U.S. History Chapters 10-13

Mexican Cession

land that Mexico gave the U.S. after the Mexican war through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; includes present-day California, Nevada, and Utah, as well as parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, and Wyoming

Black Codes

laws passed in the southern states during Reconstruction that greatly limited the freedom of former slaves

Jim Crow Laws

laws to further deprive African Americans of their rights

abolitionist

people who wanted to put an end to slavery

Jefferson Davis

person chosen as president of the Confederacy in 1861

Free Soil Party

political party formed by anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats in 1848; opposed the expansion of silvery

Republican Party

political party formed in 1854 by antislavery Whigs and Democrats, along with some Free-Soilers

literacy test

poll taxes and literacy test were instituted by southern legislatures to deprive African Americans of the right to vote.

popular sovereignty

practice of allowing voters Ina territory to decide whether to permit slavery there

rendezvous system

system devised by William Ashley to have fur trappers gather once a year to sell furs and buy supplies

sharecropping

system used on southern farms after the civil war in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return of supplies

total war

type of war in which army destroys its opponents ability to fight by attacking civilian and economic, as well as mi.itary targets

scalawags

"Scoundrels"; name that former Confederates gave to Southern Republicans during the Reconstruction

Oregon Trail

(1813) an overland route to west to Oregon Country across the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains originally used by fur trappers but later most traveled by others such as farmers and missionaries

Wilmot Proviso

(1846) proposal to outlaw slavery in the territory added to the U.S. by the Mexican Cession; passed in the House of Representatives but was defeated in the senate

Bear Flag Revolt

(1846) revolt against Mexico by American settlers in California who declared the area on independent republic

Donner party

(1846-1847) group of travelers to California who were stranded in the Sierra Nevada during the winter; some 42 members of the party died

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(1848) treaty that ended the Mexican war and gave the U.S. much of Mexico's Northern Territory

Fugitive Slave Act

(1850) law that made it a federal crime to help runaway slaves and allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves

Gadsden Purchase

(1853) U.S. purchase of land from Mexico that included the southern parts of present-day Arizona and New Mexico.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

(1854) law that created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and allowed voters there to choose slavery

Pottawatomie Massacre

(1856) incident in which a group led by abolitionist John Brown murdered 5 pro-slavery Kansans

Lecompton Constitutional

(1857) Kansas constitution; gave voters the right to decide whether more slaves could enter new territory, but not whether slavery exist

Dred Scott Decision

(1857) Supreme Court ruling that African Americans were not U. S. citizens, that the Missouri Compromise's restriction on slavery was unconstitutional, and that Congress did not have the right to ban slavery in any federal territory.

Freeport Doctrine

(1858) Statement made by Stephen Douglas during the Lincoln-Douglas debates arguing that people in the territories had the power to ban slavery by refusing to pass laws to protect it.

Critternden Compromise

(1860) John Crittenden's plan to resolve conflict between the North and South by extending the Missouri Compromise like westward through the remaining territories; rejected by President Lincoln

First Battle of Bull Run

(1861) Battle of Manasses; first major battle of the Civil War, resulting in a confederate victory

Battle of Shiloh

(1862) Civil War battle; resulted in greater Union control over the Mississippi River; leading by General Grant

conscription

(1862) The Confederacy passed the first conscription, or draft, act in U. S. history. Large plantations owners were exempt from the draft, leading some to call the war, "a rich man's war and a poor man's fight"

Battle of Antietam

(1862) Union victory in Maryland during the Civil War that marked the bloodiest single-day in U. S. military history

Siege of Vicksburg

(1863) Union army's blockade of Vicksburg, Mississippi, that led the city to surrender during the Civil War

Battle of Gettysburg

(1863) Union victory at Gettysburg, PA, during the Civil War that turned the tide against the Confederates; more than 40,000 shoulders died or were wounded

Pickett's Charge

(1863) failed Confederate attack during the Battle of Gettysburg

Emancipation Proclamation

(1863) order announced by President Lincoln in 1862 that freed the slaves in areas of rebelling against the Union; took effect January 1, 1863.

Gettysburg Address

(1863) speech given by Present Lincoln to dedicate a cemetery at the Gettysburg battlefield; classic state,net of democratic ideas

Thirteenth Amendment

(1865) constitutional amendment that abolished slavery

Reconstruction

(1865-77) period following the Civil War during which the U.S. government worked to rebuild the former Confederate states and reunite the nation

Reconstruction Acts

(1867) laws that divided the former Confederate states, except Tennessee, into military zones and required them to draft new constitutional up holdings the 14 amendment

Fourteenth Amendment

(1868) constitutional a,end,net giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the U.S., except for American Indians

Fifteenth Amendment

(1870) constitutional amendment that gave African Americans men the right to vote

Civil Rights Act of 1875

(1875) law that prohibited businesses that served the public from discriminating against African Americans

Ida B. Wells

A civil rights activist and journalist, she brought attention to the lynchings of African Americans in the south.

Compromise of 1850

Agreement proposed by Henry Clay; allowed California to enter the Union as a free state and divided the rest of Mexican Cession into two territories where slavery would be decided by popular sovereignty; also settled land flames between Texas and New Mexico, abolished the slave trade in the District if Columbia, and toughened fugitive shave laws

manifest destiny

Belief that many americans in the mid-1800s that God intended the U. S. to expand westward

Santa Fe Trail

Created by William Becknell in 1821; a 780-mile long trail westward from Missouri to Santa Fe in present-day New Mexico; this trail was used primarily by merchants

Andrew Johnson

Democrat and a former slaveholder who became president when Lincoln was assassinated

Redeemers

Democratic supporters of white-controlled governments in the South in the 1870s

radical republican

Faction of a political party that insisted all African Americans be allowed to vote. They hoped Reconstruction would result in a new South where all men would enjoy equal rights. They even talked about breaking up the plantations and giving the land to the freedmen, but they didn't go through with it. This faction gained control of Congress with the congressional elections of 1866.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

First U. S. civil rights law; declared everyone born in the U.S. is a citizen with full civil rights

John Brown

He and his sons took over a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. He was arrested and hanged. The North sympathized and honored him as a martyr. The South was appalled that some Northerners considered him anything but a homicidal maniac. His actions were one contributing factor to the Civil War breaking out.

Antonio López de Santa Anna

He backed dictator of Mexico in 1833. His rule led to the Texas Revolution. He led the Mexican forces during the Texas Revolution. When he was captured by the Texans, he signed a treaty granting Texas its independence.

Booker T. Washington

He believed that African Americans should react to discrimination by working to achieve economic independence, which would eventually lead to political and social equality

4 years

How long did the Civil War last?

Slavery

In 1836, after Texas declared its independence from Mexico, many Americans opposed admitting Texas to the union because Texas allowed slavery.

impeached

In 1868 President Andrew Johnson was impeached by the House on the charge of violating the Tenure of Office Act but acquitted by the senate.

Alamo

In December 1835, Texan rebels captures San Antonio. Two months later, Mexico's dictator arrived with several thousand troops to regain the town. At this mission-fort built by Spanish missionaries, at least 189 rebels fought off repeated attacks by the Mexican army. On March 6, however, Mexican forces finally overran the Alamo, killing all the rebel fighters. The massacre of all Texan fighters at this battle became a rallying cry, which helped inspire the Texans to victory in the Texas Revolution a few months later.

Compromise of 1877

It settle the disputed presidential election in 1876. Democrats agreed to accept Republican Rutherford B. Hates as president in return for the removal of federal troops from the South.

54th Massachusetts Infantry

July 1863, Union forces began attacking Confederate-held forts near Charleston, South Carolina

Brigham Young

Led by Brigham Young, large numbers of Mormons began to migrate to Utah in 1847. Cy 1860, more than 40,000 Mormons had arrived. Using irrigation and hard work, they turned this desert region into a thriving community.

Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri

List the four states that remained in the union during the Civil War

Arkansas, North Caroline, Tennessee, and Virginia

List the four states that seceded when Lincoln called for 75,000 troops to put down the "rebellion" after the fall Fort Sumter

Copperheads

Northern De,oceans who sympathized with the South in the Civil War

capertbaggers

Northern Republicans who moved to the south during the Reconstruction

New Orleans

On April 29, 1862 Union warships captured New Orleans, the South's largest city and major supply port of the Confederacy. The capture of this allowed the Union to cut off supplies to western Confederate forces and to move troops up the Mississippi River.

Appomattox Courtehouse, VA

On April 9, 1865, Grant and Lee met in this tiny village. Lee surrendered his army to Grant, so the Civil War essentially ended this village

a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment before a court in cases of rebellion

President Lincoln suspended some civil liberties during the Civil War, including the constitutional right of "habeas corpus". Define it.

10%

President Lincolns plan for Reconstruction was more generous to the former Confederacy than those implemented after his assassination. According to Lincons plan, a state could rejoin the union when 10% of its voting populations pledged their loyalty to the U.S.

John Slidell

Prior to the Mexican war, president Polk sent this Louisianan to Mexico City. This U. S. diplomat hoped to persuade Mexican officials to accept the Rio Grande border and to sell additional territory to the U.S. When he arrived at the capital, however, the officials refused to talk with him. This rebuff by the Mexicans would become one of the causes of the Mexican War.

Rutherford B. Hayes

Republican presidential nominee who defeated Democrat Samuel J. Tilden by only one electoral vote in the election of 1876, even thought Tilden garnered more popular votes

Ku Klux Klan

Secret society created by former Confederate in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights

segregation

Separation of people by category, usually race

Clara Barton

She served as a nurse in the Union army during the Civil War, caring for wounded on the battlefield. After the war, she founded the American Red Cross, which today serves distaste victims and other in need for assistance.

fire-eaters

Southern political leaders who held extreme pro-slavery view

Plessy vs Ferguson

Supreme Court case that established the "separate-but-equal" doctrine for public facilities

John Agustus Sutter

Swiss adventurer who ran a fort and trading post on the California Trail where gold was first found in 1848.

James K. Polk

The former go enter of Tennessee, he was a democrat who defeated Whig Henry Clay in the 1844 presidential election and served as president of the U.S. from 1845-1849.

Battle of Antietam

The loss in this battle cost the South any hope for support from a European country, dooming the South's chances of victory in the Civil War.

Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

This Confederate general, nicknamed "Stonewall", died after being shot by his own men during the Battle of Chancellorsville. His men mistook him for a union cavalryman.

"Uncle Tom's Cabin"

This novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe depicted the harshness of life on southern plantations, the dangers faced by runaway slaves, and how slavery broke up African American families. Published in 1852, it would go on to sell more books during the nineteenth century than any other except the bible.

West Virginia

This portion of a state did not secede from the Union with the rest of its state. In 1863, it was admitted to the Union as a state.

John Wilks Booth

This southern sympathizer assassinated President Lincoln on April 14, 1865, while Lincoln watched "Pur American Cousin" at fords theater in Washington, D.C.

war of attrtion

Union general Grants Civil Wa r strategy of fighting until the South ran out of men, supplies, and will

Anaconda Plan

Union plan during the Civil War for a naval blockade; compared to an anaconda snake

Andersonville

Union prisoners held at Andersonville, a Confederate camp located in southwestern Georgia, endured the worst conditions, with no shelter and little food. At times, prisoners at this camp died at a rate of about 100 per day.

rebel yell

What was the name of the errie scream that filled the air during the battles sending child through northern troops?

Ulysses S. Grant

Which civil war general defeated democratic nominee Horatio Seymour to win the presidency in 1668?

South (confederacy)

Which side enjoyed advantages of excellent military leadership and only having to fight a defensive war at the outset of the Civil War?

North (union)

Which side enjoyed tremendous advantages in total population, money, railroad lines, and number of factories at the outset of the Civil War?

Matthew Brady

a well-known photographer of the Civil War

Freedmen's Bureau

agency established by Congress in 1865 to help southerners left homeless and hungry but the civil war

Miniés bullets

along with rifled barrels, this less-expensive version of a bully invented by a French army caption in 1848 was used by both armies during the Civil War and led to many more casualties than would have been the case otherwise

crop-lien system

arrangement in which sharecroppers had to promise their crops to merchants in exchange for supplies on credit

Richmond, VA

capital of the Confederacy

South Carolina

first state to se de from the union; Civil War begins here when Confederate forces open fire on Fort Sumter