoy economic independence as well as political freedom.

untainted by the corruption of the Grant administration

Haye's biggest asset was that he was completely ___.

liberal pardon policy

As a result of Johnson's ___, many former leaders of the Confederacy won election to state constitutional conventions and to Congress. For example, Georgia elected its former Confederate vice president Alexander H. Stephens to the U.S. Senate.

How did Abraham Lincoln view secession?

As an illegal act that constituted an insurrection against the Union -- In his inaugural address, Lincoln called secession an illegal, insurrectionist act.

What was the first major battle of the Civil War, in which Union forces were driven back by Confederate forces

Bull Run-Confederate soldiers counterattacked and panic swept under the Union troops

How did Senator John C. Crittenden think that his compromise plan would solve the secession crisis of 1861?

By allowing the extension of slavery but limiting its spread, it had something for both the South and North -- Crittenden sought to extend the line of the Missouri Compromise to the California border, thus simultaneously giving southerners access to more land open to slavery while reassuring northerners that the spread of slavery would be limited.

How did African Americans precipitate the adoption of the policy of emancipation?

By slaves escaping across Union lines -- Slaves forced the issue of emancipation by escaping to Union lines. Although Abraham Lincoln eventually adopted the military necessity argument--and many in the North had moral objections to slavery--of wanting to punish the South, these ideas became more popular after escaped slaves forced the issue.

American Woman Suffrage Association, National Woman Suffrage Association

Debate surrounding ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment divided the women's suffrage movement. The ___, whose members included both men and women, supported ratification, even though women's voting rights were not protected. The ___, which allowed only women members, disagreed.

Which announcement by Abraham Lincoln freed the slaves in the rebellious states and gave the war a moral and political purpose?

Emancipation Proclamation -- Lincoln gave the war a moral and political purpose when, on September 22, 1862, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation and freed the slaves in the rebellious states.

Which act sparked opposition and violence in the North in 1863

Enrollment Act

On July 3, 1863, Robert E. Lee sent 14,000 men under the command of which general into a desperate frontal assault against the Union lines along Cemetery Ridge at the Gettysburg battlefield

George Pickett

laws

Given their struggle with the president, Republicans did not think they could rely on ___ alone. Reflecting on its confrontational dealings with the president, Congress wanted to ensure more permanent protection for African Americans than simple legislation could provide.

public meetings

Growing numbers of freedmen hoped to participate in politics, and the ___ organized by freedpeople in cities across the South were on of their first opportunities.

What was the primary reason Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in September 1862?

He believed that ending slavery in the North would undermine England's support of the Confederacy. -- He believed that ending slavery in the North would undermine England's support of the Confederacy.

Why did Abraham Lincoln reject General Winfield Scott's plan for the war early in 1861?

He found it to be not aggressive enough --- Scott's plan called for strangling the South with economic sanctions and a naval blockade, which Lincoln did not believe was aggressive enough to end the war quickly.

What was a result of General Ulysses S. Grant's campaign in Virginia in the spring and summer of 1864?

It caused severe casualties for both armies but did not end the war -- Grant's campaign caused huge casualties on both sides, but Lee's army managed to continue fighting. Despite taking heavier casualties than the Confederates, Grant's army continued with the campaign, and Lincoln refused to stop Grant.

Why was Maryland a strategic location that Abraham Lincoln was determined to keep in the Union?

It covered the nation's capital on three sides -- Maryland was vital to the Union's security because it bordered the nation's capital on three sides. If Maryland went to the Confederacy, Washington, D.C., would be cut off from the rest of the Union.

five

It supervised the South, which was divided into ___ military districts during the process. The Military Reconstruction Acts divided ten southern states into ___ military districts, each under the supervision of a Union general and his troops.

Why was Vicksburg an important target for the Union armies?

Its capture would cut the Confederacy in half at the Mississippi River -- Vicksburg's capture completed Union control of the Mississippi River and cut the Confederacy in half.

political savvy or skill

Johnson did not have ___. Combined with his profound racism, this was a poor foundation on which to build political coalitions.

Fourteenth Amendment

Johnson encouraged the South to reject the ___ instead of counseling them to accept it and thereby speed up their readmission to the Union.

Why was General George B. McClellan relieved of his command of the Army of the Potomac by Abraham Lincoln in 1862

Lincoln thought McClellan lacked the nerve to use his troops to achieve a major victory

Why was General George B. McClellan relieved of his command of the Army of the Potomac by Abraham Lincoln in 1862?

Lincoln thought McClellan lacked the nerve to use his troops to achieve a major victory -- Lincoln relieved McClellan after repeated failures to use his advantages and commit to a major assault.

What justification did Abraham Lincoln give for announcing the emancipation policy?

Military necessity -- Considering the Battle of Antietam "an indication of the Divine Will," Lincoln issued a preliminary proclamation of emancipation on September 22, 1862, basing its legal authority on his duty as commander in chief to suppress the rebellion.

better lives for their families

Most freedman were working quietly to create ___. Critics of the Freedmen's Bureau charged that helping former slaves would only make them lazy and dependent on the government for handouts. Whittlesey assures his readers that most freedmen are working hard, as before.

What group of northerners was most likely to support the war effort?

Native-born Republicans -- The native-born Republicans were the most ardent supporters of the war effort. Democrats, both native and foreign born, were more likely to oppose the war, especially the poor urban immigrants who objected to the draft and a war to end slavery.

Why did the border states—Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri—where slavery was legal, not join other southern states in seceding in the months before Abraham Lincoln took office?

Nonslaveholding yeomen had more political strength there. -- White opinion was especially divided in the four border slave states (Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri), where yeomen farmers held greater political power and, from bitter experience as well as writings of journalist Hinton Helper, knew that all too often "the slaveholders . . . have hoodwinked you."

In 1864, Ulysses S. Grant sent troops under which general to punish Shenandoah Valley residents for supplying Confederate troops?

Philip Sheridan -- Sheridan first served under Ulysses S. Grant in the western theater and afterward was one of the first to use the "scorched earth" strategy in the Shenandoah Valley. His pursuit of Robert E. Lee with his cavalry in Virginia was instrumental to the Confederate general's surrender at Appomattox in April 1865.

The victory of which political party in 1860 threatened southern whites?

Republican - To southern whites in 1860, the victory of the Republican Party and Abraham Lincoln presented an immediate danger to the slave-owning republic that had existed since 1776. Lincoln did not win one single electoral vote in the South, and many Republicans vowed to limit and even end the slave system.

What was the "great truth" that Confederate vice president Alexander Stephens said was the "cornerstone" of the Confederacy?

Slavery was the natural condition of African Americans. -- Confederate vice president Alexander Stephens insisted that his nation's "cornerstone rests upon the great truth that the Negro is not equal to the white man, that slavery—subordination to the superior race—is his natural or normal condition."

Compare the figures for the northern and southern economies in 1860. In what way were the disadvantages of the South even more pronounced than these data suggest?

Southern population data counted slaves as well as white Americans -- The southern population data included approximately 4 million enslaved African Americans, who could not be relied on to fight for the South.

interracial coalitions of freedmen and sympathetic whites

Southerners created a public school system during the years of congressional Reconstruction by forming ___.

Why did the Confederacy not achieve a more effective economic program?

States' rights philosophy left most power with the state governments. -- The Confederacy's states' rights philosophy prevented the secessionist government from putting together a coherent economic policy, leaving most taxation up to the states. Planters resisted taxation despite their wealth, and there was no national bank, but these were only part of the larger fiscal problems.

Based on the map, what generalization can be made about the Union conquest of the South?

The Union strategy focused on Tennessee and the Mississippi River Valley first. -- Union troops gained control of most of Tennessee, the upper Mississippi River Valley, and New Orleans in 1862, which took place before other advances.

Fourteenth Amendment

The ___ defined citizenship to include African Americans, thereby nullifying the ruling in the Dred Scott decision of 1857, which declared that blacks were not citizens.

Wade-Davis Bill, 10 percent

The ___, crafted by the Radical Republican-influenced Congress, set a higher bar for Confederate states to meet- much higher than the ___ loyalty oath requirement favored by Lincoln.

What loophole of the South's draft was controversial?

The ability of draftees to hire substitutes -- Because of a loophole in a Confederate draft law, draftees could hire substitutes. High casualties during the war and the decrease of available white men drove up the price to $300 by 1864, three times a worker's yearly wages. Laborers and yeomen proclaimed that the conflict was a "rich man's war and a poor man's fight."

Why did the northwestern section of Virginia decide to break away from that state?

The counties in Virginia's northwest were dominated by yeomen farmers with strong Union loyalties -- In October 1862, the northwest of Virginia voted to break away as a separate territory, which was admitted to the Union as the state of West Virginia in 1863.

reunite their families

The first priority for African Americans in the South after the Civil Wars was to ___. Men and women traveled across the South to find spouses, children, parents, siblings, aunts, and uncles. Well into the 1870s and 1880s, parents ran advertisements in newly established black newspapers, providing what information they knew about their children's whereabouts and asking for assistance in finding them.

the white man

The flier condemns the Bureau for harming ___. It says the Freedmen's Bureau is "AN AGENCY TO KEEP THE NEGRO IN IDLENESS AT THE EXPENSE OF ___."

dangerous cowards

The image depicts the Klan as a group of ___. They wear masks and ambush a peaceful black family.

political appointments

The party in power rewarded loyal supporters with ___. The spoils system in politics enabled the party in power to reward its loyal supporters with ___.

In the South, women worked as civil servants in what part of the Confederate government?

The postal service -- The Confederacy made efficient use of women workers in the postal service. Southern women also worked in factories, but generally in textile plants. In the North, women worked as clerks in the federal bureaucracy.

According to Abraham Lincoln, why was secession illegal?

The union was "perpetual." -- Lincoln plausibly concluded that the absence of any reference to secession in the Constitution meant that the Union was a perpetual bond, and he vowed to "hold, occupy, and possess" federal property in the seceded states and "to collect duties and imposts" there.

After the victory at Gettysburg, what did Abraham Lincoln expect?

The war would continue indefinitely -- Because of Meade's failure to follow up the battle with an attack on Lee's army in an attempt to destroy it, Lincoln knew the war would go on for some time. However, the battle prevented any further southern invasions of the North.

Based on the map of the Battle of Gettysburg, what statement explains the course of the battle?

Union forces were driven back the first two days but repelled a Confederate attack on the third to win the battle. -- Union troops were initially positioned north and west of the town of Gettysburg on July 1 but were forced to pull back. On July 2, they were also forced by Confederate attacks to fall back from a western position to the south of their line. On the third day, they successfully beat back Pickett's Charge. The larger map indicates that Gettysburg was a Union victory.

reconciliation between the Union and the defeated Confederacy

Unlike many congressional leaders and leaders in the African American community, Lincoln prioritized ___ as the priority for Reconstruction. Goals such as the political and economic rights of former slaves took second place in his plans.

Based on the map, which of the following states was most deeply divided over seceding in 1861?

Virginia -- Virginia was firmly in support of secession in the south and on the eastern seaboard, but the northwestern counties opposed it strongly and would eventually separate from Virginia to become the state of West Virginia.

fathers, man

Without the legal protections of marriage, children could find themselves at the mercy of courts if their parents separated. In general, courts awarded ___ custody on the assumption that a ___ would be able to better provide for the children's material needs.

Fourteenth, Fifteenth

Women's rights advocates who had been abolitionists objected that the ___ Amendment inserted the word male into the Constitution for the first time in its description of citizens and that the ___ Amendment allowed for disfranchisement based on gender.

Democrats

___ gained a majority in the House of Representatives for the first time since the beginning of the Civil War in 1861, and they hoped to withdraw the remaining federal troops from the South.

Churches, community organizations

___ were the largest structures available to freedpeople in many communities where whites still controlled all property, so they were used for a variety of purposes by a host of ___.

fair market prices

cheat them. The contract specifies that the landowner must charge "___" for provisions, suggesting a concern that the landowner, who was to be the exclusive source of supplies, would exploit them.

What action by President Lincoln encouraged Jefferson Davis and the Confederate government to seize Fort Sumter

dispatching a ship to resupply the fort's garrison-they decided to seize the fort while doing this

How did Abraham Lincoln view the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation

it changed the war into one of subjugation and destruction of the Old South-he knew that by freeing the slaves the southern society would have to be completely restructured

Why did southerners object to the Confederate draft?

it favored the rich -- Southerners raised the cry of a "rich man's war and a poor man's fight" in response to draft exemptions for the owners of twenty or more slaves and those who could pay a $300 commutation fee.

Why did northern immigrants in New York City turn to violence over the draft

the feared the potential presence of freed slaves-Irish and German immigrants didn't want to lose their economic position by the war ending slavery

In the South, women worked as civil servants in what part of the Confederate government

the postal service (also worked in factories)