US History - Events and Laws

Middle Colonies

They shared aspects of industriousness, independent-mindedness, church domination, cash crops, and aristocracies. New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware.

Comanche

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in between the Platte and Arkansas rivers in eastern Colorado and western Kansas.

California, Territory of

When Spanish navigator Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo became the first European to sight the region that is present-day ______ in 1542, there were about 130,000 Native Americans inhabiting the area. The territory was neglected by Spain for more than two centuries (until 1769) because of reports of the region's poverty and a general slowdown of Spanish exploration. The merchant Sebastián Vizcaíno sailed from Mexico to the southern ______ coast in 1602. Working with inaccurate maps, Vizcaíno and several later explorers believed that ______ was an island and were discouraged when they were unable to chart its surrounding seas. ^^ Pressure for settlement came from missionaries eager to convert the Native Americans to Christianity; from the intrusion of Russian and British traders, primarily in search of sea otter pelts; and from the quest for the Northwest Passage across the North American continent. In 1769 the Spanish viceroy dispatched land and sea expeditions from Baja ______, and the Franciscan friar Junípero Serra established the first mission. Gaspar de Portolá set up a military outpost in 1770. Colonization began after 1773 with the opening of an overland supply route across the southwestern deserts that was intended to link other Spanish settlements in the area to the coast. ^^ The 21 missions established by Serra and his successors were the strongest factors in developing ______. While attempting to Christianize the Mission Indians, the padres taught them farming and crafts. With the forced labor of the Mission Indians, the padres irrigated vast ranches and traded hides, tallow, wine, brandy, olive oil, grain, and leatherwork for the manufactured goods brought by Yankee trading vessels around Cape Horn. ^^ Secularization of the missions was sought by Spanish Mexican settlers known as _____os when Mexico became independent of Spain in 1821. The Mexican government replaced the Spanish mission system with ranchos, large parcels of land owned by wealthy rancheros and managed by vaqueros (cowboys). The Hispanic _____os felt a stronger sense of local identity than of national identity, given the distance between them and Mexico. Between 1833 and 1840 the mission ranches were parceled out to political favorites by the Mexican government. The padres withdrew, and the Native Americans were cruelly exploited and diminished. In 1841 the first wagon train of settlers left Missouri for ______. The American settlers, Anglos, felt that ____ should not be part of Mexico at all. The colony grew slowly, but in 1846 the Northwest became a part of the United States, and settlers at Sonoma proclaimed an independent ______ republic during the Bear Flag Revolt. In May the United States declared war on Mexico, and in July the U.S. flag was raised. Minor skirmishes occurred before the ______os surrendered to troops under John C. Frémont in January 1847. Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ceding to the United States a vast area of the Southwest that included all of present-day ______.

US Constitution—Article II, Section 01 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected as follows. ^^ Each state shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. ^^ [The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.] ^^ The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States. ^^ No person except a natural-born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. ^^ [In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation, or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.]amd ^^ The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them. ^^ Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:- "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."

National Organization of Women

1966, Betty Friedan, author of Feminine Mystique, was the first president of this group. Group wanted Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to enforce its legal mandate to end sex discrimination.

Population Trends in early 20th century US

Describe the period in which these population trends existed:

Monroe Doctrine— CAUSES of

Causes of this event included: ^^ America feared international influence because of a period of worldwide revolutionary fervor after Napoleon's fall. ^^ Many Latin American countries were gaining independence from ^^ Spain, and the US thought that these colonies might be taken over ^^ by other European powers, threatening American security

Wampanoag

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in southeastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

The first company to begin actual railroad operations, which opened a thirteen mile stretch of track in 1830.

Election of 1872

Grant was re-elected president; Henry Wilson was his VP.

Judicial Restraint

Holds that the court should avoid taking the initiative on social & political questions, operating strictly w/n the limits of the Constitution.

Reconstruction in 1873

In ____, a redeemer government is elected in Texas.

Political Party Leadership

In each house, they decide the committee assignments of members of Congress.

Election of 1972

Richard M. Nixon was re-elected president; Gerald T. Ford was his VP. ^^ Nixon was re-elected by an overwhelming margin. During the campaign, members of Nixon's reelection team burglarized the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee in Washington. Top government officials were implicated.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America.

Louisiana Purchase

The US, under Jefferson, bought this land from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. ^^ This territory was ceded by France to Spain after the French and Indian War. It was returned to France in 1800 as Napoleon sought to rebuild the French overseas empire, However, by 1802 Napoleon was running into difficulties: The Haitian Revolution (Toussaint L'Ouverture) and the ongoing French war with Great Britain, in which Caribbean bases were lost, convinced Napoleon to sell. There was also clamor in the US for war with France after the outrages of the Reign of Terror and Napoleon's rise to power. ^^ Jefferson sent Monroe to France to negotiate the purchase. The US paid $15 million for it, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The US gained control of the Mississippi trade route and doubled its size. Prior to this Jefferson said, "There is on the globe one single spot, the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans through which the produce of three-eighths of our territory must pass to market." After this, Jefferson said, "The fertility of the country, its climate and extent, promise in due season important aids to our treasury, an ample provision for our posterity, and a wide-spread field for the blessings of freedom." ^^ The Constitutional dilemma was that there was no provision for land purchase. Some argued that an amendment was required. Although a strict constructionist, Jefferson promoted the purchase as a benefit to the nation. The Senate approved the treaty over Federalist objections. ^^ The boundaries were poorly defined, and the territory was largely unknown. Jefferson sent an exploratory mission under Lewis and Clark (1804-1806). Using Indian guides, they followed the Missouri and Columbia rivers. They ultimately reached the Pacific Coast (Oregon), gathering geographic and scientific information. ^^ Zebulon Pike sought the source of the Mississippi and explored Colorado and New Mexico (1805-07). Travel accounts stirred commercial ambitions.

Judicial Branch

The part of the US government responsible for the administration of justice, is made up of the national courts; interprets laws, punishes criminals, and settles disputes between states. Article II of the Constitution creates "one Supreme Court" and "such inferior (lesser) courts as Congress may...establish."

US Civil War

The period of armed conflict between the Confederate States of America (1861-1865) and the US over the issues of states' rights and slavery.

Succession rules for VP

The president must appoint a new one with the approval of both houses of Congress.

Jurisdiction

The right of a court to hear a case.

Massachuset

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans living in the Boston area.

Maryland, State of

_________ felt the naval impact of the War of 1812 as well as the physical impact of a foreign invasion. For much of the war, the British Navy blockaded America's ports up and down the coast, hurting towns such as x-------x that depended on trade. x-------x fought back in the small, fast ships local shipbuilders had designed, causing the British to brand x--------x "a nest of pirates" and forbid direct confrontation with American ships. During the middle years of the war, Rear Admiral Sir George Cockburn conducted raids on the Chesapeake Bay coast. As a border state, ___________ was caught between North and South in the years leading up to the Civil War. The state's geographic and topographic diversity resulted in a state whose regions were very different politically, economically, and socially. In many ways, the state had Southern characteristics. Early ___________ colonists had intended to make their fortunes through the cultivation and sale of tobacco as the Virginians had done. On the eve of the Civil War, tobacco agriculture still dominated the economies of Southern ___________ and some parts of the Eastern Shore. Coupled with the tobacco economy was the institution of slavery. Initially, white indentured servants had been used to cultivate the tobacco crop, but a convergence of economic factors around the 1680s led to the decline of indentured servitude and the rise of African slavery on ___________'s tobacco plantations. In addition, many ___________ers were tied to Virginia by family, friendships, and business relationships. Like the South, in general, Southern ___________ also had relatively few towns. Although tobacco was becoming less profitable by the Civil War and the number of enslaved African Americans was decreasing by the beginning of the Civil War, the plantation culture still defined Southern and Eastern ___________. In the more recently settled Northern and Westerns regions of the state, tendencies were more Northern. Wheat, rather than tobacco, was the predominant crop, and because labor needs associated with wheat cultivation are less constant than those associated with tobacco, the region had far fewer slaves than Southern ___________. The populations of these regions were also much more diverse, including growing numbers of free blacks and German and Scotch-Irish immigrants. Although the region remained overwhelmingly rural, manufacturing enterprises such as iron and glass works, gristmills, and breweries flourished, as did towns. x---------x, as the state's largest urban area, resembled Northern cities in many respects. Shipping and shipbuilding were at the core of the city's economy, and many of the merchants who led city affairs were from German, Scotch-Irish, or Quaker families originally of modest means. Although there were slaves in X------x, there was a far larger and more vibrant free black community. By 1850, there were over eight times as many free blacks as slaves in the city. Despite these Northern tendencies, however, some of X------x's most powerful residents were members of old, distinguished families like the Howards and viewed ___________ as a Southern state. As the sectional crisis intensified, most ___________ers wanted to remain neutral, although they sympathized with the South. The election of 1860 illustrates this point. Southern Democrat John Breckinridge, who supported the extension of slavery into the territories, received 45.9% of the vote in ___________. John Bell of the Constitutional Union Party, which took no position on slavery and supported peace and the Union, received 45.1% but carried all but 6 counties, albeit by narrow margins. Both candidates were from border states and were viewed as moderates who wanted to restore peace. Northern candidates Abraham Lincoln (Republican) and Stephen Douglas (Northern Democrat) received just 9% of the ___________ vote combined. Despite ___________'s sympathy for the South, the state never seceded. Even when Southern sentiment reached its zenith after a secessionist mob attacked Northern troops passing through the city in April 1861, ___________ did not move to secede, although it was much discussed. After the riots, President Lincoln established de facto martial law in ___________, suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus and occupying the city with Federal troops. Thus ended any chance that the state would actually join the Confederacy.

Connecticut Compromise

1787; aka Great ____2_____; agreement which combined pieces of the other proposals. It included the ___2___ which counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for purposes of apportioning representation and called for direct taxation on the states. Legislative branch would have two parts: (1) a House of Representatives with state representation based on population and (2) a Senate, with two members from each state.

Virginia Plan

A proposal written by James Madison and presented by Edmund Randolph in July 1787 at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia; it favored the larger states by calling for a bicameral legislature based on a state's population, and it suggested that both the chief executive and judiciary should be chosen by the legislature. Congress and the national government were given increased powers. It was united with another proposal in the Great Compromise and formed the basis of the modern American legislative structure.

Monroe Doctrine—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: ^^ It has no standing in international law and attracted little attention at the time, when the British navy shielded the hemisphere. Modified and extended later (by Presidents Polk and Theodore Roosevelt) it became a centerpiece of US foreign policy. It had a lasting impact; other presidents, from Coolidge to Kennedy, have invoked it to deal with their own foreign affairs issues

Election of 1984

Ronald W. Reagan was re-elected president; George H. W. Bush was his VP.

Second Report on the Further Provision Necessary for Establishing Public Credit

Submitted to Congress on December 13, 1790; In this document, Hamilton argued the necessity of a national bank run by a private board of directors. Private ownership, Hamilton reasoned, would prevent the corruption which might result if the bank were run by government officials as was the Bank of England. He explained: "The keen, steady, and, as it were, magnetic sense, of their own interest, as proprietors, in the Directors of a Bank, pointing invariably to its true pole, the prosperity of the institution . . ." Hamilton explained that a national bank would provide a safe depository for government funds, regulate banking practices around the country, provide a uniform currency, provide capital for investments and industry, and loan the government money in times of emergency. Hamilton saw it as no less than an engine of national prosperity and a necessary ancillary to his overall plan. ^^ THE OPPOSITION ^^ Banks had long been controversial and were commonly associated with mercantile countries such as England and Holland. Madison, again leading the opposition along with a majority of southerners, raised the familiar point that the bank was another policy which would only benefit merchants and speculators, not the planters and yeomanry of which the country was largely comprised. ^^ Madison challenged the bank proposal by claiming that it was unconstitutional. Arguing for strict construction of the constitution, he stated that since the constitution did not explicitly sanction such action, the US government had no power to create a bank or any other type of corporation. ^^ The plan for the bank was passed by congress under circumstances that would become increasingly alarming: the vote was split between the north and south--the southerners being uniformly opposed to the bank, the north, which held the majority of mercantile interest, in favor. ^^ When the bill hit Washington's desk, the President was already harboring strong doubts about the constitutionality of the bank. Washington was poised to veto the bill, but first asked both Attorney General Edmund Randolph and Jefferson for their opinions. Both wrote in support of a veto on constitutional grounds. Washington forwarded their responses to Hamilton informing him that if he did not provide a convincing response, he would have to veto the bank plan. Hamilton did not disappoint. Within a few days, Hamilton handed back his now famous Opinion on the Constitutionality of the Bank. His lengthy response was no less than an exhaustive treatise on implied powers of the constitution. Interestingly, the basic argument he used was originated by Madison himself in the Federalist, (no. 44) that "wherever the end is required, the means are authorized; wherever a general power to do a thing is given, every particular power necessary for doing it is included." ^^ The argument swayed Washington, who passed the bank bill in February of 1791.

Line of Demarcation

The name of the meridian which, following the successful completion of Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the New World, Pope Alexander VI (a Spaniard) used to extend to the crown of Castile, by a series of bulls (May-September 1493), dominion over all those lands and peoples to the west of the meridian that were not already under the control of another Christian prince. Portugal argued that most lands to the east had already been claimed and demanded bilateral discussions with Spain. The next year the two countries agreed to move the line about 1175 miles west.

New York, New York

The _____ Race Riots of 1964 were the first in a series of devastating race-related riots that ripped through American cities between 1964 and 1965. The riots began in _____ following the shooting of fifteen year-old James Powell by a white off-duty police officer on July 18, 1964. Charging that the incident was an act of police brutality, an estimated eight thousand _____ residents took to streets and launched a large-scale riot, breaking widows, setting fires and looting local businesses. The eruption of violence soon spread to a nearby neighborhood and continued for six days, resulting in the death of one resident, over one hundred injuries, and more than 450 arrests. As the civil unrest in _____ began to cool, another riot broke out upstate. Like the first riot, the second riot stemmed from an alleged act of police brutality. For three days, violent protestors overturned automobiles, burned buildings, and looted stores causing over one million dollars' worth of damages. Following Governor Nelson Rockefeller's mobilization of the state's National Guard, public order was restored on July 26. The ____ Race Riots of 1964 highlighted the racial injustice and growing civil unrest existing in northern cities and served as a powerful indicator of the urgent need for social and economic reforms for African American communities outside of the South. ^^ In one of the largest demonstrations of the Civil Rights movement, hundreds of thousands of parents, students and civil rights advocates took part in a citywide boycott of the _____ public school system to demonstrate their support for the full integration of the city's public schools and an end to de facto segregation. The idea for a boycott began in the early 1960s, when Milton Galamison, a Presbyterian minister and former president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's (NAACP) branch, brought parents, teachers, and local civil rights activists together in a coalition called the Parents' Workshop for Equality in _____ Schools. The organization's sole objective was to render the racial imbalance of African American and Puerto Rican schools by persuading the _____ Board of Education to implement integration timetables. After years of unsuccessful lobbying, the Parents' Workshop for Equality decided to take direct action against the school board and called upon Bayard Rustin to organize a one-day protest and boycott of the city's public school system. With the boycott set for February 3, 1964, Rustin worked with local Civil Rights organizations to plan the boycott, as well as local ministers who established freedom schools for participating students to attend. Response from the African American and Puerto Rican communities was overwhelming as more than 450,000 students refused to attend their respective schools on the day of the boycott. In addition, thousands of demonstrators staged peaceful rallies at the Board of Education, City Hall and the Manhattan office of Governor Nelson Rockefeller. Despite enjoying broad support, the boycott failed to force the city's school board to undertake immediate reform.

Nipmuc

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in the New England area: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.

Midwest region of US

This area is generally cold and dry in winter and warm and humid in the summer.

putting-out system

This emerged inn antebellum America as a way to finish manufactured goods in individual homes. It was also called the cottage industry.

The Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom

This event took place on May 17, 1957, when a crowd of over thirty thousand nonviolent demonstrators, from more than thirty states, gathered at the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. to commemorate the third anniversary of the landmark Brown v. Board of Education ruling.

Proprietary colony

1600s; owned by individuals with direct responsibility to the king; each ________ selected a governor, who served as the authority figure.

Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom

1786; authored by Thomas Jefferson, this was adopted in 1786; it stated, "all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinions in matters of religion."

Mojave

Desert which contains undrained basins and borders Arizona and California. Alluvial fans are common in this desert.

Reconstruction in 1872

In November, _____, President Grant wins reelection against his Democratic/Liberal Republican opponent, New York Tribune editor Horace Greeley.

New York Petition to the House of Commons

October 18, 1764 letter from New York to the British Government protesting taxation without representation.

Federal judgeships

Often considered by presidents as patronage positions.

12th Amendment

Proposed 12/9/1803; ratified 6/15/1804; election rules for president and vice president; separate ballots for president and vice-president. The electoral deadlock of the 1800 election between Jefferson and Burr (part of the long-standing animosity between Hamilton and Burr which later led to Hamilton's death in an 1804 duel with Burr) led to adoption of this amendment.

11th Amendment

Proposed 3/4/1794; ratified 2/7/1795; Authority of federal courts restricted and states' sovereign immunity described. States are protected from suits by citizens living in another state or foreigners that do not reside within the state borders. states cannot be sued in federal court. Clearly states the judicial powers of the states and the federal governments on foreign nationals and the limitations of the citizens to sue states under federal law.

23rd Amendment

Proposed 6/16/1960; ratified 3/29/1961; Presidential electors for the District of Columbia.

Election of 1980

Ronald W. Reagan was elected president; George H. W. Bush was his VP. ^^ ____ had a vision for America and was a master of political images. He campaigned for lower taxes and smaller government. ^^ The National Unity Movement nominated John Anderson for president in the election of ____. It was assumed that Anderson, a moderate, would take votes away from both the Democratic nominee, President Carter, and the Republican nominee, Ronald Reagan. In the end, Anderson won 7 percent of the vote.

Immigration of Germans to US

The 1850s had increases in _____ because of the failed revolution in their homeland in 1848. Many settled in Wisconsin and the Midwest because they had money and other resources, which helped to cultivate the upper-Midwest portion of the US. Most large groups settled in ethnic clusters.

US v. Nixon

The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of executive privilege was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions. It limited the President's executive privilege.

New Jersey, State of

The third of the thirteen original colonies; it was accepted as a state in 1787.

16th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several states and without regard to any census or enumeration."

QUOTE from Horace Mann

Who made this/these statements: "Education then, beyond all other devices of human origin, is a great equalizer of the conditions of men—the balance wheel of the social machinery."

Qualifications of US President

Qualifications for this office include that the person must: be a natural-born citizen; be at least 35 years old; be a resident of the US for at least 14 years.

Rocky and Cascade

The Columbia Plateau lies between these mountain ranges.

Illinois

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Iowa. War in the 1700s nearly wiped out the Illinois Indians.

Iroquois

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in New York State.

Mohawk

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in New York State.

Micmac

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in Quebec, Newfoundland, and Maine.

Huron

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in St. Lawrence Valley in Quebec.

Appeals Court

This judicial body can review and determine whether a lower court has decided a case properly.

09th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people."

Puritanism

1500s and 1600s movements by those who wished to reform the Church of England to be more in line with their ideology. Though King Henry VIII had set out to separate his own Church of England from papal authority, many Roman Catholic traditions and practices remained. This movement rejected these Roman Catholic holdovers and sought to cleanse the English Church. They held Calvinist beliefs, such as predestination and the authority of Scripture over papal authority. It echoes throughout American culture in the ideas of self-reliance, moral fortitude, and an emphasis on intellectualism.

Half-way Covenant

1690s; the decision by Puritan colony churches to allow the grandchildren of those who did not have the personal experience of conversion to participate in select church affairs. Previously, only the children of those who had experienced conversion could participate. It reflected the decline of zealous piety among New Englanders.

Slaughterhouse Cases

1873; Supreme Court Case. ^^ Background: In 1869 the Louisiana government granted the Crescent City Stock Landing and Slaughterhouse Company a monopoly on licensed butchering in New Orleans on the grounds that the action protected public health. Local butchers, who were excluded from the monopoly, opposed it with legal action in the state courts. Losing there, they appealed to the federal courts and then to the United States Supreme Court. The butchers argued that they had been deprived of their livelihoods by the state's deliberate discrimination against them. Therefore, the law violated the Thirteenth Amendment's ban on involuntary servitude, as well as the 1866 Civil Rights Act, which had been passed to enforce that ban. In addition, they argued, the state law violated the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantees of equal protection under the law and of due process. The state responded by claiming that no federal constitutional question was involved since both the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments were irrelevant to the case. If, in fact, the Court did apply these amendments to the case, the federal system would be revolutionized by exempting individuals' claims from state regulation. ^^ Constitutional Issue: Before the Civil War, individuals who believed they had been deprived of their rights and liberties had only their state constitution to rely on for protection. According to an 1833 Supreme Court decision, the Bill of Rights of the United States Constitution applied only to the national government. In 1868, however, the Fourteenth Amendment was added to the United States Constitution. Although the amendment was intended to protect formerly enslaved people, who had been given their freedom by the Thirteenth Amendment, the Fourteenth Amendment contained a sentence that could be interpreted as applying to all persons in the United States: "No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." If the Supreme Court interpreted this sentence as applying to all persons, then the way was open to conveying to the national government the enforcement of rights that earlier had been limited to the states and denied to the national government. The Slaughterhouse cases were the first involving the Fourteenth Amendment to be heard by the Court. The constitutional issues in the Slaughterhouse cases concerned the extent to which the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments applied to all Americans, not only to formerly enslaved people. ^^ Decision: A majority of the Court held that the monopoly on butchering granted by Louisiana did not violate the rights of the other butchers. Justice Samuel F. Miller, writing the Court's opinion, dismissed the butchers' claim that the state law violated their rights under the Thirteenth Amendment. The monopoly created by the state law, he held, could not be interpreted as imposing servitude. Miller now turned to the Fourteenth Amendment. This amendment, he wrote, "declares that persons may be citizens of the United States without regard to their citizenship of a particular state, and it overturns the Dred Scott decision by making all persons born within the United States and subject to its jurisdiction citizens of the United States. That its main purpose was to establish the citizenship of the negro can admit of no doubt." Justice Miller assigned to the states, rather than the federal government, the protection of basic civil liberties. This meant that everyone, not just formerly enslaved people, who had assumed the federal government was their "guardian of democracy," had to look to the states to protect their rights. The Court agreed that there were certain "federal privileges and immunities," such as the right to petition for redress of grievances, which states were bound to respect, but otherwise, the Court concluded, a state determined the privileges and immunities of its citizens.

La Follette Seamen's Act

1915; This legislation required safety and sanitation measures for commercial ships and regulated wages, food, and hours of sailors.

Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway v. Illinois

1895; Supreme Court Case challenging legislation enacted by a state against railroads. The state was trying to appease the demands of farmers for lower and fairer railroad rates amid unregulated railroad commerce. ^^ Background: In the nineteenth century, as a network of railroads spread across the United States, community rights and corporate rights collided. Farmers objected to the high prices rail companies charged to transport their grain, and state legislatures stepped in to regulate the rates charged by railways. Railroad companies had grown wealthy by charging whatever price the market would bear, and they resisted new regulations. __1__, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. __2__ originated when the state of __2__ took the __1__ railway company to court for violating state law. __2__ claimed that __1__ had illegally charged one company more than another to carry goods between __2__ and New York. One of the companies shipped its goods a slightly shorter distance than the other but had been charged a higher rate. According to the state, this practice was discriminatory. Because the shipment originated in __2__, the state argued that the railroad's rates were subject to __2__ law. __1__ argued that because it was transporting freight through several states, __2__ law did not apply. After a lower court sided with __2__ in the dispute, __1__ appealed the decision to the __2__ Supreme Court and lost. __1__ then asked the United States Supreme Court to hear the case. ^^ Constitutional Issue: The central issue in __1__ was whether railroad transport fell under the commerce clause (Article I, Section 8) of the U.S. Constitution. The commerce clause states that only Congress has the power to regulate interstate commerce. Previous Supreme Court decisions had given states a great deal of freedom to regulate businesses within their borders. One of these cases was Munn v. __2__ (1876). Munn established the right of states to regulate private industry in order to protect the public from unfair business practices. Cases such as Peik v. Chicago & N.W. R. Co. (1876) and Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co. v. Iowa (1876) essentially allowed state regulation of interstate commerce, provided that Congress had not already acted to regulate it. The Court had ruled that as long as a railway was situated within a state, the state could regulate it. This rule applied even if the state inadvertently regulated interstate commerce as well. ^^ Decision: The court ruled 6 to 3 in favor of the __1__ railway company, with Justice Samuel Miller. The Court reaffirmed that __2__ had the right to regulate commerce that took place solely within state borders. If __2__ applied regulations only to trains traveling within state borders, the law would be constitutional. However, in __1__ the __2__ Supreme Court had also applied the law to commerce between states. The Court overturned the __2__ law on the grounds that it violated the commerce clause. The Court stated that transport by railway is interstate commerce, which can only be regulated by Congress. In disregarding precedents such as Munn and Peik, the Court argued that these cases had been decided only with an eye toward allowing necessary regulation of business in the public interest. The Court had not intended to use the cases to address the issue of interstate commerce. If each state makes its own laws about railway lines, complying with them all would cause a burden on the railroads. ^^ Results: The __1__ case led Congress to create the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in 1887. The commission was responsible for federal regulation of interstate commerce. writing for the majority.

Qualifications of US Senator

Qualifications for this office include that the person must: be at least 30 years of age when entering office, have been a US citizen for at least nine years, and be an inhabitant of the state in which the election was held. Although most _____-elects are residents of their states and often longtime participants in their communities, under the inhabitant qualification, it is not mandatory that a _____ have lived in a state for any set length of time.

Ohio, Kentucky, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, and Wisconsin

These states comprise the Midwest region of US.

US Presidential Elections

What do these features describe: At least 35 years old, A natural born citizen of the US, A resident of the US for 14 years. 1) Primaries and Caucuses 2) National Conventions 3) The General (or Popular) Election 4) Electoral College.

Oneida

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in central New York State and Canada.

New England and the Mid-Atlantic states

These states comprise the Northeast region of US.

Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Washington, Oregon

These states comprise the Northwest region of US.

Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina

These states comprise the Southeast region of US.

Anglican Church

This was the official church of England and therefore was initially an important church in the American colonies. It was closely tied to the Crown and to Loyalists, and it was disestablished in five colonies after the Revolutionary War. In 1789 the separated _______ in America was renamed Episcopal. +

Weeks v. United States

1914 Supreme Court Case; ^^ Background: __1__ was arrested at his place of business on a charge of sending lottery tickets through the mail. The police had turned over to a United States marshal the various papers found there. The marshal in turn had searched __1__'s premises in the company of police officers and took still other papers. No warrant had ever been issued for any of the searches or for __1__'s arrest. Prior to his trial,__1__ asked that his papers be returned to him. The request was denied. These documents were used in evidence against __1__ at his trial, and he was found guilty. The case then reached the United States Supreme Court on appeal. ^^ Constitutional Issue: The Fourth Amendment protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures. Yet for the first hundred years after the Constitution was adopted, evidence unlawfully seized by the police was routinely admitted in trials. In considering _______, the Court had to weigh not only the rights of the defendant but also the possibility that a criminal could go unpunished. The constitutional issue in concerned the Fourth Amendment's promise that "the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants shall issue, but on probable cause . . . and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized." ^^ Decision: The Court decided that __1__'s Fourth Amendment rights had indeed been violated. Justice William R. Day wrote for a unanimous Court. The decision held that if such evidence were to be admitted at trial, the courts would become as guilty as the police who seized the evidence, and the integrity of the entire judicial process would be threatened. Justice Day wrote, "The tendency of those who execute the criminal laws of this country to obtain conviction by means of unlawful seizures and enforced confessions, the latter often obtained after subjecting accused persons to unwarranted practices destructive of rights secured by the federal Constitution, should find no sanction in the judgments of the courts, which are charged at all times with the support of the Constitution, and to which people of all conditions have a right to appeal for the maintenance of such fundamental rights..." Day continued, "If letters and private documents can thus be seized and held and used as evidence against a citizen accused of an offense, the protection of the Fourth Amendment, declaring his right to be secure against such searches and seizures, is of no value, and, so far as those thus placed are concerned, might as well be stricken from the Constitution. The efforts of the courts and their officials to bring the guilty to punishment, praiseworthy as they are, are not to be aided by the sacrifice of those great principles established by years of endeavor and suffering which have resulted in their embodiment in the fundamental law of the land." Day wrote further, "We therefore reach the conclusion that the letters in question were taken from the house of the accused by an official acting under color of his office in direct violation of the constitutional rights of the defendant; that having made a reasonable application for their return, which was heard and passed upon by the court, there was involved in the order refusing the application a denial of the constitutional rights of the accused, and that the court should have restored these letters to the accused. In holding them and permitting their use upon the trial, we think prejudicial error was committed. ^^ Results: Common law had long held that illegally seized evidence could still be admitted as evidence at a trial. The source of the evidence was held to be of no direct concern to the court. If it had been taken illegally or stolen, the remedy was to be found in a subsequent civil suit for trespass or in criminal prosecution for theft. In an 1886 ruling in Boyd v. United States, the Court had implicitly reversed this common law principle, but it was not until the __1__ case that the exclusionary rule, as it came to be known, became a definite legal standard. This new rule means that if unconstitutional evidence is used at trial to establish guilt, the remedy is a retrial without use of the "tainted" evidence.

St. Augustine, Florida - ADDITION

1598; French Protestants (Huguenots) went to the New World to freely practice their religion, and they formed a colony here. Roman Catholic Spain, which oversaw the area, reacted violently to the Huguenots because they were trespassers and heretics. Spain sent a force to the settlement and massacred the fort's inhabitants. The settlement is considered to be the first permanent European settlement in the US.

Silent Majority

Label that Nixon gave to middle-class Americans who supported him, obeyed the laws, and wanted "peace with honor" in Vietnam. He contrasted this group with students and civil rights activists who disrupted the country with protests in the late 1960s and early 1970s who were termed the "active minority".

Narranganset

Tribal groups of these Native Americans lived in Massachusetts and Rhode Island.

QUOTE from the Mayflower Compact

Who made this/these statements: "We solemnly and mutually, in the presence of God and of one another, covenant and combine ourselves together in a civil body politic."

Rock N Roll

"Crossover" musical style that rose to dominance in the 1950s, merging black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country. Featuring a heavy beat and driving rhythm, rock 'n' roll music became a defining feature of the 1950s youth culture. (947).

Marginal seat

A candidate wins election by 55% or less of the vote.

Lawrence v. Texas

(2003), the Supreme Court ruled that state laws banning homosexual sodomy are unconstitutional as a violation of the right to privacy.

Near v. Minnesota

1931 Supreme Court case; ^^ Background: In 1925, __2__ passed a law that sought to prevent newspapers, magazines, and other publications from printing obscene, malicious, scandalous and defamatory material. The law, called the "__2__ gag law", allowed either public prosecutors or private citizens to request a court injunction to shut down such a publication as "a public nuisance." The Saturday Press, published by a journalist named __1__, had printed articles charging that various criminal activities were controlled by gangsters, and that the local mayor, chief of police, and county attorneys were in league with the gangsters. Using the 1925 statute, the county attorney obtained an injunction "perpetually" prohibiting __1__ from publishing a "malicious, scandalous or defamatory newspaper." __1__ appealed to the __2__ Supreme Court, and when that body ruled in the county's favor, he appealed to the United States Supreme Court. ^^ Constitutional Issue: One of the most treasured provisions of the Bill of Rights is the protection of freedom to publish as provided by the First Amendment. This protection applies to all kinds of publications, even those that print unpopular opinions. Most censorship cases have been attempts to suppress the written word after publication of a work. In this case, however, censorship was attempted before publication by closing down the offending periodical. This attempt was made because __2__ officials decided that the contents of __1__'s periodical would be offensive to the public. In _____ the Supreme Court had to decide whether __2__'s statute violated the First Amendment's guarantee of freedom of the press, as applied to the states by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. ^^ Decision: The Court voted 5 to 4 in __1__'s favor. Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes presented the Court's opinion. He called the __2__ statute "unusual, if not unique." It pitted the undoubted liberty of the press against the "necessarily admitted" authority of the state "to promote the health, safety, morals, and general welfare of its people." Both the state's attorney and the liberty of the press, Hughes observed, have claims and limits that must be delineated. What was at issue, Hughes stressed, is prior or previous restraint upon the press in nonexceptional cases. On that score the "chief purpose" of the liberty of the press is "to prevent previous restraints upon publication." The court concluded that this in no way places the press beyond the reach of legal action. That is, the press is generally to be held accountable after, not before, publication. In summary, Hughes wrote, "For these reasons we hold the statute . . . to be an infringement of the liberty of the press guaranteed by the First Amendment." ^^ Results: The __1__ case represented a new level of Supreme Court concern for freedom of the press. Prior censorship of the press was condemned. __1__ was the first case in which a state law was held unconstitutional for violating the freedom of press protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Maryland Colony

A proprietary colony first settled in 1632; George Calvert, 1st Baron x-----x, applied to Charles I for a royal charter for what was to become the Province of ________. After Calvert died in April 1632, the charter for "_______ Colony" was granted to his son, Caecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron x------x, on June 20, 1632. The colony was named in honor of the wife of King Charles I. Led by Leonard Calvert, Cecil Calvert's younger brother, the first settlers departed from the Isle of Wight on November 22, 1633 aboard two small ships, the Ark and the Dove. They landed on March 25, 1634, at St. Clement's Island in southern _____, the site of the first Catholic mass in the Colonies. The first group of colonists consisted of 17 gentlemen and their wives, and about two hundred others, mostly indentured servants who could work off their passage. It was a haven for Catholics. As the colony developed, a large number of Protestants arrived. Due to fears that this growing number would thwart religious freedom for the Catholics, the ______ Act of Toleration was passed in 1649. At the time of the American Revolution, ______ had more Catholics than any other colony. After purchasing land from the Yaocomico Indians and establishing the town of St. Mary's, Leonard, per his brother's instructions, attempted to govern the country under feudalistic precepts. Meeting resistance, in February 1635, he summoned a colonial assembly. In 1638, the Assembly forced him to govern according to the laws of England. The right to initiate legislation passed to the assembly. In 1638, Calvert seized a trading post in Kent Island established by the Virginian William Claiborne. In 1644, Claiborne led an uprising of ______ Protestants. Calvert was forced to flee to Virginia, but he returned at the head of an armed force in 1646 and reasserted proprietorial rule. ________ soon became one of the few predominantly Catholic regions among the English colonies in North America. __________ was also one of the key destinations where the government sent tens of thousands of English convicts punished by sentences of transportation. Such punishment persisted until the Revolutionary War. Because Anglicanism had become the official religion in Virginia, a band of Puritans in 1642 left for ________; they founded Providence. In 1650, the Puritans revolted against the proprietary government. They set up a new government prohibiting both Catholicism and Anglicanism. In March 1655, the 2nd Lord x--------x sent an army under Governor William Stone to put down this revolt. His Roman Catholic army was decisively defeated by a Puritan army in the Battle of the Severn. The Puritan revolt lasted until 1658, when the Calvert family regained control and re-enacted the Toleration Act. The Puritan revolutionary government persecuted __________ Catholics during its reign. Mobs burned down all the original Catholic churches of southern ________. In 1708, the seat of government was moved to Providence, which was renamed. Tobacco was the main export crop in the colonial era; it involved a great deal of hand labor, usually done by slaves, the original royal charter granted _______ the Potomac River and territory northward to the fortieth parallel. This was found to be a problem, as the northern boundary would have put Philadelphia, the major city in Pennsylvania, within ______. The Calvert family, which controlled ________, and the Penn family, which controlled Pennsylvania, decided in 1750 to engage two surveyors, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, to establish a boundary. They surveyed what became known as the Mason-Dixon Line, which became the boundary between the two colonies.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Abolitionist novel published in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe.

Sullivan Expedition

At the onset of the American Revolution both Great Britain and the Continental Congress claimed that they hoped the American Indian nations would remain neutral, but that quickly became unrealistic. A few of the eastern tribes did support the Continental Army, but far more Indians decided to fight alongside the British, who had traditionally supplied them with trade goods and prevented the frontier settlers from encroaching on their lands. The British soon realized that their Indian allies were at times unreliable and difficult to control during European-style military engagements. After the defeat and surrender of Burgoyne's army at Saratoga in 1777, British strategy in the region changed and focused on encouraging allied Indian war bands, led by Loyalist rangers, to launch a series of destructive raids on frontier settlements in western Pennsylvania and New York. ^^ At first George Washington had too few soldiers to fight the British in the east and to protect the western frontier. He expected these exposed areas to use local militiamen to defend themselves, but as these attacks, often led by Colonel John Butler, continued throughout 1778, they not only began to deprive Washington's army of provisions and manpower but also, by spreading terror, caused the abandonment of many settlements. The situation reached a crisis in November when two companies of Loyalist rangers and more than 300 Iroquois warriors led by Chiefs Cornplanter and Joseph Brant attacked Cherry Valley, New York. More than 30 settlers, mostly women and children, were slain and 80 more were taken prisoner. The "Cherry Valley Massacre" finally convinced Washington that something had to be done to stop these raids, but it was not until March of 1779 that plans were made for a major campaign. Washington decided to mount an expedition to be led by General John _______ that would break the ability of the Iroquois Confederacy to carry out these savage attacks. Washington made it clear in his orders to _______ that his goal was the total destruction of the Indian settlements. ____1___ was instructed not to accept any offers of peace - Washington wanted the Indian country "not merely overrun, but destroyed." ^^ Although it is sometimes overlooked, _______'s 1779 campaign was one of the larger American offensives of the Revolution. With the war in the north at a stalemate outside New York City, Washington allocated nearly 5,000 men, mostly Continental units from New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania, for the expedition. The plan was very simple - _______ with three brigades would move west up the Susquehanna River to Tioga, where they would link up with a fourth brigade under General James Clinton. From this location on the Pennsylvania-New York border, the combined force would march into the heartland of Iroquois country, destroying everything in its path.

Arctic Circle

At latitude 66.5°N, this is one of the most commonly recognized boundaries of the high latitudes.

Antarctic Circle

At latitude 66.5°S, this is one of the most commonly recognized boundaries of the high latitudes.

Judicial Oversight

Federal Courts determine whether an act taken by a federal department was unconstitutional.

American Bar Association

Federal judicial appointments are typically evaluated by this group.

Election of 1988

George H. W. Bush was elected president; J. Danforth Quayle was his VP.

Election of 2004

George W. Bush was re-elected president; Richard Cheney was his VP.

Corps of Discovery

Group sent by President Jefferson to the Louisiana Territory to evaluate the economic potential of the territory, to claim the territory when contacting Indian tribes, to establish trade with the region's natives, and to search for water passage ("Northwest Passage") to the Pacific Ocean. They embarked from St. Louis in 1804 with 48 men. They returned to St. Louis in May 1806. ^^ Sacajawea, a Shoshone Indian, became a translator and member of the group.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Legislation of grants citizenship, but not the right to vote, to all native-born Americans.

Yosemite Valley

Located in California, it is famous for dramatic rock formations and water falls.

Pre-Civil War Immigrants to USA

Northern and Western Europeans.

Touro

Oldest synagogue in America built in 1763.

low latitudes

Places near the equator are said to be in _____.

Presidency 03 of Thomas Jefferson

President 1801-1809. His VP (1) was Aaron Burr; VP (2) was George Clinton. ^^ After the election of 1800 but prior to ______'s inauguration, the Federalists passed the Judiciary Act of 1801, which enabled President Adams to appoint fifteen last-minute ("Midnight") Federalist judges. One Federalist judge was impeached and removed from office by the new Republican Congress. An attempt to remove Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase on partisan political grounds failed. ^^ ______ vowed to create a "wise and frugal government" based on the Bill of Rights and equal protection under the law; he vowed to protect states' rights. ______'s taking of office was called the "Revolution of 1800" as it was the first time America changed presidential political leadership (Federalist to Republican). In the new national capital, Washington, DC, ______ stressed political reconciliation ("We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists). His embodiment of the Republican Party helped increase its strength, while weak leadership in the Federalist Party was a reason for its demise. ^^ His administration was responsible for the Embargo of 1807. He presided over the Louisiana Purchase. His politics were characterized by support of states' rights. As President, he promised "peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none." James Madison was his Secretary of State and Albert Gallatin was his Secretary of the Treasury. He replaced many Federalist office holders with (Democratic-) Republicans. He allowed John Adams' Alien and Sedition Acts to expire, and he had pressured Congress to repeal them. He retired the public debt, cut executive offices, reduced the regular army and the navy, and improved the state militias. He left the Bank of the US undisturbed until its charter expired in 1811. He supported Hamilton's "Four Pillars of Posterity": manufacturing, commerce, navigation, and agriculture. ^^ He made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 for $15,000,000, which was the largest peaceful transfer of territory in history. He sponsored the Lewis and Clark Corps of Discovery Expedition to the Louisiana Territory to map the territory and search for a water route to the west coast. The Pasha of Tripoli declared war on the US in 1801. ______ sent a fleet to North Africa to fight the First Barbary War in 1801-1805; he signed a treaty with Tripoli to end the practice of paying tribute to allow American ships to travel through the Mediterranean Sea. ^^ During this presidency, the Supreme Court decided Marbury v. Madison, which established the Supreme Court's power of judicial review to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional. _____'s election of 1804 marked the end of the era of "politics of deference." After the Chesapeake Affair, he ordered the Embargo Act of 1807, which forbade all foreign vessels from entering American ports and prohibited American vessels from shipping cargo to foreign ports. Some accused Jefferson of attempting to ruin the economy. ^^ ____ signed a bill in 1806 to build a National Road from Cumberland, Maryland, to western Virginia (it reached Illinois by 1818). ^^ 1801 Number of states: 16 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 1 ^^ 1801 Population: 5,486,000

Richmond, Virginia

Second Capital of the Confederacy.

Appomattox Court House

Site of General Lee's surrender to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865.

Presidency 10 of John Tyler

Tenth President 1841-1845; he was the VP in the election; he took office following the death of William Henry Harrison. The issue of who would take charge of the Executive Office was far from clear. ____ moved into the White House, firmly staked his claim to the Presidency, and asserted full constitutional authority. It was the first and most important act of his administration. ^^ _____ Had no VP. ____ was a states' righter, Southerner, and strict constructionist; he rejected the programs of the Whigs who had elected Harrison, which led them to turn against him. He vetoed much of the Whig legislation. Cabinet members resigned in protest. Senator Henry Clay and the Whigs were furious and drew up articles of impeachment, but that lacked support in the Congress. ^^ America was emerging as an industrial nation; exploration and settlement were expanding. John Fremont and Kit Carson completed the first scientific expedition of the Rocky Mountains. They planted a flag on Fremont Peak in Wyoming. As the nation expanded, border disputes were on the rise. ^^ He settled the Webster-Ashburton Treaty between the US and Britain. After a lengthy debate, _____ helped marshal Texas through the process of achieving statehood in 1845. During the _____ administration, America remained assertive in increasing its territorial claims. An early achievement was _____'s signing of the Log Cabin Bill, which allowed western settlers to buy 160-acre tracts of land for $200. This promoted westward expansion of the electorate, which was in full swing during the _____ years; Oregon was a focal point, in particular. The annexation of Texas also secured the American position in the Southwest. This strategy laid the groundwork for the next president's successes in conquering Mexican territory all the way to the Pacific. Spurned by both parties, ____ retired to Virginia and considered himself a political outlaw. ^^ 1841 Number of states: 26 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 1 ^^ 1841 Population: 17,733,000; (1840 census: 17,063,000)

Copperheads

Term denoting Northerners who were actively disloyal to the Union during the Civil War.

Creek War

The Creek Confederacy united Native Americans and tried to occupy Florida in 1813-1814.

Department of Housing and Urban Development

The Secretary of _____ is confirmed in the Senate by: Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee

Reapportionment

The constitutional redistribution of House seats after the census every ten years.

On Plymouth Plantation

Written by Governor William Bradford and left to his sons and heirs when he died in 1657. In his role as a historian, he shaped the story of this colony.

Election of 1904

Theodore Roosevelt was elected president; Charles W. Fairbanks was his VP.

Pennacook

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans living in northeastern part of Massachusetts.

Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana

These states comprise the Southern region of US.

Pequot

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in the New England area.

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824; Marshall Supreme Court decision; ^^ Background: ^^ In 1798 the New York legislature gave Robert Fulton a monopoly for steamboat navigation in New York. In 1811 Fulton's partner, Robert Livingston, assigned to Aaron __2__ an exclusive license to run a ferry service on the Hudson River between New York and New Jersey—a very profitable business. Seeking to take advantage of this flourishing trade, a competitor, Thomas __1__, secured a license from the federal government to operate a ferry between Elizabethtown, New Jersey, and New York City. Claiming that his monopoly rights were being infringed, __2__ obtained an injunction in a New York state court forbidding __1__'s boat from docking in New York. (An injunction is an order by a court prohibiting a person or a group from carrying out a specific action.) __1__ appealed the state court's decision to the United States Supreme Court. ^^ Constitutional Issues: The Constitution did not make clear what was meant by interstate commerce or the extent to which it could be regulated. At the time of this case in 1824, New York had closed its ports to vessels not owned or licensed by a monopoly chartered by the state. In retaliation, other states passed similar laws that limited access to their ports. The United States attorney maintained that the country faced a commercial "civil war." In the absence of a clear statement of what is meant by interstate commerce, how did the federal government have the power to intervene? ^^ The case presented the Supreme Court with the first opportunity to consider the ramifications of the commerce clause contained in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. This clause gave Congress the power "to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes." Several constitutional questions were involved in the case, revolving around an interpretation of the commerce clause. The first question was whether navigation should be considered to be a part of commerce. Then, if navigation should be so considered, to what extent might Congress regulate it? Another question was whether Congress had an exclusive right to regulate interstate commerce or if this was a "concurrent" power to be shared with the states. ^^ Decision: Marshall concluded that, like other congressional powers, the power to regulate commerce is unlimited so long as it is applied to objects specified in the Constitution. The case also raised the question as to whether Congress's power to regulate is exclusive. If it is, then a state would be prevented from making its own commerce regulations. Marshall chose not to resolve this question. Instead, he wrote that in the __1__ case there was a conflict between the state's law and a federal statute. "In every such case, the act of Congress . . . is supreme; and the law of the state. . . must yield to it." __1__'s right to operate ferry service in competition with __2__ was therefore upheld. ^^ Results: a Supreme Court decision that ruled that the constitution gave control of interstate commerce to the US Congress, not the individual states through which a route passed. Determined that only Congress may regulate interstate commerce, including navigation. __1___ received a monopoly to operate a steamboat between New York and New Jersey; New York granted him the monopoly through Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston. __2___ received the same rights through Congress. Supreme Court decided that the state monopoly was void. The use of judicial review over state law made this a division of powers case. ^^ By broadening the meaning of interstate commerce, Marshall laid the groundwork for including not only such clearly interstate activities as railroads and pipelines, but also the minimum wage regulation and prohibition of child labor. Robert Jackson, a Supreme Court justice who served in the mid-1900s, was thus correct when he declared, "Chief Justice Marshall described the federal commerce power with a breadth never exceeded."

Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario

Name the Great Lakes; they form the boundary between the US and Canada.

Federal Trade Commission

This US agency was created in 1914 to investigate US corporations engaging in unfair practices.

Salton Sea

A playa which was filled by the Colorado River in 1906 and remains full.

Fourth Amendment

Protects Americans against unreasonable searches and seizures. No soldier, Gov agent, or police can search your home without a search warrant.

Korematsu v. United States

1944 Supreme Court case; legal case in which the US Supreme Court, on December 18, 1944, upheld (6-3) the conviction of Fred ___1__—a son of Japanese immigrants who was born in Oakland, California—for having violated an exclusion order requiring him to submit to forced relocation during WWII. ^^ Background: After the bombing of Pearl Harbor in December 1941 by Japanese planes, anti-Japanese sentiment on the West Coast rose to almost hysterical proportions. All people of Japanese ancestry, even citizens of the __2__, were suspected of being pro-Japan, or worse— saboteurs and spies for Japan. Yielding to such sentiments, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order that authorized the military to evacuate and relocate "all or any persons" in order to provide "protection against espionage and against sabotage to national defense. . . ."The military first set curfews on the West Coast for persons of Japanese ancestry. Later the military removed all persons of Japanese ancestry to war relocation centers. The order affected approximately 112,000 persons of Japanese ancestry, of whom about 70,000 were native-born American citizens. An act of Congress later reinforced the president's order by providing penalties for violations. ___1___, a Japanese American citizen, refused to leave his home in California for a relocation camp. He was convicted in a federal court. His appeal to a __2__ circuit court failed, and he then brought the case before the __2__ Supreme Court. ^^ Constitutional Issue: Since the president is commander in chief of the armed forces and Congress is given the power to declare war, was the executive order and its Congressional counterpart a constitutional exercise of the war power? ^^ Decision: The Court decided against ___1___ by a vote of 6 to 3. Justice Hugo Black wrote for the Court. In 1943 the Court had upheld the government's position in a similar case, Hirabayashi v. __2__. That case concerned the legality of the West Coast curfew order. In Hirabayashi, as well as in ___1___, the Court's language pointed toward the necessity of giving the military the benefit of the doubt on the grounds of wartime necessity. In the earlier case, the Court had held that "we cannot reject as unfounded the judgment of the military authorities and of Congress..." Likewise, in the ___1___ case, the Court declared, "We are unable to conclude that it was beyond the war power of Congress and the Executive to exclude those of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast area at the time they did." Justice Black cited evidence that, following internment, "approximately five thousand citizens of Japanese ancestry refused to swear unqualified allegiance to the __2__ and to renounce allegiance to the Japanese Emperor, and several thousand evacuees requested repatriation to Japan." Although the Court admitted awareness of the hardships internment imposed on American citizens, it stated "hardships are part of war...Citizenship has its responsibilities as well as its privileges, and in time of war the burden is always heavier." The question of racial prejudice "merely confuses the issue," said the Court. The true issues are related to determining "military dangers" and "military urgency." These issues demanded that citizens of Japanese ancestry be relocated by the military authorities. Black observed, "Congress, reposing its confidence in this time of war in our military leaders. . . , determined that they should have the power to do just this. . . . The need for action was great, and the time was short. We cannot—by availing ourselves of the calm perspective of hindsight—now say that at that time these actions were unjustified." Justices Frank Murphy and Robert H. Jackson wrote separate dissents. Murphy called the Court's decision "legalization of racism." He objected particularly on the grounds that the Japanese Americans affected had been deprived of equal protection of the law as guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment. ^^ Results: After the war, many people realized the injustice of the Court's decision. Finally, in 1988, Congress issued a formal apology to all internees and voted to give every survivor of the camps $20,000 in reparation. In Trump v. Hawaii (2018), the Supreme Court explicitly repudiated and effectively overturned the _____ decision, characterizing it as "gravely wrong the day it was decided" and "overruled in the court of history."

American Anti-Slavery Society

1833, organization founded by Arthur and Lewis Tappan and William Lloyd Garrison (publisher of the Liberator), supporters of immediate abolition. They did not agree with the colonization strategy or the gradual abolition strategies of other abolitionist groups. Lucy Stone became a spokesperson for the group.

Emancipation Proclamation

1863; Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862; it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free. It was effective January 1, 1863. Declared that all slaves were free in areas under rebel control, thus exempting conquered areas of the South, because they were not technically still in rebellion. Lincoln was criticized for not abolishing slavery everywhere. This led to slaves in the South leaving their plantations. It increased morale in the North. It was partly designed to keep England from joining the war on the side of the South, since England was strongly abolitionist. It changed perception of the war from a conflict to preserve the Union to a war to end slavery.

Ex Parte Milligan

1866 Supreme Court case. ^^ Background: In 1864 during the Civil War, Lambdin P. __2__, a civilian resident of Indiana who was violently opposed to the war, was arrested by order of the commander of the military district of Indiana, General Hovey, for his part in a plot to free Confederate war prisoners and overthrow three state governments. He was tried in a military court even though state courts in Indiana were still functioning. The military court found __2__ guilty and sentenced him to death. This sentence was approved by President Andrew Johnson. Nine days before he was to be hanged, __2__ petitioned the United States Circuit Court for a writ of habeas corpus. Habeas corpus is an order requiring that a prisoner be brought before a court at a stated time and place to decide on the legality of his or her detention. __2__ claimed that the proceedings of his conviction were unconstitutional and that he was denied the right of a trial by jury. As a citizen of Indiana who was not in the military, __2__ claimed he should not have been tried by a military court. He appealed his case to the United States Supreme Court. ^^ Constitutional Issues: The Constitution gives Congress the power to declare war and raise armies to fight the war. In order to carry on a war, the federal government often assumes powers that would be illegal in times of peace. As Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes stated in 1934,"the war power of the Federal government . . . is a power to wage war successfully. "When the power assumed by the government in time of war is challenged, the Supreme Court most often does not declare the acts unconstitutional. During the Civil War, for example, President Abraham Lincoln took many actions that would have been unconstitutional in peacetime. Article I, Section 9, paragraph 2, of the Constitution provides that the "privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it." The questions at issue in Ex Parte __2__ were whether Congress had the power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus and whether civilians may become subject to military law. ^^ Decision: For the first time, the Court faced a decision involving the right of the president to suspend the writ of habeas corpus and to substitute the authority of a military court for that of a civilian court. Justice David Davis, writing for a 5 to 4 majority, declared the military had exceeded its power in trying and sentencing __2__. He wrote, "No graver question was ever considered by this Court, nor one which more nearly concerns the rights of the whole people; for it is the birthright of every American citizen when charged with a crime to be punished according to law..." Davis declared that Congress had not granted to the nation's military courts the power to try civilians, and indeed could not do so, especially so long as civilian courts were still operating. "One of the plainest constitutional privileges was, therefore, infringed when __2__ was tried by a court not ordained and established by Congress..." Such action," the Court ruled, "destroys every guarantee of the Constitution, and effectively renders the 'military independent of and superior to the civil power.'" Davis agreed that "in a great crisis...there should be a power somewhere of suspending the writ of habeas corpus." However, in this case, such power was to be exercised by the judiciary. Davis declared that the writ itself may not be suspended, but rather the privilege the writ would grant. A court must decide whether the privilege is to be denied in a particular instance.

Platt Amendment

1901; Rider attached to Army appropriations bill. It was written into the constitution of Cuba by the US and, in effect, it made Cuba a US protectorate. It permitted the US to intervene to preserve Cuba's "independence," but in reality, it allowed the US to protect its own interests in Cuba. The US kept land for naval bases on Cuba; Guantanamo Bay would play a part in later Cuba-US conflicts. ^^ Provisions include: ^^ Cuba could not allow another foreign power to gain territory within its borders. ^^ Cuba must allow the US to buy or lease naval stations in the country. ^^ The US had the right to intervene to protect Cuban independence and to keep order.

Betts v. Brady

1942 Supreme Court case; ^^ Background: In Carroll County, Maryland, an unemployed farm hand named __1__ had been charged with robbery. At his trial __1__ asked the judge to appoint counsel to represent him because he could not afford an attorney. Since local practice required free counsel to be appointed only in murder and rape cases, __1__'s request was denied. Without withdrawing his claim to court-appointed counsel, __1__ conducted his own defense. He pleaded not guilty and chose to be tried without a jury. He examined his own witnesses and cross-examined those of the prosecution. __1__ was found guilty and sentenced to eight years in prison. After he was unsuccessful in his appeal to the Maryland court for a writ of habeas corpus, he appealed to the United States Supreme Court. ^^ Constitutional Issue: In his appeal to the United States Supreme Court, __1__ claimed that he had been denied the "due process of law" guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. Specifically, __1__ argued that the Sixth Amendment's guarantee of the "assistance of counsel" in all criminal prosecutions should be applicable to state trials through the matching due process clause in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. __1__'s claim was based in part on an earlier ruling in the case of Powell v. Alabama (1932). Because the defendants in that case had been denied the right of counsel, the Court had overturned the rape convictions and resulting death sentences. ^^ Decision: The Court denied __1__'s claim for counsel in a 6 to 3 decision. Justice Owen Roberts wrote for the Court. Justice Roberts carefully avoided making a rule that "in every case, whatever the circumstances, one charged with a crime, who is unable to obtain counsel, must be furnished counsel by the state." Each case, he stated, must be examined separately and the "totality of the facts" considered. To deny counsel might be shocking to the universal sense of justice in one case but not in another, the justice wrote. Roberts reaffirmed the Powell decision. He noted that the trial in that case had violated "every principle of fairness," and a capital crime had been involved. Now the Court had to consider whether to enlarge that decision to include all state criminal cases. Roberts reviewed common, colonial, and early state laws. He found that these laws could be reasonably interpreted to allow or permit a defendant to obtain counsel. However, he concluded they could not serve as a precedent "to compel the state to provide counsel for a defendant." States had dealt previously with this matter "by statute rather than by constitutional provision," Roberts observed. The Court, then, declined to interfere with the "considered judgment of the people, their representatives, and their courts that appointment of counsel is not a fundamental right, essential to a fair trial." Nevertheless, "Every court has power . . . to appoint counsel where that course seems to be required in the interest of fairness," Roberts emphasized. The Court concluded that "the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the conviction and incarceration of one whose trial is offensive to the common and fundamental ideas of fairness and right." Roberts noted, however, that this interpretation does not include the notion that the amendment requires a defendant always to be represented by counsel. ^^ Results: This case was famously overturned by Gideon v. Wainwright.

Presidency 39 of Jimmy Carter

1977-1981; 39th President; His VP was Walter Mondale. ^^ ____ focused on tax reform and civil service reform. He brought the leaders of Egypt and Israel together at Camp David. ^^ The Shah of Iran was overthrown by followers of Ayatollah Khomeini. For 444 days, Americans were preoccupied with the hostage crisis. ___ initiated a raid to free the Americans; it was a fiasco—eight men died. That seemed to be the final symbol of lost American prestige during the ____ years. ^^ ____ spoke of human rights and democracy. ^^ 1977 Population:

Presidency 44 of Barack Obama

2009-2017; 44th President; His VP was Joseph Biden.

Bill of Attainder

A law that allows a person to be punished without a trial.

Harlem Renaissance

A renewal and flourishing of black literary and musical culture during the years after WWI in a section of New York City.

Interventionism

A strand of American foreign policy that was visible by the end of the 19th century; it included "gunboat diplomacy" and other forms of military involvement by the US in various parts of the world.

White House Office

Advises the president on political decisions.

Treaty of Paris 1763

Agreement ending the French and Indian War. British get new land (no more next-door foreign enemies for Colonists). To pay for their new land and war/debt costs, the British tax the Colonists. Fuels the beginning of the American Revolution. This agreement ended the Seven Years War; Britain took Canada and some of the future US east of the Mississippi; France lost all of its North American holdings; Spain took the Louisiana territory; this agreement marked the end of salutary neglect of the colonies by Britain.

Attorney General

Confirmed in the Senate by: Judiciary Committee

Panic of 1873

Economic depression during Grant's second term. Over-expansive, unregulated business during the post-Civil War years, the failure of American investment banking firms, and economic downturns in Europe all contributed to it. Led to the retirement of greenbacks and a return to the gold standard.

US Senator

Elected to the Legislative Branch of the US government for a term of 6 years to represent a state; 2 per state, 100 total.

President

Formal responsibilities include acting as chief executive and commander in chief of the armed forces, as well as the ability to make treaties. In addition, has the power to grant pardons for offenses against the US.

Fourteenth Amendment

Gives full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the US, except for American Indians.

Congress

Has the power to ratify treaties; declare war; to make laws; to confirm ambassadors; to appropriate funds for war.

Yorktown

In 1781 during the American Revolution the British under Cornwallis surrendered here after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops.

Atlanta, Georgia

In March 1960, students representing _____'s six historically black colleges organized a series of sit-ins at area lunch counters to protest the city's legally sanctioned segregation.

Reconstruction in 1877

In _____, after his inauguration, President Hayes removed the remaining federal troops in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana from political duty (guarding the statehouses). Redeemer governments assume power in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana. ______ is formally ended.

Compromise of 1850

Intricate package of five bills, defusing a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North. A series of measures proposed by Sen. Henry Clay of Kentucky and passed by the US Congress in an effort to settle several outstanding slavery issues and to avert the threat of dissolution of the Union. The crisis arose from the request of the territory of California (December 3, 1849) to be admitted to the Union with a constitution prohibiting slavery, along with the unresolved question of slavery's extension into other areas ceded by Mexico the preceding year (after the Mexican-American War). President Zachary Taylor endorsed statehood for California and urged that the slavery issue be left to the courts. Taylor died just 16 months into his term, and his successor, Millard Fillmore, encouraged Henry Clay to address the slavery issue and prepare a solution. Clay tried to maintain a balance between free and slave states and satisfy both pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces. ^^ The plan adopted by Congress had several parts: ^^ (1) California was admitted as a free state, upsetting the equilibrium that had long prevailed in the Senate; ^^ (2) adjustment of the Texas-New Mexico boundary; Texas, in return for giving up land it claimed in the Southwest, had $10 million of its onerous debt assumed by the federal government; areas ceded by Texas became the recognized territories of New Mexico and Utah, and in neither case was slavery mentioned in the measure, ostensibly leaving these territories to decide the slavery question on their own by the principle of popular sovereignty; ^^ (3) the slave trade, but not slavery itself, was abolished in the District of Columbia; and finally, ^^ (4) Congress passed a new and stronger Fugitive Slave Act, taking the matter of returning runaway slaves out of the control of states and making it a federal responsibility. ^^ With the support of Sen. Daniel Webster and of Sen. Stephen A. Douglas, the five measures were enacted in September. These measures were accepted by moderates in all sections of the country, and the secession of the South was postponed for a decade. Many Americans greeted the measure with relief. Now-president Fillmore called it "a final settlement," the South secured the type of fugitive slave law it had long demanded, and although California came in as a free state, it elected proslavery representatives. Moreover, New Mexico and Utah enacted slave codes, technically opening the territories to slavery. The measure contained the seeds of future discord. The precedent of popular sovereignty led to a demand for a similar provision for the Kansas Territory in 1854, causing bitterness and violence there (see Bleeding Kansas). Furthermore, the application of the new Fugitive Slave Act (a part of this measure) triggered such a strong reaction throughout the North that many moderate antislavery elements became determined opponents of any further extension of slavery into the territories. While the ___________ succeeded as a temporary expedient, it failed as a permanent political solution when vital sectional interests were at stake.

Religious writers of 1700s.

John Winthrop, Edward Winslow, Roger Williams, Jonathan Edwards, and George Whitefield

Disadvantages of Federalism

Lack of consistency; inefficiency; bureaucracy.

Reconstruction Act

Law, passed in 1867 over President Andrew Johnson's veto, which declared ten former Confederate states did not have legal governments. It formed the states into five military districts, each headed by a federal military commander. To be eligible for readmission into the Union, Southern states had to call new Constitutional conventions, ratify the 14th Amendment, and guarantee African American men the right to vote.

Delaware, Connecticut, and Hudson

Major waterways of the Northeast section of the US.

US Constitution—Article IV

Name the article of the US Constitution that describes the relationship of states to one another and the national government.

US Constitution—Article VII

Name the article of the US Constitution that establishes requirements to ratify the constitution. The ratification of nine states is required for ratification of the Constitution. ^^ Ratifying the Constitution: ^^ Approval of nine states required

Naturalization Act

One of the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, the _____ required that a person must be in the US for 14 years before being allowed citizenship. Because most immigrants were Democratic Republicans, this act would considerably reduce their voting ranks.

RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include:

Adams-Onís Treaty—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy. Later, lands kept by Spain would become battlegrounds for American expansion

Battles of Lexington and Concord—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: The first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. After the second clash the British were harassed on their return to Boston, which was then put under siege. ^^ The First Continental Congress states: "Our cause is just, our union is perfect, and being with one mind resolved to die as free men rather than live as slaves..."

Roanoke, James, Potomac, Chattahoochee, Red, Mississippi

Rivers of the Southeast section of the US.

Mississippi River

Secretary of State James Madison spoke for farmers and traders about this place, "The ___________ is to them everything. It is the Hudson, the Delaware, the Potomac...and all the navigable rivers of the Atlantic states, formed into one stream."

Federalist Papers, The

Series of 85 newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton (51) which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of Jefferson and other opponents of the new Constitution. The most influential essays written about the Constitution in the history of America. They tried to persuade the public that they have nothing to fear from a strong national government.

Transcendentalism

Some New England intellectuals, influenced by a new Romantic movement, followed a philosophy of _______. Members of this movement included Ralph Waldo Emerson ("Self-Reliance," 1841); Henry David Thoreau ("Walden," 1854; "On Civil Disobedience," 1849).

Battle of Fort McHenry

Successfully defended Baltimore Harbor from an attack by the British navy from the Chesapeake Bay on September 13-14, 1814.

Report Relative to a Provision for the Support of Public Credit

Submitted to Congress on January 9, 1790; In this document, Alexander Hamilton recommended that Congress pay foreign debts in full, fund the national debt (which was largely made up of war bonds) at face value to actual holders (the bonds had been selling at a discount), and assume state debts as a national obligation. Hamilton felt that the increased national debt, by securing the support of creditors, could be a "national blessing"; Jefferson objected to the profits that speculators would make and to the nationalistic tendencies of this far-reaching program. ^^ It took some time for congress to digest the report, but when they did, a bitter controversy ensued. Sectional feeling was aroused since Northern states had greater indebtedness and many Southern states had already paid off their war debt. ^^ The voice of the opposition came from James Madison, whom Hamilton considered a friend and ardent fellow Federalist. He had depended upon Madison's support for his plans, and his former collaborator's opposition was to Hamilton a shocking blow both personally and politically. James Madison wrote: "A public debt is a public curse in a representative government, greater than in any other." ^^ Madison and the opposition did not object to the funding of the debt, rather they disagreed as to who should be paid and how much. During the course of the war and afterward, many holders of continental bonds, often veterans and farmers who had contributed goods and services to the war effort, sold their certificates at depreciated prices for much needed cash. Now that provisions had been made to fund the certificates, those who had bought bargain certificates would reap monstrous profits, leaving nothing for the original bearers. ^^ Madison argued that this was unfair, and only served to further enrich an already wealthy class of merchants and "stock-jobbers" at the expense of farmers, soldiers, and backwoodsmen. Madison favored a plan of discrimination, paying the original bearers the nominal value of the certificates they once held, while paying the current bearer the highest market value plus interest. Granting benefits to both types of investors, in Madison's view, would be more just. Madison's views were greatly influenced by Thomas Jefferson. They were both concerned that assumption would decrease the importance of Virginia in the nation's economy. Jefferson, however, understood that America would never be respected abroad until it resolved its debtor status. ^^ A compromise was reached between Hamilton, Jefferson, and Madison: Southern support for "assumption" in exchange for locating a new national capital on the banks of the Potomac River. Jefferson very much wanted the new capital to be located near Virginia.

Rocky and Sierra Nevada

The Great Basin lies between these mountain ranges.

Pre-colonial North America Arctic Cultures

The Native Americans of the __________ built igloos to protect themselves from the harsh weather. They relied on hunting and fishing. Groups living in the ______ included the Aleuts in Alaska; the Eskimos in Canada, Alaska, and eastern Siberia; the Inuit in Greenland and Canada; and the Yupik in Alaska and eastern Siberia.

Department of Health and Human Services

The Secretary of _____ is confirmed in the Senate by: Finance Committee

Open Door Policy

The US' doctrine for its dealings with China. The US had become a major commercial power in Asia after acquiring the Philippine Islands. Europe and Japan made moves to take over portions of China, threatening U.S. interests there. Under President McKinley's direction, Secretary of State John Hay sent messages to the major powers in Europe and Japan, asking them to state publicly that they would not interfere with open trade in China. Hay announced agreement by all parties in July 1900. The doctrine as a guiding principle for US foreign affairs in China through the early 1900s.

Metis

The ______ ethnicity developed a culture from the mid-17th century after generations of First Nations and native Inuit married European settlers. They were small farmers, hunters, and trappers, and usually Catholic and French-speaking.

Establishment Clause

The common name for the section of the Constitution that states that Congress may not set an official church of the US nor give a particular faith or sect preferential treatment. Also considered to be the foundation of the principle of the separation of church and state.

Executive Branch

The division of the federal government that includes the president and the administrative departments; enforces the nation's laws.

US Constitution

The document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets forth the institutional structure of the US government and the tasks these institutions perform. It replaced the Articles of Confederation. Came about by a series of compromises between large and small states, free and slave states, and federalists and anti-federalists.

Delaware, State of

The first of the thirteen original colonies; it was accepted as a state in 1787. It was the first state to ratify the Constitution of the US.

Unions (Labor)

The following activities are NOT permissible by law for which entities? Denying the public access to a business Refusing a subpoena to appear before Congress Disobeying a court injunction to return to work Requiring members to make political contributions

Great Basin Desert

The largest US desert; it is a series of many undrained basins; it is bordered by the Sierra Nevada Range on the west and the Rocky Mountains to the east.

Michigan, Superior, Huron, Erie

The northern border of the Midwest section of the US.

Legislative Branch

The part of the US government that has the power to create the laws. There are two houses in it. One is the Senate. There are two senators per state. There is also a House of Representatives. The number of representatives per state depends on the states' relative population.

Political Rights

The rights to vote or run for office, which give you control over your government.

Miranda Rule

The rule that police (when interrogating you after an arrest) are obliged to warn you that anything you say may be used as evidence and to read you your constitutional rights (the right to a lawyer and the right to remain silent until advised by a lawyer).

Backcountry

The term for the colonial western frontier that stretched along the Appalachian Mountains and was populated by recent immigrants and former indentured servants; few people had large farms or owned slaves.

Rocky Mountains

The western border of the Midwest section of the US.

Labor in the US in the late 19th century

There were 37,000 strikes involving 7,000,000 workers in the period 1881-1905.

Mandan

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans along the banks of the Missouri River. Sacajawea was captured by this tribe and later sold to a French trader.

Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, North Dakota, South Dakota

These states comprise the High Plains region of US.

US Constitution—Article II

This section of the US Constitution established the Executive Branch of the federal government. Laws are executed by a powerful president.

Transportation trends in the early 19th century

Transportation trends in the ______ century: Much of this occurred in the North and West of the US. It included construction of the federal National Road in 1811 from Maryland to Illinois, the improvement of the steamboat by Robert Fulton in 1807, and the construction of the Erie Canal in 1817-25, which stretched from Albany to Buffalo, connecting New York City to the Hudson River.

Ohio River, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario

Western border of the northeast section of the US.

21st Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed. ^^ The transportation or importation into any state, territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited. ^^ This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several states, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the states by the Congress."

US Constitution—Article II, Section 04 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "The President, Vice President, and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason , Bribery , or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors."

Women in early 20th century US

Which period reflects this participation of women in America:

Women in late 19th century US

Which period reflects this participation of women in America: ^^

Women in mid-19th century US

Which period reflects this participation of women in America: Although no women were allowed to vote in any state in this period, many were involved in political activism through Christian reform movements. Nearly every church in the nation had charity groups staffed and run largely by women. The spread of public education in the North and West was accompanied by droves of women teachers in a field previously dominated by men. Women staffed most of the primary teaching positions in the nation's expanding roster of public and private elementary schools. Thousands of women joined Martha Washington Temperance Reform Societies, campaigning to end the drinking of hard liquor, which had peaked at an average of seven gallons per person. This was an offshoot of the Washington Temperance Society, a working-class competitor to Lyman Beecher's American Temperance Society. By this period, the consumption rate had decreased by half. Numerous other women joined the Female Moral Reform Society, which worked to eliminate prostitution by organizing charity and work opportunities for poor women and orphans. Others in the period campaigned to reform the horrible conditions of the nation's insane asylums, orphanages, and prisons. ^^ Thousands of women worked in the forefront of the abolitionist movement in the period, canvassing their neighborhoods in petition drives requesting the abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia. When the abolitionist movement split into those that advocated forming a new political party to run abolitionist candidates for office and those that continued to insist on moral suasion alone, female adherents also followed suit. Most women activists discovered, however, that while they were valued to do much of the legwork, there were few opportunities for them to lead or to speak out as women. The few who did, such as Sojourner Truth and the Grimke sisters, were criticized at every turn, frequently by fellow male reformers. The women were told that their best contributions could be made in ways reflecting the popular notion of separate spheres for men and women—the public world for men and the private world of the home and family for women. ^^ Empowered by their own sense of accomplishment as reformers, a group of women (led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott) organized the Seneca Falls Convention in upstate New York in July 1848 to focus specifically on women's rights. The Convention's Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, a document modeled on the Declaration of Independence and infused with a then-new Marxist interpretation of history as a conflict of classes, began by asserting, "We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men and women are created equal." It went on to state, "The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her." After documenting this "tyranny," the Declaration called for women's suffrage as the best means for women to protect themselves and to realize their potential as humans equal to men. (UVA, Miller Center).

Shakers

_____ began as a Quaker offshoot in England under Mother Ann Lee (the name derived from their ritual dance). By 1830, 20 communities existed in the US. Self-sufficient agricultural settlements noted for their crafts began to wither due to the practice of celibacy.

planters

_______ owned large farms and groups of slaves; they exercised political and economic control with cotton exports.

Democracy in America

by Alexis de Tocqueville, French man who observed govt and society, discusses the advantages of _____ and the consequences of the majority's unlimited power.

Fifth Amendment

designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and punishment without the due process of law.

QUOTE from Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address

"Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue, until all the wealth piled by the bond-man's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord, are true and righteous altogether."

Generals in American Revolution

"Mad" Anthony Wayne, Israel Putnam, Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee, Philip Schuyler, Horatio Gates, Daniel Morgan, Benjamin Lincoln, and Nathanael Greene.

Dutch West India Company

1500s and 1600s; this group formed to participate in American trade and in 1632 established a colony at the mouth of the Hudson River. It was a joint-stock company that ran the colonies in Fort Orange and in New Amsterdam. They carried on a profitable fur trade with the Iroquois. They instituted the patroon system, in which large estates were given to wealthy men who transported at least 50 families to New Netherland to tend the land (few seized the opportunity). They added three other settlements, which they collected together as New Netherland, which was run for the benefit of stockholders. In 1664, unhappy residents surrendered quickly when the English arrived to attack the settlements.

joint-stock companies

1600s; a type of business structure used by some colonial explorers to raise money for their expeditions; they sold shares to investors who were paid based on the profits of the expedition. Many modern business structures, such as the American corporation, are founded on this principle. European monarchies granted royal charters to _____ for trade with their colonies. Investors could pool their capital to lessen their possible losses from risky ventures. One individual was not required to raise all the capital for entrepreneurial activities.

Western Land Cessions

1781-1787; Georgia in 1802; the states that lacked __2__ claims feared that states with claims could grow in size, skewing representation in the federal government. Before signing the US Constitution, these states demanded that those with claims must give them up to the federal government. Ordinances in 1784 and 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance (1787) organized the areas in preparation for statehood. New states were organized and admitted to the Union; this policy strengthened the ties of the ___1___ farmers to the central government.

Northwest Ordinance

1787; the most important US land decision, it provided government for the territory and set the guidelines for future states. No less than 3 nor more than 5 states were to be formed from the land north of the Ohio River. States would be admitted when the number of free inhabitants reached 60,000; the states could enter the union on an equal basis with the original thirteen; permanent colonial status was rejected. Inhabitants would have same rights as those in existing states; a Bill of Rights protected freedom of religion, jury trials, and other rights; Indians were to be treated with good faith. Slavery and involuntary servitude were abolished in the territory. It set a precedent of how states could join the Union and stood as a successful accomplishment by a federal government that had been seen before as ineffective. ^^ At first Congress would govern through appointed governors, with gradual increase in self-government (an elected legislature).

Worcester v. Georgia

1832 US Supreme Court Decision. The Cherokee people occupied lands in __2__ and several adjoining states. The Cherokee Nation had made treaties with the U.S. federal government, such as the Treaty of Hopewell in 1785. The Cherokee Nation thus claimed sovereignty—meaning it was its own nation with its own laws. Samuel __1__ was a minister from Vermont. His mission sent him to the Cherokee capital in New Echota, __2__, in 1827. The __2__ government saw __1__ and other missionaries as being influential in the Cherokee Nation's resistance to __2__'s government. Because of this, __2__ passed an act to prevent "white persons from residing within that part of . . . __2__ occupied by the Cherokee Indians" without obtaining a state permit and swearing loyalty to the state. __1__ refused to obtain a permit or to swear loyalty to __2__. In September 1831, __1__ and several others were arrested. They were tried, convicted, and sentenced to four years of hard labor. ^^ The missionaries, represented by lawyers hired by the Cherokee people, appealed their conviction to the United States Supreme Court. The issue was whether a state government has the authority to control contact between American citizens and the Cherokee Nation. In 1831, the Supreme Court had considered the case of Cherokee Nation v. __2__ in which the state of __2__ declared Cherokee laws to be "null and void" and the Cherokee Nation responded by asking for an injunction to prevent their laws and government from being dissolved. Justice John Marshall wrote that Native Americans were "domestic dependent nations" who could not appeal in federal courts. __1__ claimed that the __2__ courts had no jurisdiction over the Cherokee Nation. The treaties between the United States and the Cherokee Nation implied that each was a sovereign nation. __1__'s lawyers contended that under the Indian Commerce Clause (Section 8, Article 1) of the Constitution, only Congress has the power "to regulate commerce . . . with the Indian tribes." ^^ Constitutional Issue: Whether a state government has the authority to control contact between American citizens and the Cherokee Nation. ^^ Decision: In a 6 to 1 ruling, the Supreme Court overturned the convictions of __1__ and other missionaries. The Court held that the __2__ Act violated "the Constitution, treaties, and laws of the United States." Chief Justice John Marshall wrote the opinion. Marshall declared the Cherokee Nation to be "a distinct community occupying its own territory . . . in which the laws of __2__ can have no force." Discussing the Treaty of Hopewell, Marshall wrote, "Protection does not imply the destruction of the protected. . . . To construe the expression 'managing all their affairs' into a surrender of self-government would be, we think, a perversion of their necessary meaning." The act under which __1__ was imprisoned was thus declared unconstitutional. ^^ Results: President Andrew Jackson's administration refused to enforce the Court's decision. In 1835, the government signed a removal treaty with a small number of Cherokee. The U.S. Army resettled many Cherokee through a brutal, forced march to present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee called this resettlement march the "Trail of Tears." Later, the __1__ decision was revived and became a legal weapon against encroachments on Native American rights.

Underground Railroad

1840s-1860s; a method used to move slaves to free territory in the US and Canada. Harriet Tubman was a slave smuggler. A freed slave herself, she led over 300 to freedom. The ______ led to tension between states.

Ostend Manifesto

1854; Drafted by James Buchanan, John Mason, and Pierre Soule after Soule failed to purchase Cuba from Spain, the ______ suggested that the US should take Cuba from Spain by force if Spain refused to sell it. Abolitionists saw _____ as a plot to extend slavery, and Southerners supported ______, as they had feared Cuba would be a free "black republic."

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858; this event was part of the Illinois US senatorial campaign between __1___ and ___2____, centered on the issue of slavery. At that time, state legislators selected US senators. __1___ maintained that popular sovereignty was supported by the basic elements of democracy. __1___ offered the "Freeport Doctrine"; despite the Dred Scott case, slavery could be prevented if people living in a territory refused to pass laws favorable to slavery. ^^ ___2____ had a moral opposition to slavery's spread but also demanded constitutional protection where it existed. ___2____ lost the Senate election to __1___, but he stepped into the national limelight.

Homestead Act

1862; Granted 160 acres of government land to any person who would farm it for at least five years. The government helped to settle the West with this provision. This "free soil" proposal became law when the Southern Democrats were not part of Congress.

Presidency 20 of James A. Garfield

1881-1881; 20th President; His VP was Chester Alan Arthur. ^^ ______ squeaked into office in the general election. With no mandate, Garfield struggled to get presidential appointments approved by his own party. Just four months into his presidency, _____ was shot by Charles Guiteau, a deranged man who had been denied a government appointment. _____ died in September 1881, the second president to be assassinated. ^^ 1881 Number of states: 38 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: None ^^ 1881 Population: 51,542,000 ^^

Presidency 21 of Chester A. Arthur

1881-1885; 21st President; Became President upon the death of James Garfield in 1881, just four months after Garfield's inauguration. ^^ To the public, ____ was a symbol of the "spoils system" which had corrupted politics and led to the assassination of Garfield. Unexpectedly, _____ performed well in office, defying his state-based reputation as a slick machine politician. Despite his poor health, he attempted to govern competently, and he succeeded to a degree that was never acknowledged by his fellow politicians, the press, or the great mass of Americans. ^^ Although _________ preferred efficient partisan government service to one selected by competitive examinations, he nevertheless showed tremendous flexibility and a willingness to embrace reform. By struggling with the tariff issue (especially being willing to question the protectionist doctrines of the Republican Party) and supporting the modernization of the American Navy, _________ stands as an important transitional figure in the reunification of the nation after the bitter turmoil of the Civil War and Reconstruction. No party hack, _________ demonstrated how the office of President could bring out the very best in its occupants. ^^ ____ reluctantly signed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, suspending or banning further Chinese immigration to the US for ten years. ____ opposed the measure but signed it because he had already vetoed a prior version of the bill which would last for 20 years; therefore, he accepted the bill as the will of the public. ^^ Historians see the era as one of transition, especially in the weakening of the walls separating the domestic sphere of the private household and the public sphere of politics. For several historians, this era witnessed the beginnings of the so-called feminization of American politics, a time when women began to press strongly for reform on several levels. Critical issues of the day included women's suffrage and temperance. Males, however, always dominated the civil service reform movement, which aimed at breaking the hold of ethnic politics and party bosses on government. Reformers were intent on forcing both structural change (i.e., the political decision-making process) and policy change (i.e., the way that government uses its power). In time, these reform efforts would bring significant political power to progressive women and their male supporters while weakening the grip of traditional ethnic and party loyalties. ^^ ____ was out of step on some issues with his party: he pushed for a much lower tariff but was defeated by the Republican Congress; he signed the Pendleton Act to limit political patronage. ^^ He attended the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge in 1883. He was known as the "Father of the Steel Navy," and _____ sought the construction of steam-powered steel cruisers, steel rams, and steel-clad gunboats. Newly developed iron girders were making skyscrapers possible. _____ toured Yellowstone Park. He did not seek a second term because of his kidney problems and his being out of sync with his own party. ^^ 1881 Number of states: 38 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: None ^^ 1881 Population: 51,542,000 ^^

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

1886; Combination of national craft unions representing workers' interests in wages, hours, and safety. Individuals were members of their local unions, which in turn, were members of this group. Rather than revolutionary changes, they sought a better working life; their philosophy was "pure and simple unionism." First president was Samuel Gompers.

Presidency 23 of Benjamin Harrison

1889-1893; 23rd President; His VP was Levi P. Morton. _____ was a former senator and lawyer. He was nominated for the presidency on the eighth ballot at the 1888 Republican Convention. Defeated Grover Cleveland, despite receiving fewer popular votes. Submitted to the Senate a treaty to annex Hawaii, although President Cleveland later withdrew it. Signed many appropriations bills for naval improvement and internal improvements. By mid-term, federal spending was approaching one billion dollars. ^^ With the appointments of Republican justices to the Supreme Court, Harrison's party dominated all branches of the federal government for the first time in many years. _____ opened up federal lands to settlement which previously had been preserved for Indians. US troops battled Indians and killed Chiefs Sitting Bull and Big Foot and slaughtered Indians at Wounded Knee. During _________'s term, more states were admitted into the Union than during any previous presidential administration: North Dakota and South Dakota (November 2, 1889), Montana (November 8, 1889), Washington (November 11, 1889), Idaho (July 3, 1890), and Wyoming (July 10, 1890). These actions brought new electors to the ballot box. Additionally, the new states impacted American politics by focusing political attention on western issues like never before. Located far from the eastern US, the new West at the turn of the century would demand government support for transforming the landscape. Mesas, buttes, dry terrain, and vast grasslands were turned into ranches, farms, mines, timber factories, fisheries, and vacation resorts. The new communities of the West would also need infrastructure for basic needs such as commerce, transportation, communication, water, and power. Thus, the government would become involved in giving land to railroad and telegraph companies, constructing dams and irrigation canals, and providing mining concessions. ^^ Barnum and Bailey, Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West Show attracted more than 1,000,000 in a single tour; opera star Jenny Lind. On January 1, 1892, at the beginning of _________'s last year in office, federal officials designated Ellis Island in New York Harbor as the official entry point for the flood of immigrants arriving in New York City. From 1888 to 1892, the nation's population had grown from 60 million to over 65 million. As many as half of the new people listed in the census were immigrants. In the twenty years prior to 1900, almost 9 million immigrants had swelled the nation's population, marking one of the largest folk movements in world history. ^^ In foreign affairs, _________ is now credited with having done more to move the nation along the path to world empire than any previous President, serving as a model for the young Theodore Roosevelt to admire and emulate. He pushed for a two-ocean navy and shaped a vigorous, activist foreign policy. His commercial reciprocity treaties, support for the annexation of Hawaii, establishment of the first American protectorate in Samoa, and push for a trans-isthmus canal in Central America set the agenda for the next thirty years of American foreign policy. ^^ Where he is found lacking by historians has less to do with his personality and style than with his blindness to a domestic reality that simply overwhelmed him, along with every other political leader of the times: His misguided support for the record-setting McKinley Tariff of almost 50% on foreign goods and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act may have contributed greatly to the economic collapse of 1893—the greatest depression in American history up to that time. The laws led to high inflation and a run on gold reserves. _______ seemed insensitive and unaware of the massive industrial changes that had overtaken America; of the poverty that Jacob Riis wrote about in his classic study How the Other Half Lives (published in 1890); of the depths of economic hardship affecting the nation's farmers as they fell down the economic ladder to tenancy; and of the industrial crisis that began to topple railroads, banks, and business corporations like dominoes within days of his retirement from office. ^^ ________'s defeat when he ran for re-election in 1892 stemmed from a lack of backing by his own party as well as from his failure to resolve three national issues. First, his support for the high McKinley Tariff of 1890 enraged millions. In the public's mind, higher prices seemed directly related to government protection of special corporate interests. Second, agrarian discontent in the South and West led thousands of farmers to look to the Populist Party as a political alternative. Third, a series of bloody labor strikes—at the silver mines in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, and at Andrew Carnegie's steel mill in Homestead, Pennsylvania—linked ________ to monopoly industrialists and bankers. For these reasons and others, voters felt that the President was uncaring and did not act appropriately on their behalf. ^^ 1889 Number of states: 38 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 6 ^^ 1889 Population: 61,775,000 ^^

Presidency 05 of James Monroe

5th President 1817-1825; VP was Daniel D. Tompkins. ^^ The "Era of Good Feelings" of this administration was marred by economic depression, a resurgence of sectionalism, and gradual political realignment. The "Virginia Dynasty" continued with ______, last of the Revolutionary generation. A discredited Federalist Party ran its last candidate for president in 1816. In 1820, _____ was unopposed for reelection, winning all electoral votes but one. ^^ The Rush-Bagot Treaty with Britain (1817) limited Great Lakes fleets and demilitarized the border with Canada. The Convention of 1818 defined the border with Canada as the 49th parallel from Minnesota to Oregon and provided for joint occupation of Oregon for ten years. Joint fishing rights off Newfoundland were also agreed to. ^^ General Andrew Jackson pursued "outlaw" Seminole Indians into Florida in 1818. The Florida panhandle had been annexed between 1810 and 1813. Faced with its likely loss, Spain ceded East Florida to the US in the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819. The western borders of Louisiana were defined so as not to include Texas. ^^ The Concert of Europe attempted to bolster conservative European monarchies and their control over colonies abroad, including in Latin America. Wars of liberation freed Latin America from Spanish control (1808-1822). US recognition was extended to new republics (1822-1826), while fears of European intervention to restore colonies increased. Russian claims to territory from Alaska through Oregon were settled by a treaty (1824) establishing 54° 40' as their southern boundary. ^^ _____ issued a proclamation that attempted to forestall European intervention and incursion into the Western Hemisphere. A growing commerce with Latin America led Great Britain to oppose colonial restoration. It called for non-colonization and non-intervention. It had no standing in international law and attracted little attention at the time, when the British navy shielded the hemisphere. ^^ The construction of the Erie Canal began during this presidency. By 1820, there were more than 9000 miles of hard-surface roads laid in the nation. The Panic of 1819 brought on three years of economic depression. Post-war expansion had been fed by over-extension of credit by banks and speculation in western land. As cotton prices fell, Southern planters criticized the protective tariff. Western farmers blamed the Second Bank of the US for tightening the money supply. A new Land Act (1820) reduced the size and price for acquiring land from the government. ^^ When England tried to undersell American goods, _____ responded with a protective tariff in 1824, charging high duties on imported manufactured goods. ^^ Congress abolished the importation of slaves as of January 1, 1808. In 1819 Missouri applied for admission as a slave state. This would upset the balance of free and slave states (eleven each). The Tallmadge Amendment was passed in the House; it banned further introduction of slaves and provided for gradual emancipation in Missouri. The amendment was rejected by the Senate. ^^ The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was brokered by Henry Clay. It prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of 36° 30'. Missouri, though north of the 36° 30' line, would come in as a slave state. Maine was admitted as a separate free state (it had been part of Massachusetts). The compromise nearly failed over Missouri's efforts to exclude free blacks. Although ______ thought that the compromise was illegal, he believed it prevented a civil war, _____ signed it into law. ^^ 1817 Number of states: 19 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 5 ^^ 1817 Population: 8,899,000; (1820 census: 9,648,000)

Creek Confederacy

A North American Indian group organized by the Muskogee that dominated the southeastern part of the US before being removed to Oklahoma.

Mormonism

A religion founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith, Jr, who claimed to have received sacred writings. He described a vision in which God declared specific tenets of Christianity to be abominations. Because of these claims and unusual social practices, including polygamy and communal ownership of property, they were shunned. They moved to Nauvoo, Illinois, where Smith was murdered by anti-_____ mob in 1844. Eventually, they formed a new community they called Deseret under Brigham Young in the far west, which became the Utah Territory in 1850. Brigham Young was appointed governor. Utah became a state in 1896.

Bill of Rights

A statement of fundamental human privileges (the first ten amendments to the US Constitution) added in 1791.

Cross of Gold Speech

Address given by William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee, during the national convention of the Democratic Party. The speech criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver. Bryan's beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers. The last words of his speech, and the most famous, were "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon _______."

US agriculture in early 19th century

All of the following conditions influenced the development of US agriculture during which period: ^^ settlement of the western territories ^^ trend toward regional economic specialization ^^ enthusiasm for land speculation ^^ improvements in transportation by water

US Presidential Powers

Appointment of: Ambassadors, Supreme Court Judges, and other Officers of US not otherwise provisioned for by Constitution.

South Carolina, State of

By the time of the American Revolution, ___________ was one of the richest colonies in America. Its merchants and planters formed a strong governing class, contributing many leaders to the fight for independence. More Revolutionary War battles and skirmishes were fought in ___________ than any other state, including major engagements at Sullivan's Island, Camden, Kings Mountain, and Cowpens. ___________ ratified the US Constitution on May 23, 1788, becoming the eighth state to enter the union. The heat of the "Palmetto State," its plentiful rain, and its vast pool of slave labor allowed it to grow rich rice crops in the eighteenth century, but from about 1810 cotton began to dominate the lowland. With the collapse of cotton prices in the 1820s and 1830s, the state's economic well-being worsened dramatically. _________ inherited from colonial days a political division between the great planters of the lowlands, especially around X---------x, and the smaller farmers of the uplands. Quiet was maintained by compromises. In 1786 the state legislature, the General Assembly, moved the state capital from X---------x to Y-------y. The constitution of 1808 expanded the suffrage, but representation was still deliberately unequal, the uplands being represented by counties and the lowlands by the much smaller unit of the parish; this imbalance lasted until after the Civil War. For most of the nineteenth century blacks made up more than half the total population and formed a huge majority in the lowlands. The conspiracy in 1822 of Denmark Vesey, a free black who planned a large slave rebellion in X---------x, terrified whites and hardened their already extreme proslavery views. In the following years the state grew and prospered. With the invention of the cotton gin, cotton became a major crop, particularly in the upcountry. A new capital city, x--------x , was founded in the center of the state, reducing somewhat the political power of the low-country elite. Dissatisfaction with the federal government and its tariff policies grew during this period. In the 1820s John C. Calhoun developed the theory of nullification, by which a state could reject any federal law it considered to be a violation of its rights. X---------x became the great southern city; _________ (only the seventh most populous state at the century's start) gradually replaced Virginia as the leader of the South and became the most strenuous and extreme of the southern states in its articulation of proslavery thought and southern nationalist ideology. Antebellum _________ was the most "southern" of the states, the most out of sympathy with the democratic, egalitarian, and progressive spirit of the age. It was, for instance, the only state in which presidential electors were chosen by the legislature and not by popular vote. And _________ took the lead in Southern political advocacy, vigorously asserting the rightness of her "peculiar institution" of slavery, the rights of states against federal authority, and anti-protectionism. Armed conflict was avoided during this period, but by 1860 tensions between the state and the federal government reached a climax. Unhappy over restrictions on free trade and about calls for the abolition of slavery, ___________ seceded from the union on December 20, 1860, the first of the Southern states to do so. When Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter in X---------x Harbor on April 12, 1861, the nation plunged into Civil War. The Civil War and its aftermath were devastating for ___________. The state lost nearly one fifth of the white male population, and its economy was shattered. The final blow came in early 1865 when General William T. Sherman marched his troops through ___________, burning plantations and most of the city of Y-------y. The Reconstruction period that followed the war was marked by general economic, social, and political upheaval. The former white leaders found themselves without money or political power, while the large population of freed slaves sought to improve their economic and political positions. When federal troops withdrew in 1877, white conservatives led by Governor Wade Hampton were able to take control of state government once again. However, the economy continued to suffer in the years that followed. Cotton prices were low, and the plantation system that had brought ___________ such wealth was dead. Populist reforms in the 1890s brought more political power to small white farmers, but African Americans were disenfranchised and increasingly segregated.

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

Confronted by bitter and articulate opposition to his previous legislation banning all foreign vessels from entering American ports and prohibited American vessels from shipping cargo to foreign ports, thus prohibiting trade with European nations, Jefferson signed the _______, permitting US trade with all nations except France and Britain. It re-engaged the US in trade while continuing its stance against alliances with either France or Britain. It was replaced with a new measure the next year, under President Madison.

Election of 1912

Democrat Woodrow Wilson was elected president; Thomas R. Marshall was his VP. ^^ After Teddy Roosevelt did not get the nomination from the Republican Party, he formed his own third party, the Progressive Party, aka the Bull Moose Party. It was a bitter campaign. Wilson was an intellectual and a pacifist.

Anti-Masonics

Formed in New York in 1828, the ______ were the first "third party" to appear in American national politics. It was formed primarily in response to America's suspicion of secret societies and to what some perceived as a __2___ threat to public institutions at that time. It was the first party to hold a nominating convention and the first to announce a platform, nominating William Wirt of Maryland for president in September 1831. Although they enjoyed some success, after the elections of 1836, the party declined and was eventually absorbed into the Whig Party. After receiving only 8% of the popular vote in 1832, most members joined the Whigs.

Augusta, Georgia

In March 1960, students from ____'s historically black Paine College initiated the direct action phase of the city's Civil Rights movement when they organized sit-ins at area department stores. Biracial negotiations ensued, but the white negotiating committee ultimately reneged on their commitment to desegregate the city's lunch counters. White intransigence continued to foil the city's student-led reform movement until April 1962 when local businessmen reopened negotiations with student leaders to forestall negative publicity in advance of the U.S. Masters Golf Tournament. Although a small number of stores desegregated before negotiations concluded, _____ experienced little integration prior to the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Racial tensions continued to simmer after the passage of federal legislation, however, and ultimately reached a boiling point in May 1970 when race riots erupted throughout the city.

Election of 1816

James Monroe, a Virginia (Democratic) Republican, became president. "The Era of Good Feeling." Henry Clay proposed the "American System" to unite the states by placing protective tariffs on manufactured goods. His VP was Daniel D. Tompkins.

Convention of 1800

John Adams signed this agreement with France to prevent war. Considered a sellout by the Federalists, this move cost Adams the presidency in the election of 1800, but it paved the way for the Louisiana Purchase of 1803.

Land Ordinance of 1785

Legislation passed under the Articles of Confederation that sold western land in order to settle that territory and to earn revenue for the federal government. It provided that the Old Northwest (north of the Ohio River) was to be surveyed and sold to help pay the national debt. It divided the Northwest Territory into townships that were 6 miles square and further subdivided into 36 one-acre tracts to be sold for a minimum of one dollar per acre. The 16th section was set aside for a public school. The legislation sold the townships to earn revenue for the federal government. Later, smaller plots at lower prices reduced land speculation.

Contraband of War

Lincoln's Civil War policy of treating runaway slaves as captured enemy property. He accepted the slaves to hurt the Southern cause. They were freed and employed as aides to the Union army until Lincoln started recruiting black troops.

Election of 1964

Lyndon B. Johnson was elected president; Hubert. H. Humphry was his VP.

US Constitution—Article I, Section 04

Name the article of the US Constitution that established the Legislative Branch of the federal government, and the section that describes elections and meetings of Congress. ^^ Congress must meet at least once a year.

Voting Rights Act

President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the ________ into law in 1965, permanently barring barriers to political participation by racial and ethnic minorities, prohibiting any election practice that denies the right to _____ on account of race, and requiring jurisdictions with a history of discrimination in election activities to get federal approval for changes in their election laws before they can take effect. It authorized the Attorney General to appoint officials to register _____. By the end of 1965, large-scale voter registration drives took place, 250,000 new black voters are registered, one third of them by federal examiners. ^^ Prior to 1965, black turnout in Mississippi was less than 5 percent. By 1980, 65% of African Americans of voting age in the South were registered. The Nixon administration sought to block renewal of this legislation, but he ultimately extended it. Presidents have signed extensions to this law since Nixon.

04th Amendment

Proposed 9/25/1789; ratified 12/15/1791; prohibits seizure, without a specific warrant, of property, arrests, and searches. This legislation was largely in response to the "writs of assistance," and the argument embodied in this legislation was argued by James Otis as a prosecutor in a failed Massachusetts legal case; he argued that these "writs" were contrary to natural law.

Battle of Antietam—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include:

Appeals Process

Seeking redress from the courts for violations of constitutional protections.

North American colonial frontier areas

The ______ provided opportunities for venturesome individuals. Conditions were harsh on isolated farms. Beyond the reach of government authority, both individual and cooperative efforts were necessary.

State constitutions

The first efforts to establish a government by and of the people. They replaced the colonial charters at the urging of the Continental Congress, beginning in 1776. Experience with British rule caused those who drafted the _________ to limit government power, particularly that of the governor. Property requirements for voting were lowered in most states and the legislature's powers were expanded. ^^ Religious tests to hold office were generally retained. ^^ Most ______ contained a bill of rights to protect citizens against government tyranny. Pennsylvania's 1776 _____ was the most radically democratic, with a one-house legislature and no governor. ^^ ______ were submitted to the people for ratification. Some ______ (notably Pennsylvania's) were rewritten in the 1780s, shifting power from legislatures to governors.

Caroline Affair

The name for a conflict between the US and Canada in 1837. Some Canadians began moving for independence from Great Britain in the early 19th century. Some Americans helped the Canadians in their efforts, exacerbating tensions in the US-Great Britain relationship. Canadian loyalists, with support from Great Britain, then seized an American ship in 1837, the ___1___, containing supplies for Canadian rebels. During this seizure, American Amos Durfree was killed. President Van Buren ordered General Winfield Scott to the area to prevent further hostilities. He also issued a proclamation of neutrality, stating the the US would remain neutral in the Canadian-British struggle.

Nineteenth Amendment

The right of citizens of the US to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any State on account of sex, granted women the right to vote in 1920.

Immigration to the US—CAUSES of

The search for religious freedom, political freedom, economic opportunity, escape from wars, civil wars, and natural disasters. 25,000,000 immigrated to the US between 1865 and 1914, most at New York's Ellis Island.

Boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland

The southern border of the Northeast section of the US.

Kickapoo

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in Michigan and Ohio.

Northwest region of US

This area has a noticeable difference between the coast and the interior climates. In winter, the coast is cool and wet, and the inland is colder and drier, except for snow. In summer, the coast is dry and mild, and the inland is dry and warmer.

Webster-Hayne Debate

This occurred in the Senate in 1830 between Massachusetts and South Carolina senators; it was an argument over public land policies that developed into a classic argument over the nature of the Union and focused on sectionalism and nullification. It came after the "Tariff of Abominations" of 1828. At issue was the source of constitutional authority: was the Union derived from an agreement between states or from people who had sought a guarantee of freedom? The South Carolina Senator defended state sovereignty and the doctrine of nullification. The Massachusetts Senator stated, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable," and argued that nullification was treasonous.

Equal Justice Under Law

This term means that every person, regardless of wealth, social status, ethnic group, gender, or age, is entitled to the full protection of their rights in the legal system and before the courts.

02nd Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed."

01st Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for a redress of grievances."

05th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation."

26th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of age. ^^ The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation."

04th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized."

US Constitution—Article VI FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. ^^ This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. ^^ The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States."

US Constitution—Article IV, Section 04 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence."

Women in late 20th century US

Which period reflects this participation of women in America:

Election of 1908

William Howard Taft was elected president; James. S. Sherman was his VP. After serving as Secretary of War under Theodore Roosevelt, Taft was elected President over William Jennings Bryan.

Campbellites

______, later called Disciples of Christ, originated in western Pennsylvania in the early 19th century.

Declaration of War against Japan on 12/8/1941

"No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory."

Constitution of the US - PREAMBLE

"We The People of the US, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this x---------x for the US of America."

Ware v. Hylton

(1796); US Supreme Court case was the first time a state law was declared unconstitutional.

Pequots

1634-1636; Native American tribe which initially had good relations in New England with settlers. After a pirate and his men were murdered, ostensibly by this tribe, Puritan soldiers and their Native American allies attacked a ______ fort near Mystic River, Connecticut and killed 600 people. In September, the ______ surrendered and were all but exterminated: up to 2000 were sold as slaves in the West Indies or given to rival tribes. There was peace in New England for nearly 40 years.

Currency Act

1764; One of many previous Acts of the British Parliament that regulated paper money issued by the colonies of British America. The Acts banned paper money as legal tender and sought to protect British merchants and creditors from being paid in depreciated colonial money. A shortage of hard currency as result of an unfavorable trade balance had a deflationary effect. The policy created tension between the colonies and Great Britain and was cited as a grievance by colonists early in the American Revolution.

Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise

1787; The Constitutional Convention delegates determined that Congress should have the power to regulate foreign trade. However, Congress was forbidden to interfere with the ________ for 20 years or to place taxes on exports; an import tax of $10 on each imported ____ was allowed.

Treaty of Greenville

1795; After the Battle of the Fallen Timbers in 1794, this agreement was signed in 1795 by the Miami Confederacy, who gave up their claims to the Ohio country, lands rich in furs.

Utopianism

1820-1850; Movement that copied early European efforts at ideal living; they were attempts to create perfect communities based on religious or philosophical ideals. Attempt by cooperative communities to improve life in the face of increasing industrialism. Groups practiced social experiments that generally saw little success due to their radicalism. Included attempts at sexual equality, racial equality, and socialism. Two of these communities were Brook Farm and Oneida. The Shakers, whose faith-based society prohibited marriage and having children, lasted longer than you would think through converts and the adoption of orphans.

Presidency 14 of Franklin Pierce

1853-1857; 14th President; His VP was William R. King. ____ was a Democrat from New Hampshire. ^^ He was a doughface, meaning he was a Northerner with Southern beliefs and sympathies. He supported Manifest Destiny despite Northern concerns that it would lead to the spread of slavery. ^^ Signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which called for popular sovereignty in the two new states. Positions hardened over slavery across the nation. _____'s stance on slavery killed his chance for a second term. ^^ Sent Commodore Matthew Perry into Japan to open the country to diplomacy and commerce (Treaty of Kanagawa). Opened Canada to greater trade; his diplomats failed in their attempts to purchase Cuba from Spain, leading to the drafting of the Ostend Manifesto. ^^ 1853 Number of states: 31 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 0 ^^ 1853 Population: 25,736,000

Ironclads

1860s; Civil War ships protected from cannon fire by _____ plates bolted over the sloping wooden sides. Confederates outfitted an old warship, the Merrimack, with railroad rails and renamed it the Virginia; achieving devastating results. The Union's Monitor fought the Merrimack to a standstill.

Thirteenth Amendment

1865; ratified after the Civil War; forbade slavery and involuntary servitude, abolished slavery everywhere in the US.

Transcontinental Railroad

1869; Completed with Golden Spike at Promontory Point, Utah. It marked the meeting of the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific. During construction, the Union Pacific used Irish labor, while the Central Pacific used Chinese labor. It opened national markets and met growing economic needs.

Whiskey Ring

1870s; One of the scandals of Grant's administration. Liquor taxes were increased to aid in paying off the cost of the Civil War. Distillers and treasury officials conspired to defraud the government by giving out cheap tax stamps, robbing the government of millions in excise tax.

Interstate Commerce Act

1887; Established the ______ Commission in part to monitor discrimination within the railroad industry. Prohibited rebates and pools and required railroads to publish their rates. Also prohibited unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed the practice of charging more for short hauls than long hauls. In general, opened competition, the goal of which was to preserve equality and spur innovation.

Roosevelt Corollary

1904 addendum to Monroe Doctrine in which US would mediate between Europeans and Latin America.

Adamson Act

1916; Employees of railroads who were engaged in interstate commerce were given an eight-hour work day and overtime pay of time-and-a-half.

Presidency 32 of Franklin D. Roosevelt

1933-1945; 32nd President; He was elected four times. His VP (1) was John Nance Garner; VP (2) was Henry A. Wallace; VP (3) was Harry S. Truman. ^^ The nation was fearful and distressed when ____ was sworn in as President on March 4, 1933. His inaugural address: "First of all, let me assert my firm belief, that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself." His first act was to call a "bank holiday" to give banks time to recover from the bank crisis. His famous fireside chats reached millions on the radio. "Let us unite in banishing fear." In his first 100 days in office, he introduced the "New Deal" legislation to bring on economic recovery: WPA, CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps), TVA, and NRA (National Recovery Act) changed the fabric of American life. Prohibition was repealed. Millions of Americans went to work for the government. The Tennessee Valley Authority brought cheap electricity to millions of homes. ^^ For the first time in American history, people depend on government programs to protect them, to provide economic security, and to preserve their freedoms. ^^ A severe drought created the Dust Bowl. ^^ African Americans suffered under Jim Crow laws. In 1939, Marian Anderson was invited by Howard University to Washington, DC to perform at Constitution Hall. The DAR, Daughters of the American Revolution, would not allow an African American to sing at their conference hall. ____'s wife resigned from the DAR, and, with her support, the federal government offers the Lincoln Memorial as the new site of the concert. 75,000 people turned out for the concert, which became a landmark day for the Civil Rights movement. ^^ The First Lady traveled the country to find problems to be brought to the attention of the administration. She was the eyes and legs of the President. ^^ The kidnapping and murder of the Lindbergh baby was the crime of the century. The 1930s was the Golden Age of Radio. ^^ The world was heading toward war. The World's Fair of 1940. Europe was at war as Hitler's army spread through Europe. President: "We must be the great arsenal of democracy." There was a strong pacifist feeling in the nation. ^^ Dec 7, 1941, the attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan. America was at war. The war effort united the nation, there was full employment; millions of women entered the workplace to help the war effort. WWII killed more people, destroyed more property, and created more political changes than any other war in history. The fighting never reached the American mainland. ^^ ____ died weeks before the Germans surrendered. ^^ 1933 Number of states: 48 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: None ^^ 1933 Population: 125,579,000

Korean War

1950-1953 Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the US) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.

New Amsterdam

A 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherlands. City and colony were seized by the English in 1664. Dutch surrendered without a battle. Later became the city now known as New York City.

Iran Contra

A political scandal in the US which became known in November 1986, during the Reagan administration, in which senior US figures agreed to facilitate the sale of arms to ______, the subject of an arms embargo, to secure the release of hostages and to fund Nicaraguan guerillas.

Lowell system

A popular way of staffing New England factories. Young women were hired from the surrounding countryside, brought to town, and housed in dorms in mill towns for a short period. The owners called these "factories in the garden" to spread the idea that these facilities would not replicate the dirty, corrupt mills in English towns. The rotating labor supply benefited owners, as no unions could be formed against them. It depended on technology to increase production.

Maryland Act of Toleration

A proprietary colony was founded in 1634 by Lord ______. It was a haven for Catholics. As this colony developed, a large number of Protestants arrived. Due to fears that this growing number would thwart religious freedom for the Catholics, the _________ was passed in 1649. At the time of the American Revolution, this colony had more Catholics than any other colony.

Judicial Activism

An interpretation of the US constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence court decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court).

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

An interracial American organization established by James Farmer in 1942 to improve race relations and end discriminatory policies through direct-action projects. Farmer had been working as the race-relations secretary for the American branch of the pacifist group Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) but resigned over a dispute in policy; he founded _____ as a vehicle for the nonviolent approach to combating racial prejudice that was inspired by Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi. ^^ _____'s activities began with a sit-in at a coffee shop in Chicago in 1942 for the purpose of protesting segregation in public settings. The event was one of the first such demonstrations in the United States and identified _____ as an influential force in the subsequent desegregation of public facilities in Northern cities. After Southern states ignored the U.S. Supreme Court's 1946 decision regarding the unconstitutionality of segregated seating on interstate buses, _____ and FOR launched the first Freedom Ride, an interracial peaceful protest. ^^ In the late 1950s _____ turned its attention to the South, challenging public segregation and launching voter registration drives for African Americans. It became one of the leading organizations of the civil rights movement in the early 1960s by organizing activist campaigns that tested segregation laws in the South. From this era, the Freedom Rides of 1961 and the Freedom Summer project of 1964 endure as _____'s most memorable contribution to the civil rights struggle. The group's efforts became all the more dramatic when its nonviolent demonstrations were met by vicious responses from whites. _____ volunteers were assaulted, teargassed, and jailed, and some demonstrators were killed. Farmer himself survived a Ku Klux Klan murder plot and once escaped Louisiana state troopers by hiding inside a coffin housed in a hearse. His leadership contributed to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Under the influence of Roy Innis, who became _____'s national director in 1968, the organization's political orientation began to change, moving in a direction that he characterized as "pragmatic" but that many others saw as increasingly conservative. Some accused Innis and _____ of being overly sympathetic to the interests of big business; Farmer was critical of Innis's centralization of control and of the organization's failure to conduct annual conferences. ^^ By the beginning of the 21st century, _____'s program emphases included worker training and equal employment opportunity, crime victim assistance, and community-oriented crisis intervention. The organization maintains its headquarters in New York City.

Judicial Powers

Are placed in the Supreme Court and lower courts as deemed necessary by Congress. Specific to Supreme Court.

US, Central America, Greenland, most of the islands of the West Indies

Areas which comprise North America.

Civil War Union Victories in Maryland

Battle of Antietam.

US Military in late 19th century

Construction of new steel ships led the US to take the lead in the world naval rankings. US Naval War College was established. Alfred Thayer Mahan ( 1840-1914) was a U.S. naval officer, President of Newport War College, and author who pushed for imperialism and growth of the U.S. Navy. Repair and coaling stations helped expand the Navy's effectiveness.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Law that provided for representative government by voters; an important example of the growth of political democracy in the American colonies.

slave code

Laws governing x-------x were piecemeal until 1705 when Virginia assembled all these kinds of laws into a ________.

New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware

Middle Colonies

Greensboro Four

On February 1, 1960, a group of freshmen from the Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina (now North Carolina A&T State University), a historically black college, began a sit-in movement in downtown __1__. After making purchases at the F.W. Woolworth department store, they sat at the "whites only" lunch counter. They were refused service and eventually asked to leave. The ____, as they came to be called, however, remained seated until closing and returned the next day with about 20 other African American students. The sit-in grew in the following weeks with protestors taking every seat in the establishment and spilling out of the store. As protestors were arrested, others would take their places so that the establishment was unceasingly occupied. The protest spread to other cities, including Atlanta and Nashville. After months of protests, facilities began to desegregate throughout the country, and the _____ Woolworth's started to serve African American patrons in July.

Treaty of Paris 1783

Peace settlement that ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory south of the Great Lakes to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River. The US was represented by Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay. This agreement allowed the British to retain control of Canada; Florida was given to Spain. Required that the colonists return the property of loyalists and permitted the British to collect debt owed to them by the US. The US agreed that Loyalists were not to be persecuted. Allowed the Americans to share the fisheries in Newfoundland. However, many of the provisions of this treaty were not fully carried out by either side. Those unresolved issues eventually led to the War of 1812 between England and US.

Great Society

President Lyndon B. Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program ______. In 1965, Congress passed many measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

21st Amendment

Proposed 2/20/1933; ratified 12/5/1933; repeal of 18th amendment—prohibition. Prohibits the importation of intoxicating beverages. States and local governments can prohibit alcohol.

20th Amendment

Proposed 3/2/1932; ratified 1/23/1933; commencement of presidential and Congressional terms; presidential succession rules; sessions and terms of Congress.

Federal Reserve System

The country's central banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy by regulating the supply of money and interest rates.

Navigation Act of 1673

The long title is "An Act for the incouragement of the Greeneland and Eastland Trades, and for the better secureing the Plantation Trade, also called the Trade Act. It was intended to increase English capability and production in the northern whale fishery (Spitsbergen), as well as in the eastern Baltic and North Sea trade, where the Dutch and Hansa dominated commerce and trade. It also closed a significant loophole in the enumerated goods trade as a result of the active inter-colonial trade. To promote whaling, it relaxed restrictions on foreign crews and dropped duties on whale oil and whale bone for ten years. It required customs duties and charges be paid on departure from the colonies.

Impeachment

The political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution giving the House of Representatives power to bring charges against a government official. The House of Representatives may do this to the president by a majority vote for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors." Charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of Representatives. Radical Republicans in the House voted to impeach Andrew Johnson in 1868; however, the Senate did not have the votes necessary to pass it, so Johnson remained in office. Bill Clinton was impeached.

Powhatan

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in Virginia.

Paiute

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in eastern California, western Nevada, and southeast Oregon.

Modoc

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in northeastern California and central southern Oregon.

Penobscot

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in northeastern US.

Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and California

These states comprise the Southwest region of the US.

Plains Indians

They were nomadic hunters and gatherers who lived in small communities and hunted wooly mammoths, then bison. They developed sophisticated techniques for killing their prey, including deadly spear points and stampeding hundreds of bison over cliffs.

Southern colonies

Virginia, Maryland, Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia

11th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit, in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state."

Women in late 18th century US

Which period reflects this participation of women in America: ^^ Women failed to attain the status implied by the revolution's ideals, though Abigail Adams and a few others bravely challenged the lack of female equality. ^^ Wives often followed troops and occasionally were involved in combat. ^^ In the absence of men, wives took on many new occupations and responsibilities.

13th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which specific part of the US Constitution or which specific Amendment is this text from: "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. ^^ Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation."

Southeast region of US

This area has a mild and moist climate; summers are quite hot and humid with plentiful rainfall in short intense downbursts.

Tejanos

The term applied to Spanish Texans during the period after Mexican independence.

Pre-colonial North America NE Woodland Cultures

Woodlands covered this part of US "Deerskin clothing, birch bark canoes, wigwams, and longhouses are characteristic of this region. The Iroquois, Ojibwe, and Algonquin are all indigenous to the area.".

Office of Management and Budget

Writes the US federal budget, which must be confirmed by the Senate.

Southwest region of US

This area has the driest climate in the country, although the mountains can get heavy snow. Winters are mild, summers are hot.

House Ways and Means Committee

This committee confers the most power and influence on members of the House of Representatives.

Presidency 15 of James Buchanan

1857-1861; 15th President; His VP was John C. Breckenridge. ______ presided over the country when the Dred Scott decision was announced. _____ backed the Lecompton Constitution to appease the South. While still president after Lincoln's election, ______ denied the legal right of states to secede but believed that the federal government could not legally prevent them. Before leaving office, he appointed Northerners to federal posts and helped to prepare Fort Sumter with reinforcements. ^^ Two days after _____'s inauguration, the US Supreme Court rendered its decision in the case of a slave named Dred Scott. Oil was discovered in Pennsylvania in 1859, putting a major new energy source in Northern hands to complement its coal. Although in the 1850s the output of Southern plants doubled, heavy industry was concentrated outside the region. This fact would make outfitting a modern army and navy difficult for the South. ^^ "Bleeding Kansas" had become the focal point of the slavery crisis. The Kansas-Nebraska Act, signed three years before _______ came to power, allowed Kansans to decide by election whether to be a free or slave state. Chaos had ensued as Missouri "border ruffians" crossed into Kansas to vote for a proslavery territorial government in 1855. Free-Soilers opposed to slavery subsequently formed their own government and boycotted a call for a constitutional convention for the new state, which the proslavery forces then dominated. _______, eager to retain the support of proslavery Democrats, endorsed this proslavery constitution known as the Lecompton Constitution, though the document had been supported by only a minority of whites in Kansas. Even _______'s own territorial governor urged him not to accept these results. Instead, _______ sent a message to Congress urging acceptance of Kansas as a slave state. ^^ In Congress, Senator Stephen Douglas boldly challenged _______'s endorsement of the Lecompton plan and derailed it. He claimed that it was a fraud, passed by only a small minority of the voters in Kansas and therefore violated the principle of "popular sovereignty." Nevertheless, _______ prevailed over Douglas in the Senate. In the House, a prolonged debate, with pro-Douglas Democrats joining Republicans, led to a compromise solution: the Constitution would be returned to Kansas for another vote. A new election was held in Kansas for a constitutional convention. This new convention soundly rejected slavery and set the stage for the admission of Kansas as a free state in June of 1861. ^^ The troubled course necessary to resolve the Kansas situation greatly compromised the _______ administration's credibility. To some, it smacked of tampering, reversing the will of the people; to others, _______ simply looked inept. In addition, the economy had sunk into recession the year before. The elections in the middle of the President's term were a disaster for his party: Republicans were victorious in many state contests in the North and gained control of the U.S. House of Representatives. And Stephen Douglas won reelection and continued to challenge the President. ^^ By the end of ________'s presidency, America was home to 31.4 million people. During the decade between 1850 and 1860, the population of the U.S. grew by 26 percent, including a substantial number of immigrants, chiefly German and Irish. Several major breakthroughs in communications greatly changed the nation and the political structure that sought to govern it. The short-lived Pony Express came to fruition during ______'s presidency, joining both coasts at last. But the transcontinental telegraph line, completed in 1861, quickly doomed the fast-riding horsemen. The telegraph service permitted previously unthinkable instant communication across the young, vast, troubled country. Two years earlier, a similar cable had joined the US and Europe. ^^ Slavery made the presidency an incredibly difficult task in the mid-19th century. The debate over it disrupted American society. In this volatile atmosphere, strong presidential leadership might have saved the nation from civil war if it had been exercised early and firmly enough to warn off radicals on both sides. By refusing to take a firm stand on either side of the slavery issue, ______ failed to resolve the question, leaving his nation's gravest crisis to his successor. Indeed, _____'s passivity is considered by most historians to have been a prime contributing factor in the coming of the Civil War. To many, _______ seemed like a Northerner in name only: He openly despised abolitionists. Southerners were his political and social friends, and when forced to take sides in one of the endless slavery battles, he typically sided with Southern interests. ^^ In 1857, the Supreme Court case Dred Scott v. Sanford fueled the abolitionist cause. The nation's highest court ruled that abolishing slavery was unconstitutional. In 1859, John Brown led the famous abolitionist raid on the federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry, Virginia, which created a martyr for Northern abolitionists and created fear in the South of armed rebellion by slaves. ^^ 1857 Number of states: 31 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 3 (Kansas, Minnesota, Oregon) ^^ 1857 Population: 29,037,000

Election of 1860

Abraham Lincoln elected president; Hannibel Hamlin was his VP. ^^ Northern Democrats nominated Stephen Douglas, who supported popular sovereignty on the slavery issue. Militant Southerners formed the Southern Democratic Party and nominated James Breckinridge of Kentucky, who called for a national slave code to make slavery legal in US. Ex-Whig John Bell of Tennessee formed the Constitutional Union Party, which called for compromise and union at any cost. Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln. Major planks of his campaign: containment of slavery, meaning slavery should be banned from the territories, and encouragement of transcontinental rail. The Democratic vote was split between Douglas and several strong candidates. Lincoln won the election and the South began to secede thereafter. Within days of Lincoln's victory, the South Carolina legislature met to discuss secession.

Tariff of Abominations

An 1828 bill with higher import duties for many goods bought by southern planters; rates were so high that Southerners called it _______. John C. Calhoun anonymously protested his own leadership's bill, suggesting that a federal law harmful to an individual state could be declared void within that state. John Calhoun, Jackson's VP until 1832, wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest against the bill. His argument was similar to the Kentucky Resolution, that states could nullify any federal law that was contrary to their interests—the "Compact Theory." Calhoun stated that South Carolina should declare the bill unconstitutional and not collect it. This suggestion of nullification would be utilized by other states and would escalate hostilities, leading to the Civil War.

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

An organization that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies. The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government. They played a major role in most colonies in battling the Stamp Act in 1765. The group officially disbanded after the Stamp Act was repealed. However, the name was applied to other local separatist groups during the years preceding the American Revolution.

Election of 1828

Andrew Jackson elected president with 56% of the popular vote. A bitter campaign focused on the "Corrupt bargain" of 1824/5. Jackson was the hero of the Battle of New Orleans, and Indian fighter, duelist, and the owner of hundreds of slaves. He was proclaimed as the defender of the common man. His two rivals were John Quincy Adams and Daniel Webster, both of whom were antislavery, opposed unlimited expansion to the West, and supported government aid to build industry and transportation. Strangely, his first VP was John C. Calhoun.

Pre-colonial North America Southwest Cultures

Apache, Navajo, and Pueblo were cultures of the now southwest US and thrived in river communities despite the deserts they lived in.

Reconstruction in 1870

At this time there are 6,600 troops in the South. In early _____, Congress voted to admit representatives from the remaining three unreconstructed states: Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia. In March, the 15th Amendment is adopted by the requisite number of stated and becomes part of the US Constitution. In May, _____, Congress enacts the first Enforcement Act to enforce the 14th and 15th Amendments. The law makes the bribing, intimidation, or racial discrimination of voters into federal crimes. The statute also strengthens federal authority against anti-black groups like the Ku Klux Klan by outlawing conspiracies aimed at preventing the exercise of constitutional rights.

Quakers

Began in 1680; they believed human religious institutions were largely unnecessary; they thought they could receive revelation directly from God and placed little importance in the Bible. They were pacifists and declined to show customary deference to their alleged social superiors. Their aggressiveness in denouncing established institutions brought them trouble in both Britain and America. In 1776, they abolished slavery among their members. They became active in helping abolish the slave trade and favored decent treatment of Native Americans. Elements of this culture would play a role in shaping the characterization of a US that valued independence and social equality.

literacy tests

Begun after Reconstruction, they were used by some southern US states as a requirement for people to register to vote to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote.

Election of 1924

Calvin Coolidge was elected president; Charles G. Dawes was his VP. ^^ Coolidge had become President upon the death of Warren G. Harding. His election slogan for _____ was "Keep cool and keep Coolidge in the White House four years more in this year of ____!"

Washington, DC

Capital of the US was moved here in 1800. The secretary of treasury, Hamilton, nationalized the debt (80 million). The south was suspicious because the southern states didn't owe that much debt. Hamilton promised the new capital would be built in the south so the southerners could watch over affairs. ^^ The demonstrations of 1963 culminated with the March on ____ for Jobs and Freedom on August 28 to protest civil rights abuses and employment discrimination. A crowd of about 250,000 individuals gathered peacefully on the National Mall in _____, to listen to speeches by civil rights leaders, notably Martin Luther King, Jr. He addressed the crowd with an eloquent and uplifting message that famously became known as the "I Have a Dream" speech.

Battle of Fallen Timbers - CAUSES of

Causes of this event include: American frontiersmen were attacked by Indians in the Northwest Territory, who were encouraged by the British in Canada. Then General Arthur St. Clair's American militia suffered a major defeat at the hands of the Indians in 1791.

Burning of US White House—CAUSES of

Causes of this event included: ^^ The American burning of Toronto.

Convention delegates (national presidential political)

Chosen in state primaries; voters determine the number of ______ from their respective state. These ______ then in turn select their party's presidential nominee. The first state in the US to hold its presidential primary was New Hampshire in 1920. Each party determines how many ______ it allocates to each state.

Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire

Considered part of the New England colonies

Judiciary Act of 1789

Congress passed this law creating the federal-court system. It managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures. This legislation provided for a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and five associates. It also established the office of the Attorney General and created federal district courts and circuit courts. In Marbury v. Madison, Chief Justice John ruled that a portion of this law was unconstitutional. By this action, Marshall established the power of judicial review, which allows the Supreme Court to declare acts of Congress and the president unconstitutional. This expanded the power of the court.

Population Trends in mid-19th century US

Describe the period in which these population trends existed: ^^ Number of states: 36 ^^ Population: 35,701,000 ^^

Sonoran

Desert in Arizona which is the hottest US desert, and which usually has hydraulic systems forming streams draining into the Gulf of California or the Pacific. It also contains a few playas.

First Bank of the US

Feb 25, 1791. A controversial measure by Alexander Hamilton as part of his financial program for the new central government, precursor to the Federal Reserve. It was to be funded through the sale of stocks. Thomas Jefferson was opposed to this idea because it would weaken states' power and was unconstitutional, since it was not mandated by the Constitution. Hamilton responded that the implied powers clause (elastic clause) gave the government the right to do this because of the powers delegated to Congress that allowed them to regulate trade and collect taxes. Hamilton offered a personal deal that if Jefferson would accept this measure, then Hamilton would build the new capital in Washington, DC. The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of this measure in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland in 1819.

Election of 1936

Franklin D. Roosevelt was re-elected president; John N. Garner was his VP. "Come on and row, row, row with Roosevelt!" ^^ "This generation of Americans has a rendezvous with destiny." Roosevelt had the most sweeping election victory in American history.

Election of 1852

Franklin Pierce elected president; his VP was William R. King. Pierce was from the North, yet he maintained ideological ties to the South—a "doughface" in the slang of the day. The deadlocked Democratic convention nominated the little-known Pierce for president on the forty-ninth ballot.

Walden

Henry David Thoreau was an American Transcendentalist thinker and writer who published _______ in 1854, which called for a return to the simple life, repudiated the repression of society, and preached non-violent civil disobedience. ^^ The long opening chapter, "Economy," provides a diagnosis of what is wrong with American life: materialism. The body of the book then presents a cure for the disease of materialism: striving for purity and simplicity as exemplified by Thoreau's own experience and by the symbolic purity of ________. The final chapter presents Thoreau's optimistic prognosis that each individual reader has the potential to vastly improve his or her life by shifting priorities.

King Philip's War

In 1675, a Native American chief named Metacom led attacks aimed at driving the white invaders out once and for all. This resulted in a two-year armed conflict in which the Native Americans used guns and attacked everywhere. Half the settlements in New England were destroyed, but the colonies united and overcame the Indians. Metacom was killed in 1676.

Queen Anne's War

In 1701, Louis IV of France tried to put his grandson on the throne of Spain. England objected, and an armed conflict ensued. In the colonies, the English colonists fought the Spanish in the South and the French in the North. There were few big battles and lots of raids and counter-raids, with both sides employing Native American allies. When the war finally ended in 1713, Louis IV put his grandson on the Spanish throne, and England got Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the Hudson River Valley, which put it in a good position to take over even more of Canada in future wars.

US Political Parties in late 18th century

In which period did this political party activity occur: ^^ Key Moment: Debate over the adoption of a federal constitution. ^^ Parties: Federalists and Anti-Federalists, who disagreed about the power and influence of the central government. ^^ Evolutionary Point: After the Constitution was adopted, the Jeffersonian Republicans absorbed the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists declined.

Election of 1880

James A. Garfield was elected president; Chester A. Arthur was his VP. ^^ The Stalwarts, a faction of the Republican Party led by Roscoe Conkling who considered themselves to be regular Republicans, opposed the civil-service reform policies of President Rutherford B. Hayes and supported the protective tariff. The Stalwarts sought a third presidential term for Ulysses S. Grant. Conkling had become Grant's right-hand man during his presidency, and he hoped to become the crucial figure in a renewed Grant government, handing out patronage to his supporters in New York. The most salient issue of national politics in the early 1880s was civil service reform. Republicans split into three factions over this issue. The Stalwarts faction OPPOSED reform. ^^ The third faction, which was reform oriented, first supported the Democratic nominee, Grover Cleveland, because they refused to support the candidacy of James Blaine. Instead, they combined with the less-dedicated reforming group (who wanted to nominate James Blaine) to nominate a dark-horse candidate, James A. Garfield, for president in 1880. In order to make himself more palatable to the Stalwarts, Garfield chose Chester Arthur, a Stalwart, for his VP candidate. After 35 ballots, Garfield emerged as the compromise candidate. He squeaked into office in the general election. With no mandate, Garfield struggled to get presidential appointments approved by his own party. ^^

War on Poverty

Lyndon Johnson declared this in his 1964 State of the Union address. A new Office of Economic Opportunity oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including the Job Corps and Head Start.

Interior Plains and Great Plains

Main physical characteristics of the Midwest section of the US.

Colorado Plateau and Great Basin

Main physical characteristics of the Southwest section of the US.

Ohio, Illinois, Mississippi, Platte, and Arizona

Major rivers of the Midwest section of the US.

Columbia, San Joaquin, Colorado, Gila, Sacramento, Pecos

Major rivers of the Southwest section of the US.

Election of 1836

Martin van Buren elected president; his VP was Richard M. Johnson. In the third consecutive election victory for the Democratic Party, incumbent Vice President Martin Van Buren defeated four candidates fielded by the nascent Whig Party, who were primarily united by their opposition to Jackson. Van Buren was Jackson's handpicked successor; Van Buren won a majority of the electoral and popular vote. Van Buren's victory made him the third sitting vice president to win election as president, a feat that was not duplicated until the 1988 presidential election. The election marked an important turning point in American political history because of the part it played in establishing the Second Party System. In the 1830s the political party structure was still changing. The Democratic Party was organized, but factional and personal leaders still played a major role in politics. By the end of the campaign of ______, the new party system was almost complete, as nearly every faction had been absorbed by either the Democrats or the Whigs.

Presidency 09 of William Henry Harrison

Ninth President 1841; His VP was John Tyler. _____ died of pneumonia a month after inauguration and served the shortest time of any American President—only thirty-two days. He also was the first President from the Whig Party. His VP was John Tyler, who became the 10th President. ^^ Harrison was 68 when he delivered his inaugural address, the longest ever, without hat or topcoat. It took almost 2 hours to complete. ^^ He served the shortest term and was the first president to die in office. ^^ 1841 Number of states: 26 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 0 ^^ 1841 Population: 17,733,000; (1840 census: 17,063,000)

Alien Friends Act

Passed by the US Congress in 1798, the ______ allowed the president to imprison and deport non-citizens who were deemed dangerous. Part of a broader series of measures aimed at protecting national security and decrease the number of voters who disagreed with the Federalist party.

Naturalization Act

Passed by the US Congress on June 18, 1798 (1 Stat. 566), the ______ increased the period necessary for immigrants to become citizens of the US from 5 to 14 years. Although the law was passed under the guise of protecting national security, most historians conclude it was really intended to decrease the number of voters who disagreed with the Federalist party. At the time, most immigrants supported Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans, the political rivals of the Federalists. This law was repealed in 1802 by the ______ Law of 1802.

Second Treatise

Philosopher John Locke's ideas of the structure, aim, and origin of civil government.

26th Amendment

Proposed 3/23/1971; ratified 7/1/1971; voting age lowered to 18 years.

22nd Amendment

Proposed 3/24/1947; ratified 2/27/1951; Presidents are limited to two terms.

19th Amendment

Proposed 6/4/1919; ratified 8/18/1920; Women's suffrage; citizens' right to vote shall not be denied on the basis of their gender or sex.

25th Amendment

Proposed 7/6/1965; ratified 2/10/1967; Presidential vacancy, disability, inability, and succession.

Rhode Island

Roger Williams, a dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Bay Colony Puritans, who persecuted him for his extreme religious views, was banished in 1636, went south and founded Providence in 1636. Anne Hutchinson founded Portsmouth in 1638 after she was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for antinomianism. Providence combined with Portsmouth and other settlements and was established as _______ in 1644. In 1644, _______ received a charter from Parliament, becoming a colony known for its freedom of opportunity and separation of church and state. However, its residents became the leading importers of African slaves in the colonies. It tended to be populated by exiles and troublemakers and was sometimes called "Rogue's __2___." It suffered constant political turmoil. This belief in the separation of church and state became a cornerstone of the American Constitution in 1787.

Election of 1876

Rutherford B. Hayes was elected president; William A. Wheeler was his VP. At this time there are 3,000 troops in the South. After having two scandal-plagued presidents, the nation endured a scandal-plagued election process in ______. It was the most disputed election in history (until Bush-Gore). In November, _____, Samuel Tilden, the Democratic presidential nominee, wins a narrow majority of the popular vote against Rutherford Hayes, the Republican nominee. The electoral votes in three states- South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana are disputed. They are the only Southern states left with federal troops stationed there under Reconstruction policy. A bipartisan electoral commission is appointed by Congress to settle the controversy. On a party-line vote, it gives all the disputed electoral votes to Hayes, making him president. After his inauguration, President Hayes removes the final federal troops from the three states. ^^ The election was resolved by the Hayes-Tilden Compromise; due to a disputed presidential election, neither the Republic candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, nor the Democratic candidate, Samuel Tilden, received the minimum required number of electoral votes because 20 votes were in dispute. The Democrats carried the popular vote, and only allowed Hayes to win the election if he promised to withdraw federal troops from the South, which he agreed to do. This ended Reconstruction.

Empresario

Term for a man who purchased large, inexpensive land grants in Tejas (Texas before its independence) from the Mexican government and who agreed to subdivide and find settlers to buy these land grants. The grants were offered by the Mexican government to promoted growth after Mexican independence from Spain. One ______ was Stephen F. Austin, who also received permission to start a new colony.

Concurrent powers

Term for the authority that is shared by the national and state governments: levy taxes, borrow money, spend for general welfare, establish courts, build roads, operate courts of law, and enact and enforce laws. These are called _____.

Delegated authority

Term for the notion that a person is appointed or elected to act on behalf of others. In this sense, government is nothing more than the people assigned to exercise and enforce the terms of the social contract. An example is when Congress passes broad legislation that leaves the making of specific rules to the executive branch.

Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast

These Native Americans assimilated into American culture to varying degrees; they hoped that doing so would benefit them in some way, but they had little leverage against the US government's attempts to take their land. This group included: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole Indians.

Department of Labor

The Secretary of _____ is confirmed in the Senate by: Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee

Department of Education

The Secretary of _____ is confirmed in the Senate by: Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee.

Department of Veterans Affairs

The Secretary of _____ is confirmed in the Senate by: Veterans Affairs Committee

Judicial Review

The common term for the right of the courts to decide what is legal, such as the Supreme Court deciding what is constitutional or unconstitutional. Courts have the power to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments invalid if they violate the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the final authority on the meaning and interpretation of the Constitution. ^^ When the Supreme Court decided the case of Marbury v. Madison in 1803, it drastically increased its own power by granting itself the ability to overturn laws passed by the legislature.

Loose constructionists

Those who believe in a broad interpretation of the US Constitution (not word by word); Alexander Hamilton supported this idea.

Strict constructionists

Those, like Thomas Jefferson, who believed that the Constitution must be interpreted word by word.

07th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law."

10th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people."

QUOTE from Monroe Doctrine

Who made this/these statements: "...we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety."

Election of 1896

William McKinley was elected president; Garret A. Hobart was his VP. ^^ Businesses rallied to support him against his opponent, William Jennings Bryan. While Bryan toured the country, _____ stayed at home and hosted important visitors, building an honest, "presidential" image. Defeated William Jennings Bryan for office in 1896. ______'s election over Bryan influenced future political races by setting up interest groups and alliances that lasted for over a decade.

Education reform

_____ included the creation of the first teachers' training schools, called normal schools; Catherine Beecher's first all-girls school, Samuel Gridley Howe's school for the blind; Thomas Gallaudet's school for the deaf; the expansion of public education; and the founding of liberal arts colleges, including Oberlin, the first college to admit women and African Americans.

proprietary colonies

owned by a person or group who appointed the governor; examples are Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia.

President Polk's War Message to Congress in 1846

"Mexico has passed the boundary of the US, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the American soil."

Townshend Acts

1. 1767; a series of British laws passed during 1767 and 1768 and relating to the British American colonies in North America. Five laws: The Revenue Act of 1767, the Indemnity Act (1767), the New York Restraining Act (1767), the Commissioners of Customs Act (1767) and the Vice Admiralty Court Act (1768). They were created by the British Prime Minister and replaced the direct taxes of the Stamp Act. ^^ Purpose: ^^ to raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors and judges so that they would remain loyal to Great Britain and independent of colonial legislatures, ^^ to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, ^^ to punish the province of New York for failing to comply with the 1765 Quartering Act, and ^^ to establish the precedent that the British Parliament had the right to tax the colonies. ^^ Details: ^^ Acts of the New York Assembly were suspended until the assembly obeyed the Quartering Act. ^^ Duties were placed on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea (which could only be legally imported from England). ^^ Customs (tariff) administration was now to be centered in Boston. ^^ Results: ^^ They were met with resistance in the colonies, prompting the occupation of Boston by British troops in 1767, which eventually resulted in the Boston Massacre of 1770. ^^ The ___ placed an indirect tax on glass, lead, paints, paper, and tea, none of which were produced within the colonies and thus had to be imported from Britain. This form of generating revenue was Britain's response to the failure of the Stamp Act, which had served as the first form of direct taxation placed upon the colonies. However, the import duties proved to be similarly controversial. ^^ Colonial indignation over the _____was predominantly driven by John Dickinson's anonymous publication of Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, as well as the Massachusetts Circular Letter. ^^ Committees of Correspondence provided a network for American resistance. ^^ As a result of widespread protests, boycotts, and non-importation of British goods in colonial ports, Parliament began to partially repeal the duties. In March 1770, most of the indirect taxes (except tax on tea) were repealed by Parliament under Lord North. ______ served as a key contributor to the Boston Massacre.

First Continental Congress

1. September-October 1774; 55 twelve colonies sent delegates to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts passed by the British Parliament, which the British referred to as the Coercive Acts, with which the British intended to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. The delegates met briefly to consider options, including conducting an economic boycott of British trade and drawing up a list of rights and grievances. ^^ Results: ^^ They adopted a series of resolutions and protests, which agreed with Parliament's right to regulate external commerce but not to regulate internal colonial affairs. ^^ They created a Continental Association that forbade the importation and use of British goods. ^^ They agreed to reconvene in May 1775. ^^ They petitioned King George III for redress of grievances. ^^ A few radical members discussed breaking from England. ^^ As royal governments collapsed, rebel congresses and "committees of safety" took over governing.

Jamestown - ADDITION

1607; colony named for Queen Elizabeth's successor in England, who granted the charter; the first English permanent settlement in the New World. Its swampy location led to contaminated water sources and disease. John Smith's leadership kept the colony alive. In 1619, African slaves arrived, becoming the first group of slaves to reach a British settlement.

Sugar Act

1764; aka the American Revenue Act or the American Duties Act. It was a revenue-raising tactic passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on 5 April 1764. It taxed goods imported to America to raise revenue for England and was meant to assist England in recouping the debt it had taken on during the French and Indian War. It was strictly enforced, unlike the Molasses Act of 1733. Taxed goods included imports such as wine, cloth, coffee, and silk. The preamble stated: "it is expedient that new provisions and regulations should be established for improving the revenue of this Kingdom ... and ... it is just and necessary that a revenue should be raised ... for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing the same." The earlier Molasses Act 1733, which had imposed a tax of six pence per gallon of molasses, had never been effectively collected due to colonial evasion. By reducing the rate by half and increasing measures to enforce the tax, the British hoped that the tax would actually be collected. These incidents increased the colonists' concerns about the intent of the British Parliament and helped the growing movement that became the American Revolution.

Lee's Resolutions

1776; presented to the Second Continental Congress by Richard _____ _______ of Virginia; it urged Congress to declare independence and was accepted July 2, 1776. It said, "That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States." The text of the document formally announcing this action was approved two days later. It is named for the man who proposed it to Congress after receiving instructions from the Virginia Convention and its President Edmund Pendleton. The full document had three parts which were considered by Congress on June 7, 1776. Along with the independence issue, it also proposed to establish a plan for ensuing American foreign relations, and to prepare a plan of a confederation for the states to consider. Congress decided to address each of these three parts separately.

Shay's Rebellion

1786-1787; it was an uprising of farmers led by a man in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay their taxes; farmers demanded cheap paper money, reduced taxes, and a suspension of mortgage foreclosures. This was a local problem in Massachusetts, the citizens of Boston raised an army and suppressed the farmers. This conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working and led Americans to feel pressure to strengthen the federal government and avoid future violence. It served as a major catalyst for writing the new Constitution.

Popular sovereignty

1840s principle that the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people; through their elected representatives, people are the source of all political power. It is closely associated with social contract philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Doctrine under which the status of slavery in the territories was to be determined by the settlers themselves. Doctrine was first put forward by General Lewis Cass. Promoted by Stephen A. Douglas. Meant as a resolution to the looming crisis of the slavery question. This term was applied to Stephen Douglas's proposal in the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act stating that the people of the territory of Kansas and Nebraska could decide through their representatives whether to include slavery in their constitutions.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854; Legislation introduced by Stephen Douglas to organize the area west of Missouri and Iowa. One goal was to facilitate the building of a transcontinental railroad that ran west from Chicago. This law called for two territories to be created and the issue of slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty. The act revoked a provision of the Missouri Compromise that had required everything above 36°30' to be free. The territory was roiled by fighting between pro- and anti-slavery groups who moved to the area.

Secession

1860; Response to the election of Abraham Lincoln, who sought to contain slavery, South Carolina voted on December 20, 1860 for _____. Over the following two months, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas also voted for _____. The remaining states—Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina—followed after the fall of Fort Sumter. These states declared themselves the Confederate States of America and elected Jefferson Davis as president, adopting a constitution that permitted slavery and the sovereignty of states.

Populism

1890; Consisted mostly of farmers; members who met in Nebraska wrote their "Omaha Platform." The demands of the platform included free and unlimited coinage of silver, a graduated income tax, and government ownership of the telephone, telegraph, and railroad industries. Many of these ideas were later adopted by the Progressive Party.

Homestead Strike

1892; Iron and steel workers' strike against Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh to protest salary reductions. Henry Clay Frick hired Pinkerton security guards to protect Carnegie's plant, but fighting resulted in deaths among both the protesters and the guards. The Pennsylvania State Militia was brought in to take control.

Muller v. Oregon

1908 Supreme Court case. A state had established a law that limited women to ten hours of work in factories and laundries. A laundry owner, challenged the legality of the law, arguing that it violated the "liberty to contract." Louis Brandeis, one of the attorneys arguing the case, used extensive sociological evidence in his brief (the Brandeis Brief), which served as a model for later social reformers. The Supreme Court held that the law was constitutional.

Federal Reserve Act

1913; Created the _____ _____ Bank; a response to the Panic of 1907 and to the concerns of business. There was a need for a stable currency supply that could grow and shrink with business demands. President Wilson worked diligently to create and secure passage. It divided the nation into separate regions with _____ ______ banks in each that would serve as "banker's banks." The _____ _____ Board oversaw the system and regulated it by raising or lowering the interest rates that each ____ ____ bank would charge.

Lusitania

1915; At the outset of WWI, Germany began the use of submarines and announced a blockade of the Allied forces. The ______ was a British passenger liner attacked by German submarines. While unarmed, the ______ did carry munitions for the Allies. US citizens traveling aboard the ______ were killed. Wilson protested but remained neutral, in line with the 1914 Proclamation of Neutrality. One other liner with Americans, the Sussex, was sunk, and then the Germans gave a pledge to stop attacks on unarmed vessels.

Presidency 33 of Harry S. Truman

1945-1953; 33rd President; His VP was Alben W. Barkley. ^^ "I ask only to be a good and faithful servant of my Lord and my people." As he took office, the war in Europe was coming to an end. Germany surrendered, but the war in the Pacific was still raging. ____ decided to drop the Atomic bomb to save American servicemen's lives. Japan surrendered. ^^ "This supreme chance to establish a worldwide rule of reason, to create an enduring peace under the guidance of God." ^^ His "Marshall Plan" brought relief to millions of war victims. In Eastern Europe, the grip of Communism was tightening. The ____ Doctrine was established to protect Western Europe from the threat of Soviet domination. ^^ In his second term, Communist North Korea invaded South Korea. ____ intervened in 1950 and drew a line against communist expansion. The Korean War lasted four years. Douglas MacArthur's troops engaged Communist Chinese forces against administration policy. ____ fired the popular MacArthur. ____ decided not to run for reelection in 1952. ^^ 1945 Number of states: 48 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: None ^^ 1945 Population: 139,928,165

Presidency 36 of Lyndon B. Johnson

1963-1969; 36th President; His VP was Hubert Horatio Humphrey. ^^ He was domineering, he was bullying, he was persuasive; he was very successful. ____ created the "Great Society, where no man or woman are the victim of fear, or poverty, or hatred." ____ declared a "War on Poverty," and he became the "Civil Rights President." ^^ The war in Vietnam would become his obsession. By 1968, 500,000 Americans were fighting in Southeast Asia. Antwar demonstrations spread throughout the country. The veneer of stability in American society was being torn apart. Cities exploded in violence. Television brought the brutal images of war into American living rooms. ____ decided not to run for re-election in 1968. ^^ Martin Luther King was assassinated; Robert Kennedy was assassinated. The Democratic Convention in Chicago became mayhem both inside and outside the convention hall. ^^ 1963 Number of states: 50 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: None ^^ 1963 Population: 189,241,798

Presidency 41 of George H. W. Bush

1989-1993; 41st President; His VP was J. Danforth Quayle. ^^ _____'s main interest was foreign affairs; he was not reluctant to use force to achieve his goals. He used American forces in the Persian Gulf to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait. Eastern Europe was in rebellion; the Berlin Wall fell; the Cold War was over. ^^ The nation sank into a recession; Los Angeles erupted into racial violence in 1992. ^^ 1989 Population: 246,819,230 ^^

Pennsylvania Colony

2nd colony; originally settled by Dutch and Swedes in 1632. In 1681, a wealthy Quaker obtained a charter to start a colony from King Charles II. The colony leader treated the Native Americans fairly and set up a relatively liberal system of laws. More than any other colony, it was truly tolerant of differing religions, cultures, and national backgrounds.

Philadelphia

A city in Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River. Established as a Quaker colony by William Penn and others in 1681, it was the site of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and the adoption of the Constitution in 1787. First capital of the US until moved to Washington D.C. in 1800.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference—SCLC

A nonsectarian American agency with headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, the ______ was established by the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., and his followers in 1957 to coordinate and assist local organizations working for the full equality of African Americans in all aspects of American life. The organization operated primarily in the South and some border states, conducting leadership-training programs, citizen-education projects, and voter-registration drives. It played a major part in the civil rights march on Washington DC in 1963 and in notable antidiscrimination and voter-registration efforts in Albany, Georgia, and Birmingham and Selma, Alabama, in the early 1960s.

Filibuster

A tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches. Hold up action on a bill by refusing to yield the floor, gives individual senators a degree of influence over legislation that is not available to the members of the House, whose debate is governed by a more restrictive set of rules.

Grand Canyon:

5,000-foot-deep gorge which was carved into the Earth's surface by the Colorado River.

Panama Canal

50-mile waterway cutting through jungle connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The French tried to build it in the 1880s but failed and left behind 22,000 dead. ^^ President Theodore Roosevelt had a grand vision for America to become a global power. The plan is to dig a trench at sea level, but this means cutting through a range of mountains. Roosevelt calls it "The Big Ditch." Jungle sickness afflicts workers, including Yellow Fever and other illnesses. Roosevelt declares war on the mosquito which spread malaria and yellow fever; he stops work to eliminate the mosquito. Then Roosevelt sends in the US Army Corps of Engineers to redesign the canal. It will be a series of locks to lift the ships over the mountains. The engineers bring in the largest steam shovels in the world and build a railroad to carry away the earth. They create breakwaters with the dirt at the ocean. The workforce is 50,000 men and women. They build a dam creating a lake for holding ships. It is the biggest construction project in history and the defining task of the nation. Roosevelt goes there to inspect during the rainy season and inspires the workers. ^^ In 1914, _____ is opened and the first ship makes the eight-hour passage. ^^ It took 25 years and cost more than 25,000 lives.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Congress passed this law which created the federal-court system. managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures. This legislation provided for a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and five associates. It also established the office of the Attorney General and created federal district courts and circuit courts. In Marbury v. Madison, Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that a portion of this law was unconstitutional. By this action, Marshall established the power of judicial review, which allows the Supreme Court to declare acts of Congress and the president unconstitutional. This expanded the power of the court.

Judiciary Act of 1801

Created new judgeships to be filled by the president. John Adams filled the vacancies with party supporters ("Midnight Judges") before he left office. The law and Adams's actions led to bitter resentment by the incoming Jeffersonian Republican Party. The law would play a role in the case of Marbury v. Madison. ^^ Within twelve years of the establishment of the federal judiciary, Congress approved a sweeping reorganization of the nation's court system and significantly expanded federal jurisdiction. The _____ reduced the size of the Supreme Court from six justices to five and eliminated the justices' circuit duties. To replace the justices on circuit, the act created sixteen judgeships for six judicial circuits. The scope of the _______, however, went beyond any specific revision of the judicial system and represented the triumph of those who advocated a dominant national judiciary rather than the previous legislation which left the state courts with a significant share of federal jurisdiction. ^^ Congressional debate on the bill reflected the bitter conflict between Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans. Federalists insisted that the increase in the number of judges and the establishment of more courts were necessary to protect the federal government against hostile state governments and "the corrupters of public opinion." Republicans interpreted the act as an attempt to weaken the state governments and secure patronage positions for Federalists. Republicans also feared the expanded jurisdiction of the same courts in which their supporters had been prosecuted under the Alien and Sedition Acts. Although a version of the bill had been introduced before the election, John Adams signed the act into law less than three weeks before the end of his term and that of the Federalist majority in the Sixth Congress. ^^ The partisan character and the timing of the act provoked immediate opposition to the new organization of the judiciary. The hastily confirmed appointees to the circuit courts earned the label "Midnight Judges" as Jeffersonian Republicans accused the Federalists of packing the courts following their defeat in the election. The newly-elected president, Thomas Jefferson, and the Republican majority in the Seventh Congress came into office intent on repeal.

Election of 1844

Democrat James K. Polk won the election; George M. Dallas was his VP. Polk ran on an expansionist platform to annex the Oregon Territory and Texas. At its convention, the Whig Party nominated Henry Clay on the first ballot. This was a bold attempt to distance the Whig party from President John Tyler, whose fights with his cabinet and his party had left him without a trace of support from the party whose ticket he had run on in 1840. Henry Clay (running for president for the third time) ran against Polk with an anti-Texas campaign. The was a period called "the Fabulous Forties." ^^ When Van Buren announced his opposition to annexing Texas, he committed political suicide. When the balloting began, Van Buren peaked on the first ballot, then fell downward while Cass moved up. On the fifth ballot, Cass overtook Van Buren. Seeing that he would never be nominated and furious with Cass for having robbed him of the nomination, Van Buren threw his support behind the first dark horse candidate ever to be nominated by a major political party: James K. Polk. It had happened on the ninth ballot at 2 p.m. on May 30, 1844. Early the next morning, the Democrats nominated George M. Dallas of Pennsylvania for vice president and presented the expected party platform: strict construction of the U.S. Constitution and opposition to the Whigs' "American System" of a national bank, high protective tariffs, and federally funded internal improvements such as canals and roads. The platform also denounced federal interference with "the domestic institutions of the several States"—meaning slavery. On the issue of westward expansion, Democrats committed their party to the "reoccupation of Oregon and the re-annexation of Texas, at the earliest practicable period." This was a compromise between southern Democrats who wanted immediate annexation and northern Democrats who had their doubts about any annexation treaty at all. ^^ Because Clay came out decisively against the immediate annexation of Texas, and because Polk just as firmly supported it, the campaign presented a clear choice to the American electorate.

Presidency 11 of James K. Polk

Eleventh President 1845-1849; his VP was George M. Dallas. As President, ____ was a big believer in Manifest Destiny and expansionism; nicknamed "_____ the Purposeful" for his focus on a set of specific goals during his presidency. He introduced a new independent treasury system and lowered the high rates of tariffs with the Walker Tariff. Texas was admitted as slave state, making it the 28th state. He settled the Oregon boundary dispute with the Oregon Treaty (Treaty of Washington-1846) at forty-ninth parallel rather than fifty-four forty which granted the US clear title to present-day Idaho, Washington, Oregon, and Montana, and granted Britain the territory above the 49th parallel and full control over Vancouver Island. He acquired California and he led the US into the Mexican War. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in 1848. Four new states came into the union between the time of his election and the end of his term: Florida (1845), Texas (1845), Iowa (1846), and Wisconsin (1848). This kept the balance at exactly fifteen slave states and fifteen free states, although the status of California and New Mexico remained undecided when _____ left office. ^^ Under ____, the US grew by more than a million square miles, adding territory that now composes the states of Arizona, Utah, Nevada, California, Oregon, Idaho, Washington, much of New Mexico, and portions of Wyoming, Montana, and Colorado. More than any other President, _____ pursued "Manifest Destiny," a phrase coined by his fellow Jacksonian Democrat, John L. O'Sullivan, to express the conviction that Providence had foreordained the US to spread its republican institutions across North America. The nation's borders spread to the Pacific. He accomplished every major goal that he set for himself as President and in the process successfully waged war against Mexico, obtaining for the US most of its present boundaries as a nation. ^^ During this presidency, a prosperous America became a magnet for thousands of Irish desperate to escape the famine in Ireland. They flocked to eastern cities. In 1848, the Seneca Falls Convention met to agitate for the rights and needs of women. The nation was still hopelessly divided on the issue of slavery. ^^ 1845 Number of states: 27 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 3 (Texas, Nebraska, Wisconsin) ^^ 1845 Population: 20,182,000

Georgia Colony

Founded in 1732, _____ was the last English colony founded in the New World. Started as a proprietary colony by James Edward Oglethorpe in 1732. James Oglethorpe, an Englishman interested in prison reform, sought to create a refuge for imprisoned debtors. The king granted a proprietary charter to Oglethorpe and also funded part of the establishment of _____ to create a defensive buffer against other powers in the region. This colony was the only one to receive this type of funding. Settlers included those who paid their own way to receive the best land grants. Some settlers were financed by the colony's board of trustees, including bands of prisoners from British jails. ______ provided religious toleration to all Christians except for Catholics. It had fewer slaves than its regional counterparts. Elaborate and detailed regulations resulted in relatively little settlement. Became a royal colony in 1752.

Corrupt Bargain of 1824

Four presidential candidates: Henry Clay of Kentucky (Speaker of the House), John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State), Andrew Jackson (1812 war hero), and William Crawford of Georgia (Secretary of the Treasury). ^^ Jackson won a plurality of both the popular vote and the electoral vote, which caused a "disputed election," because Jackson won the popular vote but did not win the majority of the electoral vote. The House of Representatives was required to elect the president. According to the 12th Amendment only, the top 3 could compete, so Clay supported John Quincy Adams. Each state received one vote, and Adams won by one vote. "Corrupt bargain" accusations were made when John Quincy Adams appointed Clay as Secretary of State. ^^ In the House of Representatives vote, Henry Clay threw his support to John Quincy Adams, who would go on to win the presidency. Adams gave Clay the post of Secretary of State. Accusations of were made by Jackson, but they are considered to be largely untrue.

Election of 1892

Grover Cleveland was elected president; Adlai E. Stevenson was his VP. Incumbent Benjamin Harrison lost to Grover Cleveland in a dramatic turnaround of historic importance. For the first time in the nation's history, the two presidential candidates had both been President. Cleveland's victory, moreover, returned a defeated President to the White House for a second term—a historic first that has never been repeated. The Democrats also regained control of both chambers of Congress. ^^ Voters handed Cleveland the most decisive victory of any presidential candidate in twenty years. Cleveland beat Harrison by a margin of approximately 375,000 popular votes. The electoral college vote outcome was more dramatic, allowing Cleveland to win by nearly a two to one margin over Harrison. The Populists drew one million voters and twenty-two electoral ballots. Cleveland swept the Solid South and all four swing states: New York, New Jersey, Indiana, and Connecticut. He also carried Illinois and Wisconsin—this was the first time these states had gone Democratic since the Civil War.

Election of 1884

Grover Cleveland was elected president; Thomas Hendricks was his VP. This election restored the two-party system to the US political scene. First Democrat elected in 28 years. ^^ James Blaine was nominated by the Republicans even though he had been in a financial scandal. The Democrats responded by nominating Grover Cleveland, the symbol of integrity. Blaine was pilloried as corrupt and arrogant. Cleveland was accused of fathering a child out of wedlock. Cleveland won a narrow victory. In his inaugural address, Cleveland demanded reform.

Missouri Compromise

In 1819 ___1___ applied for admission as a slave state. This would upset the balance of free and slave states (eleven each). The Tallmadge Amendment was passed in the House; it banned further introduction of slaves and provided for gradual emancipation in ___1___. The amendment was rejected by the Senate. ^^ ______ was an agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the US concerning the extension of slavery into new territories. It was Henry Clay's solution to a deadlock over the issue of accepting a proposed new state. At the time, the Senate was evenly divided between slave and free states. A slave state would tip the balance of power. ^^ John Tallmadge added an antislavery amendment (The Tallmadge Amendment) meant to prohibit the growth of slavery into ______ and to free slaves already in _______ when they had reached a certain age. The Tallmadge Amendment caused the Senate to block Henry Clay's solution and sparked heated debate about the future of slavery. The legislative section prohibiting slavery in the original proposed new state was replaced by a clause stating that all land of the Louisiana Purchase north of thirty-six-thirty north latitude would prohibit slavery. The compromise set it up so that one state joined as a free state and another state joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of the latter state saying all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery. It banned slavery from the area of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36 deg 30' north latitude line. ^^ The agreement was brokered by Henry Clay. It prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of 36° 30'. Missouri, though north of the 36° 30' line, would come in as a slave state. Maine was admitted as a separate free state (it had been part of Massachusetts). The compromise nearly failed over Missouri's efforts to exclude free blacks.

Iran Hostage Crisis

In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in ______ and held 52 Americans. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for their release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, the Americans were released, ending their 444 days in captivity.

Second Bank of the US

It was chartered in 1816, five years after the x-----x lost its own charter, as a means for the federal government to regulate finance throughout the country. The US had experienced severe inflation and was having difficulty financing military operations during the War of 1812. The credit and borrowing status of the US was at its lowest level since its founding. ______ was intended to regulate credit to encourage the development of the economy and to deter speculation. It was created when President Madison and Secretary of the Treasury Gallatin found that the government was unable to finance the country in the aftermath of the War of 1812, which placed the US in significant debt. The debt of the nation led to an increase in banknotes among private banks, and as a result, inflation increased. For these reasons, Madison and Congress agreed to form the ____. After the war, and despite its debt, the US experienced an economic boom due to the devastation of the Napoleonic Wars. In particular, the US agricultural sector underwent great expansion, in part because of the damage to Europe's agricultural sector. ______ encouraged speculation in land by allowing almost anyone to borrow money, sometimes doubling or even tripling the prices of land. _______ existed for roughly 20 years before coming under attack by Jacksonian Democrats and going bankrupt. Jackson's dislike came from its high levels of fraud and corruption and his personal hostilities toward the __2__ system.

Memphis Sanitation Workers Strike

Longstanding tensions between disgruntled African American __2__ ___3___ and __1__ city officials erupted on February 12, 1968 when nearly one thousand __3__ refused to report to work, demanding higher wages, safer working conditions, and recognition of their union. Despite organizing city-wide boycotts, sit-ins, and daily marches, the city's __2__ ___3___ were initially unable to secure concessions from municipal officials. At the urging of Reverend James T. Lawson, Martin Luther King, Jr. agreed to come to Memphis and lead a nonviolent demonstration in support of the __2__ ___3___. On March 29 over five thousand demonstrators, carrying signs which read "I Am A Man," participated in King's march. However, the peaceful demonstration took a turn for the worse when an estimated two hundred participants began breaking storefront windows and looting. The ensuing violence resulted in the death of Larry Payne, a sixteen year old African American who was killed by _____ police officers, the imposition of a city-wide curfew, and the mobilization of nearly four thousand National Guard troops. Deeply troubled by the violent outbreak, King vowed to return to ___1___ to lead a peaceful demonstration. On April 3, 1968, nearly two months after the initial start of the __4__, King returned to __1__ and delivered what would be his last public speech. The following evening King was assassinated on the second-floor balcony of the Lorraine Motel. In the wake of King's death, President Lyndon B. Johnson sent James Reynolds, undersecretary of labor, to __1__ to help resolve the __4__. Nearly two weeks later on April 16, the ____ ended when the city agreed to issue raises to African American employees and recognize the __2__ ___3___'s union.

US Constitution—Article II, Section 02

Name the article of the US Constitution that established the Executive Branch of the federal government and the section that describes the powers of the President. ^^ The president is the head of the armed forces and the state militias. The president has the power to grant a reprieve or a pardon. The president has the power to make treaties with other nations. If the Senate is in recess the president can fill vacant posts by making temporary appointments. ^^ Powers of the President: ^^ Military powers; the Cabinet; reprieves and pardons ^^ Treaties; appointing officers ^^ Filling vacancies

US Constitution—Article I, Section 01

Name the article of the US Constitution that established the Legislative Branch of the federal government, and the section that describes the Congress. ^^ Congress has the power to make laws.

US Constitution—Article I, Section 08

Name the article of the US Constitution that established the Legislative Branch of the federal government, and the section that describes the powers of Congress. ^^ Congress has the power to: ^^ Collect taxes to pay debts and provide for common defense and general welfare ^^ Borrow money on credit of U.S. ^^ Regulate Commerce ^^ Establish naturalization and bankruptcy laws ^^ Coin money, regulate value, fix weights and Measures ^^ Punish for Counterfeiting ^^ Establish Post Offices and Roads ^^ Establish Copyright and Patent laws ^^ Establish Inferior Courts ^^ Define and Punish Felonies and Offenses ^^ Declare War ^^ Raise and support Armies ^^ Provide and maintain a Navy ^^ Raise and support a Navy and Army ^^ Call forth the Militia ^^ Organizing, Arming and Disciplining the Militia ^^ Make exclusive legislation over Government Owned Property ^^ Make laws for carrying out foregoing powers

Wampanoag

Native American tribe that befriended the New England colonists. Their chief, Massasoit, signed a treaty with the Plymouth Puritans in 1621. However, during the Great Migration of the 1630s, the demand for food and land by the settlers strained their relationship.

National Gazette

Newspaper founded by Jefferson and Madison to argue against Alexander Hamilton's federalist policies in the 1790s. The paper's assaults on Hamilton are often personal, mentioning his illegitimacy. The most persistent and destructive attack that Hamilton faces is that he secretly supports the idea of an American monarchy, which was an explosive charge to make against someone in the 1790s. Hamilton responds in writing and they engage in a vicious war of words. President Washington consistently agrees with Hamilton and is outraged that the Jeffersonians think he would allow a monarchy.

SCOPE

On June 14, 1965, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) launched an innovative grassroots organizing campaign, the ______ Project. Under the direction of WW II veteran Hosea Williams, _____ sought to build upon the momentum of the Medgar Evers led NAACP in Mississippi, 1964 Freedom Summer, as well as the voting rights struggle that culminated in the Selma-Montgomery March. The project placed nearly five hundred predominantly white college students in nearly one hundred predominantly black rural and urban areas in Southern states, including: Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina to help lead voter registration drives. It successfully encouraged political activism, reported violations of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act; along with developing political education programs for some of the counties that the campaign served. Its voter registration drives also flourished: _____ volunteers, working with local activists and leaders, and SCLC field staff, registered more than 49,000 new African American voters by the project's official end date on August 28, 1965, with about thirty-five ______ volunteers taking positions on the SCLC staff with additional activities continuing in 1966.

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Originally proposed by Attorney General Herbert Brownell, the ____ marked the first occasion since Reconstruction that the federal government undertook significant legislative action to protect __1__ __2___. Although influential southern congressman whittled down the bill's initial scope, it still included a number of important provisions for the protection of voting rights. It established the __1__ __2__ Division in the Justice Department, and empowered federal officials to prosecute individuals that conspired to deny or abridge another citizen's right to vote. Moreover, it also created a six-member U.S. __1__ __2___ Commission charged with investigating allegations of voter infringement. But, perhaps most importantly, the ____ signaled a growing federal commitment to the cause of __1__ __2___.

Molasses Act

Passed March 1733 by British Parliament, it imposed a tax of six pence per gallon on imports of ______ from non-English colonies. Parliament created the act largely at the insistence of large plantation owners in the British West Indies. The Act was not passed for the purpose of raising revenue, but rather to regulate trade by making British products cheaper than those from the French West Indies. It greatly affected the significant colonial ________ trade. The tax "threatened New England with ruin, struck a blow at the economic foundations of the Middle colonies, and at the same time opened the way for the British West Indians—whom the continental colonists regarded as their worst enemies—to wax rich at the expense of their fellow subjects on the mainland." Smuggling, bribery, or intimidation of customs officials effectively nullified the law. The growing corruption of local officials and disrespect for British Law caused by this act and others like it eventually led to the American Revolution in 1776. It was replaced by a different law in 1764, which halved the tax rate but was accompanied by British intent to actually collect the tax this time.

Constitutional rights that neither the federal nor state governments can restrict

Person can remain silent during questioning, can be represented by counsel, cannot be tried twice for the same offense, and can receive a trial by jury in a criminal case.

18th Amendment

Proposed 12/18/1917; ratified 1/16/1919; prohibition of alcoholic beverages. Prohibits the manufacture, sale, transportation, import or export of intoxicating beverages within the US and all the territories falling under its jurisdiction.

15th Amendment

Proposed 2/26/1869; ratified 2/3/1870, it grants voting rights to males of all races. "The citizens' right to vote shall not be denied by the states or the federal government on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Passed after the Civil War. (Some Northern states had previously barred African Americans from voting.) To circumvent this, Southern states blocked African Americans from voting after Reconstruction by creating legal obstacles to registering, such as literacy tests and poll taxes.

16th Amendment

Proposed 7/12/1909; ratified 2/3/1913; federal income tax. Authorizes the federal government to collect taxes on income without apportionment.

Due process

Protects a citizen from imprisonment without trial; enacted in the Fifth Amendment in the Bill of Rights in 1791. The Fifth Amendment says to the federal government that no one shall be "deprived of life, liberty or property without _______of law." The Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in 1868, uses the same eleven words, called the ________ Clause, to describe a legal obligation of all states; all levels of American government must operate within the law ("legality") and provide fair procedures. all levels of American government must operate within the law ("legality") and provide fair procedures. Eventually the Supreme Court applied this to the states as well. Historically, the clause reflects the Magna Carta of Great Britain, King John's thirteenth century promise to his noblemen that he would act only in accordance with law ("legality") and that all would receive the ordinary procedures of law.

Battle of Saratoga—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: It demonstrated that the British could more easily hold the cities; but that they would have trouble subduing the countryside. It was the first great American victory and encouraged the French to give formal recognition to the independent colonies and to provide aid. The French fleet arrived in July of 1778, and the French declared war against Britain. By June 1779, Spain declared war on Britain but did not join the war in the American colonies.

Battle of Bull Run, The First—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: It showed both sides that this war going to be more dangerous and difficult than expected.

Roaring Twenties

So-called because of the exuberant, freewheeling popular culture of the decade. a time when many people defied Prohibition, indulged in new styles of dancing and dressing, and rejected many traditional moral standards. Included American expatriate movement in France mostly made up of artists and authors.

Independent Candidate

Someone running for political office who has no party affiliation and chooses to run outside of the Democratic, Republican, or any third party. They get on the ballot by petition. Examples of this include Ross Perot in his 1992 presidential campaign and John B. Anderson in his 1980 campaign. Rarely do they garner any electoral votes.

Battle of Fort Sumter

Soon after his inauguration, President Lincoln learned that supplies for federal troops at ____, which was located in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina, were running out. Sending more supplies could provoke war. After alerting the CSA, Lincoln sent unarmed supply ships to _____. In response, on April 12, 1861, the Confederacy attacked _____, which surrendered two days later. This was the start of the Civil War.

Immigration of Irish to US

The 1840s saw a dramatic increase in _____ due to the ___2__ potato famine. Mostly poor and uneducated, the __2__ immigrants settled in northeastern cities to work as laborers or domestics, which was preferable to famine and anti-Catholic persecution by the ruling Protestants in Great Britain. Americans were afraid the new arrivals would take their jobs for lower pay. Those who opposed ___1___ became known as nativists, and nativist politics soared in popularity. ^^ Most cities lacked adequate sewer systems, police, and fire departments, and enough housing for a population boom. Recent arrivals tended to live in crowded tenement apartment buildings, where disease spread easily. ^^ The Five Points neighborhood of New York City included African Americans, Anglo, Italian, Irish, and Jewish cultures; it encapsulated the melting-pot phenomenon in the US.

Navigation Act of 1651

The long title is "An Act for increase of Shipping, and Encouragement of the Navigation of this Nation; it was passed by the Rump Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell. It authorized the Commonwealth to regulate England's international trade, as well as the trade with its colonies. It reinforced long-standing principles of national policy that English trade and fisheries should be carried in English vessels. These rules specifically targeted the Dutch, who controlled much of Europe's international trade and even much of England's coastal shipping.

Half-Breeds

The most salient issue of national politics in the early 1880s was civil service reform. Republicans split into three factions over this issue. The _____ faction SUPPORTED SOME BUT NOT ALL civil service reforms and merit appointments to government. They combined with the reforming group to nominate James A. Garfield for president in 1880. Those who opposed reforms supported Ulysses S. Grant for a third term. Garfield chose Chester Arthur as his VP candidate to gain the support of the Grant faction. Garfield was elected but subsequently assassinated by a man who had lost his civil service job after the change in administrations. Congress passed the Pendleton Act in 1883, which established a category of civil service jobs that were to be filled by competitive examinations.

Freedom of Speech

The term for the belief that Congress may not pass a law that prevents citizens from expressing their opinions, either verbally, in writing, artistically, or symbolically. The Supreme Court has placed some limits on _____ when it is intended to incite violence, used to intentionally slander or libel, includes child pornography, solicits others to commit crimes, and when it poses a threat to others. ^^ Content neutrality means the government can't censor or restrict expression just because some segment of the population finds the content offensive. ^^ The Supreme Court ruled in favor of students' right to wear armbands as a form of ______ in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District. The case set the standard for _____ in schools. However, First Amendment rights typically don't apply in private schools. ^^ The ancient Greeks pioneered _____ as a democratic principle. The ancient Greek word "parrhesia" means "______," or "to speak candidly." The term first appeared in Greek literature around the end of the fifth century B.C.

Women's suffrage

The western US was early in offering _____ while many of the eastern states did not until the 19th Amendment was passed while the mid-west was split.

Wyandot

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in southern Ohio.

Chinook

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in the Northwest Pacific Coast.

Non-Importation Act of 1806

This law was a US attempt to affirm neutral rights for American trade during the Napoleonic Wars. The law was aimed at Britain, since Britain had secured control of the seas with its navy after the Battle of Trafalgar. Adopted by Congress, it excluded from the US a limited variety of British manufactured goods, but the operation of the law was delayed for a year pending negotiations for a settlement. This law was followed by other measures to keep the US neutral in this European conflict.

Woolens Act of 1699

This legislation forbade exporting certain goods that competed with English products and prevented any American colony from exporting ______, or ______ products "to any place whatsoever." Colonial interests were subordinated to those of the mother country.

Hopewell

100 BCE to 500 CE; Pre-Columbian Native American farmers and traders who lived during the Middle Woodland period. Native American culture developed that spread throughout the Midwest (then known as the Eastern Woodland); it doesn't refer to a specific tribe; instead, the designation refers to an artifactually-observed culture and way of life that seems to have developed simultaneously across the great Midwest with its cultural epicenter in Ohio. Tribes tended to reside near major waterways and abundantly resourced rivers to support their agricultural lifestyle and expand the complex trading system they were cultivating. Settlements were generally smaller in size and temporary, with only a few rectangular homes with thatched roofs and daub walls. Techniques included: hunting and gathering and farming, with a strong focus on agricultural settlement. These societies emphasized planting indigenous seeds that were abundant in the fertile regions where villages were settled. Some of the major plants include: sunflower, squash, and maygrass. The switch from a concentration on hunting to that of agriculture represented the official birth of mass farming within the American Indian network.

Carter Doctrine

US declaration, following the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, that the US would use any means necessary to defend its vial interests in the Persian Gulf Region. The "vital interests" were interpreted to mean oil, and "any means necessary" interpreted to mean that the US would go to war with the Soviet Union if oil supplies were threatened.

Raleigh Tavern

When the House of Burgesses protested the Townshend Acts in 1769 and Governor Botetourt dissolved the chamber for its disrespect, bolder members reconvened at the ________. There they formed a nonimportation association, agreeing to suspend the purchase of various goods from British merchants. It might have been called a boycott, but the word would not be invented for another 111 years. ^^ Meeting at the suggestion of burgess Richard Henry Lee in a private room at the ______ in 1773, a group that included lawmakers Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, Francis Lightfoot Lee, and Dabney Carr planned the introduction of a resolution to create a standing Committee of Correspondence. The committee participated in the circulation of letters and other communications among the legislatures of the restive colonies - an important step toward Continental unity. ^^ The very next year, on May 27, Governor Dunmore dissolved the House of Burgesses again for objecting to the closing of the Port of Boston after its Tea Party, and 89 burgesses reassembled at the ______ to form another nonimportation association. George Mason drafted the association agreement, and George Washington introduced it.

19th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex. ^^ Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation."

US Constitution—Article I, Section 04 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the places of chusing Senators. ^^ The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be [on the first Monday in December,]amd unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day."

US Constitution—Article III, Section 03 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. ^^ The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted."

QUOTE from Farewell Address of George Washington

Who made this/these statements: "There is an opinion that parties in free countries are useful checks upon the administration of the government and serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This within certain limits is probably true, and in governments of a monarchical cast patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those of the popular character, in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged." ^^ "The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible."

Election of 1996

William J. Clinton was re-elected president; Albert Gore, Jr. was his VP. ^^ Clinton won the election, making him the first Democratic president since FDR to be elected to the office twice.

Great Compromise

aka Connecticut ____2____; 1787 bargain proposed by Roger Sherman of Connecticut at the Constitutional Convention in which states would have (1) equal representation in one house of the legislature, the House of Representatives; and (2) representation based on population in the other house, the Senate. Combined pieces of other proposals. Included the proposal which counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for purposes of apportioning representation and called for direct taxation on the states.

Mexican American War

1846-1848. armed conflict in which the US acquired one half of the ___1___ territory. In April 1846, the ___1___s attacked General Zachary Taylor's troops north of the Rio Grande River, and Polk declared that they had attacked ___2____s on "___2____ soil." Congress declared war. President James Polk's plan for the conflict was to push the ___1___ army out of Texas, take New Mexico and California, and then march on __1___ City. John C. Fremont (US) won attacks on land and at sea in and near California. General Stephen Kearny occupied New Mexico and continued on to California, where the Bear Flag Revolt was under way. Zachary Taylor defeated large forces in ___1___. ___1___ refused to negotiate. President Polk ordered forces led by General Winfield Scott into ___1___ City, where they took control. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in February 1848 ended the war, giving the US land originally sought by Slidell (New ___1___, Arizona, California, Texas, and parts of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada), for which the US paid $15M and promised to protect those ___1___ns who would now be living in the US. Border was set at Rio Grande River. Raised questions of slavery in the new territory. The US called the territory the "___1___ Cession."

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848, this agreement ended the Mexican American War. For $15 Million the US acquired Texas territory north of the Rio Grande, New Mexico, and California. US territory increased by 1/3.

Free Soil

1848-54; a minor but influential political party in the pre-Civil War period of American history that opposed the extension of slavery into the western territories. An anti-slavery idea that was less opposed to the institution of slavery than it was to the extension of slavery into the US' Western territories. Supporters wanted land to be available for white people to settle and to become financially independent without competition from slavery. ^^ Fearful of expanding slave power within the national government, Representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvania in 1846 introduced into Congress his famous Wilmot Proviso, calling for the prohibition of slavery in the vast southwestern lands that had been newly acquired from Mexico. He proposed that there should be "no slavery or involuntary servitude in any territory acquired from Mexico." The Wilmot concept, which failed in Congress, was a direct ideological antecedent to the ______ Party. ^^ Disappointed by the ambivalent position of the Whig Party toward slavery, "Conscience" Whigs held a convention in August 1848 at Buffalo, N.Y. There they were joined by delegates from 17 states drawn from the Liberty Party and the antislavery faction of the New York Democrats, known as "Barnburners.". The _________'s historic slogan attracted small farmers, debtors, village merchants, and household and mill workers, who resented the prospect of black-labor competition—whether slave or free—in the territories. Some members of this group were not ardent believers in the equality of the races, but some members, like Frederick Douglass, were. Opposed extension of slavery into new territories, supported national improvement programs, and promoted small tariffs to help raise revenue. ^^ In 1848 ________ nominated the former US president Martin Van Buren to head its ticket. Though the party polled only 10 percent of the popular vote in the presidential election that year, it weakened the regular Democratic candidate in New York and contributed to the election of the Whig candidate General Zachary Taylor as president. The __________ vote was reduced to 5 percent in 1852, when John P. Hale was the presidential nominee. Nevertheless, a dozen _______ congressmen later held the balance of power in the House of Representatives, thus wielding considerable influence. In addition, the party was well represented in several state legislatures. In 1854 the disorganized remnants of the party were absorbed into the newly formed Republican Party, which carried the _________ idea of opposing the expansion of slavery one step further by condemning slavery as a moral evil as well.

Mexican Cession

1848; Arguments existed about slavery in the newly acquired ________, which included present-day California, Nevada, and Utah, along with parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming. States-righters believed that the territory was the property of all states and that the federal government had no right to prohibit property ownership in territories. Many anti-slavery and federal government supporters contended that Congress had the power to make laws for the territories. Argument in favor of federal power was based on the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and the Missouri Compromise of 1820.

Seneca Falls Convention

1848; a meeting organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women. They wanted to publicize and remedy the second-class status of women. Over 300 attendees. A series of declarations was passed. The issue of female suffrage met serious opposition until a speech by Frederick Douglass convinced the delegates to pass a declaration demanding it. The declaration stated: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal... The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpation on the part of man toward woman, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her. Resolved, that woman is man's equal, was intended to be so by the Creator, and the highest good of the race demands that she should be recognized as such."

Presidency 12 of Zachary Taylor

1849-1850; 12th President; His VP was Millard Fillmore. At the time he became President, _________ was the most popular man in America, a hero of the Mexican-American War. However, at a time when Americans were confronting the explosive issue of slavery, he was probably not the right man for the job. He was a wealthy slave owner who held properties in the plantation states of Louisiana, Kentucky, and Mississippi. During his brief time in office—he died only sixteen months after his election—his presidency foundered over the question of whether the national government should permit the spread of slavery to the present-day states of California, New Mexico, and Utah, then newly won from Mexico. His sudden death put Vice President Millard Fillmore into the White House, and Fillmore promptly threw his support behind the Compromise of 1850, canceling out much of the impact of _____'s presidency. ____'s "outsider" philosophy kept him out of touch with Congress. ^^ He never addressed the legislature with a clear policy statement, nor did he use his influence to direct legislation—except on the matter of statehood for California and New Mexico. He thought that the President's role should be limited to vetoing unconstitutional legislation and that otherwise he should give in to Congress on matters of domestic concern. What he said about federal economic policy in his only annual message to Congress was utterly ignored due to preoccupation with the territorial issue. In foreign policy, his treaty with England on Central America, the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, is recognized as an important step in scaling down the nation's commitment to Manifest Destiny as a policy. Yet many of his political contemporaries thought that it went too far in respecting England's claim to power in the Americas. ^^ Overall, ______ was something of an anomaly. He was a slave owner who wanted to ban the expansion of slavery into the western territories that had been acquired from Mexico. He was the triumphant military conqueror of Mexico who saw little need for Manifest Destiny as a foreign policy. He was an army general who shied away from war as an instrument of state. He was a stern military commander who avoided decisive actions as President. The one thing about him that is clear is that he was committed to preserving the Union even if it meant using force against the secessionists. ^^ It is interesting to speculate what might have happened had _____ lived and been elected to a second term. On the political front, _____, at the time of his death, was under severe pressure from Whigs to replace his unpopular cabinet, and had he done so, it might have improved relations with the congressional wing of the Whig Party. More importantly, had he lived, there might not have been a Compromise of 1850 or even the Civil War. Because the South was still too disunited in 1850 to form a viable secession movement, _____'s unflinching support (had he lived) for the immediate statehood of the western territories might have changed the course of history. He had surprised many when he stamped out Santa Anna at the Battle of Buena Vista. The question remains: If _______ had survived, would he have been able to stamp out the most burning issue that faced the nation in 1850—the expansion of slavery westward? ^^ On the 4th of July, 1850, ____ attended ceremonies when the cornerstone was laid at the Washington Monument. It was a hot day, and the 65-year-old President took ill and never recovered. Five days later he died, just 16 months into his term. ^^ 1849: Number of states: 30 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: None ^^ 1849 Population: 22,631,000; (1850 census: 23,192,000)

Department of Commerce

founded in 1913; it promotes the nation's international trade, economic development, and technological advancement. Includes: Bureau of Census; Economic Development Administration; Patent and Trademark Office. The Secretary of ______ is confirmed in the Senate by: Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee.

Prohibition

1919; term for the temperance movement which successfully implemented the 18th Amendment which was proposed 12/18/1917 and ratified 1/16/1919. It legislated the _____ of the manufacture, sale, transportation, import or export of intoxicating beverages within the US and all the territories falling under its jurisdiction. ^^ Temperance began to grow in the early 1800s. Carry Nation, a member of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, used rocks, hammers, and hatchets to destroy liquor stores and saloons. Volstead Act defined alcoholic beverages and imposed criminal penalties for violations of the Eighteenth Amendment. It led to bootlegging (illegal production or distribution of intoxicating beverages), corruption of government officials, and speakeasies (secret bars operated by bootleggers). Al Capone was one of the most famous bootlegging gangsters. In 1933, the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed __________, was ratified.

Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States

1935 Supreme Court case; ^^ Background: By 1933, the nation was mired in the Great Depression. As part of their efforts to combat this economic slump, Congress passed the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) in June of that year. Section 3 of the act allowed the president to set or approve "codes of fair competition." These codes regulated employment, wages, and other business practices within individual industries. The act also made a company's violation of its industry's code a criminal offense in certain cases, such as when the company was involved in interstate or international commerce. One such code became known as the "Live Poultry Code." This code regulated the sale of poultry, such as chickens and turkeys. President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved the code on April 13, 1934. The ___1___ was charged with 60 counts related to violations of the Live Poultry Code. These counts included violations of rules governing wages earned and hours worked by employees as well as rules governing the sale of chickens. ___1___ bought, slaughtered, and then resold poultry to butchers and other retailers in New York. Although ___1___ sold their product to local, in-state customers, they regularly obtained their stock from dealers, whose supply came largely from other states. Of the original 60 counts, 27 were dismissed by a lower court, and ___1___ was acquitted of 14. ___1___ was convicted on the remaining counts, including 18 violations of the Live Poultry Code and an additional count of conspiracy to commit the violations. Two of the counts were reversed by the Circuit Court of Appeals. However, the remaining 16—for a range of violations—and the conspiracy count were upheld. ___1___ then appealed to the Supreme Court. ^^ Constitutional Issue: Section 1 of Article 1 of the Constitution states that only Congress has the power to make national laws. With Section 3 of NIRA, Congress had effectively given the ability to make laws to the president. The Supreme Court had to decide whether Congress had violated the Constitution by authorizing Section 3 of the NIRA. ^^ Decision: The Court voted unanimously to reverse ___1___'s convictions. This decision effectively dismissed the NIRA's constitutionality. Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes wrote the Court's opinion. The federal government reasoned that the economic crisis of the Great Depression made it necessary for Congress to give the president extra powers. The Court rejected this reasoning. "Extraordinary conditions do not create or enlarge constitutional power," Hughes wrote. He also cited the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, which states "the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." Powers not given to Congress belonged to state legislatures, not to the executive branch. Justice Hughes wrote that Congress had improperly given the president legislative powers. He cited Article I, Section 8, paragraph 18, stating, "Congress is authorized 'To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution' its general powers." This means that Congress may make laws to help it exercise the powers given to it by the Constitution. Further, the Court asserted, "the Congress is not permitted to abdicate or to transfer to others the essential legislative functions with which it is thus vested." While Congress was allowed to make laws regulating industry, it was not allowed to authorize the president to do so. ^^ Results:

Delaware Colony

1st colony; colony founded in 1648; Dutch patroons established the first settlement in this colony; that settlement was destroyed by Native American attacks. Area claimed by the English as early as 1497, later named for the governor of Virginia from 1610-1618 and considered part of the Virginia colony. However, Finnish and Swedish emigrants also settled there in the 1630s-1640s. The Dutch West India Company and Dutchmen, including Peter Minuit, began to trade and settle here during the mid-to-late 1630s. The Dutch forcibly incorporated the area into the New Netherland colony in 1655. In 1664, James, Duke of York, ousted the Dutch from the area and took proprietary authority over it. English ownership starting in 1674; granted to William Penn in 1682, but disputed, which ultimately lasted until the eve of the American Revolution. The legal battles over boundaries resulted in the Mason-Dixon line. In 1776, it adopted its first constitution. It was also the first state to ratify the US Constitution. The oldest African American church in the US was founded here by former slave Peter Spencer in 1813 as the "Union Church of Africans," now called the AUMP Church. Slavery was a divisive issue for decades prior to the Civil War. During the war, it was a slave state that remained in the Union (they voted not to secede on Jan 3, 1861).

tenant farmers

After the Civil War, the majority of freed people found work in the South as ______________.

Erie Canal

An historic waterway of the United States, connecting the Great Lakes with New York City via the Hudson River at Albany. Taking advantage of the Mohawk River gap in the Appalachian Mountains, the _____, 363 miles (584 km) long, was the first built in the United States to connect western waterways with the Atlantic Ocean. Construction began in 1817 and was completed in 1825. Its success propelled New York City into a major commercial centre and encouraged __2__ construction throughout the United States. In addition, construction of the __2__ served as a training ground for many of the engineers who built other American __2__ in the ensuing decades.

Expansionary Fiscal Policy

An increase in government purchases of goods and services, a decrease in net taxes, or some combination of the two for increasing aggregate demand and expanding real output. Federal Reserve system actions to increase the money supply, lower interest rates, and expand real GDP; an easy money policy.

Elastic Clause

Article I, Section 8 of the US Constitution grants the federal government the power to make all laws "which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers," and has been called the "__________." The ________ can be seen as conflicting with the Tenth Amendment, which restricts the federal government to those powers delegated to it by the Constitution and gives all other powers to the states, or the people. The conflict between these two ideas is the determination of which group, the federal government or the states and their people, has the right to exercise powers that have not been expressly delegated to the central government. ^^ For example, there is nothing in the Constitution that creates the Federal Reserve System, which is the central bank of the US. Neither is there any mention of a Cabinet for the executive branch. The federal district courts and the courts of appeals were both created by Congress but not specifically mentioned in the Constitution.

Reconstruction in 1876

At this time there are 3,000 troops in the South. In November, _____, Samuel Tilden, the Democratic presidential nominee, wins a narrow majority of the popular vote against Rutherford Hayes, the Republican nominee. The electoral voted in three states- South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana are disputed. They are the only Southern states left with federal troops stationed there under Reconstruction policy. A bipartisan electoral commission is appointed by Congress to settle the controversy. On a party-line vote, it gives all the disputed electoral votes to Hayes, making him president. After his inauguration, President Hayes removed the final federal troops from the three states.

Election of 2008

Barack Obama was elected president; Joseph Biden was his VP.

Election of 2012

Barack Obama was re-elected president; Joseph Biden was his VP.

Civil War Union Victories in Pennsylvania

Battle of Gettysburg.

Amistad

Captured Africans being brought into slavery revolt on this slave ship. They spend the following year in jail but are freed in 1841.

US Civil War—CAUSES of

Causes of this event included: ^^ Social and economic differences: social hierarchy and slave-based agriculture vs. industry and abolition. ^^ States vs. Federal Rights.

Legislative Oversight

Congress' monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings. Senate confirms all presidential appointees to the bureaucracy. Congress must authorize agencies to spend money. Congress must also appropriate (fund) all government agencies and programs. In some cases, congress may use committee clearance - the ability of a committee to review and approve decisions of agencies. Congress may hold committee hearings to hold agencies responsible, congress may also launch investigations of the bureaucracy. Congress can punish agencies by cutting their funding.

Population Trends in late 20th century US

Describe the period in which these population trends existed:

Population Trends in late 17th century US

Describe the period in which these population trends existed: At the beginning of this period, a major source of labor was indentured servants. During this period, perpetual and hereditary servitude (slavery) had become well established.

Election of 1808

Despite the increased popularity of the Federalists, James Madison, a (Democratic) Republican and Jefferson's secretary of state, won the presidency. His VPs were George Clinton and Elbridge Gerry.

North American colonial characteristics

Distinguished by: common history from a shared English background; perception of cheap and available land; emerging middle class with lack of aristocracy; power for land owners from voting rights; social mobility for white males; tolerance of religious differences; shared enemies—Native Americans, French, and Spanish.

Election of 2016

Donald Trump was elected president; Michael Pence was his VP. ^^

Arid China

In a climatic division of __2__ along the 20 ° isohyet, ____ lies to the west of the line. It characterizes more than 50% of __2__'s territory but accommodates less than 10% of the population.

Intolerable Acts

In response to Boston Tea Party, 4 laws passed in 1774: Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses. Name given by colonists to the Quebec Act (1774) and to a series of acts by the British in response to the Boston Tea Party. Closed the Port of Boston to all trade until citizens paid for the lost tea. Increased the power of Massachusetts' Royal governor at the expense of the legislature. Allowed Royal officials accused of crimes in Massachusetts to be tried elsewhere. The acts took away self-governance and historic rights of Massachusetts, triggering outrage and resistance in the Thirteen Colonies. They were key developments in the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in 1775. The charter of Massachusetts was suspended, and Boston Harbor was closed. The other colonies were not directly affected by these acts. Four of the acts were issued in direct response to the Boston Tea Party of December 16, 1773. The British Parliament hoped these punitive measures would, by making an example of Massachusetts, reverse the trend of colonial resistance to parliamentary authority that had begun with the 1764 Sugar Act.

US Political Parties in early 19th century

In which period did this political party activity occur: ^^ Key Moment: Disagreement over John Q. Adams's defeat of Andrew Jackson. ^^ Parties: Democratic-Republicans and the Whig Party, which was a combination of those who opposed President Jackson's policies and those who had supported John Q. Adams. ^^ Evolutionary Point: After the death of Whig President William Henry Harrison, parties focused more on issues of sectional unrest.

Reconstruction in 1874

In, _____, Democrats win control of both houses of Congress for the first time since before the Civil War. Redeemer governments win control in Arkansas and Alabama.

US Constitution—Article I, Section 07

Name the article of the US Constitution that established the Legislative Branch of the federal government, and the section that describes revenue bills and the president's veto. ^^ A proposed law is known as a bill. The President can veto a bill by sending it back to the house where it was introduced. Congress can override the President's veto is each house of Congress passes the bill again by a 2/3's vote.

Virginia, Maryland, Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia

Names of the Southern colonies

XYZ Affair

President John Adams sent a delegation in 1797 to meet Minister Talleyrand of France to negotiate a peace with France. Upon the Americans' arrival, the French demanded a payment of $250,000 for the right to speak with Talleyrand; this became known as ______ and infuriated US citizens, who called for war with France. With that in mind, Congress established the Navy Department and expanded the tiny navy of the US. The US Marine Corps was established, and Congress authorized the raising of an army of 10,000 men.

Mexican American War—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 ended the war, giving the US land originally sought by Slidell (New Mexico, Arizona, California, Texas, and parts of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada), for which the US paid $15M. Border was set at Rio Grande River. Raised questions of slavery in the new territory. The US called the territory the "__1___ Cession." ^^ Henry David Thoreau and a young Whig, Abraham Lincoln, opposed the war.

Hawaii

Republic founded in 1894. American sugar planters worked in ________and expanded the American sugar trade. The queen opposed foreigners, which alienated Americans. Revolution against the queen occurred in 1893 with the encouragement of American leaders. Feeling that most residents did not support this revolution, Grover Cleveland unsuccessfully attempted to restore the queen. Sandford Dole, son of American missionaries in _______, shepherded the process of annexing. Dole became ______'s first governor when the US annexed it on July 7, 1898.

Forty Niners

The men who "rushed" to California after the discovery of gold were called _____. Over 80,000 prospectors rushed to San Francisco. The increased population led to California joining the Union as a free state. Connected to the idea of Manifest Destiny. ______ caused California's population to explode from just 8,000 non-Indian inhabitants in 1848 to 300,000 by 1855. California became a state in 1850. The influx of miners made California the most ethnically diverse state in the Union.

Atlantic Coastal Plain and Gulf Coastal Plain

These are the main physical (terrain) characteristics of the Southeast section of the US.

Southern colonies' characteristics

These colonies were distinguished by: Plantations growing cash crops because of the favorable climate and abundant land; almost no manufacturing or other business; 50-acre headrights paid to settlers; less urban development; Tidewater aristocracy of planters; dependence on slavery; population imbalance from slavery led to strict slave codes; elected representative assemblies, which were often bicameral.

Labor in the Southern US in 1850

These labor conditions existed in which part of the US during which period: ^^

15th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. ^^ The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation."

Vietnam War

after end of WWII, France attempted to reestablish its former colonial rule in Vietnam, only to be defeated. The US took over the French role and attempted to oust the communist government led by Ho Chi Minh in the north, only to meet defeat in 1975.

New York Realists

early 1900s; aka Ashcan School; Name applied to a group of American artists who focused on subjects of everyday life; titles such as The Wrestlers and Sixth Avenue. Members included George Luks, George Bellows, John Sloan, Robert Henri, Everett Shinn, and Arthur B. Davies.

Mound-builders

dating roughly 3500 BCE to 1600 CE; collective term for inhabitants of North America who constructed earthen works for religious, ceremonial, burial, and elite residential purposes. These included the pre-Columbian cultures of the Archaic period, Woodland period (Adena and Hopewell cultures), and Mississippian period; located in regions of the Great Lakes, the Ohio River Valley, and the Mississippi River valley and its tributaries. Their constructions look somewhat like Mesoamerican pyramids. Cahokia was the largest settlement/religious site.

Muckrakers

1900-1912; American journalists, novelists, and critics who exposed corruption, especially in business and politics. President Theodore Roosevelt is said to have given them their name. Famous ________s included Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, Frank Norris, and Samuel Hopkins Adams. Led to increased support for the progressive movement.

Insular Cases

1901-1904; A series of court held to determine if the "Constitution followed the flag." At stake was whether people in areas controlled by the US were given rights as citizens. The court determined that those living in new territories were not automatically granted the rights of US citizens.

Give me Liberty or Give Me Death Speech by Patrick Henry at the Second Virginia Convention on March 23, 1775 in Richmond, Virginia.

"....There is no longer any room for hope. If we wish to be free—if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for which we have been so long contending—if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged, and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained—we must fight! I repeat it, sir, we must fight!... ^^ ....There is no retreat but in submission and slavery! Our chains are forged! Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston! The war is inevitable—and let it come! I repeat it, sir, let it come.... ^^ Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace—but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have?...."

Gettysburg Address

11/19/1863: "The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."

Progressivism

1890-1914; Social, political, and economic reform that came as an American response to problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, and immigration. Democratic reforms were made throughout states and the national government. Reforms led to the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Nineteenth Amendments.

Second Continental Congress

1775-1781; it became, in effect, the unified government for the Revolution, with most power remaining with the states. In May 1775, with Redcoats once again storming Boston, the ______ convened in Philadelphia. John Hancock presided over delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting in the spring of 1775 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The group was torn between declaring independence and remaining under British power. Moderates forced the adoption of the Olive Branch Petition, a letter to King George III appealing one final time for a resolution to all disputes; the king refused to receive it. Lord North's Conciliatory Resolution failed to achieve a compromise. Parliament declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion. ^^ First and foremost, how would the colonists meet the military threat of the British. It was agreed that a CONTINENTAL ARMY would be created. The Congress commissioned George Washington of Virginia to be the supreme commander, who chose to serve without pay. How would supplies be paid for? The Congress authorized the printing of money. Before the leaves had turned, Congress had even appointed a standing committee to conduct relations with foreign governments, should the need ever arise to ask for help. No longer was the Congress dealing with mere grievances. It was a full-fledged governing body. ^^ It sent George Washington to command the army around Boston. American ports were opened in defiance of the Navigation Acts. It managed the Colonial war effort and moved incrementally towards independence. It eventually adopted the Lee Resolution which established the new country on July 2, 1776, and it agreed to the US Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. It acted as the de facto national government of the US by raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties. ^^ Still, in May of 1775 the majority of delegates were not seeking independence from Britain. Only radicals like John Adams were of this mindset. In fact, that July Congress approved the OLIVE BRANCH PETITION, a direct appeal to the king. The American delegates pleaded with George III to attempt peaceful resolution and declared their loyalty to the Crown. The King refused to receive this petition and instead declared the colonies to be in a state of rebellion in August. Insult turned to injury when George ordered the hiring of HESSIAN mercenaries to bring the colonists under control. Americans now felt less and less like their English brethren. How could their fellow citizens order a band of ruthless, foreign goons? The moderate voice in the Continental Congress was dealt a serious blow. ^^ As the seasons changed and hostilities continued, cries for independence grew stronger. The men in Philadelphia were now wanted for treason. They continued to govern and hope against hope that all would end well. For them, the summer of 1776 brought the point of no return — a formal declaration of independence.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court case; A black man refused to leave a railroad car restricted only to whites. The Supreme Court upheld the Louisiana state law that allowed "separate but equal" segregated public and private facilities. ^^ Background: In 1890 Louisiana passed a law ordering railroads in the state to "provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races. Violations of the law carried a fine of $25 or 20 days in jail. Railway personnel were responsible for assigning seats according to race. On June 7, 1892, Homer A. __1__, who was one-eighth African American, decided to test the law's validity by sitting in the white section of a train going from New Orleans to Covington, Louisiana. When a conductor ordered __1__ to give up his seat, he refused. He was then arrested and imprisoned in a New Orleans jail. He was tried by a New Orleans court and found guilty of having violated the Louisiana law described above. He appealed to the Louisiana Supreme Court, which found the law valid. __1__ then appealed to the United States Supreme Court, claiming his conviction and the Louisiana railroad law were unconstitutional because they violated the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments. ^^ Constitutional Issue: In the Reconstruction period after the Civil War, although slavery had been abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment, African Americans lived in a segregated society, especially in the South. The Fourteenth Amendment banned the deprivation of life, liberty, or property without "due process of law." Yet laws were passed in southern states that required segregated schools, theaters, parks, buses, and railroad trains. The __1__ case challenged the constitutionality of these so-called Jim Crow practices. Homer A. __1__ challenged the constitutionality of segregation laws in Louisiana. He based his appeal on the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery, and the Fourteenth Amendment, which prohibited the states from denying "the equal protection of the law" to any person. ^^ Decision: A majority of the Court denied __1__'s appeal and upheld the practice of segregation as required by the Louisiana law. Justice Henry Brown wrote the majority opinion. First, the ruling brushed aside the relevance to the case of the Thirteenth Amendment. Brown wrote that "a legal distinction between white and colored races...has no tendency to destroy the legal equality of the two races." The rest of the Court's opinion, however, dealt with the applicability of the Fourteenth Amendment. Brown concluded that this amendment aimed strictly "to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law," but that it "could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based on color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political, equality . . . ." Laws requiring segregation "do not necessarily imply the inferiority of either race to the other . . . ."The majority noted that this was the "underlying fallacy" of __1__'s case. Just as valid under the Fourteenth Amendment would be a similar law enacted by an African American-controlled legislature with respect to whites or other races. The Court ruled, then, that the matter ultimately depended on whether Louisiana's law was "reasonable." Segregation laws "have been generally, if not universally, recognized as within the competency of the state legislatures in the exercise of their police powers." In such matters, a legislature is free to take into account "established usages, customs, and traditions of the people," as well as "the preservation of public peace and good order." Finally, the Court rejected the notion that "social prejudices may be overcome by legislation." Brown maintained, "If the civil and political rights of both races be equal, one cannot be inferior to the other civilly or politically. If one race be inferior to the other socially, the Constitution of the United States cannot put them on the same plane." The Court, in effect, enunciated a doctrine that came to be called the separate-but-equal principle. If African Americans saw this as "a badge of inferiority," it was solely "because the colored race chooses to put that construction upon it." ^^ Dissent: Justice John Marshall Harlan entered a vigorous dissent from the majority's decision. He "regretted that this high tribunal . . . has reached the conclusion that it is competent for a state to regulate the enjoyment by citizens of their rights solely upon the basis of race." He saw segregation on racial lines as "a badge of servitude wholly inconsistent with the civil freedom and equality before the law established by the Constitution . . . . The thin disguise of 'equal' accommodations for passengers in railroad coaches will not mislead anyone, nor atone for the wrong this day done." Harlan saw the Constitution as "color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens." ^^ Results: The majority stated that the Fourteenth Amendment protected only political equality and not social equality. Justice Harlan's dissent argued that "... all citizens are equal before the law," laying the foundation for Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, which would overturn "separate but equal." The separate-but-equal principle was finally overturned in a series of civil rights decisions of the Court in the 1950s, most notably in Brown v. Board of Education.

Presidency 04 of James Madison

4th President; 1809-1817. VP (1) was George Clinton; VP (2) was Elbridge Gerry. _____ was a Republican president in a Federalist-controlled Congress. He faced pressure from "War Hawks" like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun to get involved in the Napoleonic Wars and end the damaging 1807 embargo. Westerners blamed the British for promoting new attacks by Indians on the frontier. _____ pushed two acts through Congress attempting to "bribe" Britain or France to stop interfering with US trade. In 1811, Napoleon "agreed" to the terms and also released American servicemen being held. Thereafter, non-intercourse was again applied to Britain. Extremists clamored for conquest ("On to Canada!"). No territorial gains would be likely from a war with France. _____ ultimately led the US into the War of 1812. In his war message of June 1, 1812, he stressed Britain's interference with neutral shipping, impressment of sailors, and provocation of Indian attacks. National pride and expansionism were not mentioned but were important factors. The vote for war was fairly close (79-49 in the House) and reflected sectional and political divisions. ^^ Commercial states of the North, which relied on trade with Britain, opposed the war (except Pennsylvania, where Jeffersonian political loyalty prevailed). Southern and Western states (reflecting both expansionism and party loyalty) generally voted in favor of war (40-9), even though the embargo had hurt many Western farmers. America was not prepared to fight a war. The British burned down Washington, DC and then retreated. ^^ The Battle of New Orleans made a hero of Andrew Jackson. ^^ _____ negotiated the Treaty of Ghent to end the war and restore the status quo, concluding the war in 1814. ^^ Although the War of 1812 was of little global importance, it had important effects at home. It affirmed American political and economic independence and gradually improved relations with Britain; US boundaries were set; spurred development of US industries; Britain and Spain left the US free to expand territory; new spirit of nationalism. The conflict affirmed American sovereignty and fixed its status as a commercial and military power. It resulted in increased American nationalism. It burnished the stars of future politicians Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison. The War Hawks did not get Canada, as they had hoped, but they were empowered to enact their agenda of territorial expansion, trade, and economic growth. President James Madison enjoyed tremendous popularity following the campaign. ^^ The New England states were transformed during the conflict, as their foundries and textile mills worked around the clock to meet the demand for both military and domestic goods. This hastened America's industrial revolution and redefined New England life and its economy for the next century. It created high foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco. Ultimately led to a depression in 1819 due to influx of British goods; the Bank of the US responded by tightening credit to slow inflation. ^^ New England Federalists were punished at the polls for the Hartford Convention during the conflict to discuss their grievances and seceding from the Union. The Convention was seen as unpatriotic, even treasonous and ruined the party. The biggest losers were the Native Americans. Within a generation, the tribes were virtually eliminated from their ancestral homelands. ^^ There was stirring nationalism in Canada in response to American invasion attempts. ^^ With Congressional approval, an American naval squadron punished North African Barbary Coast pirates who had resumed molesting American shipping during the conflict. Madison and the Republican Congress authorized a peacetime standing army. Previously, Republicans had been opposed to a standing army. ^^ Congressman Henry Clay began to promote "The American System": a protective tariff, a re-chartered national bank, and national financing of transportation systems. President Madison signed the charter of the Second Bank of the US, which was a reversal of Jeffersonian philosophy. The first steamboat traveled on the Mississippi River. It was a time of peace and prosperity. ^^ Many Jeffersonian Republicans (including John C. Calhoun of South Carolina) supported passage of the first protective tariff (1816). Infant American industry had accused Britain of dumping cheap goods on American markets after the war. Madison vetoed an internal improvements bill that would have financed local roads. ^^ 1809 Number of states: 17 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 2 ^^ 1809 Population: 7,031,000; (1810 census 7,240,000)

Political Action Committee (PAC)

A ____ is organized to raise and spend money to elect and defeat candidates for public office. It is not officially connected to a candidate or party but rather affiliated with corporations, labor unions, and public interest groups. A typical ____ has a specific legislative agenda and plays a significant role in congressional elections, contributing large amounts of money to candidates, and engaging in other election-related activities. An interest group will often form a ____. A ___ may contribute up to $5,000 per candidate per election. It can also give up to $15,000 annually to any national party committee and $5,000 annually to any other ____. It may receive upu to $5,000 from any one individual, ___, or party committee per calendar year.

Ex post facto law

A law applying to an act that occurred before the law was passed.

Navigation Acts

A series of English laws that restricted colonial trade to England. They were first enacted in 1651 and throughout that time until 1696 and were repealed in 1849. They reflected the policy of mercantilism, which sought to keep all the benefits of trade inside the Empire and to minimize the loss of gold and silver to foreigners. They prohibited the colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands, Spain, France, and their colonies. While enriching Britain, they caused resentment in the colonies and contributed to the American Revolution. They required all of a colony's imports to be either bought from Britain or resold by British merchants in Britain, no matter what price could be obtained elsewhere. It boosted the prosperity of New Englanders, who engaged in large-scale shipbuilding. It hurt the residents of the Chesapeake by driving down the price of tobacco. It transferred wealth from America to Britain by increasing prices Americans had to pay for British goods and lowering the prices Americans received for the goods they produced.

Second Amendment

A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.

Mecklenburg Declaration

A written declaration of independence from Great Britain signed by over 25 prominent members of ________ County in North Carolina on May 20, 1775, over a year before the Declaration of Independence.

Winnebago

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in northeastern Wisconsin.

New England Confederation

After the Pequot Indian attack in 1637, concerns over problems with Native Americans led to the establishment of the _____ in 1643. Its purpose was to establish a colonial defense, against not only Indians but also the Dutch and the French. This marked the first attempt at intercolonial cooperation.

Creek

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in southern Georgia.

John Trumbull, Charles Peale, Benjamin West, and John S. Copley

American colonial painters in the 1700s

Cherokee

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in the Southern Appalachian Mountains.

Federal Election Commission

An independent regulatory agency charged with administering and enforcing federal campaign finance law. It discloses campaign finance information, enforces provisions of the law such as the limits and prohibitions on contributions, and oversees the public funding of presidential elections. It is made up of six members, each of whom is appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. Each member serves a six-year term, and two seats are subject to appointment every two years. By law, no more than three members can be of the same political party, and at least four votes are required for any official action.

Sioux

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in the plains of western US.

Civil War Union Victories in Virginia

Battles of Wilderness and Appomattox.

Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington helped organize a school for African Americans in Alabama. The ______ emphasized industrial training to help African Americans gather wealth and become influential in society. ______ claimed that it was a mistake for African Americans to push for social equality before they had become economically equal.

Population Trends in early 19th century US

Describe the period in which these population trends existed: Labor shortage meant more opportunity for work. The influx of immigration included German skilled labor and Irish Catholics, who faced discrimination. Growing population in the West and in rural areas. Urbanization outgrew public services, leading to inadequate security and clean water for city dwellers. Race riots, religious riots, and street crime became part of city life.

Radical Republicans

Faction of the ____2____ Party that believed the Civil War was meant to stop slavery and emancipate all slaves. They believed Congress should control Reconstruction and not the president, and they rejected the reentry of Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana into the Union, despite their qualification under Lincoln's "10% Plan." They wanted the rebellious South to be dealt with in a harsher manner. Senators Ben Wade and Thad Stevens were among their members.

Choctaw

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in southern Mississippi, but the US government forced them to cede their lands and move to Oklahoma in 1830s.

Ottawa

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in southern Ontario and Michigan State.

Election of 1960

John F. Kennedy was elected president; Lyndon B. Johnson was his VP. ^^ Kennedy's poise during the presidential debates helped him win the election. Kennedy was the youngest man elected president and the first president born in the 20th century.

Ellis Island

Immigration processing center that open in New York Harbor in 1892.

Connecticut Colony

In 1662, _______ became a royal colony when smaller colonies along the _______ River merged. Chartered (corporate) colony established 1662, under the control of a joint-stock company. Thomas Hooker led a large group of Puritans from Massachusetts to settle in the ________ River Valley after they had slight religious disagreements with the leadership of Massachusetts Bay colony. In 1639, the colony formed a set of laws, known as the Fundamental Orders, for representative government. When the corporate colony was established and recognized by England, the charter was founded on the Fundamental Orders, which are an important example of the growth of political democracy.

English Bill of Rights

In 1689, William and Mary approved ______, which limited the powers of the monarchy and asserted parliamentary power.

Jordan, Barbara, and Andrew Young

In 1972, the first African Americans elected to Congress from the South since Reconstruction.

Expressed powers

In order to further guarantee the limits of the national government, the Constitution grants _____, aka enumerated ___2__. Most ____ are found in Article I, Section 8, where the Constitution gives authority to Congress in twenty-seven different areas, including taxation, printing money, making treaties and conducting foreign policy, regulating international and interstate commerce (trade), and declaring war. ^^ These are the areas of authority stated in the Constitution by its founders. Most of them are found in the first three articles of the Constitution.

Election of 1976

James E. Carter was elected president; Walter Mondale was his VP. ^^ As a political outsider, Jimmy Carter had unique appeal as a candidate; he seemed moral, sincere. "Let us learn together, and laugh together, and work together, and pray together, confident that in the end we will triumph together in the right." He was the first president from the Deep South in more than a century.

Great Salt

Largest lake in the western US.

Population, Economy, Government, and Slavery (PEGS)

List the broadly-defined main differences between the original colonies of the US.

Interchangeable Parts

Machine-made or standardized _____ that could be put together to make a product. They made possible mass production. Eli Whitney demonstrated to President John Adams in 1801 how a box of guns could be disassembled and reassembled randomly. Each ______ must be precision-made so that it will fit with any other precision-made _____. Before Whitney's invention, ______ were handcrafted with respect to each other to fashion a machine.

US Constitution—Article I, Section 10

Name the article of the US Constitution that established the Legislative Branch of the federal government, and the section that describes the powers denied to states. ^^ List includes: ^^ Making treaties ^^ declaring war ^^ Maintaining a standing army ^^ Printing money ^^ Ex Post Facto Law ^^ Import and Export Duties ^^ Titles of nobility ^^ Taxes on imports and exports

Border States

Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky remained loyal to the Union and were given this label.

Pueblos

Name for Native American farming communities along the Rio Grande River. They built interconnected apartment-like structures, but not in the sides of mountains. They are matrilineal and have strict community codes of behavior. They are the oldest continuously occupied towns in the US.

US Constitution—Article I, Section 05

Name the article of the US Constitution that established the Legislative Branch of the federal government, and the section that outlines legislative proceedings. A quorum of members must be present for business to be conducted. A member of Congress can only be forced out by a 2/3's vote. ^^ Neither house can stop meeting for more than three days without the of the other house. Both houses of Congress must meeting in the same city.

02nd Amendment

Proposed 9/25/1789; ratified 12/15/1791; Right to possess and bear arms.

English Royal Africa Company

Once the price of tobacco fell and indentured servants became too expensive, this group began importing slaves directly to North America in the late 1600s.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson, signed the ____ into law, a stronger version of what his predecessor, President Kennedy, had proposed the previous summer before his assassination in November 1963. The law authorized the federal government to prevent racial discrimination in employment, voting, and the use of public facilities. Although controversial, the legislation was a victory for the civil rights movement. ^^ The ____ was signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson just a few hours after House approval. It outlawed segregation in businesses such as theaters, restaurants, and hotels. It banned discriminatory practices in employment and ended segregation in public places such as swimming pools, libraries, and public schools.

06th Amendment

Proposed 9/25/1789; ratified 12/15/1791; Rights of accused in criminal prosecutions: rights to impartial jury trial, to confront opposing witnesses and to counsel (attorney); Guarantees fair and speedy jury trial and the rights to know the accusation, the accuser, and to find counsel and witnesses.

05th Amendment

Proposed 9/25/1789; ratified 12/15/1791; Rights of the accused: Grand Jury, Double Jeopardy, Self-Incrimination, Due Process; Prohibits trial for a crime except on indictment of a Grand Jury; prohibits double jeopardy, prohibits punishment without legal procedures and taking away of private property without adequate compensation.

Revolutionary War - RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: ^^ The US war debts were high ($77M) and continued to pile up. ^^ British troops remained encamped along the Western frontier. ^^ 865,000 square miles of territory made up the country. ^^ Lack of economic stability at home. ^^ Lack of recognition abroad. ^^

Political writers of the mid-1700s.

Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Paine

Maryland, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts

Settlers in these colonies were more highly motivated by religious issues than other colonies' settlers.

Governmental institutions

Since WWII, US citizens have become less trusting of this group.

Cheyenne

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in the Great Plains area east of the Rocky Mountains and west of the Mississippi River.

Black Belt

Term for the Lower South because of its dark, fertile soil. The Lower South produced $200M worth of cotton in 1859. Slave owners comprised one-fourth of the population.

Executive Orders

Term for the pronouncements of the President, which have the same effect as law and bypass Congress in policy making and are not mentioned in the Constitution. This is a part of presidential practice.

U-boat campaign of WWI

The Germans disregarded the military law concerning "prize rules" (also known as "cruiser rules") during the First World War following the British introduction of Q-ships with concealed deck guns. They waged this type of warfare intermittently between 1915 and 1918 against Britain and her allies. In the most dramatic episode they sank the British luxury liner RMS Lusitania in 1915 in a few minutes because it was carrying war munitions. The US demanded it stop, and Germany did so.

Free Exercise Clause

The section of the US Constitution that states that government may not interfere with an individual's right to practice his or her faith.

Bush v. Gore

The Supreme Court ruled that manual recounts of presidential ballots in the Nov. 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation standards in different counties violated the equal protection clause.

Market Revolution

The Transportation Revolution led to this because it spurred production of jobs, consumer goods, food, houses, and schools. Farmers needed to specialize to compete, and artisans had to compete with assembly line production.

Philippines

The annexation of ________ immediately led to a war against the insurrectionists who had already declared independence from Spain.

Great Depression

The economic crisis and period of low business activity and mass unemployment in the US and worldwide, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October 1929 (Black Tuesday) and continuing through most of the 1930s. Millions of workers were thrown out of work. At the same time, farmers on the Great Plains suffered a drought and tremendous dust storms, which became known as the Dust Bowl, and this worsened the effects of the _______. President Hoover was blamed for this, and rough tent cities were named Hoovervilles. FDR's New Deal mitigated some of the worst aspects of the __________. The effort to respond to WWII ended the __________.

New Deal

The historic period (1933-1940) in the US during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were social services implemented.

Navigation Act of 1696

The long title is "An Act for preventing frauds and regulating Abuses in the Plantation Trade," also called the Plantation Trade Act. It contained new restrictions on colonial trade and several different administrative provisions to strengthen enforcement. It required that all current governors and officers take an oath that all and every clause contained in the act "be punctually and bona fide observed according to the true intent and meaning." It gave colonial customs officers the same power and authority as customs officers in England: to board and search ships and warehouses, load and unload cargoes, and seize prohibited goods. It included several sections to tighten English control over the colonies generally.

Policy coalition

The most likely and most powerful is likely to include a federal agency, an interest group, and a congressional subcommittee.

COSMO - Cayuga-Onondaga-Seneca-Mohawk-Oneida

The names of the original five tribes of the Iroquois League. After spending most of their history fighting, in the 1500s the Five Nations banded together to form a powerful alliance called the Great Law of the Peace, which formed the Iroquois League. They had a Grand Council to settle disputes. In 1722, the Tuscarora people joined the league, and the group became the Six Nations.

Indentured Servitude

The system of temporary forced labor, where a person bound themselves to a master for fixed terms, in exchange for passage to America, food and shelter. This method of labor was one of the largest elements of colonial population in America.

Freedom of Religion

The term for the belief that Congress may not pass a law that interferes with an individual's right to practice his or her faith. In addition, it refers to the belief that Congress may not establish an official church of the US or give a particular faith or sect preferential treatment. This belief is founded on the idea of the separation of church and state.

Sauk (Sac)

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in Michigan and Wisconsin. Evidence shows that the Sauk and Fox Indian tribes were related and spoke the same language, but they were independent; the tribes combined to resist French assaults.

Potawatomie

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in Michigan.

Arapaho

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in Minnesota, North Dakota, Oklahoma; they migrated westward to Colorado, Wyoming, and Kansas after arrival of Europeans.

Cayuga

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in New York State.

US Industry in late 19th century

These conditions existed in which period of US industrial history: Industry mostly located in the North; industry's value surpassed agriculture; US technology exceeded Europe in such areas as rubber, coal power, mass production, and the telegraph. Cheap immigrant labor threatened the established workers' jobs.

Delaware

They were also known as Lenni Lenape or Lenape Indians. There were tribal groups of these Native Americans originally in mid-Atlantic area (New Jersey, Delaware, portions of New York and Pennsylvania); they relocated to Oklahoma.

Southern region of US

This area has a hot and humid climate in the summer and mild winters.

Council of Economic Advisers

This group is part of the executive office and helps advise the president on economic issues

National Unity Movement

This group nominated John Anderson for president in the election of 1980. It was assumed that Anderson, a moderate, would take votes away from both the Democratic nominee, President Carter, and the Republican nominee, Ronald Reagan. In the end, Anderson won 7 percent of the vote.

slavery

This type of labor spread rapidly in Virginia in the late seventeenth century; it flourished as the cultivation of tobacco (when the price was low due to high supply) was only profitable with inexpensive labor. By the early 1700s, _____ was legally established in all 13 colonies.

Tariff of 1828

This was an attempt to embarrass President Adams with a bill with higher import duties for many goods bought by southern planters; rates were so high that Southerners called it an "abomination." Southern members of Congress, reflecting their states' growing reliance on cotton exports and the purchase of manufactured goods, voted against the bill. John C. Calhoun, Jackson's VP until 1832, anonymously protested his own leadership's bill, suggesting that a federal law harmful to an individual state could be declared void within that state. Calhoun wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest against the bill. His argument was similar to the Kentucky Resolution, that states could nullify any federal law that was contrary to their interests—the "Compact Theory." Calhoun stated that South Carolina should declare the bill unconstitutional and not collect it. In his theory of the concurrent majority (a sectional veto power for the minority South), Calhoun sought to protect the interests of a minority South against majority "tyranny." This suggestion of nullification would be utilized by other states and would escalate hostilities, leading to the Civil War. At this time, however, no other state joined South Carolina's protest, and a nullification vote failed in its legislature. ^^ Calhoun had based his earlier support for the __1__ on the perceived need to assist fledgling, defense-related industries—part of a broader strategy to overcome the nation's commercial dependence on Britain. By 1826, defense was no longer a salient issue. The infant industries of 1816 were now querulous adolescents, clamoring for an extension of the protective __1__ system. The economy of Calhoun's South Carolina was exclusively a slave economy, producing agricultural products like cotton, rice, and indigo. Having no manufacturing concerns of its own, South Carolina depended on imports from the North and abroad; __1__s made both more expensive. The so-called "40 bales theory" articulated southern economic reservations. The theory attempted to explained how __1__s on manufactured goods reduced demand for the South's raw cotton: a 40 percent __1__ on cotton finished goods led to 40 percent higher consumer prices, which translated to 40 percent fewer sales, since consumers had less money to spend following the Panic of 1819. And 40 percent fewer sales meant cotton manufacturers purchased 40 percent less cotton. Calhoun's rise to prominence as a national figure led him to take up the fight against economic policies that hurt the South. ^^ Northern states, which were increasingly industrialized, voted for the higher rates. The reversal of positions by Daniel Webster and John C. Calhoun reflected economic changes in their sections of the nation. ^^ Congress passed the bill and President Adams signed it. ^^ Calhoun's opposition to __1__s, or more accurately the federal powers they implied, cannot be separated from his pressing desire to preserve the slave system. He feared that as border-south states gravitated to northern economic orbits, slavery in those states would grow less economically viable, their percentage of black slaves would diminish, and anti-slavery factions would succeed in eliminating slavery there (the percentage of slaves in states like Maryland had dropped precipitously since 1790). If slavery evaporated at the periphery, Calhoun believed, southern slave interests would face perpetual political perils. The same geographic coalitions that enacted the __1__ laws in Congress could succeed in limiting slavery's expansion into western territories, and might even threaten the institution in the deep south. Kentucky's Henry Clay, one of the congressional champions of the __1__, actually proposed that some of the revenue collected be used to fund state colonization societies dedicated to relocating African Americans overseas. By diffusing the American black population abroad, such organizations effectively sought to phase out slavery in the United States. In this context, Calhoun and his supporters targeted the __1__ issue to test the limits of federal power, since the south had continually lost __1__-related battles. ^^ From Calhoun's perspective, __1__s redistributed wealth from the South to northern manufacturers, which meant that federal power was being routinely employed to benefit one section over another. The fear that certain factions would capture federal powers to repress minorities had resonated since the Constitution had first been debated. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolves of 1798, drafted in reaction to the Alien and Sedition Act, hypothesized a limited compact among states authorizing a federal government of limited powers. Under this scheme, Congress could pass only those acts that served a common purpose—protective __1__s didn't fit those requirements. ^^ Calhoun believed a measure's constitutionality turned on whether it provided equal benefits to all interests. In his South Carolina Exposition and Protest, he argued that the _____ was unconstitutional, and that the states had the right to nullify such laws within their borders by calling nullification conventions. Following this act of interposition, if three-fourths of the rest of the states affirmed Congress's power to enforce the law, the dissident state had the option of seceding from the Union. Implicit in this scheme was the concept of the concurrent majority: If each state possessed a veto, then every conceivable interest would theoretically be represented. Calhoun trusted such a system to ensure a truly disinterested government where all interests had to be in accord. The threat of a state veto would prevent federal taxes not fair to all, which, in fact, meant most taxes. An institutionalized paucity of funds would discourage patronage-minded office seekers. For Calhoun, the concurrent majority would foster both disinterested laws and disinterested representatives, tempering the excesses of a corrupt democratic spoils system.

Constitution of the US

This was drafted at the __________ Convention in Philadelphia in 1787, signed September 17, 1787, and ratified by the required nine states June 21, 1788. It included a preamble and seven articles. It created a stronger federal government. It did not contain safeguards of individual rights and freedoms.

Letter of Transmittal of the US Constitution

This was sent by the delegates of the Constitution Convention to the Congress recommending that they ratify the Constitution.

Immigration of Chinese to US

Thousands of ______ came to California during the Gold Rush. In addition, thousands of _______ laborers were recruited from their home country to build the transcontinental railroad in the 1860s. This led to xenophobia from white laborers on the West Coast and continuing calls for restrictions on allowing more _______ into the US. It culminated in the _______ Exclusion Act.

Mason-Dixon Line

Tobacco was the main export crop in the colonial era; it involved a great deal of hand labor, usually done by slaves, the original royal charter granted Maryland the Potomac River and territory northward to the fortieth parallel. This was found to be a problem, as the northern boundary would have put Philadelphia, the major city in Pennsylvania, within Maryland. The Calvert family, which controlled Maryland, and the Penn family, which controlled Pennsylvania, decided in 1750 to engage two surveyors to establish a boundary. They surveyed what became known as the ____, which became the boundary between the two colonies.

Election of 1868

Ulysses Grant elected president; Schuyler Colfax was his VP.

Mennonites

Utopias created by religious groups began as early as the _____ at Ephrata, Pennsylvania in 1732.

US Constitution—Article IV, Section 01 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State; And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof."

US Constitution—Article V FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate."

Election of 1992

William J. Clinton was elected president; Albert Gore, Jr. was his VP. ^^ Clinton promised health care reform and the reduction of defense spending. Clinton won the Presidency with 43% of the popular vote and an electoral college landslide. ^^ In ____, Ross Perot ran as the presidential nominee of United We Stand America, the precursor of the Reform Party. Perot's strong garnering of 19 percent of the vote probably hurt the Republican candidate, President George H. W. Bush, thus helping to elect Democratic nominee Bill Clinton.

Election of 1900

William McKinley was elected president; Theodore Roosevelt was his VP. ^^

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

_____; John Calhoun, Jackson's VP until 1832, wrote this against the Tariff of 1828, whose rates were so high that Southerners called it the "Tariff of Abominations." His argument was similar to the Kentucky Resolution, that states could nullify any federal law that was contrary to their interests—the "Compact Theory." Calhoun stated that South Carolina should declare the tariff unconstitutional and not collect it.

Oregon Trail

an overland trail, beginning at Independence, Missouri, and one of the two main emigrant routes to the American West in the 19th century.

Department of the Treasury

founded in 1789; the first Secretary of _____ was Alexander Hamilton under George Washington. The Secretary of _____ is confirmed in the Senate by: Finance Committee. It formulates and sets finance and tax policy including the following areas: ^^ Manages the debt ^^ Collects taxes ^^ Manufactures coins and currency ^^ Financial agent of the US ^^ Includes: ^^ Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms ^^ Internal Revenue Service.

Department of Defense

originally the Department of War; founded in 1789; the first Secretary of _____ was Henry Knox under George Washington. It is responsible for the ____________. The Secretary of _____ is confirmed in the Senate by: Armed Services Committee.

In re Debs

1895; Background: During the 1890s, there was a nationwide economic depression. Chicago's Pullman Palace Car Company laid off hundreds of employees, and cut the paychecks of those that remained by an average of 25 percent. By May of 1894, tensions between the company and Pullman workers had reached a boiling point. Railway employees, angered by steep pay cuts, went on strike. They appealed to the American Railway Union (ARU) for support and received it through the ARU's leader, Eugene V. ___2___. On June 26, ___2___ called for a nationwide boycott of all Pullman railcars. About 50,000 railway workers responded by striking in support of the Pullman employees, which affected railroad traffic nationwide. Since Pullman attached many of its cars to mail trains, the strike also interfered with the delivery of U.S. mail. Affected railroad companies appealed to the federal government for assistance in stopping the strike. On July 2, a United States Circuit Court ordered an end to the strike. ___2___ and other leaders from the ARU ignored the order. President Grover Cleveland sent thousands of troops to Chicago to force an end to the strike. The confrontation turned bloody, but the troops broke the strike. ___2___ and other ARU officials were later convicted of ignoring the court's order. In January of 1895, ___2___ and the other ARU officials appealed their convictions to the United States Supreme Court. ^^ Constitutional Issue: All of the convicted ARU officials were grouped together in the case that ___2___ brought before the Court. ________ considered the federal government's rights to regulate commerce between states and its ability to operate the postal service. How far could the government go in order to protect its interests in these matters? ___2___ and the other petitioners questioned whether the government had the power to order the striking railway employees back to work and whether the government could use force in order to do so. ^^ Decision: The Court ruled unanimously against ___2___ and the other petitioners. Justice David Brewer wrote for the Court. Supreme Court cases prior to ________ had established Congress's authority over the states regarding interstate commerce. If the Constitution did not allow the states to obstruct interstate commerce, Brewer argued, then unions certainly did not possess the right to do so. The federal government, as the lone authority over mail delivery and interstate commerce, was entirely within its rights to stop the Pullman strike and to arrest ___2___ and the others for ignoring its order. ___1___sponse to the rioting and violence that had taken place, Justice Brewer wrote that ". . . no wrong, real or fancied, carries with it legal warrant to invite . . . the cooperation of a mob, with its accompanying acts of violence." ^^ Results: ________ was a pivotal case for American labor unions. By asserting the federal government's power to halt strikes that threatened interstate commerce, the Court struck a major blow to unions and a union's ability to counterbalance the power of corporations. After the case was decided, the ARU disbanded. Pullman employees were allowed to return to work only if they signed a pledge promising not to join a union. Not until the New Deal legislation in the late 1930's did labor unions begin to gain back some of the power they had lost in the wake of ___2___.

Freedom Summer

During 1964, hundreds of Northern college students traveled to Mississippi to help register black voters and encourage participation in the Civil Rights movement. Under the direction of the Council of Federated Organizations, the predominantly white students organized health clinics, established "__1__ schools" to educate black school children, and sponsored voter registration drives throughout the state. Perhaps most importantly, student volunteers helped to establish the Mississippi __1__ Democratic Party (MFDP), which attempted to unseat the state's all-white regular delegation at the Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City. Although the Democratic Party ultimately seated Mississippi's regular delegation, the MFDP's bid for recognition raised awareness of voter discrimination in the Deep South and helped secure passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Vice President

According to John Adams, the _______ has "the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived."

Election of 1864

Abraham Lincoln re-elected president; Andrew Johnson was his VP. ^^ Lincoln ran against General McClellan, who claimed that the war was a failure and called for a peace settlement. Lincoln ran on the ticket of national unity with Andrew Johnson, a loyalist from Tennessee. Sherman's taking of Atlanta helped Lincoln win the election. Those Northerners who were sympathetic to the Southern cause were labeled "Copperheads."

Congressional Powers

Article 2 Section 8 of US Constitution gives the legislature 27 expressed rights. A few are: declare war, raise army, fund army, regulate trade and commerce, levy taxes, borrow money, investigate activities, impeach president, make laws for execution of expressed _____, many implied ______ as well.

Recall Referendum

Is a procedure that allows citizens to remove and replace a public official before the end of a term of office. It is a political process to remove a politician from office by popular vote.

Ohio and Mississippi

The eastern border of the Midwest section of the US.

Loyalists

The term for the estimated one-fifth to one-third of the population who sided with Britain in the Revolutionary War. _____ included Anglican clergymen, some religious minorities, many government officials, and some wealthy merchants. ^^ Some served in the British army. ^^ At the war's end, some ______'s properties were seized and many _____ scattered to other parts of the British Empire (primarily to Nova Scotia). The result was a limited social leveling.

Worker's Rights Movements

____ in the early 19th century included the establishment of a union for the Lowell textile mill workers that advocated for better working conditions and shorter workdays using strikes. The fear of unemployment in the Panic of 1837 stalled the ____. People wanted to keep any job they could get.

yeoman

_______, the largest class of people in the South, worked land independently, sometimes along with slaves, to produce their own foods, like corn.

Fletcher v. Peck

1810; Marshall Court decision; Supreme Court case involved a contract between a state and individuals concerning a land grant. The Georgia legislature had issued extensive land grants in a corrupt deal. A later Georgia legislative session voided the contract because of the corruption. The Supreme Court decided that the original contract was valid, regardless of the corruption. The decision reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts.

Teller Amendment

1898; it promised that when the US overthrew Spanish rule in Cuba, the US would give Cubans their independence. After the Spanish-American War, the Platt Amendment overrode the _______, and Cuba came under the control of the US.

Presidency 45 of Donald Trump

2017-; 45th President; His VP was Michael Pence.

Amendment

A change or addition to the Constitution that then becomes part of the Constitution itself. Under Article V of the Constitution, there are two ways to propose an _____: ^^ FIRST METHOD: a proposed ____ must be introduced to both houses of Congress and approved by a two-thirds majority in each. The ____ is then passed on to each of the fifty state legislatures. Three-fourths of the state legislatures must ratify (approve) the ____ for it to become law. Most states require a simple majority of their legislatures, but seven states require either three-fifths or two-thirds majority. Congress can alternatively mandate that each state use a ratifying convention, with delegates expressly elected to vote on the proposed ______. This method was once used to ratify the Twenty-First Amendment. Or ^^ SECOND METHOD; two-thirds of the state legislatures petition (ask) Congress to call a constitutional convention to propose an _____. The latter method has not yet been used. Fear that a constitutional convention could attempt drastic alterations has persuaded many state legislatures to oppose any call for a convention. A recent movement for a convention to add a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution was narrowly defeated. ^^ Thirty-three _____s have been sent to the state legislatures, and only twenty-seven have been ratified.

Speaker of the House

An office mandated by the Constitution. Office is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant.

Custer's Last Stand

At the Battle of Little Bighorn: US Army defeated by 2500 Sioux warriors. _____ had been one of the youngest generals in the Union Army in the Civil War. After the war, _____ was commissioned lieutenant colonel in the 7th Cavalry. He was ruthless, ambitious, selfish, egotistical. He found the unsuspecting Cheyenne village of Chief Black Kettle and massacred 103; _____'s only victory against the plains Indians. By 1873, ____ and the 7th Cavalry were in the Dakota Territory protecting railroad surveyors. Chief Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse were fierce Native American chiefs. The Treaty of 1861 gave lands in the upper plains, including the Black Hills. The government broke the treaty and ordered the tribes to a reservation. In Spring 1876, three army columns were sent to force the Indians onto the reservation.

Texas, State of

In 1835, Santa Anna gathered troops and sent them to Gonzales, _____ with orders to seize its cannon. The attempt set off the first battle in the ____ War for Independence. During the conflict, Americans in ____ drafted their own constitution and declared their independence in 1836 and established the Republic of ______, or the Lone Star Republic. After Santa Anna signed the treaty, elections were held and Sam Houston became president. Because the Republic of ____ was in debt and still in conflict with the Mexicans, Houston requested the US annex ____ in 1836 so it could apply for statehood. President Jackson feared admitting another slave state to the Union and provoking Mexico, so he denied the request. _____ had to wait until 1845 to be admitted to the US. Congress approved annexation of ____ in 1845, but ____ remained a disputed territory. A new Mexican government declared that the treaty Santa Anna signed was not valid. Mexico eventually acknowledge that ____ was a US territory, but the border between the two nations was not yet settled. This ultimately led to the Mexican-American War in 1846.

Republicans

In 1854, the Democratic Party divided along North-South lines. The Whig Party disintegrated, with some members joining the Know-Northing Party. Antislavery Whigs joined the Northern Democrats and Free-Soilers to create the ________ Party, whose unifying principle was that slavery should be banned from all the nation's territories and not permitted to spread any further to established states. ^^ _____ nominated John C. Fremont of California for president in 1856, and the other major party nominated James Buchanan, who favored compromise. Buchanan won the South and won the election. ^^ It is one of the two modern political parties in the US. They tend to take a more conservative stand on issues, maintaining that the federal government should not play a major role in individuals' lives. They favor lower taxes and less government spending on social programs as well as less government intervention in business and the economy.

Reconstruction in 1869

In ____, "Redeemer" governments begin to be elected across the South. The majority of white Southern voters replace the biracial Republican state governments, created under Congressional reconstruction, with white-only Democratic state governments, which are sympathetic to the former Confederate cause and opposed to racial equality. In _____, Tennessee established a "redeemer" government, with Georgia, North Carolina, and Virginia following suit the following year. In February, ____, Congress passed the proposed 15th Amendment to the US Constitution. It attempts to shore up the constitutional protection of black voting rights by stipulating that voting rights cannot be denied on the basis of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." It also gives Congress the enforcement authority through appropriate legislation. In April, _____, the US Supreme Court announced its decision in Texas v. White, upholding the constitutionality of Congressional ___1___. In a 5-3 decision, Chief Justice Salmon Chase declared that the Union is "composed of indestructible states," thus making secession illegal; that although Texas had never left the Union, it no longer has a legitimate state government; and Congress has the authority to restore a republican government to the state.

Black Panther Party

In the wake of the assassination of Malcolm X and urban uprisings, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the _____ in Oakland, California, to protect African American neighborhoods from police brutality. The _____ launched numerous community programs that offered such services as tuberculosis testing, legal aid, transportation assistance, and free shoes to poor people. The programs confronted the economic problems of African Americans, which the _____ argued that the civil rights reforms did not do enough to address. Their socialist viewpoint, however, made them a target of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's counterintelligence program (COINTELPRO), who accused them of being a communist organization and an enemy of the U.S. government. A campaign to annihilate the group came to a head in December 1969 with a police shoot-out at the group's Southern California headquarters and an Illinois state police raid. Their operations, however, continued into the 1970s, albeit less actively.

Port of New Orleans

Jefferson said about this place, "There is on the globe one single spot, the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy. It is ______ through which the produce of three-eighths of our territory must pass to market." It was vital to the frontier economy.

Quartering Act of 1765

Law imposed on the colonies by the British Parliament that required the colonies in which British troops were stationed to provide soldiers with bedding and other basic needs. Most colonies had supplied provisions during the war, but the issue was disputed in peacetime. ^^ General Thomas Gage, commander-in-chief of forces in British North America, and other British officers who had fought in the French and Indian War, had found it hard to persuade colonial assemblies to pay for provisioning of troops on the march. Therefore, he asked Parliament to do something. The Province of New York was their headquarters, because the assembly had passed an Act to provide for the provisioning of British regulars, but it expired on January 2, 1764. The result was the ______ of 1765, which went far beyond what Gage had requested. No standing army had been kept in the colonies before the French and Indian War, so the colonies asked why a standing army was needed after the French had been defeated in battle. ^^ Colonists reacted negatively because they feared having a standing army in their towns, and they disliked the additional expenses it caused. After the emergence of the US Constitution, the Third Amendment protected citizens against the stationing of troops in their homes.

Clayton Antitrust Act

Law of 1914 was enacted during the Wilson presidency to further empower the federal government to break up monopolies and their actions in restraint of trade. It outlawed price fixing, made it illegal for the same executives to manage two or more competing companies (interlocking directorates), prohibited any corporation from owning stock in a competing corporation, and prevented price discrimination between different purchasers if such a discrimination substantially lessens competition or tends to create a monopoly in any line of commerce. Further outlined regulations against monopolies and other unfair business practices. It established a commission to investigate and prosecute instances of unfair competition. Served as the grounds for many suits against big corporations. It exempted labor unions engaged in legal activities.

Progressive Era

Period of American reform from 1890s to 1920s marked by increasing governmental regulation of business, social reform, and prohibition of exploitative labor practices. The administrations of numerous presidents—most notably Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson—featured elements of _____. The _____ was not confined to a single political party, as segments of both of the two major political parties—the Democrats and the Republicans—embraced ____ causes. ^^ Reformers opposed government waste and corruption while focusing on the general rights of the individual. The movement primarily targeted political machines and their bosses. They pushed for social justice, general equality, and public safety, and trust-busting. One result of the reforms was the Sherman Anti-trust Act. ^^ This period included: President Theodore Roosevelt, Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle", Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act of 1906.

17th Amendment

Proposed 5/13/1912; ratified 4/8/1913; establishes direct popular election of Senators. A progressive initiative that allowed for each state to elect two senators for six-year terms by popular vote. Restated the first paragraph of Article 1, Section 3 of the Constitution by replacing "chosen by Legislature thereof" with "elected by the people thereof." Allowed citizens to have a more active participation in government.

03rd Amendment

Proposed 9/25/1789; ratified 12/15/1791; prohibits quartering of soldiers during peacetime. Soldiers should be quartered at a civilian home only with the owner's permission.

08th Amendment

Proposed 9/25/1789; ratified 12/15/1791; protects against excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishment, and fines.

07th Amendment

Proposed 9/25/1789; ratified 12/15/1791; right to jury trial in civil cases; reserves individuals' rights to jury trial depending on the civil case, and cases already examined may not be re-opened by another court.

French and Indian War/Seven Years' War—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: The English deported and dispersed French "Acadians" from Newfoundland. American colonists failed to provide a united war effort. Historical Significance: the British received all of Canada, all of America east of the Mississippi, Florida, and some Caribbean islands. This established England as the number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse. It was in these conflicts that George Washington first appeared as an able military leader. England set out to solve the large national debt incurred in recent conflicts. It created a series of acts that raised taxes on American goods, leading to rebellious activities in the colonies. Acts included the Proclamation of 1763, Sugar Act (1763), Stamp Act (1765), and Quartering Act (1765). ^^ With the collapse of New France, Indians were no longer able to play off European powers against each other. Cherokee lands in the South were opened to the English. Pontiac formed an alliance of Northwest tribes and in 1763 attacked Detroit and other English forts and settlements. Pontiac's war ended by treaty in 1766. ^^ Western frontiersmen resented the lack of protection against the Indians. In Pennsylvania, Paxton Boys massacred peaceful Indians, then marched on Philadelphia. In the Carolinas, Regulators were finally subdued by militia in the Battle of Alamance in 1770. ^^ The Royal Proclamation of 1763 drew a line along the Appalachian Mountains. Americans were forbidden to settle west of the line in Indian and former French areas. A new Quebec colony was created west of the mountains. Americans soon ignored or defied the line.

Order/ Ordinance of Nullification

Soon after the 1828 election was won [Jackson as President, and Calhoun as his VP], Calhoun anonymously authored "South Carolina Exposition and Protest," a document which rejected the "Tariff of Abominations" of 1828 that President Jackson largely supported due to its promise of protectionism. Calhoun's ardent pro-Southern economic policy fueled his defiance that, coupled with the Petticoat Affair, culminated in his estrangement from President Jackson. In the summer of 1831 he openly avowed his belief in ______. Calhoun led a state convention calling for the ______, which declared that the laws were void and that South Carolina would resist by force any attempt to collect the taxes. On November 2, 1832, Calhoun's home state adopted the _______, which deemed the tariff unconstitutional. Calhoun resigned as vice president on December 28, 1832, just months before Congress passed the Force Bill, enabling Jackson to crush the uprising in South Carolina. The Tariff of 1832 favored Northern interests at the expense of Southern ones. Jackson, though a supporter of states' rights, defended the Union above all, and .asked Congress to issue a new bill to give him authority to collect them by force. The US Force Bill, formally titled "An Act further to provide for the collection of duties on imports", 4 Stat. 632 (1833), refers to legislation enacted by the 22nd US Congress on March 2, 1833, during the Nullification Crisis. Passed by Congress at the urging of President Andrew Jackson, the Force Bill consisted of eight sections expanding presidential power and was designed to compel the state of South Carolina's compliance with a series of federal tariffs, opposed by John C. Calhoun and other leading South Carolinians. Among other things, the legislation stipulated that the president could, if he deemed it necessary, deploy the US Army to force South Carolina to comply with the law. Jackson encouraged his allies to prepare a compromise bill so that the federal government would not lose its image of control and so that South Carolina could back down. Henry Clay presented a Compromise Bill and South Carolina withdrew the ______, but tensions between the federal government and state governments grew.

Gold Rush

Term for the period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California to search for ___1___. One of the first American men to settle in California was John Sutter, who founded Sutter's Fort in 1839. His carpenter discovered __1__ while building a sawmill there. The "Forty-Niners" caused California's population to explode from just 8,000 non-Indian inhabitants in 1848 to 300,000 by 1855. California became a state in 1850. The influx of miners made California the most ethnically diverse state in the Union. The sudden influx of people led to the creation of mining camps, which quickly became boomtowns. About 80% of the forty-niners were American, but a significant percentage came from China. As ____ resources began to decline, a perception developed that the Chinese were taking American __1___. In 1852, the Foreign Miners Tax made mining too expensive for many Chinese immigrants, who were forced to find other work.

Pre-colonial North America Sub-arctic Cultures

The _______ area is dominated by the taiga, or boreal forest, an ecosystem of coniferous forest and large marshes. To cope with the cold northern winters, these peoples built well-insulated homes, and made fur garments, toboggans, ice chisels, and snowshoes. The traditional diet included game animals such as moose, caribou, bison (in the southern locales), beaver, and fish, as well as wild plant foods such as berries, roots, and sap. Food resources were distributed quite thinly over the subarctic landscape, and starvation was always a potential problem. The American ________ culture area contains two relatively distinct zones. The Eastern _______ is inhabited by speakers of Algonquian languages, including the Innu of northern Quebec, the Cree, and several groups of Ojibwa who, after the beginning of the fur trade, displaced the Cree from what are now west-central Ontario and eastern Manitoba. The Western _________ is largely home to Athabaskan speakers, whose territories extend from Canada into Alaska.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

The ________ provided for resettlement of tribes to the West and had the following results: beginning with the Choctaws in 1831, Native Americans were forced to trek 1200 miles from Georgia to Oklahoma. The Seminoles in northern Florida waged a seven-year war (aided by runaway slaves) into the 1840s before being forced out of Florida. 17,000 Cherokees sued to keep their land. The Supreme Court heard Cherokee Nation v. Georgia in 1831 but declined to rule on the merits. The Court determined that the framers of the Constitution did not really consider the Indian Tribes as foreign nations but more as "domestic dependent nation[s]" and consequently the Cherokee Nation lacked the standing to sue as a "foreign" nation. The Supreme Court ruled in Worcester v. Georgia in 1832 that the Cherokees were an independent nation over which the laws of Georgia could "have no force" and ruled that the Cherokee Nation was sovereign. According to the decision rendered by Justice John Marshall, this meant that Georgia had no rights to enforce state laws in its territory. President Jackson challenged Chief Justice Marshall to "enforce" his ruling. Georgia forced the Cherokees to leave in 1838 with federal troops.

Pre-colonial North America NW Coast

The __________ area had so many forests and such easy access to the ocean that the Kwakiutl, Tlingit, Haida, Chinook, Salishan, and Makah who settled there used wood to build their houses and make totem poles with religious significance. They lived in permanent villages; fish, especially salmon, were their major food source. They were the only "highly stratified" hunter-gatherer society.

Tariff of 1832

The bill favored Northern interests at the expense of Southern ones. Calhoun led a state convention calling for the Order of Nullification, which declared that the laws were void and that South Carolina would resist by force any attempt to collect the taxes. Jackson, though a supporter of states' rights, defended the Union above all, and asked Congress to issue a new bill to give him authority to collect them by force. Jackson encouraged his allies to prepare a compromise bill so that the federal government would not lose its image of control and so that South Carolina could back down from nullification. Henry Clay presented a Compromise Bill and South Carolina withdrew the Order, but tensions between the federal government and state governments grew. ^^ In July, Congress passed legislation that lowered __1__ rates somewhat, but retained the high 1828 rates on manufactured cloth and iron. In November, South Carolina's special Nullification Convention declared the __1__s of 1832 and 1828 unconstitutional, and forbade collection of customs duties within the state. ^^ Democrat Andrew Jackson served as both president and the leader of a national party. That party included pro-__1__ states like Pennsylvania that had proffered supported for his candidacy. Jackson had never been as captivated by the __1__ issue as most southern, agrarian, states-rights Jacksonians had (particularly South Carolinians), even though they represented his majority constituency. Jackson concerned himself more with defeating the National Bank and Indian removal. In December, he called for a further easing of __1__ rates. Simultaneously, however, he declared secession a "revolutionary act" in his Nullification Proclamation, and specifically attacked the idea that secession represented a viable constitutional option. ^^ Jackson responded to the nullification controversy with an olive branch and a sword. The __1__ of 1833, or Compromise __1__, instituted automatic reductions in duties between 1833 and 1842. The corresponding Force Bill authorized the president to use arms to collect Customs duties. Henry Clay, known as the Great Compromiser, negotiated the Compromise __1__ directly with Calhoun. He feared the possibility of civil war, and wanted to preserve the __1__ principle. Jackson desired to preserve the principle of national supremacy while mitigating the high __1__s that had triggered conflict in the first place.

Sixteenth Street Baptist Church

The bombing of the ______ in Birmingham, Alabama, was one of the deadliest acts of violence to take place during the Civil Rights movement and evoked criticism and outrage from around the world. On the morning of September 15, 1963, as the congregation's children prepared for annual Youth Day celebrations, a bomb exploded in the stairwell of _____ killing four girls and injuring dozens of others in the assembly. In the aftermath of the bombing, riots and violent demonstrations broke out throughout Birmingham, resulting in the death of two young African American boys. Following a tainted investigation by the FBI, Robert Chambliss, an active member of the Ku Klux Klan, was arrested and charged with murder and the possession of dynamite without a permit. Chambliss was acquitted of murder charges until 1977 when the reopening of the case resulted in his conviction, fourteen years after the bombing. In recent years, two additional conspirators, Thomas Blanton and Robert Cherry, have been tried and convicted for their roles in the bombing. The bombing of _____, which previously served as a central meeting place and staging ground for Civil Rights activities, was intended to stall the progression of the Civil Rights movement; however, the tragedy had the opposite effect, galvanizing support and propelling the movement forward.

Jim Crow Laws

This legislation was passed in the 1880s-1900s, but the effect lasted much longer; this was the common term for local and state legislation in the Southern states separating whites and African Americans in public facilities and restricting their legal guarantees, such as the right to vote. It was often part of state statutes. Support for ______ was provided in the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court case, demonstrating the limits of the Fourteenth Amendment. The name was said to be derived from a character in a minstrel song.

Specie Circular

Upon his reelection in 1833, Andrew Jackson began to take the federal deposits out of the Second Bank of the US, placing them in "pet" state banks. This led to relaxed credit policies and inflation. Without the stabilizing weight of the Second BUS, interest rates soared, and worthless paper notes were everywhere. To curb the inflation, Jackson issued a _______ which required that all Western lands be paid for with precious metal (gold or silver) and not paper or credit; however, hard currency could not cover the overheated market in the West. The lack of sound money combined with inflation and an international crisis produced a five-year depression called the Panic of 1837. Another Jacksonian act in 1836 contributed to the Panic: the Deposit and Distribution Act, which transferred federal monies from eastern to western state banks and in turn led to a speculation frenzy. Finally, there was a downturn in Great Britain's economy as well. As a result, the US economy went into a depression, banks became insolvent, the national debt (previously paid off) increased, business failures rose, cotton prices dropped, and unemployment increased. The recession lasted into the 1840s.

Whigs

_____ was the name for a new coalition in the 1830s of opponents of President Andrew Jackson, the Democratic Party, and "Jacksonian tyranny." Their first unified presidential candidacy was in 1840 with William Henry Harrison. They captured the presidency in 1840 (Harrison) and 1848 (Zachary Taylor). They came from the old Federalist Party, the old National Republican Party, and others who opposed President Jackson's policies. They included John Calhoun, Henry Clay, and Daniel Webster. ^^ Since 1828, those in opposition to Jacksonian Democrats had been calling themselves "National Republicans." Soon after the veto of the Second Bank of the US re-charter bill, Daniel Webster and Henry Clay began calling themselves ______, recalling the revolutionary opposition to King George III. "King Andrew" (Jackson) defeated Henry Clay in the 1832 election with 55% of the popular vote. ^^ _____ supported a more active national government, economic development (Clay's American System), and humanitarian reforms. Members cultivated commercial and industrial development, encouraged banks and corporations, and had a cautious approach to westward expansion. ______ received support largely from Northern business and manufacturing interests and from large Southern planters.

American Colonization Society

aka The Society for the ______ of Free People of Color of America, it was a group established in 1816 by Robert Finley of New Jersey which supported the migration of free African Americans to the continent of Africa. In 1821-22, it helped found a colony on the Pepper Coast of West Africa, as a place for free-born or manumitted American blacks. The group met with immediate and continuing objections from such African-Americans as James Forten and David Walker, who saw ________ as a racist strategy for protecting slavery and purging the US of its black citizens; they preferred to fight for equal rights at home. _______ was also met with resistance and attacks from those already living in and around the destination areas. There was some religious support and missionary efforts were part of the process. Founded by groups otherwise opposed to each other on the issue of slavery; a coalition made up mostly of evangelicals and Quakers who supported abolition of slavery and believed blacks would face better chances for freedom in Africa than in the US, and some slaveholders (in the Maryland branch and elsewhere) who saw repatriation as a way to remove free blacks from slave societies and avoid slave rebellions. The two opposed groups found common ground in support of so-called "repatriation." ^^ Among the group's supporters were Charles Fenton Mercer, Henry Clay, and John Randolph. It was especially prominent among slaveowners in the Virginia Piedmont region in the 1820s and 1830s. Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and James Madison were among its supporters. James Madison served as the group's president in the early 1830s. From 1821, thousands of free blacks, who faced legislated restrictions in much of the US, moved to Liberia. Over twenty years, the new settlement continued to grow and establish economic stability. In 1847, the legislature of Liberia declared the nation an independent state. The organization had closely controlled the development of Liberia until its declaration of independence. By 1867, the organization had assisted in the immigration of more than 13,000 Americans to Liberia.

Power of Sympathy or, The Triumph of Nature, The

widely considered to be the first American novel; published in 1789 by William Hill Brown. It is an 18th-century American sentimental novel written in epistolary form. It was Brown's first novel. The characters' struggles illustrate the dangers of seduction and the pitfalls of giving in to one's passions, while advocating the moral education of women and the use of rational thinking as ways to prevent the consequences of such actions.

Griswold v. Connecticut

(1965), the Supreme Court ruled that a state's ban on the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy. The case concerned an 1879 state law that criminalized the encouragement or use of birth control. The Supreme Court, in a 7-2 decision written by Justice William O. Douglas, ruled that the law violated the "right to marital privacy" and could not be enforced against married people, and contended that the Bill of Right's specific guarantees have "penumbras," in other words, the "spirit" of the First Amendment (free speech), Third Amendment (prohibition on the forced quartering of troops), Fourth Amendment (freedom from searches and seizures), Fifth Amendment (freedom from self-incrimination), and Ninth Amendment (other rights), as applied against the states by the Fourteenth Amendment, creates a general "right to privacy" that cannot be unduly infringed. Further, this right to privacy is "fundamental" when it concerns the actions of married couples, because it "is of such a character that it cannot be denied without violating those fundamental principles of liberty and justice which lie at the base of our civil and political institutions"; since a married couple's use of contraception constitutes a "fundamental" right, the state must prove to the Court that its law is "compelling" and "absolutely necessary" to overcome that right (i.e., the "strict scrutiny test").

Planned Parenthood v. Casey

(1992), was a landmark US Supreme Court case in which the constitutionality of several Pennsylvania state statutory provisions regarding abortion was challenged. The Court's plurality opinion reaffirmed the central holding of Roe v. Wade stating that "matters, involving the most intimate and personal choices a person may make in a lifetime, choices central to personal dignity and autonomy, are central to the liberty protected by the Fourteenth Amendment."[3]

Memorial and Remonstrance Against Religious Assessments

1785; James Madison successfully argued in this pamphlet against legislation in Virginia that would have raised a tax to pay teachers of religion.

Gitlow v. New York

1925 Supreme Court case; ^^ Background: Benjamin __1__ was convicted of violating the 1902 __2__ Criminal Anarchy Act. The Act defined criminal anarchy as "the doctrine that organized government should be overthrown by force or violence, or by assassination of the executive head or any of the executive officials of government or by any unlawful means." The prohibition applied to speaking, teaching, advising, printing, publishing, circulating, selling, distributing, or publicly displaying such doctrine. __1__ had been charged with teaching the necessity and duty to overthrow the government in two publications based largely on Marx and Engels's Communist Manifesto. __1__'s publications advocated "mass industrial revolts," which would develop into "mass political strikes and mass revolutionary action for the annihilation of the parliamentary state..." ^^ Constitutional Issue:________ outlines the great levels of protection afforded to free speech under the First Amendment. This right is extended so long as the individual's actions are legal. Spreading speech advocating for the unlawful overthrow of the government is not protected. The First Amendment's free speech and press guarantee is one of the most cherished of all the provisions of the Bill of Rights. The right to freedom of speech and press is relative, however, not absolute, meaning that in certain circumstances, such as during a war, some limitations to these rights may be imposed. Free speech and press cases present courts with difficult problems to sort out, such as when freedom of speech and publication must be supported, and how to limit speech and publication when these could be dangerous or destructive to the country. The __1__ case examined whether the protection of press and speech accorded by the First Amendment was also included under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, thus making these protections applicable to the states. Did the Fourteenth Amendment provide a citizen, in state court, the same First Amendment protections the citizen would have in federal court? The case also considered whether "subversive speech" was protected from government regulation, control, and punishment. ^^ Decision: This was a decision by the Supreme Court holding that the Fourteenth Amendment had extended the reach of certain limitations on federal government authority set forth in the First Amendment—specifically the provisions protecting freedom of speech and freedom of the press—to the governments of the individual states. The Court upheld the conviction on the basis that the government may suppress or punish speech that directly advocates the unlawful overthrow of the government and it upheld the constitutionality of the state statute at issue, which made it a crime to advocate the duty, need, or appropriateness of overthrowing government by force or violence. Justice Edward Terry Sanford's majority opinion attempted to define more clearly the "clear and present danger" test developed a few years earlier in Schenck v. US, 249 US 47 (1919). ^^ Results: It was one of a series of Supreme Court cases that defined the scope of the First Amendment's protection of free speech and established the standard to which a state or the federal government would be held when it criminalized speech or writing.

New York Times v. Sullivan

1964 landmark "freedom of the press" case. The Court held that the First Amendment protects news media even when they print false statements, as long as the newspapers did not act with "actual malice." In a unanimous decision, the US Supreme Court ruled in favor of the New York Times. To prove libel, a "public official" must show that the newspaper acted "with 'actual malice'-that is, with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard" for truth. The Court asserted America's "profound national commitment to the principle that debate on public issues should be uninhibited, robust, and wide-open." Free and open debate about the conduct of public officials, the Court reasoned, was more important than occasional, honest factual errors that might hurt or damage officials' reputations.

Presidency 38 of Gerald Rudolph Ford

1974-1977; 38th President; His VP was Nelson Rockefeller. ^^ "My fellow Americans, our long nightmare is over, our Constitution worked." Just a month after becoming president, ____ pardoned Richard Nixon; it was not a popular decision. ^^ Communist North Vietnam conquered the South. In April 1975, Saigon fell; the American Embassy was evacuated. ____ and his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger continued to expand relations with China and détente with the Soviet Union. ^^ Soviet and American spacecraft docked and crewmembers conducted joint experiments. ^^ The American bicentennial occurred in 1976. ^^ ___ lost his bid for election in 1976. ^^ 1974 Population: 213,853,928

Gulf War

A war fought between a coalition led by the US and Iraq to free Kuwait from Iraqi invaders.(1990-1991). The allies successfully drove Iraqi forces from Kuwait. Earlier, the term had referred to the 1980-1988 war between Iraq and Iran.

Federal Block Grant

A/an _____ is given to state governments w/regulations that it be used for specific purposes. It gives the states more discretion by providing government funds for general areas of use while allowing the states to determine some of the specifics of the program. States' righters prefer this type.

Proclamation of 1763

Aka, The Royal _______. It was issued by King George III following Great Britain's acquisition of French territory in North America after the end of the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War. It was an attempt to organize and control Britain's empire in North America and soothe relationships with the Native American. It prohibited colonists from moving west of the Appalachians. Colonists were outraged and ignored this order.

Mixed government

Also known as a mixed constitution, is a form of government that integrated facets of government by democracy, oligarchy, and monarchy. It means there are some issues (often defined in a constitution) where the state is governed by the majority of the people, in some other issues the state is governed by few, in some other issues by a single person (also often defined in a constitution). The idea is commonly treated as an antecedent of separation of powers.

poll taxes

Begun after Reconstruction, they were used by some southern US states as a requirement for people to register to vote to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote; in this case because they could not afford it. In 1964 they are outlawed with the adoption of the 24th Amendment.

Election of 1888

Benjamin Harrison was elected president; Levi P. Morton was his VP. Harrison was nominated for the presidency on the eighth ballot at the 1888 Republican Convention. The race centered around the tariff issue, with Harrison speaking forcefully for a strong protective tariff, sound currency, pensions for Civil War veterans, and efficiency in office. ^^ A more emotional issue for the electorate was the bloody shirt legacy of the Civil War and Reconstruction, which remained as an unhealed scar in the American consciousness. Cleveland's promise to return captured Confederate flags to Southern states as a show of national unity (in contrast with Harrison's Civil War career) sparked into flame the dry kindling of Civil War sectionalism. ^^ Harrison defeated Democrat incumbent Grover Cleveland, despite receiving 90,000 fewer popular votes.

Committees of Correspondence

Colonial governments organized _______ to share their view of British actions with neighboring colonies and with foreign governments; this was the start of political organization among the colonies

First Amendment

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

National Road

Construction of the federal __________ in 1811 from Maryland to Illinois was part of the Transportation Revolution of the early 19th century.

Constitutional Convention

Delegates met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation; instead, they wrote a new _______ and formed a federal system of government. Hamilton and Madison get together to argue for a strong federal government; they convince Washington to attend. Hamilton is resolute to create a unified federal government. Many delegates like Thomas Jefferson were arguing to defend states' rights. The delegates decided on issues of representation in the legislature, the method of electing the president, overriding a veto, and qualifications for members of Congress. The issue of slavery was so contentious, that the word "slavery" does not exist in the _____; they were simply referred to as "persons."

Population Trends in late 19th century US

Describe the period in which these population trends existed:

Population Trends in late 18th century US

Describe the period in which these population trends existed: Children were economic assets in an agricultural society. Most women were limited to domestic roles, but some became active in farming, crafts, business, and education. Class differences existed despite leveling influences but were not as extreme as in Europe. Epidemic diseases, such as smallpox, diphtheria, and malaria, took heavy tolls, especially in towns. Philadelphia passed Boston as the largest city. Towns had 10% of colonial population by this period. African-Americans constituted nearly 20% of the population. Total population reached 4 million by the end of this period.

Population Trends in early 18th century US

Describe the period in which these population trends existed: Despite high infant mortality and low life expectancy (though higher than in Europe), population doubled each generation. Women tended to marry early and bear many children.

Federal Reserve Board

Determines the domestic monetary policy of the US. To keep the economy stable, it has three tools: 1. Reserve Requirement 2. The Discount Rate - 3. Government Bonds -

headright system

Developed to encourage people to encourage others to come to the Virginia colony; anyone who paid for the passage of another person to Virginia would receive a land grant of 50 acres. This system was also used by the Maryland Colony. This resulted in large grants of land being given to those who could afford to pay the passage for others to the New World. Thus, an extensive number of people came to the New World as indentured servants. By 1700, there were over 100,000 indentures in the New World, and approximately three-quarters of all those who immigrated to Virginia and Maryland were indentured.

Reconstruction in 1864

Early in _____, governments of Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee were ___1___ed under Lincoln's "Ten Percent Plan." Radical Republicans were shocked at the policy's leniency, so Congress refused to recognize the governments or seat their elected federal representatives. In July, ______, Congress passed its own ___1___ plan, the Wade-Davis bill. It required a majority of 1860 voters to take a loyalty oath, but only those who swear an "ironclad" oath of never having fought against the Union could participate in ___1___ing their state's government. Congress required the state constitutions to include bans on slavery, the disfranchisement of Confederate political and military leaders, and the repudiation of Confederate state debts. After Congress adjourned, Lincoln refused to sign the Wade-Davis bill, so it was "pocket-vetoed" and not implemented.

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers.

Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill)

First major armed conflict of the Revolution. Armed conflict on June 17, 1775, during the Siege of Boston in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War. It was the original objective of both the colonial and British troops. On June 13, 1775, the leaders of the colonial forces besieging Boston learned that the British were planning to send troops out from the city to fortify the unoccupied area surrounding the city, which would give them control of Boston Harbor. The stronghold allowed Americans to contain General Gage and his troops. The colonists twice turned back a British frontal assault, and they held off the British until the force ran out of ammunition and was overrun. American strong defense led to strengthened morale. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, leaving ______ in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

Election of 2000

George W. Bush was elected president; Richard Cheney was his VP. ^^ ____ became the first president to be elected by a Supreme Court decision, when it ruled that Florida's recount of votes would be allowed, which pushed Bush into the lead. He was one of only a few presidents to win the presidency with fewer popular votes than his opponent. ^^ Ralph Nader, consumer advocate and Green Party nominee, siphoned votes from Democratic candidate Al Gore, who, despite gaining the majority of popular votes, lost the electoral vote to George W. Bush. Exit polls in many states with close races suggested that at least half of the Nader voters would have voted for Gore if it had been a two-way race.

Federalism

Government system which divides power between a central government and its constituent governments, with some powers being shared. Government authority is divided by giving the national government specified powers, reserving all other powers to the states or to the people. Additionally, the national and state governments share some powers. It is not a static relationship between different levels of government. It is a dynamic concept that affects everyday decisions at all levels. ^^ In the Constitution, the powers that belong to the national government only are called delegated, expressed, or enumerated powers. ^^ The powers that belong exclusively to the states are called reserved powers. These powers include any that the Constitution does not either specifically grant to the national government nor deny to the state governments. These powers are not listed in the Constitution. ^^ Some powers are shared by the federal and state governments. These are called concurrent powers. Among them are the powers to collect taxes, build roads, operate courts of law, and borrow money. ^^ Examples of government with this system include the US, Germany, Switzerland, and Australia.

Ten Percent Plan

In 1863, Abraham Lincoln announced the first comprehensive program for Reconstruction, the _________. Under it, when a small portion of a state's prewar voters took an oath of loyalty, they could establish a new loyal state government. He also intended to pardon all but the highest-ranking Confederate officers. To Lincoln, it was an attempt to weaken the Confederacy rather than a blueprint for the postwar South. It was put into operation in parts of the Union-occupied Confederacy, but none of the new governments achieved broad local support. Radical Republicans were opposed to it and instead passed their own bill, which was pocket-vetoed by Lincoln, and which would have made Reconstruction the responsibility of Congress rather than the President.

Espionage Act

In June 1917, Congress passed the ______. The piece of legislation gave postal officials the authority to ban newspapers and magazines from the mails and threatened individuals convicted of obstructing the draft with $10,000 fines and 20 years in jail.

Hammurabi's Code

Is best summarized by the following expression, "An eye for and eye".

Rules Committee

Its power primarily stems from its authority to limit the time for debate and determine whether amendments to a bill can be considered. Only exists in the House of Representatives.

Election of 1856

James Buchanan elected president; his VP was John C. Breckenridge. ^^ Both the Democratic and Whig parties were splitting on sectional lines over slavery. The Whig Party disintegrated, with some members joining the Know-Northing Party. Antislavery Whigs joined the Northern Democrats and Free-Soilers to create the Republican Party, whose unifying principle was that slavery should be banned from all the nation's territories and not permitted to spread any further to established states. ^^ Republicans nominated John C. Fremont of California for president in 1856, and the Democratic Party nominated James Buchanan, who favored compromise. Stephen Douglas was a serious contender for the Democratic nomination, with strong support from the South and the West, but he faced fierce opposition from the Northern wing of the party. Franklin Pierce, as the sitting President, also had significant support for his re-nomination bid in the South and West. ^^ James Buchanan, a Pennsylvanian farmer who favored compromise, had a record that perfectly positioned him for the office, and he entered the convention in Cincinnati that summer as the front-runner. Hailing from a populous state as a longtime member of Congress and an envoy to Russia and England, Buchanan had many attractive political assets. In essence, Buchanan gave the delegates the kind of hope that seemed in very short supply during the tumultuous year _____. A smooth, pleasantly dull conservative, he upset few people. Above all, Buchanan was from the North, yet he maintained ideological ties to the South—a "doughface" in the slang of the day. Buchanan forces quietly told the Douglas men that cooperation from the "Little Giant" would enhance his chances in the election four years later, and Douglas withdrew from the race. "Old Buck" got more ballots than any other candidate in the first round, and he clinched the Democratic nomination with the requisite two-thirds majority on the seventeenth ballot, an easy victory during that bitter era. John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky received the party's vice-presidential nod. ^^ The new Republican Party, meanwhile, chose famous explorer and California Senator John C. Frémont as their candidate. Frémont, with a marginal political career, offered fame and an almost invisible political record. ^^ A secretive, nativist third party called the Know-Nothings that attracted Americans opposed to immigration and Catholicism nominated former President Millard Fillmore as their candidate. ^^ Buchanan chose the traditional approach to presidential campaigning: He made almost no appearances and said nothing to the press, leaving the fight to his followers, known as "Buchaneers." While Frémont did little active campaigning himself, an aspiring Republican from Illinois named Abraham Lincoln made dozens of speeches on Frémont's behalf. ^^ Buchanan asserted that individual states and territories should decide on their own the future of slavery within their borders. Frémont supporters countered that it was the duty of the federal government to prohibit it in all the territories of the US. With such a national dialogue during the campaign, Buchanan could count on Southern votes while retaining some strength in the North—especially in the lower northern tier. The Know-Nothing Party then charged Frémont with being a Catholic, damaging his support. The upstart Know-Nothings ran surprisingly well and cut into Frémont's base. Finally, many voters were troubled by the charges of "Republican Radicalism" that Democrats had successfully pinned on the new party. ^^ Because it was a three-way race, Buchanan won with less than half the popular vote. Buchanan won the South and won the election. Buchanan could not claim anything close to a popular mandate in a nation sharply divided over slavery and sectional issues.

Battle of Gettysburg

July 1863; Confederate General Lee invaded from Virginia, pursued by Northern General Meade. Lee was defeated and retreated to Virginia. It was the bloodiest, most decisive battle of the Civil War. It was the farthest northern advance of the Confederacy. ^^ Losses were among the war's heaviest: of about 94,000 Northern troops, casualties numbered about 23,000 (with more than 3,100 killed); of more than 71,000 Southerners, there were about 28,000 casualties (with some 3,900 killed).

Missouri River

Longest river in the US.

Proclamation of Neutrality - Woodrow Wilson

Many Americans felt strongly about WWI. After all, one-third of the American population was either foreign-born or had parents living in a foreign country. But the President had a vision of how the US should behave during the war. He believed that if the US could act impartially, not favoring one side or the other, it could actually benefit from the war. It could keep its economy strong by providing the European countries with food and supplies, and when the warring countries had had enough fighting, the US could play the role of peacekeeper. The President spelled out this vision for the American people in a message he gave before Congress on August 19, 1914, just over two weeks after the war had started. ^^ One of the President's main concerns was that Americans might fight among themselves over European politics. He knew that there were large communities of Americans with family roots in Germany, France, England, and other combatant countries. He wanted to make sure that these Americans would put aside their European loyalties and conform to a single American approach to the war.

Haymarket Square Riot

May 1886; Large rally in Chicago shortly after striking began at McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. It was an AFL strike for an eight-hour day for workers that led to a clash between police and strikers. Police were attempting to disperse the crowd when a bomb exploded. Eleven were killed and 67 were injured. Eight anarchists were put on trial and four were executed. Incident was used to discredit the Knights of Labor and labor movements as being controlled by "anarchists" and "radicals."

Tejas, Province of

Mexico refused to sell _____ to the US, which had given up its claims to _____ in the Adams-Onís treaty. _____ had been a state in the Republic of Mexico since 1822, following a Mexican revolution against Spain. Mexico offered land grants for immigration to the area, and many Americans responded and came to _____, increasing population and revenue in _____. Southerners moved to Mexico with interest in becoming slave masters, but the presence of slavery angered the Mexican government. As the population changed, Mexico's power began to erode. Stephen Austin worked to first make _____ a Mexican state and later independent of Mexico. The new American settlers did not speak Spanish or practice Catholicism, and they kept illegal slaves. Within a decade, there were more Americans in _____ than Mexicans, and the US decided to pressure the Mexican government to sell its land. In 1830, fearful of the growing, dissatisfied American population in _____, the Mexican government outlawed immigration from the US to _____. ^^ Americans in _____ grew increasingly unhappy about following Mexican law. In 1833, Stephen Austin met with Mexico's vice president to urge Mexico to lift the ban on immigration. They agreed but did not agree to Austin's request that _____ become an independent Mexican state. Instead, Mexico's new president, Santa Anna, jailed Austin in Mexico City and declared himself a dictator. In 1835, Santa Anna gathered troops and sent them to Gonzales, _____ with orders to seize its cannon. The attempt set off the first battle in the ____ War for Independence. During the conflict, Americans in ____ drafted their own constitution, declared their independence in 1836, and established the Lone Star Republic.

Grants-in-aid

Most federal government programs, such as those to aid the poor, clean the environment, improve education, and protect the disabled, are administered by the states. The federal government pays for these programs through _____, which are outright gifts of money to the states. Nationalist prefer strings tied to the gifts, ensuring that the federal government maintains control over the money. States' righters want no strings attached, leaving decisions about how the money is to be used to state and local governments.

US Constitution—Article III, Section 02

Name the article of the US Constitution that established the Judicial Branch of the federal government and the section that describes the jurisdiction of the federal courts. ^^ It describes the scope of judicial power. The Supreme Court mainly acts as an appellate court. A trial by jury is guaranteed to anyone accused of a federal crime, except those cases dealing with impeachment. ^^ Powers of the Judiciary: ^^ Cases that may be tried in federal courts ^^ Authority of the Supreme Court ^^ Rules for federal criminal trials

US Constitution—Article III

Name the article of the US Constitution that established the Judicial Branch of the federal government. ^^ Supreme Court ^^ Federal courts

US Constitution—Article I, Section 02

Name the article of the US Constitution that established the Legislative Branch of the federal government, and the section that describes the House of Representatives. ^^ Members of the House are elected every two years. This section outlines the qualifications for members of the House of Representatives. A member of the House must be at least 25 years of age when entering office, must have been a US citizen for at least seven years, and must be a resident of the state in which the election was held. ^^ Only the House has the power to impeach.

US Constitution—Article I, Section 09

Name the article of the US Constitution that established the Legislative Branch of the federal government, and the section that describes the powers denied to Congress. ^^ This includes: ^^ Prohibit Slavery before 1808 ^^ Suspend the writ of habeas corpus, which protects people from unlawful imprisonment, except in times of national crisis ^^ Bills of attainder ^^ Ex post facto laws ^^ Direct tax ^^ Import and export duties between states ^^ Export taxes ^^ Preference in commerce for one state over another ^^ Use money from the treasury without the passage and approval of an appropriations bill. ^^ Grant titles of nobility

Miami Confederacy

Native American warriors in Ohio, whom the British were inciting against the Americans in 1794. Participated in the Battle of Fallen Timbers. Gave up claim to the Ohio country, which was rich in furs, and signed the Treaty of Greenville in 1795.

Selma, Alabama

On March 7, 1965, Martin Luther King, Jr., organized a march from _____, to the state's capital to call for a federal voting rights law that would provide legal support for disenfranchised African Americans in the South. State troopers, however, sent marchers back with violence and tear gas, and television cameras recorded the incident. On March 9 King tried again, leading more than 2,000 marchers to the Pettus Bridge, where they encountered a barricade of state troopers. King led his followers to kneel in prayer and then he unexpectedly turned back. The media attention prompted President Johnson to introduce voting rights legislation on March 15, and on March 21 King once again led a group of marchers out of Selma; this time, they were protected by Alabama National Guardsmen, federal marshals, and FBI agents. Marchers arrived in the state capitol on March 25, where King addressed the crowd with what would be called his "How Long, Not Long" speech. The Voting Rights Act was signed into law on August 6. It suspended literacy tests, provided for federal approval of proposed changes to voting laws or procedures, and directed the attorney general of the United States to challenge the use of poll taxes for state and local elections.

American Renaissance

Period that many regard as the most important in American literary history. In 1941, Harvard scholar F. O. Matthiessen argued that, from 1850 to 1855, five writers developed "a literature for our democracy" of extraordinary philosophical and aesthetic merit. The writers that Matthiessen chose were Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman. The books that he chose include Representative Men, Walden, The Scarlet Letter, Moby-Dick, and Leaves of Grass.

high latitudes

Places near the poles are said to be in _____.

Qualifications of Member of US House of Representatives

Qualifications for this office include that the person must: be at least 25 years of age when entering office, have been a US citizen for at least seven years, and be a resident of the state in which the election was held.

Election of 1968

Richard M. Nixon was elected president; Spiro T. Agnew was his VP. ^^ The ____ Democratic National Convention, held in Chicago, was notable for its televised account of social unrest and national disunity. Civil rights activists and Vietnam War protesters barraged the convention. Chicago mayor Richard Daley met the protestors with 12,000 police officers and the Illinois National Guard, resulting in a bloody riot. Captured by television cameras and broadcast across the nation, the convention doomed Humphrey's candidacy and intensified the protests against the Vietnam War. ^^ The American Independent Party nominated George Wallace, the pro-segregation governor of Alabama, as their presidential nominee. Wallace won 13.8 percent of the vote, and was thought to have taken away votes from both major-party candidates, Democrat Hubert Humphrey and Republican Richard Nixon.

Walker Tariff

Robert __1___, a Mississippian and Secretary of the Treasury for the Democratic Polk administration, convinced Congress to pass the _____. The act slashed all duties to the minimum necessary for revenue. Polk believed the Democrats had a mandate to overturn the Clay-Whig "American System." But numerous northern Democrats had supported a modestly protective __2__, and were disappointed that Polk broke his campaign promise to combine the revenue __2__ with a measure of protection. Polk alienated this constituency just as he had done with Western Democrats when he vetoed the 1846 Rivers and Harbors Bill. ^^ In Britain, Parliament repealed the Corn Laws (__2__s on imported bread grains). Along with the _____, the repeal of the Corn Laws seemed to signal a new era of freer world trade.

Panic of 1857

Sparked by the failure of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co. in New York. Caused by over-speculation in railroads and lands, and the decrease in flow of European capital for US investments because of Europe's own wars. In addition, a surplus of wheat hurt Northern farmers. ^^ The depression spread to Europe, South America, and the Far East, and fueled sectional tensions as Northerners blamed it on the low tariff policies of the Southern-dominated Congress.

Mountain Men

Term applied to people who made their living trapping animals such as beaver for their pelts. Once the Eastern beaver population was nearly wiped out by them, they moved to the Pacific Northwest to find more. Many immersed themselves in Native American culture and married into Native American families, choosing to live in the Northwest rather than return to the Northeast to make trades. Instead, they met at a yearly rendezvous where thy socialized with other trappers and did business with Eastern merchants, such as those working for the American Fur Company owned by John Jacob Astor. As the beaver population in the Northwest also died out, and as beaver hats grew less fashionable, some ____ started farming in Oregon, but many went back East and became guides to help other people make the journey West. ^^ The land the ____ settled in was called Oregon Country (modern-day Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, along with parts of Montana and Wyoming). After the Panic of 1837 and at the height of the economic depression, many Americans chose to make the 2,000-mile trip from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon on the Oregon Trail.

California, State of

The Gold Rush hastened statehood for ______ in 1850 (as a part of the Compromise of 1850); and, though the Gold Rush peaked in 1852, the momentum of settlement did not subside. Nearly $2 billion in gold was extracted from the earth before mining became virtually dormant. ^^ The Compromise of 1850 did not settle the slavery issue in ______. Political parties were divided according to whether they believed that ______ should be a free state or a slave state. One movement, led by the backers of ______ Sen. William M. Gwin, sought to divide ______ into two states, one slave and one free. The same group also attempted to promote a Pacific Coast republic. At the onset of the Civil War, however, ______ sided with the North and provided it with materiel and soldiers. ^^ After the war, control of the governor's office passed back and forth between Democrats and Republicans to the end of the century. The political climate after 1876 was distinguished by labor problems and the activity of those seeking to control mining, irrigation, and fruit growing through state funding. An economic slump in the 1870s brought increased discontent among the labor unions, one result of which was a demand for the exclusion of Chinese laborers, who worked for lower rates of pay than did "whites." ^^ The problems and agitation of the period resulted in the constitution of 1879, which included reforms but discriminated against the Chinese. An exclusion law passed by the U.S. Congress that year was killed by presidential veto, but in the next year a treaty agreement with China allowed U.S. regulation of Chinese immigration. This was followed by the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, which suspended Chinese immigration for 10 years. In 1902 Congress reenacted exclusion legislation against the Chinese. By cutting off cheap labor, exclusion helped make the huge single-crop ranches unprofitable and led to the proliferation of smaller farms growing varied crops. ^^ Japanese farmworkers were brought in to replace the Chinese, but as they grew successful the "yellow peril" outcry rose once again. Japanese agitation, focused largely in San Francisco, affected domestic and international policies. The Gentlemen's Agreement between Japan and the United States in 1907 halted further Japanese immigration to the United States. In 1913 the Webb Alien Land Law, designed to keep the Japanese from owning land, was the culmination of anti-Japanese lobbying. ^^ Reform movements of the early 20th century promoted, among other things, greater influence of the people in government. The effects of the Great Depression were not as devastating in ______ as in most other parts of the country but were felt nonetheless. Migrant farmworkers from the Dust Bowl of the Great Plains flocked to the state to seek work, a situation that caused widespread social unrest. Depression conditions gave rise to a number of social welfare schemes, including the End Poverty in ______ (EPIC) reform movement, organized by muckraking author and gubernatorial candidate Upton Sinclair. The Democratic Party gained strength during the Depression era. Nevertheless, Republicans dominated the statehouse during the first half of the 20th century (the Democrats had control only during 1939-43). Notable among the Republican governors was Earl Warren, who resigned in 1953 to become chief justice of the United States and who was the first person of his state to hold the office.

Department of Energy

The Secretary of _____ is confirmed in the Senate by: Energy and Natural Resources Committee

Connecticut, State of

The fifth of the thirteen original colonies; it was accepted as a state in 1788. Provisions of the Fundamental Orders of ________ were incorporated into the state constitution after the Revolutionary War. ______ was also known for its blue laws, which dictated how people should behave. State law completely prohibited slavery in 1848.

Mississippi River

The second longest river; has the largest drainage area and largest average discharge in the US.

Apache

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in New Mexico and Arizona.

powers denied to states

This part of the US Constitution established the Legislative Branch of the federal government. This section describes the _______. ^^ List includes: ^^ Making treaties ^^ declaring war ^^ Maintaining a standing army ^^ Printing money ^^ Ex Post Facto Law ^^ Import and Export Duties ^^ Titles of nobility ^^ Taxes on imports and exports

Transportation trends in the early 20th century

Transportation trends in the ______ century:

Transportation trends in the late 19th century

Transportation trends in the ______ century: Railroads were given land grants by the government. Railroad transportation provided opportunities for movement of goods and people to the West and raw materials to the East. It affected population movements made Chicago one of the most populous cities in the nation by 1900.

Transportation trends in the mid-19th century

Transportation trends in the ______ century: Tremendous expansion of railroad lines created a national market for goods. Railroads, such as the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, were developed to help link the Midwest to the East Coast. Steamboats and clipper ships became more popular for travel.

Nanticoke

Tribal groups of these Native Americans lived in Delaware and Maryland.

Powers denied to Congress

US Constitution—Article I, Section 9 established the Legislative Branch of the federal government. This section describes the _______. ^^ List of ________ includes: ^^ Prohibit Slavery before 1808 ^^ Suspend the writ of habeas corpus, except in times of national crisis ^^ Bills of attainder ^^ Ex post facto laws ^^ Direct tax ^^ Import and export duties between states ^^ Export taxes ^^ Preference in commerce for one state over another ^^ Use money from the treasury without the passage and approval of an appropriations bill. ^^ Grant titles of nobility

Panic of 1837

Upon his reelection in 1833, Andrew Jackson began to take the federal deposits out of the Second Bank of the US, placing them in "pet" state banks. This led to relaxed credit policies and inflation. Without the stabilizing weight of the Second BUS, interest rates soared, and worthless paper notes were everywhere. To curb the inflation, Jackson issued a "Specie Circular," which required that all Western lands be paid for with precious metal (gold or silver) and not paper or credit, but hard currency could not cover the overheated market in the West. The lack of sound money combined with inflation and an international crisis produced a five-year depression called __________. Another Jacksonian act in 1836 contributed to the ________: the Deposit and Distribution Act, which transferred federal monies from eastern to western state banks and in turn led to a speculation frenzy. Finally, there was a downturn in Great Britain's economy as well. As a result, the US economy went into a depression, banks became insolvent, the national debt (previously paid off) increased, business failures rose, cotton prices dropped, and unemployment increased. The recession lasted into the 1840s.

US Constitution—Article I, Section 01 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives."

The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783

Written by Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840-1914), a naval officer and historian, ______ further encouraged those in favor of American imperialism and seaward expansion. Themes in the book were used as partial justification for the US's taking of the Philippines.

Compromise of 1877

aka Hayes-Tilden Compromise; due to a disputed presidential election, neither the Republic candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, nor the Democratic candidate, Samuel Tilden, received the minimum required number of electoral votes because 20 votes were in dispute. Tilden won the popular vote but neither candidate won the electoral vote, because the electoral votes in three states were in dispute. The Democrats carried the popular vote, and only allowed Hayes to win the election if he promised to withdraw federal troops from the South, which he agreed to do. Hayes promised to show consideration for Southern interests, end Reconstruction, aid Southern industrialization, and withdraw remaining forces from the South. This settlement left the freed African Americans in the South without support from the Republican Party. This ended Reconstruction.

Mapp v. Ohio

case in which the US Supreme Court on June 19, 1961, ruled (6-3) that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment to the US Constitution, which prohibits "unreasonable searches and seizures," is inadmissible in state courts. In so doing, it held that the federal exclusionary rule, which forbade the use of unconstitutionally obtained evidence in federal courts, was also applicable to the states through the incorporation doctrine, the theory that most protections of the federal Bill of Rights are guaranteed against the states through the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (which prohibits the states from denying life, liberty, or property without due process of law). The ruling also overturned in part the Supreme Court's decision in Wolf v. Colorado (1949), which recognized the right to privacy as "incorporated" but not the federal exclusionary rule. Because of the inherent vagueness of the Fourth Amendment, the scope of the exclusionary rule has been subject to interpretation by the courts, including the Supreme Court, which since the 1980s has gradually narrowed the range of circumstances and the kinds of evidence to which the rule applies.

Ashcan School

early 1900s; aka New York Realists; Name applied to a group of American artists who focused on subjects of everyday life; titles such as The Wrestlers and Sixth Avenue. Members included George Luks, George Bellows, John Sloan, Robert Henri, Everett Shinn, and Arthur B. Davies.

Plymouth Colony

formed by the Pilgrims when they arrived at Plymouth Rock in 1620. The government was based on Mayflower Compact which was not a constitution but a contract signed by the 41 male colonists from the Mayflower that they would cooperate with each other: they pledged to obey "just and equal laws" created for the "general good of the colony" in order to benefit "the glory of God" and the "honor of our king" (of England).

Department of State

founded in 1789; the first Secretary of _____ was Thomas Jefferson under George Washington. It is responsible for the foreign policy of US. Includes all US embassies and consulates. The Secretary of _____ acts as a high-profile negotiator and is confirmed in the Senate by: Foreign Relations Committee. In the first three decades of the US, the Secretary of _____ usually became the next elected President. This ended with Andrew Jackson's election.

Department of Homeland Security

founded in 2002; oversees: Border and Transportation Security Administration; US Customs, Immigration, and Naturalization Services; Border Patrol; US Coast Guard; Secret Service. The Secretary of _____ is confirmed in the Senate by: Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee

Mormon Trail

in U.S. history, the route taken by __1___s from Nauvoo, Ill., to the Great Salt Lake in what would become the state of Utah. After __1___ leader Joseph Smith was murdered by a mob in 1844, church members realized that their settlement at Nauvoo was becoming increasingly untenable. Smith's successor, Brigham Young, proposed a 1,300-mile (2,100-km) exodus to the west. Beginning in 1846, thousands of __1___s traversed a route that would later be called the _________. Following existing pioneer __2___s through Iowa, the group established winter quarters in Omaha, Neb. From there the first wave of settlers followed the Platte River west across Nebraska and into Wyoming, at which point the _________ frequently coincided with the Oregon __2___. The _________ broke south just to the west of the Continental Divide, and it terminated to the southeast of the Great Salt Lake, in what is today Salt Lake City. The route was designated a national historic __2___ by the U.S. National Park Service.

House of Burgesses

organized in 1619 to run the Virginia Colony's government, it was comprised of representatives who were elected by male landholders to represent the interests of the colonists. It was a rudimentary beginning of representative democracy in the colonies. Election to a seat was limited to voting members of the charter colony, which at first was all free men; later rules required that a man own at least 50 acres of land to vote; it instituted private ownership of land but maintained the rights of colonists.

Exclusionary Rule

provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct, improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial.

Pre-colonial North America Plains Cultures

southern Canadian prairie provinces and the central US Blackfoot, Sioux, and Comanche. Their lives changed with the arrival of horses from Spain's colonies as they turned from agriculture to hunting from horseback by following the herds.

Battle of Long Island

the first major battle of the war since the American declaration of independence on July 4. The battle initiated the British campaign of 1776 to isolate New England from the rest of the colonies. In the summer of 1776, over 30,000 British troops under General William Howe arrived in New York City. Washington's troops were outnumbered. In August, the Patriots were driven out of New York and New Jersey in the _______ and forced to take refuge in Philadelphia across the Delaware River. Losses: American, 300 dead, 650 wounded, 1,100 captured; British and German, 63 dead, 314 wounded.

King William's War

(1689-97), North American extension of the War of the Grand Alliance, waged by France under Louis XIV against William III of Great Britain and the League of Augsburg. Canadian and New England colonists divided in support of their mother countries and, together with their respective Indian allies, assumed primary responsibility for their own defense. The British, led by Sir William Phips, captured Port Royal, Acadia (later Nova Scotia), but failed to conquer Quebec and Montreal. The French and Indians under the Count de Frontenac carried out successful attacks on Schenectady, N.Y., Salmon Falls (in present New Hampshire), and Casco Bay (in present Maine) but failed against their main target—Boston. The protracted war ended with the Treaty of Rijswijk (1697). Because of the importance of Indian participation, it is also known as the first of the four French and Indian Wars.

World War II

(1939-1945) _____ pitted the main antagonists—Germany, Italy, Japan, against Great Britain, France, Soviet Union, and the US. ^^ The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor drew the US into the global war against Hitler and fascism and against the Japanese. 362,000 Americans died in service. ^^ The Four Freedoms: freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear were the principles that embodied the American cause and set the US against the Nazis. This set the principle of pluralism against the "master race" rhetoric of the Nazis. ^^ First the US became the "Arsenal of Democracy." Women were desperately needed in factories and plants. ^^ Every week during the war years, 90 million people flocked to the movies to catch up on the news of the war. They watched newsreels of war footage. ^^ Japanese American families were interned in prison camps for the length of the war. ^^ The largest amphibious assault in history was led by General Eisenhower on D-Day, June 1944. ^^ Germany surrendered in 1945. In the Pacific, the Japanese continued to fight on. The US decides to use the atomic bomb rather than invade Japan. It was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Baker v. Carr

(1962) US Supreme Court case that forced the Tennessee legislature to reapportion itself on the basis of population. Traditionally, particularly in the South, the populations of rural areas had been overrepresented in legislatures in proportion to those of urban and suburban areas. Prior to this case, the Supreme Court had refused to intervene in apportionment cases; in 1946 in Colegrove v. Green the court said apportionment was a "political thicket" into which the judiciary should not intrude. In this case, however, the court held that each vote should carry equal weight regardless of the voter's place of residence. Thus, the legislature of Tennessee had violated the constitutionally guaranteed right of equal protection. Chief Justice Earl Warren described this decision as the most important case decided after his appointment to the court in 1953.

Adena

1000-200 BCE; Pre-Columbian Native American hunter-gatherers who lived during the Early Woodland period. Refers to a number of related societies, not a particular tribe, living in very small settlements and sharing a burial complex and ceremonial system, living in Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Kentucky, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. Had a considerable influence on other contemporary and succeeding cultures. Notable for their agricultural practices, pottery, artistic works, shamanism, stone tablets, and extensive trading network. They hunted and foraged, but also began domesticating various crops, such as squash, sunflower, sumpweed, goosefoot, knotweed, maygrass, and tobacco. They lived in small villages near their gardens, but likely moved frequently as they followed animal herds and other food sources, such as nuts, which supplemented the harvest from their gardens. They were also the first people to produce clay pottery in Ohio, which is characterized by large, thick-walled vessels that were likely used to cook ground seeds into an oatmeal-like substance. Substantial earthworks. Seen as the precursor to the traditions of the Hopewell culture.

Indentured Servitude

1600s; poor workers, convicted criminals, and debtors received passage and fees in return for a number of years of labor for a planter or company. Voluntary contracts that protected some legal rights, but they had little control over their work conditions and living arrangements. It remained the predominant system of labor until the 1670s.

Starving Time

1609-1610; a series of conflicts between the Jamestown colonists and the Native Americans limited the colonists' ability to trade for supplies and to farm. A large number of colonists died and others tried to flee to England; however, boats arriving with supplies from England intercepted the colonists and forced them to return to Jamestown. Additional support from England, the development of new industries, and the creation of new trade partnerships.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

1629; a joint-stock company chartered by a group of Puritans escaping political repression from King James I, religious restrictions, and an economic recession in England. They were led by Governor John Winthrop, who taught that the new colony should be a model of Christian society. Known as the "Bible Commonwealth," this colony was founded by Puritans who desired to reform the Church of England from within and to practice their religion freely. The Puritans left England in 1630 with a royal charter, which differed from other royal charters in that the Puritans could determine the headquarters of the company. As a result, the headquarters was established in the New World. They carefully organized their venture and did not undergo the "starving time" that had often plagued other first-year colonies. The government developed to include a governor and a representative assembly. They typically lived in small villages surrounded by farmland. Typical communities had a close relationship between church and state. During the Great Migration of 1630s, over 70,000 people left England for the New World. Many of these settlers were prosperous and well educated. They came with families to establish new homes in a colony that many viewed as a religious experiment. John Winthrop was the colony's first governor, establishing a theocracy there. Only freemen who belonged to a Puritan congregation could vote in colonial matters. In the succeeding decades Massachusetts proved to be aloof from English concerns and refractory in many ways, even claiming that its charter made it independent of Parliament. Relations deteriorated after the Restoration and finally, in 1684, England vacated the charter of 1629. In 1686 James II appointed his own governor of the new Dominion of New England, which combined the New England colonies, New York, and New Jersey. The king's governor ruled without a representative legislature and sought to insinuate the Church of England into Puritan New England. News of the overthrow of James II led to a parallel Glorious Revolution in New England—and elsewhere in America. Each of the colonies that had been absorbed within the dominion resumed its prior governmental practices. Made a royal colony in 1691.

Carolina colony

1663; King Charles II rewarded loyal noblemen with these lands after the twenty-year Puritan revolution in England. It started as a proprietary colony. Granted by royal decree in 1663, ______ was established as a proprietary colony for the purpose of supplying food to the sugar plantations in Barbados and silk, wine, and olive oil to England (climate was not suited to the latter three). Rice became the cash crop of this colony, in addition to indigo. Both increased the need for labor, most of which was obtained from African slaves. In 1696, this colony officially adopted the Barbados Slave Codes of 1661, which placed slaves completely under the control of their masters and led to chattel (property) slavery in the colonies. By the early 1700s, African slaves outnumbered whites in _____. Large groups of colonists came from Barbados and treated their slaves harshly.

New Jersey Colony

1664; Originally settled by Dutch as part of New Netherland; established and renamed in 1664 as a proprietary colony by the British. English King Charles II gave the title to the lands between New England and Maryland to his brother, James, Duke of _______. James gave/sold this part of his new possessions to Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton; they became the two English Lords Proprietors of _______. They attempted to attract more settlers by granting sections of land and by passing the 1665 Concession and Agreement, granting religious freedom to all inhabitants of _____. The settlers were supposed to pay quit-rents, which many ultimately refused to do. Philip Carteret became the first Governor. Many Quakers made their homes here. This was one of the Middle Colonies; the east and west political divisions (often disputed borders) were united as a royal colony in 1702; it became a state in 1787.

Dominion of New England

1686-1689; it was an administrative body created by King James II that oversaw certain northern NA British colonies. It was put in place to implement the Navigation Acts and to assist the colonies in defending themselves against hostile French and Native American forces. The Governor-in Chief, Sir Edmund Andros outlawed town meetings, disputed titles to certain colonial lands, proselytized on behalf of the Church of England, controlled the courts, press, and schools; and revoked land titles. It also taxed the colonies without the consent of the elected assemblies and enforced the Navigation Acts. The targeted colonies had originally been in favor of some sort of voluntary association, but this solution was very unpopular because of its imposition of tight controls. It collapsed after the Glorious Revolution when Massachusetts colonists overthrew Governor Andros. In New York (Leisler Rebellion) and Maryland, popular uprisings deposed governments temporarily. Later, royal control was reasserted; however, William and Mary implemented the policy of salutary neglect.

Salem Trials

1692; A series of hearings and prosecutions of people in colonial Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge between February 1692 and May 1693. It resulted in the executions of twenty people, fourteen of them women, and all but one by hanging. Five others (including two infant children) died in prison. Puritan ministers finally intervened to stop the executions. Theories for the events include: political and class divisions; economic stresses; gender-biased view of women. Writer Arthur Miller produced The Crucible (1953), a retelling of the events and a reflective commentary on McCarthyism of the 1950s.

First Great Awakening

1720s-1740s; It was a revival of religious importance beginning in Massachusetts in 1730 and led by traveling ministers in the 1730s and 1740s. Through fiery sermons at outdoor revival meetings, Americans were encouraged to seek a personal relationship with God. Jonathan Edwards of Massachusetts stirred congregations with his preaching and brought American theology to Europe; English preacher George Whitefield aroused crowds as he traveled throughout the colonies. It undermined older clergy (Old Lights), The missionary spirit flourished; it inspired a lessening of doctrinal rigor and a more direct experience of faith. It created schisms, increased compositeness of churches, encouraged missionary work, and led to the founding of new schools (New Lights universities): Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, and Dartmouth. It was first spontaneous movement of the American people (broke sectional boundaries and denominational lines).

French and Indian War

1754 - 1763; This struggle between two colonial powers in North America was part of a worldwide war known as the Seven Years' War, fought on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley. English speculators had secured the rights to 500,000 acres in the Ohio River Valley. At about the same time, the French had built a series of forts in the same area to keep lines of communication and supply open between Canada and Louisiana. Battles continued on European and American fronts until Britain gained control of Canada. Virginia sent militia under young Major George Washington to protest French incursions. Generals Wolfe and Amherst led a British force against the French fortress-city of Quebec in 1759 and took the city. Montreal fell the following year. Treaty of Paris signed in 1763. Historical Significance: the British received all of Canada, all of America east of the Mississippi, Florida, and some Caribbean islands.

Stamp Act Congress

1765; aka "First x-----x of the American Colonies," was a meeting held between October 7 and 25, 1765, in New York City, consisting of representatives from nine of the British colonies in North America; it was the first gathering of elected representatives from several of the American colonies to devise a unified protest against new British taxation. Parliament had passed the ________, which required the use of special paper for legal documents, playing cards, calendars, newspapers, and dice for virtually all business in the colonies, and was going into effect on November 1, 1765. ^^ Adopted the "Declaration of the Rights and Grievances of the Colonies," which stated that freeborn Englishmen could not be taxed without their consent. A petition for relief was sent to George III. An appeal was addressed to Parliament to repeal the ______. A distinction was again drawn between imperial regulatory laws (permissible) and internal taxation (objectionable). American merchants organized nonimportation associations to apply pressure to Britain's economy.

Tea Act

1773; principal objective was to reduce the massive amount of ____ held by the financially troubled British __1___ Company in its London warehouses and to help the financially struggling company survive. A related objective was to undercut the price of illegal __1__, smuggled into Britain's North American colonies. This was supposed to convince the colonists to purchase Company _____ on which the Townshend duties were paid, thus implicitly agreeing to accept Parliament's right of taxation. Smuggled ___1__ was a large issue for Britain and the East India company, since approximately 85% of all the __1____ in America at the time was smuggled Dutch _____. The Act granted the Company the right to directly ship its ___1___ to North America and the right to the duty-free export of __1__ from Britain, although the tax imposed by the Townshend Acts and collected in the colonies remained in force. Colonists in the Thirteen Colonies recognized the implications of the Act's provisions, and a coalition of merchants, smugglers, and artisans similar to that which had opposed the Stamp Act 1765 mobilized opposition to delivery and distribution of the __1__. The company's authorized consignees were harassed, and in many colonies successful efforts were made to prevent the ___1__ from being landed. In Boston, this resistance culminated in the x-------x on December 16, 1773. Parliamentary reaction to this event included passage of the Coercive Acts, designed to punish Massachusetts for its resistance, and the appointment of General Thomas Gage as royal governor of Massachusetts. These actions further raised tensions that led to the eruption of the American War of Independence in April 1775.

Quebec Act

1774; formally known as the British North America _______ Act of 1774, was an act of the Parliament of Great Britain setting procedures of governance in ______. ^^ The Act's principal components were: ^^ Territory was expanded to take over part of the Indian Reserve, including much of what is now southern Ontario, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin, and parts of Minnesota. ^^ Reference to the Protestant faith was removed from the oath of allegiance. It guaranteed free practice of the Catholic faith. ^^ It restored the use of the French civil law for matters of private law, except that in accordance with the English common law, it granted unlimited freedom of testation. It maintained English common law for matters of public law, including administrative appeals, court procedure, and criminal prosecution. ^^ It restored the Catholic Church's right to impose tithes. ^^ The 1774 Act had wide-ranging effects, in _____ itself, as well as in the Thirteen Colonies. In ______, English-speaking immigrants from Britain and the southern colonies objected to a variety of its provisions, which they saw as a removal of certain political freedoms. Other residents varied in their reaction; the land-owning seigneurs and ecclesiastics for example were generally happy with its provisions. ^^ In the Thirteen Colonies, the Act had been passed in the same session of Parliament as a number of other acts designed as punishment for the Boston Tea Party and other protests, which the American Patriots collectively termed the "Intolerable" or "Coercive Acts". The provisions of this Act were seen by the colonists as a new model for British colonial administration, which would strip the colonies of their elected assemblies. It seemed to void the land claims of the colonies by granting most of the Ohio Country to _______. The Americans also interpreted the Act as an "establishment" of Catholicism in the colony. The Americans had fought hard in the French and Indian War, and they now saw the provisions given to the former enemy as an affront.

Anti-federalists

1780s-1790s; Opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independent states. They followed Jefferson's ideas on the role of government; they were suspicious of political actions that would limit freedom and a centralized government that would rule at a distance. They believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution. They promoted a democracy for farmers, craftsmen, and "ordinary people," and drew their strongest support from the agrarian and frontier states. Members of this group included George Mason, Patrick Henry, and George Clinton (US VP; Gov of NY state). ^^ Key Points: ^^ Favored states' rights ^^ "Strict" interpretation of the Constitution ^^ Encourage agriculture and rural life ^^ South and West of US ^^ Sympathized with France ^^ Civil liberties and trust in "the people" ^^ Using the names "Cato," "Brutus," and "The Federalist Farmer," they wrote essays that appeared in newspapers and were widely reprinted. They stressed democratic reliance on state and local government. They felt that the Constitution compromised the goals of the American Revolution and gave too much power to the central government. They came to oppose the policies of Alexander Hamilton, in part because they thought that Hamilton's programs favored manufacturing and commercial interests. They desired state banks rather than a national bank. They wanted a minimal navy, primarily for coastal defense. They refused to ratify the new Constitution unless a "Bill of Rights" was added to it. Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island were holdout states; they reluctantly ratified the Constitution with the promise of the Bill of Rights. The Jeffersonian Republican Party, known also as Democratic-Republicans, or simply Republicans, absorbed many of them.

Presidency 01 of George Washington

1789-1797. His VP was John Adams because he place second in the electoral vote count. He served two terms. His leadership led to a standard of a strong presidency with control of foreign policy and the power to veto Congress's legislation. ^^ Secretary of the Treasury was Alexander Hamilton. Secretary of State was Thomas Jefferson. Secretary of War was Henry Knox. Outside of the cabinet, his most trusted adviser was Virginia Congressman James Madison, widely hailed as the Father of the Constitution. Madison co-wrote the President's inaugural address and wrote many of _______'s speeches. ^^ ____ was the first President in the history of the world. Everything he did set a precedent. To bring dignity and respect to the office, ____ stressed symbolic ceremony, including regular levees (receptions). He relied on advice from his cabinet considerably beyond what had been specified or implied by the Constitution. He minimized the role of the VP. ^^ When the Senate demanded relevant documents regarding a treaty with the Creek Indians, ____ angrily refused, thus establishing the principle of executive privilege and setting limits to the Constitutional provision on "advice and consent." ^^ He used his veto power only twice in eight years. ^^ In spurning a third term, ____ established a tradition not broken until 1940, but now constitutionalized by the 22nd Amendment. ^^ He declared the Proclamation of Neutrality, keeping the US neutral in European wars. His farewell address warned against entangling alliances, recommended isolationism, and warned of political party factions. ^^ 1789 Number of states: 11 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 5 ^^ 1789 Population: 3,929,214 ^^

Democratic- Republicans

1792-1860; aka Jeffersonian-_____2_____; originally known as Anti-federalists; they followed Jefferson's ideas of the need for a limited federal government; they professed trust in the educated and informed masses and believed in rotation of political office. They were generally sympathetic to the French revolutionary ideals; they believed that the 1778 Franco-American treaty of alliance should be honored. Political party that absorbed the Anti-Federalists. Proponents included Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Favored states' rights and power in the hands of commoners; supported by Southern agriculture and frontiersmen. Believed that the federal government was denied all powers that were not expressly given to it by the Constitution (a "strict interpretation" of the document). Supported the French Revolution's ideals, but they were against the Revolution's bloody radicalism.

Whiskey Rebellion

1794. Pennsylvania grain farmers were unhappy with the excise tax placed on _____ and refused to pay the tax. Washington sent out federal troops led by General Henry Lee and Alexander Hamilton, who easily scattered the "rebels." The farmers dispersed and the government under the Constitution had demonstrated its power to enforce the law. For most Westerners this provided additional reasons to support the Jeffersonian opposition to Hamilton financial plans for the new government.

Jay's Treaty

1794. This agreement was an attempt to settle the conflict between the US and England over commerce, navigation, and violations of the Treaty of Paris. The conflict included that the British ignored US neutrality through seizure of American vessels and impressment of US seamen; they also incited Native Americans in the northwest, where the British had kept soldiers even after the Revolution. President Washington sent _____, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, to London to negotiate a peace with England. ^^ In this agreement of 1794, the British promised to ease trade restrictions, to withdraw their forces from US soil (western forts in the Northwest Territory), and to pay damages for the seizure of American ships. It provided for eventual evacuation by the British of their posts in the Northwest, but it allowed them to continue their fur trade. It allowed for the establishment of commissions to settle the US-Canadian border and US-Britain losses during the Revolutionary War. The US promised to pay all debts still owed to British merchants from the Revolution. However, there was no agreement on the issues of impressment and freedom of the seas. ^^ After a close Senate vote of approval in June 1795, Washington signed the agreement. The agreement was unpopular in the US, but it kept the US out of war for a while.

Pinckney's Treaty

1795; Spain feared that the British and Americans were planning an alliance; as a result, this agreement was signed by the US and Spain. Spain gave up its land east of the Mississippi River and north of Florida, with the 31st parallel as the northern boundary of Florida. Mississippi River navigation rights were approved and the river was opened to American traders. The US gained a large area north of Florida that had been in dispute (present-day Mississippi and Alabama). It gave western farmers the "right of deposit" in New Orleans, enabling them to use the port for their goods and making it easier for them to get their goods to the east. The US would later make the Louisiana Purchase, which would cement this right of deposit.

Farewell Address of George Washington

1796; largely authored by Alexander Hamilton and published in newspapers, the _______ deplored sectionalism and "partisan strife." The president approved of commercial but not political ties abroad. He recommended that permanent alliances with nations should be avoided and the US should follow an independent foreign policy. This advice was recalled for a century and a half by isolationists who tended to oversimplify or misinterpret the message.

Hartford Convention

1814; a series of meetings from December 15, 1814 - January 5, 1815, in which the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power. They discussed removing the "Three-fifths Compromise," which gave slave states more power in Congress, and requiring a two-thirds vote in Congress for the admission of new states, declarations of war, and creating laws restricting trade. The Federalists also discussed their grievances with the Louisiana Purchase and the Embargo of 1807. However, weeks after the _________'s end, news of Major General Andrew Jackson's overwhelming victory in New Orleans swept over the Northeast, discrediting and disgracing the Federalists and resulting in their elimination as a major national political force.

Treaty of Ghent

1814; this agreement ended the War of 1812 between the US of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum, restoring the borders of the two countries to the lines before the war started in June 1812. It promised peace, friendship, and good understanding between the parties. The issues of impressment, Indian hostilities, and freedom of the seas were not addressed. It took a month for news of the peace to reach the US, and in the meantime American forces under Andrew Jackson won the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815. It began two centuries and more of peaceful relations between the US and Britain, although there were a few tense moments such as the Trent Affair in 1861.

Rush-Bagot Treaty

1817-1818; The Treaty of Ghent, which ended hostilities after the War of 1812, set the groundwork for this agreement by encouraging both sides to continue to study boundary issues between the US and Canada. In the ________, Britain and the US agreed to stop maintaining armed fleets on the Great Lakes. The Canada-US border was demilitarized, including the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain. The US and the British agreed to joint control over the Oregon Territory for 10 years. The _______ laid the foundation for the world's longest east-west boundary—5,525 mi, and the longest demilitarized border in the world. Served as the first "disarmament" agreement and laid the foundation for future positive relations between Canada and the US.

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 Marshall Court decision ^^ Background: In 1819, a state taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the US in an attempt to protect its own state banks, claiming that the BUS was unconstitutional. ^^ Decision: ^^ One of the issues that concerned the Founders at the Constitutional Convention was how to divide power between the federal government and state governments. Reconciling national and local interests proved difficult. In the __1__ case, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of federal power. The constitutional questions in the _____ case concern both the powers of Congress and the relationship between federal and state authorities. ^^ Although the specific powers of Congress do not include the power to charter a corporation, the section enumerating these powers includes a statement giving Congress the authority to make the laws "necessary and proper" for executing its specific tasks. In Chief Justice Marshall's analysis, the terms "necessary and proper" grant Congress implied powers to carry out granted, or enumerated, powers. The Supreme Court determined that no state could control (or tax) an agency of the federal government. Using the concept of implied powers, US Supreme court Chief Justice Marshall ruled that the Bank was constitutional and that the state was forbidden from taxing the Bank. The Court invoked the "Necessary and Proper Clause" of the Constitution, which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution's list of express powers, provided those laws are in useful furtherance of the express powers of Congress under the Constitution. ^^ Quote from Marshall's opinion: "Let the end be legitimate, let it be within the scope of the Constitution, and all means which are appropriate, which are plainly adapted to that end, which are not prohibited, but consistent with the letter and spirit of the Constitution, are constitutional." ^^ Results: Use of judicial review over state law made this a division of powers case. This case established two important principles in constitutional law. First, the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government. Second, state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819 Marshall Court decision. ^^ Background: _____1_____ was granted a charter at its founding by royal authority; it sued when the state of New Hampshire attempted to declare the charter invalid. To take over ___1____, New Hampshire legislature tried to change ___1___ from a private to a public institution by having its charter revoked. Under common law—the principles and rules established through court decisions over the years—a contract was an agreement between two or more parties to perform certain actions. Under Article I, Section 10, of the Constitution, states were prevented from impairing the obligation of a contract. ^^ Constitutional Issue: Under common law—the principles and rules established through court decisions over the years—a contract was an agreement between two or more parties to perform certain actions. Under Article I, Section 10, of the Constitution, states were prevented from impairing the obligation of a contract. ^^ Decision: The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the original charter, which established the idea that states cannot interfere with contracts between states and corporations. The charter issued during colonial days still constituted a contract and could not be arbitrarily changed without the consent of both parties. ^^ Results: Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts. Severely limited the power of state governments to control corporations, which were the emerging form of business. The Dartmouth College decision made it clear that states were not permitted to take over private institutions, such as a private educational institution, and make them public. States, therefore, began to establish their own state universities. By protecting nonprofit entities, the Court was essentially protecting all corporations. As the economy of the United States grew, the corporate form of business organization became more and more common. Corporate charters, granted by state governments, were increasingly used to establish manufacturing and commercial businesses. The Dartmouth College case provided a protection for owners and management interests and a climate of legal stability that promoted economic growth.

Monroe Doctrine

1823; A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the US or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. Details of the statement: the Americas were closed to further colonization; the US would not interfere with already existing colonies in the Americas; the US would not interfere in European affairs; Europeans should stay out of the affairs of the Americas; an attempt by Europeans to interfere with any newly independent nations in the Americas would provoke the US. The European nations took no action against the policy because they believed the British supported it. It became the basis for American policy concerning the Western hemisphere and created a sphere of influence for the US in the Western hemisphere. It was more a policy of isolation than involvement. It has no standing in international law and attracted little attention at the time, when the British navy shielded the hemisphere. Modified and extended later (by Presidents Polk and Theodore Roosevelt) it became a centerpiece of US foreign policy. ^^ "...we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety."

Hudson River School

1825-1875; Group of American landscape painters, led by British-born artist Thomas Cole, forged an artistic vision of the American wilderness; they were the first American group of painters; it emerged between 1825 and 1880 and was a part of increasing American nationalism following the War of 1812. The influence of the European Romantic movement led many American artists to paint their homeland. They saw the American landscape as pristine and relatively untouched, as if God had just created it and it was an expression of the divine, so they painted beautiful landscapes imbued with spiritual overtones. ^^ William Hart: "A picture is a song, a piece of music. In it, one expresses, it may be, the sentiment of color, of the hour, or place." This group, based in New York State, depicted important landscapes such as Niagara Falls, the Adirondack Mountains, the Catskill Mountains, the Rocky Mountains, the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and the Hudson River Valley. Artists included Thomas Doughty, Thomas Cole, William Hart, Durand, Cropsey, Bierstadt, Church, George Inness, and S.F.B. Morse. William Richardson Tyler's The Artist; George Inness's Etretat; Asher Durand's "Hudson River Looking toward the Catskills"; ^^ It was originally centered on the National Academy in New York State, and you had to be a resident of New York. It was also called the New York ___3___, the American ___3____, and other names at the beginning. ^^ This group was not appreciated by the second generation of younger artists like John La Fare, Frank Duveneck, and , who came behind them and were influenced by new European techniques.

Spoils System

1828; Andrew Jackson's method of turning over the civil servant jobs to new government officials. "Rotation in office" was supposed to democratize government and lead to reform by allowing the common people to run the government. The _______ had been in place long before Jackson, but his name is tied to it because he endorsed its usage. In general, officials were replaced by those loyal to the new administration, and they were not always the most qualified for the positions. Over the span of several presidential terms, led to corruption and inefficiency; it was ended with the passage of the Pendleton Act.

Presidency 07 of Andrew Jackson

1829-1837; 7th President; VP (1) was John C. Calhoun; VP (2) was Martin Van Buren. ^^ _______ was a popular president due to his image as the self-made westerner. His form of leadership, known as ______ Politics, called for a strong executive, relied on the party system, and emphasized states' rights. _____ signed the Indian Removal Act, which provided for federal enforcement to remove Native American tribes west of the Mississippi. ^^ A widening of voter participation and the emergence of modern political party organization helped achieve the political revolution of the _______ years. Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper, which facilitated crop harvesting. ^^ He greatly increased the Spoils System in the civil service; ______ said that periodic rotation in office for civil servants would reduce corruption and provide democratic opportunity. Critics called it a spoils system. ____ relied on the informal advice of his Kitchen Cabinet. ^^ ______ favored limited government but strengthened the presidency. He vetoed federal funding for local improvements and Henry Clay's bill to distribute to the states funds raised from the sale of public lands. ____ exercised the veto twelve times—more than the six previous presidents combined. Critics and political cartoonists referred to "King Veto" and "King ____ the First." ^^ The chief issue of the 1832 election turned out to be _____'s war on the Second Bank of the US. His veto message denounced monopoly and privilege. His veto of the bank was followed by a period of uncertainty and finally, a major depression. He used the veto more than all his predecessors combined. ^^ In the election of 1832, for the first time, party conventions were used. _____ interpreted ^^ 1829 Number of states: 24 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 2 (Michigan, Arkansas) ^^ 1829 Population: 12,565,000; (1830 census: 12,861,000)

Gag Rule

1836-1844; In 1836, the House of Representatives adopted a ____ to block abolitionist petitions. It suppressed the discussion of petitions regarding slavery (usually abolitionist petitions about Wash DC) in the House of Representatives. Southerners supported this response because of their fear of slave emancipation. Led to increased discussion by Southern conventions of ways to escape Northern economic and political hegemony. It was repealed in 1844 through the efforts of former president John Quincy Adams.

Charles River Bridge Case

1837; Demonstrated that a contract could be broken to benefit the general welfare. Jackson's chief justice, Roger Taney, held that a state could cancel grant money if the grant ceased to be in the interests of the community. Served as a reversal of Dartmouth College v. Woodward.

Trail of Tears

1838-1839; Worcester v. Georgia was a response to President Jackson's Indian Removal Act. Cherokees in Georgia claimed to be a sovereign political entity. Native Americans were supported by the Supreme Court, which ruled that the Cherokees were a sovereign nation and that only the federal government (not Georgia) had the power to form a treaty with another nation (to move the Cherokees off their land). but President Jackson refused to enforce the court's decision and the state of Georgia ignored it. The Supreme Court had no power to enforce it. ^^ By this point, Cherokees had largely met the government's demands to assimilate into Western-style democratic institutions. ^^ In 1835, the US Congress persuaded a very small number of Cherokees to sign a treaty ceding their land, and the government used this as proof that the agreement was with the entire tribe. President Van Buren sent General Winfield Scott and thousands of Army troops to invade the Cherokee Nation in 1838 and 16,000 Cherokees were forced to give up lands to the east of the Mississippi and travel to an area in Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma. The migration's effects were devastating as hunger, disease, and exhaustion killed about 4,000 Cherokee and become known as the ________.

Know-Nothings

1840s-1850s; Common name for members of the "Native American Party," renamed the "American Party" in 1855. It was an American nativist political party that operated nationally in the mid-1850s. It was primarily anti-Catholic, xenophobic, and hostile to immigration. They sought to politically organize native-born Protestants in the defense of traditional religious and political values. ^^ The collapse of the Whig Party after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act left an opening for the emergence of a new major party in opposition to the Democrats, especially in the South. It was a political movement that supported Americans and American ideals over what it saw as the influence of immigrants. Also grew power from those dissatisfied with the perceived unresponsiveness of local leadership. ^^ Their platform outlined a limited immigration policy, proposed that only native-born Americans could hold public office, and advocated a twenty-one-year mandatory waiting period before immigrants would be granted citizenship and voting rights. They also sought to limit the sale of liquor, restrict public school teaching to Protestants only, and to allow only the Protestant version of the Bible to be read daily in classrooms. ^^ Influenced by German and Irish Catholic immigration during the period, _______ suspected immigrants of anti-Americanism and feared the influence of the Pope in Rome. The name of the movement came from its early days starting originally as a secret society. The movement grew in size and political representation in 1854 and 1855, but it was split by the slavery issue, and most members joined the Republican Party by the 1860 presidential election. The party declined rapidly after the 1856 election. Many members joined the Republican party after the 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford decision. Although their numbers remained strong in several northern states in the late 1840s, the party had eroded as a national presence before the election of 1860.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842; This was a significant diplomatic achievement that significantly reduced conflict between Great Britain and the US. Background: American ship Caroline was burned by Canadian loyalists in 1837. Later, Canada and the US disputed the boundary of Maine. The Arostook War was a tense conflict between Maine and New Brunswick about the proper border between the US and Canada in the area along the Arostook River. In 1839, the Maine legislature sent militia to the river to remove what it perceived to be Canadian interlopers. The New Brunswick Lieutenant Governor Sir John Harvey issued an order to remove Americans from what he believed to be Canadian, and thus British, land. President Van Buren dispatched General Winfield Scott to work out a compromise. Also, British ships sometimes stopped American ships to suppress American slave smuggling. During John Tyler's presidency, the conflicts were resolved by this agreement, the ______. ^^ Eventually both countries signed the ______ of 1842. Terms: It settled the boundary of Maine and border disputes in the Great Lakes. It created more cooperation between the US and Britain in curbing the slave trade.

Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!

1844; This was the main campaign promise of Democratic presidential candidate James Polk in the Election of 1844. Polk supported setting the northern border of Oregon Country at latitude ____, giving the US more land than it would have at latitude 49. On this promise, and the popularity of Manifest Destiny, Polk was elected president. ^^ Negotiations between the US and Britain over the Oregon Territory (Oregon Country) began in the summer of 1845. Because any states that would eventually be formed out of the territory would be free states, anti-slavery Northerners were strongly in favor of acquiring as much of the territory as possible. America's first proposal was that the territory be divided roughly in half, with the boundary drawn at the 49th parallel. When the British rejected this offer, expansionist Northerners called for greater American aggression, using the slogan _______, which referred to the latitude line marking the northernmost boundary of the territory. Pro-slavery Southern Congressmen, however, made it clear that they would not support a war with Britain over the territory. ^^ Britain did not want to go to war over the issue either, and in 1846, the two countries signed the Oregon Treaty to divide the territory at the 49th parallel. Oregon Country would later become the modern-day states of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, as well as portions of Montana and Wyoming.

Wilmot Proviso

1846; Amendment to a Mexican War appropriations bill. Proposed that slavery could not exist in any territory that might be acquired from Mexico. The amendment was passed in the U.S. House of Representatives several times, but it was ultimately defeated on each occasion because the South had greater power in the Senate. Represented the looming question of slavery's future, which would be decided in the Civil War. ^^ Fearful of expanding slave power within the national government, Representative ________ of Pennsylvania in 1846 introduced into Congress his famous ______, calling for the prohibition of slavery in the vast southwestern lands that had been newly acquired from Mexico. He proposed that there should be "no slavery or involuntary servitude in any territory acquired from Mexico." The _______ concept, which failed in Congress, was a direct ideological antecedent to the Free-Soil Party. The Free-Soil Party was a minor but influential political party in the pre-Civil War period of American history that opposed the extension of slavery into the western territories.

Declaration of Sentiments

1848; A document, outlining the rights that American women should be entitled to as citizens, that emerged from the Seneca Falls Convention in New York in July 1848. Three days before the convention, feminists Lucretia Mott, Martha C. Wright, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Mary Ann McClintock met to assemble the agenda for the meeting along with the speeches that would be made. It was written primarily by Stanton to parallel the struggles of the Founding Fathers with those of the women's movement. As one of the first statements of the political and social repression of American women, ______ met with significant hostility upon its publication and, with the Seneca Falls Convention, marked the start of the women's rights movement in the US.

Presidency 13 of Millard Fillmore

1850-1853; 13th President; He became President upon the death of Zachary Taylor. By championing the Compromise of 1850, _____ can be credited for keeping America from civil war for more than a decade. The political cost to himself, however, was total. Slavery was, like abortion today, the type of moral issue that terrifies politicians because it offers no easy middle ground. Debate in Congress over the issue during this period was so intense that fistfights were common in Congress, and many of its members carried pistols into the House and Senate chambers. With this in mind, it is far from surprising that there were no Presidents elected to a second term between those of Jackson and Lincoln. But his accomplishments, while not great, were nonetheless substantial. In addition to the fine legislative engineering that passed the compromise, _______ also conducted a disciplined, principled foreign policy. He handled flash points in Cuba, Hawaii, Eastern Europe, and Central America very well. On the other hand, it should be noted that for his entire political career, _______ was vulnerable to fringe causes. Falling for the old American fear of secret organizations, his first party was the distrustful Anti-Masonic movement, and he blamed his loss in the New York governor's race on "foreign Catholics." Moreover, _______ ended his career heading the Know-Nothings, a party formed to oppose immigration. _______'s political career encompassed the tortuous course toward the two-party system that we know today. The Whigs were not cohesive enough to survive the slavery imbroglio, while parties like the Anti-Masons and Know-Nothings were too extremist. When, as President, _______ sided with proslavery elements in ordering enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law, he all but guaranteed that he would be the last Whig President. Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852, which bolstered the abolitionist cause. ^^ He proposed a transcontinental railway, a national archive, a Central American Canal, a Department of Agriculture. The first modern two-party system of Whigs and Democrats had succeeded only in dividing the nation in two by the 1850s, and seven years later, the election of the first Republican President, Abraham Lincoln, would guarantee civil war. ^^ 1850 Number of states: 30 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 1 (California) ^^ 1850 Population: 23,261,000; (1850 census 23,192,000)

Gadsden Purchase

1853; also called Treaty of La Mesilla, it followed the conquest of much of northern Mexico by the US in 1848. Known in Mexican history as the sale of the Mesilla Valley, it assigned to the US nearly 30,000 additional square miles (78,000 square km) of northern Mexican territory (La Mesilla), now southern Arizona and southern New Mexico, in exchange for $10 million. Prompted in part by advocates of a southern transcontinental railroad, for which the most practical route would pass through the acquired territory, the purchase was negotiated by the US minister to Mexico, James __1__. Residents of the territory were to enjoy the same protections as those afforded to residents of the area ceded to the US earlier by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848). The railroad was built much farther north through Utah.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

1857 Supreme Court case involving a slave, ______, who was taken by his master from Missouri, a slave state, to Illinois, a free state. After he had been returned to Missouri, he sued for freedom for himself and his family, stating that by residing in a free state he had ended his slavery. President Buchanan meant for the case's decision to serve as the basis for the slavery issue. Pro-South Judge Taney ruled that _____ did not have the right of citizenship, which he would need to be able to bring forth a suit. He ruled further that the Missouri Compromise itself was unconstitutional because Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in the territories, as slaves were property. The decision would apply to all African Americans, who were regarded as inferior and, therefore, without rights ^^ This ruling of the Supreme Court legalized slavery in the territories and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. Also, declared the plaintiff as a slave did not have the right to sue because he was not a citizen; that African Americans were not and could never be citizens of the US; and that the Missouri Compromise (1820), which had declared free all territories west of Missouri and north of latitude 36°30′, was unconstitutional. ^^ The decision added fuel to the sectional controversy and pushed the country closer to civil war. Among constitutional scholars, it is widely considered the worst decision ever rendered by the Supreme Court. It has been cited in particular as the most egregious example in the court's history of wrongly imposing a judicial solution on a political problem. A later chief justice, Charles Evans Hughes, famously characterized the decision as the court's great "self-inflicted wound."

Lecompton Constitution

1857; this document was submitted by pro-slavery leaders in territorial Kansas; it put no restrictions on slavery. Free-Soilers boycotted the convention because the document would not leave Kansas a free territory. Though President Buchanan supported the _____ as the basis for Kansas' statehood, Congress voted against it. It was turned down and Kansas remained a territory." ^^ Bleeding Kansas" had become the focal point of the slavery crisis. The Kansas-Nebraska Act, signed three years before President Buchanan came to power, allowed Kansans to decide by election whether to be a free or slave state. Chaos had ensued as Missouri "border ruffians" crossed into Kansas to vote for a proslavery territorial government in 1855. Free-Soilers opposed to slavery subsequently formed their own government and boycotted a call for a constitutional convention for the new state, which the proslavery forces then dominated. President Buchanan, eager to retain the support of proslavery Democrats, endorsed this proslavery document known as the _______, though it had been supported by only a minority of whites in Kansas. Even President Buchanan's own territorial governor urged him not to accept these results. Instead, President Buchanan sent a message to Congress urging acceptance of Kansas as a slave state. ^^ In Congress, Senator Stephen Douglas boldly challenged President Buchanan's endorsement of the ______ plan and derailed it. He claimed that it was a fraud, passed by only a small minority of the voters in Kansas and therefore violated the principle of "popular sovereignty." Nevertheless, President Buchanan prevailed over Douglas in the Senate. In the House, a prolonged debate, with pro-Douglas Democrats joining Republicans, led to a compromise solution: the Constitution would be returned to Kansas for another vote. A new election was held in Kansas for a constitutional convention. This new convention soundly rejected slavery and set the stage for the admission of Kansas as a free state in June of 1861. ^^ The troubled course necessary to resolve the Kansas situation greatly compromised the President Buchanan administration's credibility. To some, it smacked of tampering, reversing the will of the people; to others, President Buchanan simply looked inept.

Presidency 16 of Abraham Lincoln

1861-1865; 16th President; His VP (1) was Hannibel Hamlin; VP (2) was Andrew Johnson. ^^ By inauguration day, seven states had seceded. ^^ April 12, 1861, Confederate forces bombarded Fort Sumter, beginning the Civil War. 22,000,000 citizens in the Union, 9,000,000 in the Confederacy, of whom 3,000,000 were slaves. ^^ _____ produced and led a Northern army to defend the Union against the secessionists; he suspended habeas corpus during the Civil War, which was upheld by Congress. _____ issued the Emancipation Proclamation after the Battle of Antietam, which freed slaves within the states under rebellion only. Eventually 200,000 blacks served in the Union Army. ____ endured endless criticism as President. ^^ His three-part strategy for the war ultimately worked: blockading the Southern ports, controlling the Mississippi River, and ______. ^^ ____ developed the "10% Plan" for Reconstruction; he gave the Gettysburg Address on November 19, 1863, which began "Four score and seven years ago..." The address was a profound expression of American ideals. General Grant was named General in Chief of all the Union Armies. ^^ "With malice toward none, with charity toward all..." Lincoln's second inaugural address. ^^ He was assassinated on April 14, 1865, while attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington; the assassin, John Wilkes Booth, believed he was assisting the Southern cause. ^^ 1861 Number of states: 34 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 2 (West Virginia, Nevada) ^^ 1861 Population: 32,351,000

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

1863; according to Lincoln, secession was impossible since the Continental Congress predated the Constitution; no state could break the Union "contract" by itself. Lincoln argued that the Southern states had never left the Union. Individuals in those states had rebelled, but the states had never legally left. Therefore, using his power as Commander-in-Chief during wartime, Lincoln issued this document in December 1863. The Radical Republicans in Congress did not agree and argued that the states had left the Union, should be treated as a conquered territory, and only Congress could set the terms for readmitting the states to the Union.

March to the Sea

1864; The name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign conducted in late 1864 by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army during the American Civil War. Sherman and Union Commander, Ulysses S. Grant, believed in a "total war" that would break the South's psychological capacity to fight; Sherman's army sought to eliminate civilian support of Southern troops. Sherman captured and burned Atlanta in September of 1864. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia, on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 22. The purpose of destroying Atlanta was to lower Southern morale and diminish supplies. Sherman led troops to Savannah, then on to South and North Carolina.

Presidency 17 of Andrew Johnson

1865-1869; 17th President; Vice President who took over presidency after Lincoln's assassination. _____ was a Southerner from Tennessee. He initially followed Lincoln's policies but gradually became more conservative, giving amnesty to former Confederate officials and opposing legislation that dealt with former slaves. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The Congress had veto-proof majorities of Republicans. ______'s veto of the Civil Rights Act was overridden by Congress, which decreased his political power. ______'s opposition to the Radical Republicans and his violation of the Tenure of Office Act (a bill targeting ______ because it forbade the President from firing his Cabinet members without Senate approval) led to his impeachment by the House. The Senate was organized as a court to hear the impeachment charges, but it came one vote short of the constitutional two-thirds required for removal. The first US president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president. ^^ William Seward purchased Alaska (Seward's Folly) for $7,000,000 from Russia. Baseball became a popular national sport. ^^ 1865 Number of states: 36 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 1 ^^ 1865 Population: 35,701,000

Freedmen's Bureau

1865-72; provided food, clothing, medical care, and shelter to war victims; they reunited families of former slaves; they established a network of courts; they established schools for freed people. During the Reconstruction period after the American Civil War, a popular name for the US ___2___ of Refugees, __1____, and Abandoned Lands, established by Congress to provide practical aid to 4,000,000 African Americans in their transition from slavery. Headed by Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard, the _______ might be termed the first federal welfare agency. Despite handicaps of inadequate funds and poorly trained personnel, ______ built hospitals for, and gave direct medical assistance to, more than 1,000,000 former slaves. ^^ Ex-slave states were divided into districts that were managed by assistant commissioners. Despite its benefits, the Bureau failed to establish the freed slaves as landowners. It organized the African American vote for the Republican Party, creating great animosity toward the _____ in the South. ^^ More than 21,000,000 rations were distributed to impoverished blacks as well as whites. _______'s greatest accomplishments were in education: more than 1,000 black schools were built and over $400,000 spent to establish teacher-training institutions. Among the historically black colleges and universities that received aid were Atlanta University (1865; now Clark Atlanta University) and Fisk University (1866; originally the Fisk School), named for Gen. Clinton B. Fisk of the Tennessee ________, who gave the school its original facilities in a former Union army barracks. Howard University, founded in 1867 through an act by the US Congress, was named for Maj. Gen. Howard.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

1867-1872; Stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad created a dummy company, ____________. The company was supposed to complete the transcontinental railroad, but instead it stole millions of dollars from the government. Blame for this fell on Grant and his cabinet.

Seward's Folly

1867; Derisive title of Secretary of State ______'s decision to purchase Alaska for $7.2 million from Russia. Congress agreed to the purchase, as Russia had been pro-North during the Civil War. Most members thought the purchase to be foolhardy since the land was in such a remote location. Russia was willing to sell Alaska because Russia was overextended abroad and feared the loss of Alaska in a future war. ^^ There is the thought among historians that Seward used the purchase of Alaska as an opportunity for the US to take over part or all of Canada. However, Britain granted Canada "home rule" in 1867, which precluded Canadians from looking with favor on being annexed by the US.

Presidency 18 of Ulysses Simpson Grant

1869-1877; 18th President; His VP (1) was Schuyler Colfax; VP (2) was Henry Wilson. _______ disagreed with Johnson's policies and won election through support of Radical Republicans. There were high expectations for his presidency. The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869. Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone. US Centennial Exhibition in 1876. Suffragettes were largely ridiculed. Battle of Little Big Horn led to Custer's Last Stand. The KKK terrorized freed slaves and carpetbaggers. _____ tried to ease tensions between North and South. Despite his personal honesty and honor, his administration was marred by scandals such as Credit Mobilier and the Whiskey Ring. The Panic of 1873. ^^ 1869 Number of states: 37 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 1 ^^ 1869 Population: 39,051,000

Stalwarts

1870s-1880s; the ______, a faction of the Republican Party led by Roscoe Conkling who considered themselves to be regular Republicans, opposed the civil-service reform policies of President Rutherford B. Hayes and supported the protective tariff. The _____ sought a third presidential term for Ulysses S. Grant. Conkling had become Grant's right-hand man during his presidency, and he hoped to become the crucial figure in a renewed Grant government, handing out patronage to his supporters in New York. The most salient issue of national politics in the early 1880s was civil service reform. Republicans split into three factions over this issue. The _____ faction OPPOSED reform. ^^ The third faction, which was reform oriented, first supported the Democratic nominee, Grover Cleveland, because they refused to support the candidacy of James Blaine. Instead, they combined with the less-dedicated reforming group (who wanted to nominate James Blaine) to nominate a dark-horse candidate, James A. Garfield, for president in 1880. In order to make himself more palatable to the _____, Garfield chose Chester Arthur, a ____, for his VP candidate. Garfield was elected but subsequently assassinated by Charles Guiteau, a man who had lost his civil service job after the change in administrations. Guiteau shouted "I am a _____ and Arthur is president now!" ^^ Congress passed the Pendleton Act in 1883, which established a category of civil service jobs that were to be filled by competitive examinations. President Arthur was a ______; however, he supported civil service reform, primarily because of Garfield's assassination scandal.

Gilded Age

1870s-1890s; Phrase coined by Mark Twain to describe the new industrial era. America emerged as the world's leading industrial and agricultural producer. Profits and political power became increasingly centralized in the hands of a few fabulously wealthy people. ^^ This is a boom time in America, and industry leads the way. A million men return home after the Civil War, and immediately find work in the coal mines, lumber mills, iron forges, machine shops, clothing factories, ready to rebuild the nation. A time of massive change in American life with people moving into the cities. Railroads improved travel and transportation, especially West. Industrialists, speculators, and financiers would make millions. ^^

Presidency 19 of Rutherford B. Hayes

1877-1881; 19th President; His VP was William A. Wheeler. ____ was a former Ohio governor who was the Republican presidential nominee in 1876. He won election through the Compromise of 1877. In 1877, after his inauguration, _______ removed the remaining federal troops in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana from political duty (guarding the statehouses). Redeemer governments assume power in South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana. Reconstruction was formally ended. ______ called in the army to put down the Great Railway Strike of 1877. ^^ Gangs of bandits roamed the Wild West, including the Jesse James gang. The were dazzling leaps in technology. Edison invented the phonograph and electric light. By the end of this term, massive immigration from Europe and, to a lesser degree, from Asia, pushed the population to 50 million. Urban squalor, prejudice, workers' rights were important issues. ^^ In the 1870s, much of the workforce in California consisted of Chinese laborers. when the Chinese began competing for jobs with others, pressure built to curb the level of immigration. Congress passed a law that abrogated a treaty the US signed with China that specifically allowed Chinese immigration. President ____ vetoed this measure and authorized a commission to negotiate a new treaty with China. The Treaty of 1880 allowed the government to limit immigration from China but also provided for the protection of rights for Chinese already in the US. ^^ 1877 Number of states: 38 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: None ^^ 1869 Population: 47,141,000 ^^

Presidency 22 of Grover Cleveland

1885-1889; 22nd President; His VP was Thomas Hendricks. ____ was the first Democrat elected after the Civil War. He was the only president elected to two non-consecutive terms. ^^ He was a reform candidate. Immigrants were the targets of ethnic violence. Oct 1886, _____ unveiled the Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor. ^^ Americans were turning to patent-medicines and Indian cures. ^^ _____ vetoed many private pension bills to Civil War veterans who submitted fraudulent claims. ____ signed the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, creating the federal Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) that monitored railway rates. The law was designed to ensure that such rates would be "reasonable and just." ^^ _____ sent in federal troops to enforce an injunction against striking railroad workers in Chicago. ^^ ____ was the only president to marry in office. ^^ 1885 Number of states: 38 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: None ^^ 1885 Population: 56,658,000

Dawes Severalty Act

1887, the _____ was passed, encouraging the breakup of Native American tribes in hopes of assimilating them into American society. Helen Hunt Jackson's A Century of Dishonor was a catalyst, as it depicted injustices to Native Americans. The law distributed Native American reservation lands among individual members of the tribe to form a system of agriculture more similar to the white man's. It gave each head of a Native American family 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land. The effect was to nearly destroy the reservation system, as the remaining tribal lands were opened up for whites. It dismantled American Indian tribes, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, and attempted to assimilate the Indian population into American society.

Presidency 24 of Grover Cleveland

1893-1897; 24th President; VP was Adlai E. Stevenson. ^^ In 1890, farm workers outnumbered workers in all other industries combined. Only 1 in 400 Americans earned a college degree. As _______ took office, he was confronted with the worst economic crisis in the nation's history: 15,000 businesses would fail, millions lost their jobs, many were homeless and went hungry. In Chicago, President _____ sent federal troops to disperse masses of unemployed workers and striking railroad workers led by Eugene Debs. The ensuing chaos was some of the worst domestic violence since the Civil War. Activist Republicans said Cleveland showed little concern for the many who suffered. Cleveland left the White House with his popularity at a low ebb. He retired to Princeton, New Jersey. ^^ 1893 Number of states: 44 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 1 ^^ 1893 Population: 66,970,000

Presidency 25 of William McKinley

1897-1901; 25th President; His VP (1) was Garret A. Hobart; VP (2) was Theodore Roosevelt. ^^ As President, _______ became the beneficiary of the recovery of the business cycle after the depression of the 1890s. With the economy picking up and the frontier settled, the growing middle class pursued the genteel pleasures of the Victorian life. Opulence was in vogue. ^^ A revolt against Spanish rule was already underway in Cuba. Many Americans wanted to join the fight. McKinley tried to maintain neutrality, but when the US battleship Maine blew up in Havana Harbor, Americans demanded war. US troops routed the Spanish in Cuba. Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines to the US. America was becoming a global power. ^^ ________ ran for reelection with Theodore Roosevelt as his VP candidate. ______ won a sweeping victory. In Sept 1901, ______ attended the Pan American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. While greeting guests in a reception line, ____ was shot; he died eight days later. Teddy Roosevelt was sworn in as President. ^^ 1897 Number of states: 45 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: None ^^ 1897 Population: 72,189,000

Presidency 26 of Theodore Roosevelt

1901-1909; 26th President; he became President after the assassination of McKinley. His VP in his second term was Charles W. Fairbanks. ^^ ______ was 42 years old, young, and energetic, the youngest president in the history of the nation, soon to be the most popular since Abraham Lincoln. He was the first president whose picture appeared in the paper with some regularity. ^^ America was becoming industrial and urban. The automobile was about to revolutionize American life. The Wright Brothers conducted their initial flights in 1903. It was a time of industrial and financial giants like Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and JP Morgan. ______ initiated a sweeping reform movement against what he called "the tyranny of plutocracy." He became known as "____ the Trustbuster," and the friend of workers and consumers. "We stand for fair play and a square deal for every man and every woman in the US." He set aside millions of acres of land for national parks, earning the name "The Great Conservationist." ^^ After his reelection, he sent Marines to Panama and pushed for building the Panama Canal. Declaring the America had come of age, _____ sent American warships, "The Great White Fleet," painted white for peace, around the world. It was convincing proof that America had become a two-ocean power. ^^ _______ decided not to run for a third term. He remains one of the most popular presidents of all time, and it was he who in many ways shaped the modern presidency. ^^ 1901 Number of states: 45 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 1 (Oklahoma) ^^ 1901 Population: 77,584,000

Lochner v. New York

1905 Supreme Court case; ^^ Background: Joseph __1__ owned a small bakery in __2__. In 1905, the state of __2__ passed what became known as the Bakeshop Act. This law prohibited bakers from working more than 10 hours a day, or 60 hours in one week. The __2__ law was designed to improve working conditions and protect the health and safety of bakery workers. __1__ was charged twice with violating the law by requiring an employee, Frank Couverette, to work more than 60 hours in a given week. __1__ paid a $20 fine for his first conviction. Upon a second conviction, for which he drew a fine of $50, __1__ decided to appeal. After the __2__ appellate courts upheld the law, __1__ appealed his conviction. The case reached the Supreme Court in 1905. The law prevented __1__ from making contracts with his employees for more than 60 hours of work per week. For this reason, he argued that the Bakeshop Act violated his Fourteenth Amendment rights to the due process of law. ^^ Constitutional Issue: The matter before the Supreme Court was whether the Bakeshop Act overstepped the boundaries of the state's "police power." Did the law violate an employer's right to make contracts, or did the law properly protect the health and safety of bakery workers? ^^ Decision: The Supreme Court's decision was split 5-4. The Court narrowly sided with Joseph __1__, agreeing that his Fourteenth Amendment due process rights had been violated. Justice Rufus Peckham wrote the majority decision. He explained that the Court believed the __2__ statute ". . . interferes with the right of contract between the employer and employees concerning the number of hours in which the latter may labor in the bakery of the employer." The Court held that the right to make business contracts is protected by the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. Justice Peckham wrote that although the bakery industry was not the healthiest of trades, the Court did not deem it unhealthy enough to allow the State to legislate the work habits and hours of its workers. In other words, the liberty of bakery workers to contract for work freely outweighed the state's interest in limiting how many hours they could work. ^^ Results: __1__ was one of several decisions in this period in which the Court struck down worker protection laws due to violations of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Presidency 27 of William Taft

1909-1913; 27th President; His VP was James. S. Sherman. After serving as Secretary of War under Theodore Roosevelt, _____ was elected President over William Jennings Bryan. ^^ He continued Roosevelt's crusade to make government more efficient. He prosecuted trusts under the Sherman Antitrust Act. His policy of "Dollar Diplomacy" called for acting in foreign affairs to achieve a financial result on behalf of one's country. His administration created the Department of Labor and established the parcel-post system. ____ signed into law the Mann-Elkins Act of 1910, giving the ICC more authority over railroad rates. It also gave the ICC control over the telephone and telegraph industries. Congress abolished this agency in 1995. ^^ Progressive elements in his party were at odds with him. President Theodore Roosevelt's relationship with _____ deteriorated, leading to Roosevelt's opposition of _____'s re-election. The result was a split in the Republican Party. ^^ He became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court after serving as president. ^^ 1909 Number of states: 46 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 2 (Arizona, New Mexico) ^^ 1909 Population: 90,490,000

Great Migration

1910s-1940s; The movement of African Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest. Causes included decreased cotton prices, the lack of immigrant workers in the North, increased manufacturing as a result of the war, and the strengthening of the Ku Klux Klan. The African American population in such cities as Detroit, Chicago, and New York grew during this period. It led to higher wages, more educational opportunities, and better standards of life for many African Americans.

Watchful Waiting

1913-1914; Policy by Woodrow Wilson of rejecting alliances with leaders who took control through force until a determination of their interests could be made. Wilson implemented this policy by refusing to accept the leadership of Victoriano Huerta when he took control of Mexico through violent revolution. Policy ended when the US sent forces to retaliate against Mexico, which had arrested American sailors in its borders.

Presidency 28 of Woodrow Wilson

1913-1921; 28th President; His VP was Thomas R. Marshall. Before his presidency and political work, he served as an academic and President of Princeton University. ^^ His legislation lowered tariffs, created a graduated federal income tax, and established the Federal Trade Commission to control unfair business practices. He initiated progressive reform that prohibited child labor and limited railroad workers to an eight-hour day. ^^ He led the US into WWI. During WWI, even though ____ said that this was the war to "make the world safe for democracy," the mobilization for the war unleashed a tremendous repression of free speech in the US. The Sedition Act and the Espionage Act virtually made it illegal to criticize the government during WWI. There was a lot of opposition to the war, and the government tried to suppress that. Eugene V. Debs and Emma Goldman were among thousands who were imprisoned during the war or deported immediately after it. ^^ His "Fourteen Points" outlined the settlement of WWI. ^^ He was a noted racist who segregated the federal government and who praised Birth of a Nation, a controversial 1915 movie negatively depicting African Americans. In 1920, the ____ Amendment granted women the right to vote. Prosperity returned to America. Charlie Chaplin was a movie star. There was great hostility toward foreigners, and in 1919 began the Red Scare. ^^ Women were fighting for the right to vote. In 1919, Congress passed the 19th Amendment, giving women the right to vote. ^^ ____ was an invalid by the time he left the White House. ^^ 1913 Number of states: 48 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: None ^^ 1913 Population: 97,225,000

World War I

1914-1918; Began after the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a group of Serbian radicals. ^^ Allies, aka Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Belgium, Japan; later included the US (America was neutral at first). ^^ Central Powers, aka Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria. ^^ Over 10,000,000 people died, mostly in battle. ^^ Wilson controlled raw materials, production, prices, and labor relations to ensure supplies for war. He appointed Herbert Hoover as head of food administration. Wilson oversaw the use of fuel, railroads, and maritime shipping. He resolved labor disputes through offers of employee benefits. ^^ Women served as clerks or in medical units. 400,000 African American men were drafted or enlisted; they were kept in segregated units and generally used in labor battalions or in support activities, though some units saw combat.

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act

1916; This legislation forbade shipment of products that had involved child labor in their manufacture; in Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918), the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional because Congress had interfered with the power of states.

Committee on Public ^^ Information

1917; Formed by President Wilson. It established voluntary censorship of the press and created a propaganda campaign for the country's support of World War I. Portrayed Germans as barbaric and urged all citizens to spy on neighbors with foreign names. It encouraged reporting of suspicious activities to the Justice Department. It provided speeches to volunteers, The Four Minute Men, who gave talks on the American war effort during the changing of reels in movie theaters across the US. It was headed by George Creel. It fostered "100% American" jingoism.

Zimmerman Telegram

1917; The message from the German Foreign Secretary to German minister in Mexico that was intercepted by the British. It proposed that Mexico attack the US in the event that America entered WWI. Germany would return lost territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona to Mexico in victory. It was released publicly and ensured American support for war against Germany.

American Protective League

1917; Volunteer organization that claimed approval of the Justice Department for pressuring support of war. It humiliated those accused of not buying war bonds, and it persecuted those of German descent. It encouraged the banning of German culture in everything from product names to consumption, including "pretzels" and "German Measles."

Fourteen Points

1918; Plan drawn up by the American President Woodrow Wilson for post-WWI order. One of the points was the right to self-determination by nations and another the formation of the League of Nations. Peace plan presented by President Woodrow Wilson; called for the League of Nations, no secret treaties, seas are free, lower tariffs, lower arms, colonial policies should consider all powers. Specific peace plan presented by Wilson in an address to Congress that called for open (rather than secret) peace treaties. It promoted free trade, transportation along the seas, and arms reduction; it recommended a general association of nations to preserve the peace. Reactions in Europe were mixed as some countries wanted to punish Germany, and they found the terms in this plan too accommodating to the Germans. American citizens were also mixed in their support because they feared future international entanglement. In the end, the Treaty of Versailles went against many of the details of the plan. Growing isolationist sentiment, which was reflected in America's reaction to ________ would later slow the US' decision.

World War I - RESULTS of

1920s; America emerged as the political and economic leader of the world. In the US, European demand for its goods led to inflation; this strengthened the American economy but increased prices. Workers in America led several major strikes because of these increased prices. European states went into decline. Germany was devastated by the conflict.

Presidency 29 of Warren G. Harding

1921-1923; 29th President; His VP was Calvin Coolidge. ^^ As president, he cut government spending and introduced businesslike principles into his administration. He was popular and relaxed. Increasingly, his Cabinet began to run the presidency. On a political trip, he fell ill and died. Investigations revealed that his Cabinet was wracked by corruption. Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall would become the first Cabinet member in history to be sentenced to prison in the Tea Pot Dome Scandal, a conspiracy to illegally sell government oil reserves. The public learned that there were few men in the top level of _____'s government who were not corrupt. ^^ 1921 Number of states: 48 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: None ^^ 1921 Population: 108,538,000

Presidency 30 of Calvin Coolidge

1923-1929; 30th President; His VP was Charles G. Dawes. ^^ As President _____ declared, "The business of America is business." His mid-day naps became legendary; his laissez-faire attitude was popular. It was the period of the Roaring Twenties, with speakeasies, the Charleston, and flappers. ^^ KKK returned to existence in 1915 and its membership surpassed 4 million in the 1920s; they marched in Washington. Prohibition brought violence to cities. The public was captivated by Charles Lindbergh ("Lucky Lindy," the first man to cross the Atlantic non-stop and alone in his plane The Spirit of St. Louis) and Babe Ruth. The stock market was booming. The President said there was no need to worry about economic prosperity. ^^ The Harlem Renaissance occurred, and jazz became popular. ^^ 1923 Number of states: 48 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: None ^^ 1923 Population: 111,947,000

Presidency 31 of Herbert Hoover

1929-1933; 31st President; His VP was Charles Curtis. ^^ The main event of his presidency was the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression. The economic collapse spread throughout the world. Unemployment lines, bread lines, _____villes. To a desperate nation, _____ seemed incapable of solving the crisis. ^^ 1929 Number of states: 48 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: None ^^ 1929 Population: 121,767,000

Powell v. Alabama

1932 Supreme Court case; ^^ Background: On March 25, 1931, a fight took place between seven young African American and seven young white men. Ozie __1__ and six friends—all African Americans—were on a freight train traveling through __2__. Also on the train were seven white boys and two white women. In the fight all but one of the white boys were thrown off the train. A message was sent ahead reporting the fight, and the African Americans were asked to get off the train. The two women testified that each of them had been sexually assaulted by the African Americans. A sheriff 's posse seized the African Americans, and the women and the defendants were taken to the county seat in Scottsboro, __2__. Angry crowds had gathered in Scottsboro after hearing about the alleged assaults. The sheriff called in the militia to protect the defendants as they were escorted to Gadsden for safekeeping and back to Scottsboro for a trial a few days later. All of the defendants were described as "youthful, ignorant, and illiterate." They lived in other states and had no relatives or friends to help them in their situation. __1__ and his friends were indicted six days later on March 31 for the rape of the two white women. Their trials began on April 6, 1931, in this hostile southern community. There were three trials, each lasting one day. Between the times of the arrest and trials, no attorney was named to represent any of the defendants. Not until the very morning of the trials was a lawyer named to represent them, but they had no time to confer with counsel. All the young men were given the death penalty. The __2__ Supreme Court upheld the convictions, but its chief justice wrote a dissent in which he maintained that the defendants had not received a fair trial. The United States Supreme Court agreed to hear the case. There were widespread protests, especially in liberal northern circles, against the trial court's cursory handling of the cases. Many Americans viewed the trial as a sham aimed at finding the young men guilty as quickly as possible. Outraged people arranged for a northern attorney to become involved in the case, and some believe his participation was instrumental in having the decisions reversed. ^^ Constitutional Issue: Although a number of issues were brought before the Supreme Court, the justices limited their examination to whether or not the defendants had been denied due process of the law because they had been denied the right to counsel. The question before the Court was whether the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the Sixth Amendment right to counsel in a capital case, paid for if necessary, by the state. ^^ Decision: Justice George Sutherland wrote the Court's decision for the majority in a 7 to 2 ruling in favor of __1__. The decision overturned the conviction of the defendants and ordered a new trial to be held in which the defendants were to have the benefit of legal counsel. Sutherland stated, "Defendants were immediately hurried to trial... a defendant charged with a serious crime, must not be stripped of his right to have sufficient time to advise with counsel and prepare his defense." He stated that "in a capital case [one in which the death penalty is involved] where the defendant is unable to employ counsel, and is incapable adequately of making his own defense . . . it is the duty of the court, whether requested or not, to assign counsel for him as a necessary requisite of due process of law." This ruling covered not only the trial itself but provided for "effective counsel" for the defendant in preparation for the trial. Quoting an earlier case, Justice Sutherland found that the right to counsel "is of such character that it cannot be denied without violating those 'fundamental principles of liberty and justice which lie at the base of all our civil and political institutions'. . . ." Sutherland acknowledged that the legal system too often delayed the enforcement of criminal law and people suffered as a result. The opposite had occurred in this case, however. Sutherland spoke for the defendants in this case as he wrote, ". . . a defendant, charged with a serious crime, must not be stripped of his right to have sufficient time to advise with counsel and prepare his defense. To do that is not to proceed promptly in the calm spirit of regulated justice but to go forward with the haste of the mob." ^^ Result: In making his decision, Justice Sutherland continued a process that had begun in previous cases that found certain rights mentioned in the Bill of Rights must be included in the Fourteenth Amendment's description of due process of law. The hurdle over which all such reasoning by the Supreme Court had to pass was that the Fourteenth Amendment does not specifically mention any of these Bill of Rights protections.

Robinson-Patman Act

1936 a US federal law that prohibits anticompetitive practices by producers, specifically price discrimination. It grew out of practices in which chain stores were allowed to purchase goods at lower prices than other retailers. An amendment to the Clayton Antitrust Act, it prevented unfair price discrimination for the first time, by requiring that the seller offer the same price terms to customers at a given level of trade and provided for criminal penalties but contained a specific exemption for "cooperative associations".

Presidency 34 of Dwight D. Eisenhower

1953-1961; 34th President; His VP was Richard Milhous Nixon. ^^ In the first televised inauguration, ___ became president in 1953. ____ was a great war hero of WWII. ^^ This administration worked to achieve: ending wage and price controls, winning passage for the Federal Highway Act, and extending the Social Security system. ^^ This was a period of prosperity; the automobile was king and Americans were heading for the suburbs. _____ called for a halt to the arms race between the US and the Soviet Union while simultaneously building up an arsenal of nuclear missiles. ____ believed in "Peace through Strength." He increased covert operations throughout the world. The _____ Doctrine asserted America's right to use force to defend any country threatened by international communism. ^^ At home, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were executed for giving nuclear secrets to the Soviet Union. The Russians' Sputnik rocket launched a space race with the US. New rock and roll music became the rage. America had a highly popular father figure as president. ^^ 1953 Number of states: 48 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 2 (Alaska and Hawaii) ^^ 1953 Population: 160,184,192

Brown v. Topeka Board of Education

1954 landmark Supreme court case that declared that segregation by race in the public schools is unconstitutional. It overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Supreme Court ruling and ruled that a "separate but equal" education system is "inherently unequal". The Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public education denied African American children the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. Rationale: Minorities separated from the majority will not/ cannot have access to the same experiences and opportunities; therefore, separate can never be equal in education. ^^ Departing from the Court's earlier reasoning in Plessy, the justices here argued that separating children solely on the basis of race created a feeling of inferiority in the "hearts and minds" of African American children. Segregating children in public education created and perpetuated the idea that African American children held a lower status in the community than white children, even if their separate educational facilities were substantially equal in "tangible" factors. This feeling of inferiority reduced the desire to learn and achieve in African American children, and had "a tendency to retard their educational and mental development and to deprive them of some of the benefits they would receive in a racially integrated school system." ^^ While the ruling applied only to schools, it implied that segregation in other public facilities was unconstitutional as well.

Presidency 35 of John F. Kennedy

1961-1963; 35th President; His VP was Lyndon Baines Johnson. ^^ "Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans..." ^^ _____ enjoyed great personal popularity and inspired a new generation to public service. "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." ^^ Americans were eager to surpass the Soviets in the Space Race. "We choose to go to the moon and do these other things...not because they are easy but because they are hard..." ^^ In the 1960s, civil rights came to the fore with Martin Luther King, Jr. Early in his term, ____ ordered an invasion of Cuba by anti-Castro exiles. The battle at the Bay of Pigs was a fiasco. In Oct 1962, when ____ learned of nuclear missiles installed by the Soviets in Cuba, he ordered a naval blockade of the island. Nikita Kruschev ordered the removal of all missiles. ^^ ____ traveled to Berlin: ".and democracy is not perfect; but we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in..." ^^ Nov 22, 1963, _____ was assassinated. ^^ 1961 Number of states: 50 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 2 (Alaska and Hawaii) ^^ 1961 Population: 183,691,481

Presidency 37 of Richard Nixon

1969-1974; 37th President; His VP (1) was Spiro T. Agnew; VP (2) was Gerald Rudolph Ford. ^^ "We cannot learn from one another until we stop shouting at one another." The expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia triggered more anti-war protests. At Kent State University, four demonstrators were shot dead. ___ seemed to inflame partisan politics. ^^ In 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first man to step on the moon. ^^ In foreign affairs, ____ opened relations with communist China and achieved detente with the Soviet Union, signing an agreement to limit nuclear arms. ^^ When ____'s Vice President Spiro Agnew was forced to resign because he accepted bribes, Gerald Ford was appointed VP. ^^ ____ denied knowledge of the Watergate break-in during his reelection campaign. Impeachment proceedings were begun against ____. He is the only president to have resigned from office. ^^ 1969 Number of states: 50 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: None ^^ 1969 Population: 202,676,946

Presidency 40 of Ronald Reagan

1981-1989; 40th President; His VP was George H. W. Bush. ^^ After a painful recession in the 1970s, the 1980s was a period of unprecedented economic growth. Soaring stock market. ___ believed that America carried the burden of freedom and democracy in the world. He supported military action in the Caribbean and Central America. Defense spending skyrocketed. ^^ ___ negotiated arms reductions with Soviet President Gorbachev. The Iran Contra Scandal---America secretly sold weapons to Iran; in exchange they hoped for the release of American hostages. ^^ He handled an assassination attempt with humor. ___ left office in a glow of extraordinary popularity. "We believe faith and freedom must be our guiding stars." ^^ 1981 Population: 229,465,714

Presidency 42 of William Jefferson Clinton

1993-2001; 42nd President; His VP was Albert Gore, Jr. ^^ ____'s two terms were marked by attempts to create or expand domestic social programs, by efforts to resolve crises oversees, by an economic boom, by a reduction in deficit spending, and by an impeachment process. ^^ He reversed many of the conservative policies of his predecessors. He placed many women and minorities in top government positions. ^^ The Republicans regained control of Congress in the mid-term elections of 1994. The Whitewater Affair Scandal involved questionable real estate venture. In January 1998, the Whitewater investigation expanded to include charges of obstruction of justice, perjury, and abuse of power. After several months of cover-ups and evasive tactics, ____ admitted to an improper relationship with White House intern Monica Lewinsky. In Dec 1998, the House of Representatives approved two impeachment charges, perjury and obstruction of justice. ____ became the first elected president to be impeached. During the trial in the Senate, ____'s popularity remained high. Ultimately, the Senate acquitted him on both charges. ^^ 1993 Population: 257,782,608

No Child Left Behind NCLB

2001 Pres. Bush designed to promote "standards-based education reform" via assessments that measure progress; results often affect funding and administration control.

Presidency 43 of George W. Bush

2001-2009; 43rd President; His VP was Richard Cheney. ^^ ___ is the second president to be elected president whose father also was elected president. With less than one year in office, ___ led the nation through 9/11 in 2001, the worse assault on US soil since Dec 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese. ^^ The War on Terror was fought against Afghanistan for their harboring Osama Bin Laden. ^^ 2001 Population: 283,474,202

Presidency 06 of John Quincy Adams

6th President 1825-1829; His VP was John C. Calhoun. ^^ Lacking tact and unwilling to compromise, _____ faced criticism from Jacksonians throughout his term (his foes controlled Congress after the 1826 elections). A nationalist, ____ supported internal improvements (roads and canals) at federal expense. Construction of 363 mile long Erie Canal was completed. ^^ He expressed concern for the rights of Native Americans. Congress hampered the administration's plan to attend a Pan-American Conference in Panama, and ______ failed to persuade Britain to reopen its West Indies possessions to US trade. ^^ He lost in his re-election bid to Andrew Jackson. ^^ 1825 Number of states: 24 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: 0 ^^ 1825 Population: 11,252,000

Mississippian Culture

800-1600 CE; late mound-building Native Americans; not a particular tribe; rather, the last major prehistoric cultural development in North America, spread over the Southeast and mid-continent, in permanent settlements in the river valleys of Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Arkansas, Missouri, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. Based on farming maize, beans, squash (three sisters), and other crops, which resulted in large concentrations of population in towns along riverine bottomlands. Could be described as theocratic village-states rather than city-states. Frequent warfare produced larger alliances and confederacies. Common traits included: large truncated earthwork pyramid mounds or platform mounds, maize agriculture, shell-tempered pottery, craft specialization, highly productive farming, widespread trade networks, chiefdoms, institutionalized social inequality. They had no writing system or stone architecture. They did not smelt iron or practice bronze metallurgy. Three developments facilitated the emergence of this group: they adopted the bow and arrow from a western culture; they developed a variety of maize that grew well in the temperate climate of the region; and farmers began to use flint hoes, which were more productive than the sticks used previously. Reached its zenith in the 13th century and had been replaced by less urban cultures by the time Europeans arrived.

Presidency 08 of Martin Van Buren

8th President 1837-1841; VP was Richard Johnson. ____ established the independent treasury system, which maintained government funds independently of the national banking systems; it existed in one form or another until 1921. ^^ In his inaugural address, ____ warned that slavery was becoming a source of discord and disaster, threatening national unity. The Panic of 1837 hampered attempts to follow Jackson's banking policies, and he was unsuccessful in re-election. Van Buren won the presidential election of 1836 by promising to carry on the policies of Andrew Jackson. Unfortunately, Van Buren took office as the booming U.S. economy of the early and mid-1830s began to slow down. The so-called "Panic of 1837" was followed by the worst depression yet faced by the young nation. These economic troubles quickly became President Van Buren's main concern. Van Buren's response to the crisis revealed his belief in the principles of a limited federal government, defense of states' rights, and protection of the "people" from the "powerful." Thus, Van Buren rejected his Whig opposition's suggestion that he support a National Bank, which the Whigs believed could oversee and stabilize the nation's economy. Instead, the President blamed the depression on powerful monied interests at home and abroad and proposed that the federal government deposit its funds in an independent treasury, rather than in state banks, While Van Buren and Congress argued about the merits of the independent treasury—which Congress finally authorized in the summer of 1840—the nation's economic troubles continued. ^^ Van Buren confronted several other potentially divisive issues while President. He managed to quiet talk of annexing Texas by steadfastly announcing his opposition to such a move. His main foreign policy concerns were the growing tensions between the US and Great Britain over the border between the US and Canada. Van Buren ignored calls from some Americans to respond to Canadian and British provocations with force, working instead successfully through diplomatic channels to calm tensions in the region. Van Buren's measured approach to the northern border problems, however, only earned him the enmity of those who urged a more aggressive response. ^^ In his final years, he took a principled stand against slavery. He died in 1862. ^^ 1837 Number of states: 26 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: None ^^ 1837 Population: 15,843,000

Bicameralism

A legislative body where power is shared by two separate chambers so that neither can act without the agreement of the other.

grandfather clauses

A method used by southern US state governments after Reconstruction to allow illiterate poor whites to vote. In 1896, Louisiana passes "________" to keep former slaves and their descendants from voting. As a result, registered black voters drops from 44.8% in 1896 to 4.0% four years later. Mississippi, South Carolina, Alabama, and Virginia follow Louisiana's lead by enacting their own _________.

Los Angeles, California

A series of violent confrontations between the city police and residents of W----- and other predominantly African American neighborhoods of ______, began on August 11, 1965, after a white police officer arrested an African American man, Marquette Frye, on suspicion of driving while intoxicated. Later accounts indicated that Frye resisted arrest but were unclear whether police had used excessive force. Violence, fires, and looting broke out over the next six days. The disturbance resulted in 34 deaths, more than 1,000 injuries, and $40 million in property damage. The McCone Commission later investigated the causes of the riots and concluded that they were not the work of gangs or the Black Muslim movement, as the media had previously suggested. The violence likely exploded from the great economic challenges that African Americans in urban centers faced. They contended with poor housing, schools, and job prospects, despite the passage of civil rights legislation.

Scott v. Sandford

A slave owned by Peter Blow in Alabama. ____ moved with Blow to Missouri, another state that authorized slavery. After Blow died, his executor sold ____ to Dr. John Emerson, a St. Louis-based Army doctor. Emerson then moved his family and ____ back to Illinois, a free state. Emerson eventually moved back to St. Louis and died. ____ and his wife Harriet filed a lawsuit in Missouri courts, arguing that they were freed when Dr. Emerson moved to Illinois. Emerson's widow and her brother, John Sanford (court records misspelled his name as Sandford), contested Scott's suit, leading to the landmark ___ v. Sandford litigation. ____ believed he had a valid claim because some courts had adhered to the doctrine of "once free, always free." This doctrine meant that if a slave reached free territory legally, then he or she was free because slavery was outlawed in those jurisdictions. However, the Missouri courts and the US Supreme Court did not accept that argument ^^ Ruling: "Upon these considerations it is the opinion of the Court that the act of Congress which prohibited a citizen from holding and owning property of this kind in the territory of the US north of the line therein mentioned is not warranted by the Constitution and is therefore void; and that neither ______ himself, nor any of his family, were made free by being carried into this territory; even if they had been carried there by the owner with the intention of becoming a permanent resident." ^^ Justices John McLean and Benjamin Curtis were the Supreme Court's only two dissenters. Both men believed the majority ignored the reality that African Americans were free men in many states of the Union and that Dred Scott was free after living in Illinois for years. Curtis was so upset by the Court's decision that he resigned from the bench shortly thereafter. The ____ decision was issued on March 6, 1857; Curtis left the bench on September 30.

Stamp Act of 1765

A tax imposed on all paper in the British colonies; it was an internal tax, the sole purpose of which was to raise revenue. It was the first direct tax ever levied on Americans. It required Americans to use special paper for legal documents, Bibles, newspapers, and playing cards, among other goods. Like previous taxes, the tax had to be paid in valid British currency, not in colonial paper money. The purpose was to pay for British military troops stationed in the American colonies after the French and Indian War; colonists contended that they had already paid their share of the war expenses. The tax was very unpopular and led to riots across the colonies. A majority considered it a violation of their rights as Englishmen to be taxed without their consent—consent that only the colonial legislatures could grant. Their slogan was "No taxation without representation." Colonial assemblies sent petitions and protests, and the _______ Congress held in New York City was the first significant joint colonial response to any British measure when it petitioned Parliament and the King. In the Virginia House of Burgesses, Patrick Henry bitterly denounced the tax. ^^ _______ was repealed by Parliament in March of the following year following a change of ministers in London. In the parliamentary debate, Edmund Burke and others spoke sympathetically of the colonists' plight. However, another act passed at the same time as the ____ was repealed affirmed Parliament's power to pass laws affecting the colonies "in all cases whatsoever" but did not specifically mention taxes.

Federal Categorical Grant

A/an _____ earmarks the funds from the federal government for specific uses and often requires that the states meet several other requirements to receive and used these funds. Nationalists prefer this type.

Nominating convention or national convention

After 1800, the presidential candidate-picking process became more organized but followed the same basic format, with caucuses in Congress providing the organization and venue for picking candidates. But in 1832, the Anti-Masonic party, desperate to have a candidate that reflected their worldview that the ultimate virtues lay with the people and not the Washington elite, opted to hold a more open process. The _______ that the Anti-Masons held that year brought in delegates from across the country to choose William Wirt for their presidential candidate. The Democrats quickly followed suit later that year, choosing Andrew Jackson at their ___________. The Whigs (predecessors to the Republicans) chose Henry Clay at a ___________ that year. By 1840 the Democrats and Whigs had adopted the _____ as the standing device for choosing the presidential candidate, and the major parties have used ____s without exception ever since. ^^ The _____s are said to jump-start the general election campaign for the presidential candidates. Delegates at the ____ cast votes for the person who will represent the political party in the November general election. The winner is the one who receives the most votes. It is not unusual for delegates to vote several times before one candidate secures the majority of the votes and officially becomes that party's candidate. If a president is running for reelection, this process must still be completed, even if the president does not face any opposition from within his/her own political party. ^^ Many states have different rules for choosing Democratic and Republican delegates. Delegates can be "pledged" or "unpledged to vote for the same candidate the voters in his or he state or district supported in the primary, and these rules vary widely by state.

North Carolina

After England's Civil War, Charles II became king of England in 1660. To reward the aristocrats who had supported him, he gave them a proprietary colony south of Virginia. A charter was issued to a group of eight English noblemen, the Lords Proprietors, on March 24, 1663. It was not until 1663 that the province became officially known as "Carolina." Most people in the ____1___ half were originally Virginians. Most in the x-----x half came directly from England, with slaves, attracted by farmland, religious tolerance, and self-government. In 1669, the Fundamental Constitutions of ______ divided the colony of ______ into two provinces, Albemarle province in the north and Clarendon province in the south. It became difficult to rule both sides as one unit. Because of the many large plantations that had developed in x-----x, smaller farmers moved in search of land. The people of the more prosperous x-----x colony of split from the original colony in 1712. The more rugged mountain terrain led to the development of smaller farms, producing a less aristocratic society than those of its neighbors. There was also less need for slave labor. This spirit of independent served as an impetus for resistance to British authority in the 1770s. The same original proprietors retained ownership until after the rebellion in 1719; after that, _____ became a royal colony in 1729.

New York, State of

After the formation of the US, X-------x became the country's leading port, and manufacturing grew to complement the state's vibrant agriculture and commercial industries. ________'s expanding economy attracted immigrants, especially from Ireland and Germany. The state's many lakes and waterways assisted with the intrastate transportation of goods. The Erie Canal, built in 1825, linked X-------x to the Great Lakes and helped farmers market their crops over a vast geographic area. Improved transportation also encouraged industry in communities such as Utica, helping ________ become the national leader in manufacturing. Factories, many owned and operated by joint-stock corporations, displaced older artisanal shops. In the garment trades, for example, productivity and profitability were increased through the use of cutting patterns and sewing machines and a labor force composed primarily of women and children. The latter half of the nineteenth century saw the rise of several industrial giants, including Standard Oil and Edison Electric (later General Electric). The headquarters of many of these corporations were located in ____ City, which had become the center of American finance. Around the turn of the twentieth century, ________ shifted from a highly agricultural state to a manufacturing one, focused on providing business services, education, health care, and research. Manufacturing industries based in agriculture, such as flour, sugar, and lumber, were replaced by metal working, chemicals, electrical equipment, and, especially, apparel.

Interest Groups

Aggregates of individuals based on a limited range of shared concerns. They promote their policy agenda in large part by providing legislators and policy makers with specialized information in issues. They are most likely to influence policymaking when the issue is a highly technical one requiring very detailed legislation. Like-minded individuals come together and take their claims directly to the government and thus fill the void left by traditional political parties. They provide a vehicle for the unrepresented and underrepresented to have their voices and positions heard, thereby making the policy-making process more representative of diverse populations and varying perspectives. They provide a support mechanism for the individual, often making headway in political policy in ways no individual could. ^^ Most have state affiliates and numerous local chapters. All have leaders who mobilize members and act as their public voice. Funding comes primarily from membership contributions, dues, and fundraising activities. ^^ They can be organized around property rights, states' rights, civil rights and civil liberties, education, environmental issues, animal rights, children's advocacy, pacifism, gun rights, right-to-life, religion, foreign policy, labor, government alliances, and political issues.

US agriculture in mid-19th century

All of the following conditions influenced the development of US agriculture during which period: ^^ Agricultural technology increased harvest sizes, saved on labor, and made selling farm goods to international markets possible. ^^ Demand for agricultural land grew ^^ Railroad was used to help transport goods ^^ Agriculture remained the backbone of the American economy; over half the population was still engaged in farming. However, the value of manufactured goods came to exceed that of agriculture. Increased agricultural productivity made the growth of industry and urbanization possible. Grain and meat production shifted to the West. Western farmers agitated for free land, culminating in the Homestead Act. Northeastern farms provided vegetables and dairy products to growing cities. Southern agriculture was increasingly dominated by King Cotton. Tenant farming and employment of hired hands increased. ^^ John Deere, an American manufacturer, pioneered the steel-plow industry ^^ Cyrus McCormack invented the mechanical reaper

Realigning election or electoral realignment

Also called "critical," it causes a significant shift in the way voters vote; it may center on one year or be spread among several years. often refers to sharp changes in issues, party leaders, the regional and demographic bases of power of the two parties, and structure or rules of the political system (such as voter eligibility, or financing), resulting in a new political power structure and a new status quo. ^^ Typically, one party has dominated the national electoral arena for a period of approximately 30 years, after which a new party supplants the dominant party. This is usually followed by a long period in which the new party is the dominant political force, not necessarily winning every election but maintaining control of the Congress and the White House. ^^ Examples are (1) in 1800, when the Jeffersonian Republicans defeated the Federalists, thus becoming the dominant force in American politics; (2) in 1828, when the Jacksonian Democrats gained control of both the White House and Congress; (3) in 1860, when Abraham Lincoln's newly founded Republican Party displaced the Whig Party, which had formerly been one of the country's major parties; (4) in 1896, when the Republicans gained control of the national government; and between 1932 and 1936, when Franklin D. Roosevelt's Democratic Party took control of the White House and Congress, where the party remained dominant through the 1960s. ^^ Since the 1960s, party politics in the US have been primarily characterized by the term "divided government."

Checks and Balances

Although each branch of the federal government has its own authority, they are not completely separate or independent of one another. Instead, they are threaded together with a system of _____ that subjects each branch to a number of constitutional restraints by the other branches to prevent a concentration of power in any one branch. Separate branches are empowered to prevent actions by other branches and are induced to share power. This allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches to prevent abuse of power. James Madison incorporated this into the Constitution. One example is that the president can veto bills approved by Congress. ^^ Nomination of federal judges, cabinet officials, and ambassadors: the president chooses nominees for these positions; however, they must be approved by the Senate. ^^ Negotiation of treaties: the president is empowered to negotiate treaties; however, they cannot go into effect with approval by 2/3 of the Senate. ^^ Enactment of legislation: Only Congress may pass laws; however, the president has the power to veto, or reject, legislation, which forces the legislature to consider the president's position on a law and to negotiate with the president to prevent a veto. Congress can also override a veto by passing the law again with a 2/3 majority in both houses. Finally, the courts can determine the constitutionality of the law, even though it was passed by Congress and approved (or not vetoed) by the president.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), also called (after 1969) Student National Coordinating Committee

American political organization that played a central role in the civil rights movement in the 1960s. Begun as an interracial group advocating peaceful protests and sit-ins, it adopted greater militancy late in the decade, reflecting nationwide trends in black activism. ^^ The ____ was founded in early 1960 in Raleigh, North Carolina, to capitalize on the success of a surge of sit-ins in Southern college towns, where black students refused to leave restaurants in which they were denied service based on their race. This form of nonviolent protest brought _____ to national attention, throwing a harsh public light on white racism in the South. In the years following, _____ strengthened its efforts in community organization and supported Freedom Rides in 1961, along with the March on Washington in 1963, and agitated for the Civil Rights Act (1964). In 1966 _____ officially threw its support behind the broader protest of the Vietnam War. ^^ As _____ became more active politically, its members faced increased violence. In response, ____ migrated from a peaceful philosophy to one of greater militancy after the mid-1960s, as an advocate of the burgeoning "black power" movement, a facet of late 20th-century black nationalism. The shift was personified by Stokely Carmichael, who replaced John Lewis as chairman in 1966-67. While many early members were white, the newfound emphasis on African American identity led to greater racial separatism, which unnerved portions of the white community. More-radical elements of ____, such as Carmichael's successor H. Rap Brown, gravitated toward new groups, such as the Black Panther Party. ____ was disbanded by the early 1970s. ^^ Other notable figures in ____ included Ella Baker, Julian Bond, Rubye Robinson, and Fannie Lou Hamer.

First Anglo-Powhatan War

Armed conflict from 1609 until 1614 pitted the English settlers at Jamestown against an alliance of Algonquian-speaking Virginia Indians led by ____3_____ (Wah-------k). After the English arrived in Virginia in 1607, they struggled to survive through terrible drought and cold winters. Unable to adequately provide for themselves, they pressured the Indians of Tsenacomoco for relief, which led to a series of conflicts along the James River that intensified in the autumn of 1609. ____3_____ ordered something like a siege of the English fort, which lasted through the winter of 1609-1610 and precipitated the so-called Starving Time. This was the Indians' best chance to win the war, but the English survived and, after the arrival of reinforcements, viciously attacked. Using terror tactics borrowed from Queen Elizabeth's conquest of Ireland, English soldiers burned villages and towns and executed women and children. Eventually they defeated the Nansemonds and Kecoughtans at the mouth of the James and the Appamattucks near the falls. After two years, Captain Samuel Argall captured ____3_____'s daughter in the spring of 1613 and turned his prisoner into the leverage necessary to make peace. Although not all scholars see the _________ as a distinct conflict, at least from the Indians' perspective, many argue it to be England's first Indian war in America.

Second Anglo-Powhatan War

Armed conflict was fought from 1622 until 1632, pitting English colonists in Virginia against the Algonquian-speaking Indians of Tsenacomoco, led by Opitchapam and his brother (or close kinsman) Opechancanough. Native Americans fought English settlers; English took the lands of the Native Americans. the Indians were segregated from the white population of the colony. After the First _______ (1609-1614), which ended with the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe, the English colony began to grow. The headright system begun in 1618 granted land to new immigrants who, in turn, sought to make their fortunes off tobacco. As English settlements pressed up the James River and toward the fall line, Indian leaders devised a plan to push them back and, in so doing, assert their supremacy over the newcomers. On March 22, 1622, Opechancanough led a series of coordinated surprise attacks that concentrated on settlements upriver from Jamestown and succeeded in killing nearly a third of the English population. Perhaps assuming that the English were sufficiently humiliated, he did not pursue a final destruction of the colony. What followed, then, was a ten-year war in which the English repeatedly attacked the Indian food supply. After the conflict's only full-scale battle, fought in 1624, colonists estimated that they had destroyed enough food to feed 4,000 men for a year. Peace finally arrived in 1632, but by then the balance of power in Virginia had tipped toward the English. The colonial population had grown significantly and Opechancanough's power waned.

War of 1812—CAUSES of

CAUSES of this event included: ^^ President Madison argued that it was needed to defend the US from British imperialism. ^^ Failure of the Embargo Act of 1807, Non-Intercourse Act of 1809, and Macon's Bill No. 2. ^^ The agitations of War Hawks, mainly from the west, who wanted to conquer Canada. Henry Clay of Kentucky led a coalition of Congressmen eager to defend America's sovereignty. Congressman John Calhoun of South Carolina predicted victory within four weeks' time. War Hawks also wanted to annex Canada and Florida. ^^ Westerners who were unhappy with Native Americans working with the British against American settlers. Also, American frontiersmen wanted more free land, as the West was held by Native Americans and the British. ^^ Merchants were victims of French and British navies which sought to disrupt Trans-Atlantic supply shipments. ^^ A major source of outrage among Americans arose from impressment by British—in 1807, Britain reasserted its right to impress US sailors, claiming they were deserters from the British Navy. Between 1803 and 1812, thousands of American sailors were pressed into service by foreign navies. The Chesapeake Affair, in which the crew of a British warship pursued, attacked, and boarded an American frigate, looking for deserters from the Royal Navy, provoked outrage in America and led to the Embargo of 1807.

War of 1812

Called Mr. Madison's ____ by his critics, it was the armed conflict between the US and Great Britain which ended with the Treaty of Ghent and a renewed sense of American nationalism. ^^ Americans tried to invade Canada; they raided and burned the Canadian capital at York (Toronto). On the Niagara border, the US was hampered by poor leadership and the refusal of some militia to leave their states. ^^ Control of the Great Lakes was crucial, and there was furious ship building by both sides. During the first summer, defeat followed defeat for the US in the Great Lakes region. In August, the British captured Fort Detroit and Ottawa Indians burned down Fort Dearborn, the site of present-day Chicago, and killed scores of men, women, and children as they fled. Within a few months, much of the territory along the Canadian border had fallen to the British and their American Indian allies. ^^ The next Spring, the USS Constitution defeated the British ship Guerriere off the east coast of Canada. This heartened the Americans, but the Royal Navy controlled the Atlantic. Only privateers could elude the British blockade. ^^ The following year, Commodore Perry smashed the British fleet on Lake Erie, allowing forces under General William Henry Harrison to reoccupy Detroit. One month later, Harrison's army defeated British and Native American forces at the Battle of the Thames in Ontario. The Shawnee chief, Tecumseh, was killed in the fighting. ^^ Napoleon's defeat and exile by Britain enabled the British to send reinforcements to Canada and take the offensive. However, a naval victory by the Americans on Lake Champlain caused an invading British force to return to Canada. Then British troops surrounded Washington, DC, and burned down most of the public buildings, including the White House and Capitol, in reprisal for the burning of York. A month later, the British fleet attacked Fort McHenry in Baltimore, inspiring Francis Scott Key to write "The Defense of Fort McHenry," which became The Star-Spangled Banner. ^^ Andrew Jackson defeated Creek Indians at Horseshoe Bend., then took Pensacola in Florida. ^^ Finally, British troops sent from the West Indies were defeated when they attacked General Andrew Jackson's forces (including free blacks) at New Orleans. Although occurring after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed, ______ gave Americans a sense of victory and speeded ratification of Treaty of Ghent.

Mexican American War—CAUSES of

Causes of the event include: ^^ The new __1___ republic would not address grievances of US citizens, who claimed property losses and personal injuries resulting from conflicts during the __1___ revolution. __1___ and the US were in a dispute over their border, with the US saying it was the Rio Grande and __1___ insisting it was the Nueces River. Due to sentiment arising from the idea of Manifest Destiny, there was an increased US interest in __1___-held Western territory. The US had aided Texas in its revolt against the __1___ government and there was growing momentum toward a US annexation of Texas. When the US Congress annexed Texas, Polk sent John Slidell to negotiate a settlement for that land, for California, and for western __1___ territory; the __1___ government rejected Slidell. President Polk tried to buy California from __1___ as soon as he entered office in 1845. The __1___ govt refused to sell or to recognize US claims to the Rio Grande River as the border of Texas. They considered the Nueces River, 130 miles north, the proper border. President Polk was impatient because of British interest in California and because of Texas's concern over its territory, so he sent General (future President) Zachary Taylor into the disputed area with instructions to make camp there. ___1___ troops engaged Taylor's men on April 25, 1846. Polk informed Congress that __1___ attacked US troops on US soil without being provoked. Congress declared war in early May. Public support for the war was mixed, but the vote in Congress was a landslide.

Embargo Act of 1807—CAUSES of

Causes of this event included: ^^ The struggle between England and Napoleonic France had degenerated into a war of economic retribution, as each side attempted to starve the other into submission. When the British issued Orders in Council (1804-1805) imposing a blockade on the northwest coast of Europe, Napoleon retaliated with the Continental System, a pair of decrees that prohibited British trade with the continent and threatened seizure of any neutral vessels found trading with England. In the midst of that economic vise was the US, the largest neutral trader with both sides. Lacking a navy after the defeat of the French fleet at the Battle of Trafalgar, Napoleon was forced to confine his efforts to US vessels in French ports. The US tried to continue profitable neutral trade by "breaking" voyages (landing in American ports en route from the West Indies to France). Thus, the attention of the US was directed primarily at British actions on the high seas that violated international law. ^^ A nonimportation act adopted by Congress excluded from the US a limited variety of British manufactured goods, but the operation of the act was delayed for a year pending negotiations for a settlement. Anglo-American relations deteriorated further when the British frigate Leopard fired upon the US warship Chesapeake and forced it to submit to a search for British deserters. Impressment, a practice previously confined to American merchant vessels, was thus extended to a public armed vessel of the US. Amid a general clamor for war, Jefferson opted for a different response, the ________.

New York Colony

Colony established in 1624 by the Dutch as New Amsterdam; the last Dutch governor was Peter Stuyvesant; in 1664, New Amsterdam surrendered to Colonel Richard Nicholls; after the British conquered the Dutch lands in America, English King Charles II gave the title to the lands between New England and Maryland and present-day Maine as a proprietary colony to his brother, James, Duke of _______. James was adamantly opposed to representative assemblies. Residents of this colony continued to call for self-government until James relented, only to break this promise when he became James II, King of England. The first governor was Richard Nicolls, who wrote "The Duke's Laws," which served as the first compilation of English laws in colonial _______. A colonial Assembly was created in October 1683; _____ was the last of the English colonies to have an assembly, which passed a constitution on October 30, the first of its kind in the colonies. This constitution gave _____ residents more rights than any other group of colonists including protection from taxation without representation. It was made a royal province in 1686. It accepted French Huguenots (Protestants) after 1685, some Sephardic Jews, and many others ("a multiplicity of sects"). In the 1690s, the main port city in _______ was the largest importer of slaves in the colonies and a supply port for pirates. The black population became a major element. The number of slaves imported increased dramatically from the 1720s through 1740s. ______ is bordered by Canada and five US states; Lake Erie and Lake Ontario are to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. The Hudson, St. Lawrence, Delaware, and Niagara rivers all form parts of its boundaries. The Adirondack Mountains are in the northeast; the Catskills are in the east. Before European colonization, Algonquian-speaking peoples and Iroquois inhabited the area.

Advantages of the Southern Confederacy in the Civil War

During the Civil War, this side was vast in land size; had more talented generals; had shorter supply lines; used commerce raiders that destroyed merchant ships; allowed richer men to pay others to substitute for them; recruited 80% of its male citizens; had desertions about 13% of the armed forces; mobilized 800,000 men. ^^ Troops would fight in their familiar home territory. They had highly qualified senior officers including Joseph Johnston, Albert Sidney Johnston, and Jackson. They were inspired to protect their familiar institutions and culture.

New Hampshire, State of

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries _________'s economy was based largely on fishing, farming, timber harvests, shipbuilding, and coastal trade. In the 1800s these industries were joined by tourism, manufacturing, and textile production. Although the textile industry declined significantly during the 1900s, tourism and manufacturing remained strong in the early twenty-first century and, together with health care, contributed to a solid economy in _________. After the royal province was established in the late 1600s, large numbers of white settlers began to move up the Merrimack and Connecticut river valleys, pushing out the area's Native American population. During this period the province's economy was based on fishing, farming, timber harvests, and shipping, and Portsmouth became a busy commercial port. Transportation from Portsmouth to the inland areas was difficult, however, because all travel had to go north or south around the mountains. The mountains divided the region between a wealthy, trade-based economy on the coast and a more modest, agricultural, and timber-based economy inland. During the nineteenth century textile manufacturing, especially along the Merrimack River, became the leading industry in the state. The mills' first workers were generally young women who came from neighboring farms to supplement their families' meager incomes, but a huge demand for textiles later enticed European and French-Canadian immigrants to work in the mills. Meanwhile, farming in the state declined, mostly because of poor soil and rocky terrain. Railroads began to have a major presence during the 1840s, and _________ soon had more miles of track than most other New England states. The railroad not only facilitated the moving of lumber, farm crops, and other goods but also contributed to the tourism industry in the second half of the nineteenth century. Ten years after the American Civil War (1861-65), most workers in the state were employed in either manufacturing or farming. However, _________, and New England in general, was quickly losing residents to newly opened Western territories such as Ohio or Iowa that offered large plots of good farmland. As the agriculture industry declined, mill towns with modern machinery replaced farms and small villages. Some of the large factories began to produce other industrial products, such as steam engines and rifles. Lumber also continued to be an important industry. Firms such as the Brown Company sent workers out to cut logs, transport them to the Androscoggin River, and float them down river to the mills in massive log drives. This demanding work employed many immigrants from French Canada, Norway, Germany, and Russia.

Federalists

Existed from 1788-1814. Political party led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution. They published pamphlets to demonstrate how the Constitution was designed to prevent the abuse of power. Supporters of their platforms included Alexander Hamilton (the first Secretary of the Treasury), James Madison, John Jay (the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court), and northeastern business groups. ^^ Key Points: ^^ Strong central government ^^ "Loose" interpretation of the Constitution ^^ Encourage commerce and manufacturing ^^ Northeast US ^^ Close ties with Britain ^^ Order and stability ^^ They believed that the federal government was given all powers that were not expressly denied to it by the Constitution: they were "loose constructionists." Hamilton believed in tariffs, a solid relationship with Great Britain, and, above all, a national bank, to help provide loans for industry so that the US could compete with England and France, who were already industrialized, while the US was agrarian. ^^ ______ believed in a powerful navy to protect a stable and secure country that was safe for business and wealthy property owners. Their main support came from the shippers and merchants of New York and New England. They were the strongest political party in the Northwest Territory prior to statehood. John Adams was the only President from this party, though Washington often favored these policies. ^^ Many of this group opposed the War of 1812 because they earned their living through trade, which of course was disrupted by the war. Some of them threatened to secede in 1814 to form their own country unless the American government immediately sought peace. They were then viewed as traitors, which led to the collapse of the party.

Knights of Labor

Founded in 1869 in Philadelphia as a secret fraternal organization, one of many such artisan societies in eastern cities. Under the leadership of Terrence Powderly, a machinist by trade, it became public in 1879 and then expanded rapidly in the wake of the Great Railway Strike of 1877, finally achieving hundreds of thousands of members nationally in the 1880s. ______ offered workers an inspiring vision of an alternative to competitive corporate society. Rooted in the artisan republicanism of the antebellum era, _____ opposed the wage labor system, declaring "an inevitable and irresistible conflict between the wage-system of labor and republican system of government." Instead, ____ offered an inclusive vision of a "cooperative commonwealth" that would include both men and women and would not discriminate by race. In its platform it called for an eight-hour day, equal pay for women, public ownership of railroads, abolition of child labor, and a graduated income tax. By the late 1870s, _____ was a potent national federation of unions—or "assemblies," as they were officially known—and departed in several respects from the norm. Most of its assemblies were organized by industry rather than by craft, giving many unskilled and semiskilled workers union representation for the first time. It was also more inclusive than most, although in local practice it did not live up to its lofty ideals. Only some assemblies admitted women or blacks. Tendencies toward exclusivity of craft, gender, and race divided and weakened many assemblies. The goal was for the workers' cooperatives to own the means of production. "There is no reason," said Powderly, why workers "cannot, through cooperation, own and operate mines, factories, and railroads." Their success was limited, partly from lack of capital and of management experience and partly because even the most skilled craftsmen found it difficult to compete with machines in a mass-production economy. Although ______ had nothing to do with the Haymarket Affair, they were caught in the anti-worker backlash that followed, because Powderly's opposition to the wage system sounded suspiciously like socialism, perhaps even anarchism, to many Americans. Membership in _____ plummeted from 700,000 in spring 1886 to fewer than 100,000 in 1890. ______'s downfall caused by emergence of the AFL, mismanagement, and financial losses from unsuccessful strikes.

States' Righters

Group that defines federalism as a relationship in which the states retain most of the political power.

Election of 1948

Harry S. Truman was elected president; Alben W. Barkley was his VP. ^^ Thomas Dewey was the Republican candidate. Truman was not expected to win. It was one of the greatest upsets in American political history. ^^ The Dixiecrats, aka the States' Rights Party, were a small group of southern Democrats in the election of ____ who were in favor of racial segregation, opposed President Harry Truman's civil rights program, and revolted against the civil rights plank adopted at the Democratic National Convention. Their leaders then met in Birmingham, Alabama and proposed Republican Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina for president, hoping to force the election into the House of Representatives by preventing either Truman or his Republican opponent, Thomas E. Dewey, from obtaining a majority of the electoral votes. Their plan failed, Truman was elected, and many Dixiecrats became Republicans

Election of 1928

Herbert Hoover was elected president; Charles Curtis was his VP. ^^ The Republicans offered "A chicken in every pot and two cars in every garage." Hoover was elected in a landslide. ^^

New France

In 1663, Canada became a crown colony called _____, which was strictly Catholic, while Protestants were banned. It awarded vast tracts of the best land to just a few people. It emphasized fur trading (by courers de bois) instead of agriculture. The lack of permanent settlements and small numbers of residents hurt its ability to resist threats from other nations. In 1750, it had only 80,000 inhabitants. _____ controlled North America's most important inland waterways, extending from the St. Lawrence River through the Great Lakes, and down the Mississippi River. It was a vast area underpopulated with Europeans; fur traders and Jesuit missionaries promoted friendly relations with Native Americans.

King George's War

In 1731, Spanish revenue agents caught Robert Jenkins, an English smuggler, interrogated him, and cut off his ear, telling him to "take this back to the king, your master." He told Parliament his story in 1738, which began an armed conflict, which eventually merged with a larger conflict that broke out in Europe. Lot of guerrilla fighting and raids. A 1748 treaty ended the conflict.

Wade-Davis Bill

In 1864, Congress enacted (and Lincoln pocket vetoed) the _______, which proposed to delay the formation of new Southern governments until a majority of voters had taken a loyalty oath. ^^ Two Radical Republican Senators proposed that since the Southern states had seceded, Congress alone had the authority to dictate the terms for the states' readmittance to the Union. It required that 50 percent of a state's white male voters take a loyalty oath for that state to be readmitted to the Union. It also demanded stronger efforts on behalf of states to emancipate slaves. It required a majority of 1860 voters to take a loyalty oath, but only those who swore an "ironclad" oath of never having fought against the Union could participate in reconstructing their state's government. Congress required the state constitutions to include bans on slavery, the disfranchisement of Confederate political and military leaders, and the repudiation of Confederate state debts. After Congress adjourned, Lincoln refused to sign the Wade-Davis bill, so it was "pocket-vetoed" and not implemented. Lincoln "pocket-vetoed" the legislation in favor of his "10% Plan."

Pullman Palace Car Company

In 1894, workers at the ______, which manufactured railcars in __1__, Illinois (near Chicago), went on strike to protest a significant reduction in their wages. __1__ was a model "company town," where the railcar manufacturer—founded by American inventor George W. __1__ (1831-1897) in 1867—owned all the land and buildings and ran the school, bank, and utilities. In 1893, in order to maintain profits following declining revenues, the __1__ __4__ cut workers' wages by 25% to 40% but did not adjust rent and prices in the town, forcing many employees and their families into deprivation. In May 1894, a labor committee approached __1__ __4__ to resolve the situation. The company, which had always refused to negotiate with employees, responded by firing the labor committee members. The firings incited a strike of all thirty-three hundred workers. ^^ In support of the labor effort, Eugene Debs assumed leadership of the strike (some __1__ employees had joined the ARU in 1894) and directed all ARU members not to haul and __1__ cars. A general rail strike that paralyzed transportation across the country followed. In response to what was now being called "Deb's Rebellion," a July 2, 1894, federal court order demanded all workers to return to the job, but the ARU refused to comply. President Cleveland ordered federal troops to break the strike, citing it interfered with mail delivery. The intervention turned violent. Despite public protest, Debs was tried for contempt of court and conspiracy and was imprisoned in 1895 for having violated the court order.

Reconstruction in 1866

In February, _____, Congress passed the Freedmen's Bureau Act, which extends the temporary agency's life indefinitely and gave the military the responsibility of protecting the civil rights of black Americans in the former Confederate states. President Johnson vetoed the bill, surprising many Republicans. In April, _______, Congress enacts the Civil Rights Act of _____. It grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the US and guaranteed them equal rights under the law. The statute made it a federal crime, punishable by fine and imprisonment, to deprive any person of his or her civil rights. Judicial authority over the act is assigned to the federal courts. President Johnson vetoed the bill. Congress passed the bill again; Johnson vetoed it again; and Congress overrode his veto. In May, a race riot erupts in Memphis. In June, Congress approved a proposed 14th Amendment to the US Constitution. Its text begins with the first definition of citizenship in the Constitution: all persons born or naturalized in the US. It thereby attempts to give the citizenship clause of the Civil Rights Act of ______ more legitimacy and permanency by incorporating it into the Constitution. The amendment also denied states the authority to deprive citizens of their privileges and immunities, the due process of law, or the equal protection of the law. In July, Congress passed the Freedmen's Bureau Act a second time. President Johnson vetoed it again, but this time Congress overrode his veto. Congress voted to readmit representatives from Tennessee after that state's ratification of the 14th Amendment. In July, a race riot occurs in New Orleans. In the Fall, the Congressional elections are seen as a national referendum on the proposed 14th Amendment. Republicans score a major victory, gaining seats to give them over a two-thirds margin in the next Congress, more than enough to override any presidential vetoes.

Reconstruction in 1871

In February, _____, Congress passed the second Enforcement Act authorizing federal supervision of Congressional elections in cities with populations exceeding 20,000. The South was largely unaffected by this law, however, since there were few cities of that size in the region. In April, _____, in response to President Grant's request for more federal authority to combat anti-black violence in the South, Congress enacts the Ku Klux Klan Act. It grants the federal government the authority to punish the denial of equal protection or privileges and immunities. In addition, the statute bestows on the president the power to suspend habeas corpus and to use the military against anti-civil rights conspiracies. In October, _____, President Grant, acting under the authority of the Ku Klux Klan Act, imposed martial law and suspends the writ of habeas corpus in South Carolina.

Reconstruction in 1865

In March, ___2__, Congress created the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, commonly known as the Freedmen's Bureau, within the War Department. It provided temporary relief to the freed people in the form of basic shelter and medical care, assistance in labor-contract negotiation, the establishment of schools, and similar services. At its peak, though, the Freedmen's Bureau only has 900 agents in the South. In the Summer of __2___, President Johnson implements his __1__ plan. It offers general amnesty to those taking an oath of future loyalty, although high-ranking Confederate officials and wealthy Confederates must petition the president for individual pardons. The plan also required states to ratify the 13th Amendment which prohibits slavery and to repudiate Confederate debts. For Southern states to be readmitted, they must revoke the ordinance of secession and ratify the 13th Amendment. In December, __2___, Congress refused to recognize the state governments ___1____ed under Johnson's plan. Republicans are disturbed by the reluctance of white Southerners to ratify the 13th Amendment, their refusal to grant voting rights to black men, their enactment of black codes which limit the rights and liberties of blacks, and their election of former Confederates, such as Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens, to state and national offices.

Reconstruction in 1867

In March, ____, Congress passed the first ______ Act. The former Confederacy is divided into five military districts under the direction of military officers, who are supported by federal troops. Military courts can be used to try cases involving civil and property rights violations, as well as criminal trials. States have to enact new constitutions that grant voting rights to black men. High-ranking Confederate officials are temporarily barred from political participation. States must ratify the 14th Amendment in order to be represented in Congress. President Johnson vetoed the bill, but Congress overrides the veto. The Southern states, though, refuse to carry out the law. Congress passed the second ______ Act. It gave the military district commanders directions on holding state constitutional conventions. The president vetoed the bill and Congress overrode his action. The president is forced to implement Congressional ________, but the Johnson administration interprets it as narrowly as possible. In July, ____, Congress enacts the third ________ Act. It affirms the authority of the military district commanders to remove state officials from office. In the Fall, the remaining ten un-_________ states vote to hold constitutional conventions and thus begin the process of ________ under the Congressional military plan. At this time there are 15,000 troops in the South; only 1 soldier per 725 inhabitants.,

Reconstruction in 1868

In March, _____, Congress passed the fourth ___1___ Act. It allows the proposed state constitutions to be ratified by a simple-majority vote in each state. The House of Representatives impeached President Andrew Johnson, who had angered Republicans by his interference with and intransigence on _________ policies. In May, _____, the Senate voted to acquit Johnson. He remains in office but is denied re-nomination by the Democratic party. In June, ____, Congress readmits representatives from seven states: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina. In July, _____, the 14th Amendment is ratified by the requisite number of states and became a part of the US Constitution. It is one of the most consequential additions to the Constitution in American history. The Freedmen's Bureau ceased to exist.

Albany, Georgia

In November 1961, residents of _____, launched an ambitious campaign to eliminate segregation in all facets of local life. The movement captured national attention one month later when local leaders invited Martin Luther King, Jr. to join the protest. Despite King's involvement, the movement failed to secure concessions from local officials and was consequently deemed unsuccessful by many observers. Subsequent appraisals, however, have identified the movement as a formative learning experience for King and other civil rights organizers, and credited it with hastening the ultimate desegregation of ____'s facilities, which occurred only one year following the movement's conclusion in August 1962. The experience became known as the __1__ Movement.

Little Rock Nine

In September 1957 some African American students attended their first day at __1__ Central High School, whose entire student population had until that point been white. The _____, as they came to be called, encountered a large white mob and soldiers from the Arkansas National Guard, sent by Arkansas Gov. Orval Eugene Faubus, blocking the entrance to the school. For the next 18 days Pres. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Gov. Faubus, and the city's mayor, Woodrow Mann, discussed the situation. The _____ returned on September 23, but were met with violence. The students were sent home and returned on September 25, protected by U.S. soldiers. Although the students were continually harassed, most of them completed that academic year. The entire confrontation drew international attention not only to civil rights in the United States but also to the struggle between federal and state power.

On Civil Disobedience

In his essay, _______, Thoreau argued that the government must end its unjust actions to earn the right to collect taxes from its citizens. As long as the government commits unjust actions, he continued, conscientious individuals must choose whether to pay their taxes or to refuse to pay them and defy the government. ^^ Thoreau declared that if the government required people to participate in injustice by obeying "unjust laws," then people should "break the laws" even if they ended up in prison. "Under a government which imprisons any unjustly," he asserted, "the true place for a just man is also a prison." ^^ By not paying his taxes, Thoreau explained, he was refusing his allegiance to the government. "In fact," he wrote, "I quietly declare war with the State...."

Diversity Jurisdiction

In the law of the United States, ______ is a form of subject-matter __2__ in civil procedure in which a United States district court in the federal judiciary has the power to hear a civil case when the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000 and where the persons that are parties are not of the same citizenship or state of incorporation (for corporations being legal persons). ______ and federal-question __2__ (over issues arising under federal law) constitute the two primary categories of subject matter __2__ in U.S. federal courts.

Birmingham, Alabama

In the spring of 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the SCLC launched a campaign in _____, with local Pastor Fred Shuttlesworth and the _____ Christian Movement for Human Rights (_CMHR) to undermine the city's system of racial segregation. The campaign began on April 3, 1963, with sit-ins, economic boycotts, mass protests, and marches on City Hall. The demonstrations faced challenges from many sides, including an indifferent African American community, adversarial white and African American leaders, and a hostile commissioner of public safety, Eugene ("Bull") Connor. On April 12 King was arrested for violating an anti-protest injunction and placed in solitary confinement. The demonstrations continued, but, after a month without any concessions, King was convinced to launch the Children's Crusade. Beginning on May 2, 1963, school-aged volunteers skipped school and began to march. Many submitted politely to arrests, and local jails quickly filled up. On May 3 Connor ordered the police and fire department to set high-pressure water hoses and attack dogs on the youth. The violent tactics against peaceful demonstrators continued in ensuing days, causing outrage in the community, and gaining national attention. The negative media spurred Pres. John F. Kennedy to propose a civil rights bill on June 11. Although the _____ campaign eventually negotiated an agreement with local reforms, tensions remained high in the city, and the meeting places of civil rights activists were continually threatened. A bomb on September 15 at 16th Street Baptist Church killed four African American girls and injured others.

Great Railroad Strike

In the summer of 1877, this was the most serious labor uprising in the nation's history, with the worst labor violence up to that time. No local, isolated disturbance, it was a national event that occurred during an extended depression and ultimately involved hundreds of thousands of people across America; claimed at least 100 lives; resulted in injuries to hundreds more; and caused the destruction of millions of dollars' worth of property. One journalist wrote: "It seemed as if the whole social and political structure was on the very brink of ruin." ^^ It was triggered by a 10 percent wage cut, which had followed two previous wage cuts at this company since the Panic of 1873, leaving workers with about half the wages they had been earning in 1873. The workers' walkout touched a nerve nationally and spread rapidly across the country. Workers from a variety of industries walked out in sympathy. Workers and militia in a number of cities fired on each other, and workers set fire to company property. ^^ President Hayes called in the army. _______ finally ended in early August 1877. It was a spontaneous, unorganized labor upheaval which did not produce solutions to workers' dilemmas. On the contrary, fear of a workers' "insurrection" led to a new cohesion in the middle class, which began to talk of a "war" between capital and labor. Not only did the middle class strongly support military intervention in the wake of 1877, but it supported the construction of armories in the nation's largest cities.

Report on Manufactures

In this document, Alexander Hamilton recommended specific policies to encourage industry; among them protective duties and prohibitions on rival imports, exemption of domestic industries from duties, and encouragement of "new inventions . . . particularly those, which relate to machinery." ^^ The complex plan for support of industry was the only Hamiltonian proposal Congress rejected (industrial production was not yet strong or influential enough to garner support in Congress). ^^ Considered his most innovative proposal, it provides detailed insight into Hamilton's vision for the US and its future. It went further than any other proposal in projecting the future of the US and its place in the world economy. Hamilton urged congress to promote industry so that the US could be "independent on foreign nations for military and other essential supplies." In addition to national independence, industry would provide a path to equality in the global market. Currently, Hamilton observed, the US was pretty much precluded from "foreign Commerce." The country "cannot exchange with Europe on equal terms; and the want of reciprocity would render them the victim of a system which should induce them to confine their views to Agriculture and refrain from Manufactures." Government subsidies to industry in Europe rendered it difficult for American industries to compete in the market. The situation could be remedied if the US government followed the European lead.

Clear and Present Danger Test

Interpretation of the First Amendment that holds that the government cannot interfere with speech unless the speech will discernably and shortly lead to evil or illegal acts. ^^ The Supreme Court has placed some limits on free speech. In the case Schenck v. United States (1917), Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes articulated the _____, in which the government has the right to interfere with free speech if it poses a threat to others. Nevertheless, criticism of the government and its politics is protected. ^^ Justice Edward Terry Sanford's majority opinion in Gitlow v. New York (1925) attempted to define more clearly the ____ developed a few years earlier in Schenck v. US (1919). ^^ The most well-known opponent of the _____ was the late Justice Hugo Black. He objected to the very idea that the First Amendment's promises of freedom could be "balanced" against other governmental goals (such as wanting to prevent obstructions to recruiting soldiers). He thought that this balancing view of free speech destroyed freedom and proposed a different solution.

patroon system

It granted men with manorial rights to large tracts of land in the 17th century Dutch colony of New Netherland. Through the Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions of 1629, the Dutch West India Company first started to grant this title and land to some of its invested members. These were inducements to foster colonization and settlement (also known as the "Rights and Exemptions"). The deeded tracts were called ______ships and could span 16 miles in length on one side of a major river, or 8 miles if spanning both sides. In 1640, the charter was revised to cut new plot sizes in half, and to allow any Dutch American in good standing to purchase an estate. The title of _______ came with powerful rights and privileges: to create civil and criminal courts, appoint local officials and hold land in perpetuity. In return, the ______ was required by the Dutch West India Company to - sources vary - establish a settlement of at least 50 families within four years on the land, or "ship fifty colonists to it within four year". As tenants working for the _______, these first settlers were relieved of the duty of public taxes for ten years but were required to pay rent to the _____. A _______ship sometimes had its own village and other infrastructure, including churches. In 1775, at the outbreak of the American Revolution, primogeniture and feudal tenure were abolished and thus ________ and manors evolved into simply large estates subject to division and leases.

Election of 1796

It was the first contested American presidential election, the first presidential election in which political parties played a dominant role, and the only presidential election in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing tickets. Incumbent Vice President John Adams of the Federalist Party defeated former Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republican Party. ^^ With incumbent President George Washington having refused a third term in office, the 1796 election became the first US presidential election in which political parties competed for the presidency. Hamilton attempted to influence this election to ensure that Jefferson was not elected. Under the electoral rules in place at the time, each member of the Electoral College cast two votes, with no distinction made between electoral votes for president and electoral votes for vice president. To be elected president, the winning candidate had to win the votes of a majority of electors; should no individual win a majority, the House of Representatives would hold a contingent election. The campaign was acrimonious, with Federalists attempting to identify the Democratic-Republicans with the violence of the French Revolution and the Democratic-Republicans accusing the Federalists of favoring monarchism and aristocracy. Adams was elected president with 71 electoral votes, one more than was needed for a majority.

Election of 1800

Jefferson called this "The Revolution of _____" because there was no bloodshed. In this election, Republican Thomas Jefferson was elected president and Republican Aaron Burr was elected vice president. It marked a peaceful transition of government from the Federalist Party to the Republican Party, but it was one of the nastiest presidential contests in American history, with stunning character attacks. Jefferson won by the slimmest of margins. ^^ Federalists were hurt by intra-party feuds between Adams and Hamilton. Republicans Jefferson and Burr tied in electoral votes, sending the election to the Federalist-controlled "lame duck" House of Representatives. After 35 ballots Jefferson was chosen, in part because of Hamilton's influence with Federalist electors to vote for Jefferson. The electoral deadlock led to adoption of the Twelfth Amendment, which provided for separate balloting for president and vice-president, so that this situation could not happen again.

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

John Dickinson's most famous contribution as the "Penman of the Revolution" and for the American colonial cause was the publication of _________, which was published over a period of ten weeks in late 1767 and early 1768 with the first appearing in the Pennsylvania Chronicle on December 2, 1767. Dickinson argued against the power of Parliament to tax the colonists without representation; he said that the Townshend Acts were illegal because they were intended to raise revenue, a power held only by the colonial assemblies. His arguments were written in a clear and concise manner which the general population could understand. Published in pamphlet form and reprinted in almost all of the colonial newspapers, _____ was read widely across the colonies and in Britain and France. This quickly made John Dickinson famous. After reading ______, Voltaire, the French philosopher, compared Dickinson to Cicero, an honored Roman statesman, orator, and philosopher. As a direct result of the popularity of ______, there were calls and petitions for the boycotting of imported British goods throughout the colonies. The eventual result of the unity amongst the colonies against a common enemy was the First Continental Congress. When the Congress was called, however, Dickinson quickly realized that much progress needed to be made towards the solutions that he wrote about.

Election of 1824

John Quincy Adams wins in a disputed president election. His VP was John C. Calhoun. ^^ Jackson won a plurality of both the popular vote and the electoral vote, which caused a "disputed election," because Jackson won the popular vote but did not win the majority of the electoral vote. The House of Representatives was required to elect the president. According to the 12th Amendment only, the top 3 could compete, so Clay supported John Quincy Adams. Each state received one vote, and Adams won by one vote. "Corrupt bargain" accusations were made when John Quincy Adams appointed Clay as Secretary of State. ^^ Four presidential candidates: Henry Clay of Kentucky (Speaker of the House), John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State), Andrew Jackson (1812 war hero), and William Crawford of Georgia (Secretary of the Treasury). ^^ In the House of Representatives vote, Henry Clay threw his support to John Quincy Adams, who would go on to win the presidency. Adams gave Clay the post of Secretary of State. Accusations of were made by Jackson, but they are considered to be largely untrue.

Feminine Mystique

Name of the book by Betty Friedan that discussed the frustration of many women in the 1950's and 1960's who felt they were restricted to their roles of mother and homemaker. Considered catalyst to feminist movement.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Name of the government agency created in 1824 to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans. It was made part of the Department of the Interior in 1849. ^^ Agents monopolized Indian trade and economic dependency increased. Some attempts were made at Christianizing and educating Indians at boarding schools. President Monroe in 1824 urged removal of Southern tribes to protected lands west of the Mississippi, but the tribes refused.

US Constitution—Article VI

Name the article of the US Constitution that contains the supremacy clause; establishes the constitution as "supreme law of the land." It also validates the debts of the nation made under the Articles of Confederation. It describes the oaths of office. ^^ Debts; Supremacy Clause; Duties of Officials: ^^ National debts still in force ^^ Supreme law of the land ^^ Oath to support the Constitution; no religious test

US Constitution—Article IV, Section 03

Name the article of the US Constitution that describes the relationship of states to one another and the national government and the section that describes how new states and territories are treated. ^^ This section grants Congress the power to admit new states to the Union, and describes federal lands. ^^ New States and Territories: ^^ Creation of new states ^^ Power of Congress over territories and federal property

US Constitution—Article IV, Section 02

Name the article of the US Constitution that describes the relationship of states to one another and the national government and the section that describes the privileges and immunities of the states. ^^ Each state must treat citizens of another state the same way it treats its own citizens. ^^ States must extradite suspected criminals or escaped prisoners to any state where he or she is wanted. ^^ Citizens' rights; fugitives ^^ Equal Privileges for all citizens ^^ Extradition of criminals ^^ Fugitive slaves to be returned [now obsolete]

US Constitution—Article II, Section 04

Name the article of the US Constitution that established the Executive Branch of the federal government and the section that describes impeachment. ^^ Describes how the President, Vice President, and others can be forced out of office if impeached and found guilty of certain crimes.

US Constitution—Article II, Section 01

Name the article of the US Constitution that established the Executive Branch of the federal government and the section that describes the President and Vice President. ^^ The president is responsible for executing the laws passed by Congress. Each state chooses electors, or delegates to the electoral college to vote for President. The candidate for President who wins the popular vote in each state wins that state's electoral vote. It describes the qualifications of a President, the presidential succession, the salary, and the oath of office. ^^ The Office of President: ^^ Executive power given; term of office ^^ Presidential electors ^^ Original method of electing the President and Vice President ^^ Time of elections ^^ Qualifications of the President ^^ Replacing the President ^^ The President's salary ^^ Oath of office

US Constitution—Article III, Section 03

Name the article of the US Constitution that established the Judicial Branch of the federal government and the section that describes treason. ^^ A person can be convicted of treason only if he or she confesses or witnesses testify to it. This section describes punishment for treason. ^^ Treason: ^^ Treason defined; evidence required ^^ Punishment of those found guilty

US Constitution—Article I, Section 03

Name the article of the US Constitution that established the Legislative Branch of the federal government, and the section that describes the Senate. ^^ Each state has two senators. Each senator serves for six years. ^^ Every two years 1/3 of the senate runs for re-election. ^^ A senator must be at least 30 years old, an American citizen for at least nine years, and a resident of the state he or she represents.

Loving v. Virginia

On June 12, 1967, the US Supreme Court declared the Virginia statutes prohibiting interracial marriage unconstitutional in the case _____. The case was decided nine years after Richard __1__, a white man, and Mildred Jeter, a woman of mixed African American and Native American ancestry, had pleaded guilty to having violated Virginia state law prohibiting a white person and a "colored" person from leaving the state to be married and returning to live as man and wife. Their one-year prison sentence was suspended on the condition that the couple leave Virginia and not return as husband and wife for 25 years. Once settled in Washington, D.C., the couple filed suit in a Virginia state court in 1963. The case made its way to the Supreme Court, which reversed their conviction. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote for a unanimous court that the freedom to marry was a basic civil right and that to deny that freedom based on the groundless classifications outlined in Virginia state's law was "to deprive all the State's citizens of liberty without due process of law." The ruling thus invalidated laws against interracial marriage in Virginia and 15 other states.

California Trail

Open from 1841 to 1869, the ______ brought emigrants from many locations in the East. Starting points varied, but most began somewhere along the Missouri River and ran parallel with the Oregon Trail, heading west. Eventually, the ______ split off from the Oregon Trail and headed south to the numerous paths and "shortcuts" over the Sierra Nevada mountains and into ___1___. One such cutoff led to the tragic events of the infamous Donner party. ^^ Historians place it close to 2,000 miles. Dangers such as disease and skirmishes with Native Americans awaited those who were brave enough to take the long journey. Between the discovery of gold in 1848 and 1850, an estimated 75,000 people traveled the ______ in search of their fortunes. Those numbers eclipsed all the previous years combined! However, word quickly spread about the difficulty of navigating the trail and eventually, the numbers dwindled. When the transcontinental railroad opened in 1869, the trail fell out of use completely. ^^ In the beginning, most of the emigrants were farmers, hoping to improve their family fortunes in the fertile soil of the western United States. But the discovery of gold would lead to a flood of western migration. Some of these travelers included: fur trappers - these mountain men had been in the hills for years, and some served as guides; farmers - stories had spread about the fertile land of __1___; prospectors - the gold rush had many Americans dreaming of prospecting their fortunes; merchants - these businessmen and women saw opportunities in the growing communities of the West; families - whether looking for land or a fresh start, many families with young children traveled the ____.

Virginia Company of London

Original charter from King James I granted them land between the Hudson and Cape Fear rivers. Its primary goal was to make a profit. The first colony of this group, Jamestown, had great difficulties in its first years—the majority of settlers dies of starvation, disease, or Indian attacks. The colony's survival was in doubt because of the owners' rules. First, all members shared the profits regardless of how much they worked; some settlers did not work; some settlers looked for gold instead of farming; the site of the colony was swampy; the local Indians were sometimes hostile due to settlers' greed. After suffering from inadequate numbers of settlers surviving, a reform-minded faction, led by Edwin Sandys, made changes: colonists were promised the same rights they had in England; the House of Burgesses was founded; private ownership of land was instituted; large numbers of indentured servants were brought in; African slaves were brought in. After the Indian threat was removed, King James I decided to revoke the charter so that he could have the profits from tobacco himself. He revoked the charter and made it a royal colony in 1624. He revoked all political rights and the representative assembly.

Civil Rights

Policies and laws given by a nation within its boundaries designed to protect people its citizens. In US, privileges belonging to a person by reason of citizenship including especially the fundamental freedoms and privileges guaranteed by the 13th and 14th amendments and subsequent acts of Congress including legal and social and economic equality. ^^ Rosa Parks, a 43-year-old seamstress boards a bus and takes a seat near the middle because the back of the bus is full. She is told to move to the back and refuses and is arrested for violating the city's transport laws. African American leaders call for a city-wide boycott of the city buses. Martin Luther King takes center stage, a leader who galvanized the movement for civil rights through nonviolence and passive resistance. "We insist emphatically that violence is self-defeating, that he who lives by the sword will perish by the sword." ^^ August 28, 1963, JFK reluctantly invites Martin Luther King and 250,000 African Americans to Washington, DC in the March on Washington. "I have a dream...that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all people are created equal."" ^^ The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were pushed into law by President Johnson.

Lincoln's First Inaugural Address

President ___1___'s attempt to preserve the Union and convince the South that secession was not only illegal but impossible. He argued that the main dispute was whether slavery should extend to the West and that there was no cause to fight because he had promised not to attack slavery in the South. Peace, however, could last only to the point of rebellion, because his presidential oath was to "defend the Union." The speech was meant to reassure Southerners that __1___ would not interfere with slavery in the states where it already existed. ^^ Main points: ^^ Legal redress and revolutionary actions are different; secession is not an acceptable choice. ^^ The Union was perpetual, therefore the Confederate States of America does not actually exist and is a band of rebels living in the US. ^^ Federal property in the South remains federal property. ^^ Slavery should not be completely abolished, but it should not spread. ^^ War is not a reasonable option. ^^ The people of the United States should all be friends, not enemies, because the US is one country. ^^ Quote: "In your hands, my dissatisfied countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war...We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection..."

14th Amendment

Proposed 6/13/1866; ratified 7/9/1868; African Americans became citizens and no state could deny life, liberty, or property without due process of the law; it protects rights against state infringements, defines citizenship, prohibits states from interfering with privileges and immunities, requires due process and equal protection, punishes states for denying vote, and disqualifies Confederate officials and debts.

09th Amendment

Proposed 9/25/1789; ratified 12/15/1791; Non-Enumerated Rights of the people. Assures the recognition of those rights that people may have but are not listed within the Constitution. Reserves the rights of citizens which are not specifically mentioned by the US Constitution

01st Amendment

Proposed 9/25/1789; ratified 12/15/1791; acronym "Free RAPPS": Rights of freedom of religion (prohibits establishment of one religion over another by law, allows practicing religion freely), freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, and freedom of press, right to petition government, freedom of speech,

10th Amendment

Proposed 9/25/1789; ratified 12/15/1791; powers that are not given to the US nor prohibited by the constitution are reserved to the states respectively or to the people. This reserved power clause served to reassure the states that they were protected from the tyranny of a too-powerful central government. ^^ However, Article I, Section 8 of the US Constitution grants the federal government the power to make all laws "which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers," and has been called the Elastic Clause. The Elastic Clause can be seen as conflicting with the _______, which restricts the federal government to those powers delegated to it by the Constitution and gives all other powers to the states, or the people. The conflict between these two ideas is the determination of which group, the federal government or the states and their people, has the right to exercise powers that have not been expressly delegated to the central government.

27th Amendment

Proposed 9/25/1789; ratified 5/7/1992; Congressional pay increases do not take effect until the next House of Representatives election.

New Jersey Plan

Proposed by William Patterson in July 1787; it called for a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state; it thus favored small states. It was united with another proposal in the Great Compromise, and, along with the other proposal, formed the basis of the modern American legislative structure.

Great Railway Strike—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: It did not produce solutions to workers' dilemmas. On the contrary, fear of a workers' "insurrection" led to a new cohesion in the middle class, which began to talk of a "war" between capital and labor. Not only did the middle class strongly support military intervention in the wake of 1877, but it supported the construction of armories in the nation's largest cities.

Embargo Act of 1807—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: This was intended to starve the offending foreign nations, but while there was no significant effect on British shipping and markets, there were many negative effects on American shipping and markets. Imports and exports declined; agricultural prices and earnings fell; increased reliance on domestic manufacturing; shipping industries devastated; markets wrecked; unemployment increased; smuggling endorsed by public; high prices for domestic shipping; This was met with opposition from Federalists and others because of its detrimental effects on trade and commerce. Unemployed merchants and seamen laid the blame squarely on Jefferson. They relied on overseas trade and strongly opposed going to war. It was repealed two years later.

War of 1812—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event included: ^^ Although the _____ was of little global importance, it had important effects at home. It affirmed American political and economic independence and gradually improved relations with Britain; US boundaries were set; spurred development of US industries; Britain and Spain left the US free to expand territory; new spirit of nationalism. The conflict affirmed American sovereignty and fixed its status as a commercial and military power. It resulted in increased American nationalism. It burnished the stars of future politicians Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison. The War Hawks did not get Canada, as they had hoped, but they were empowered to enact their agenda of territorial expansion, trade, and economic growth. President James Madison enjoyed tremendous popularity following the campaign. ^^ The New England states were transformed during the conflict, as their foundries and textile mills worked around the clock to meet the demand for both military and domestic goods. This hastened America's industrial revolution and redefined New England life and its economy for the next century. It created high foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco. Ultimately led to a depression in 1819 due to influx of British goods; the Bank of the US responded by tightening credit to slow inflation. ^^ New England Federalists were punished at the polls for the Hartford Convention during the conflict to discuss their grievances and seceding from the Union. The Convention was seen as unpatriotic, even treasonous and ruined the party. The biggest losers were the Native Americans. Within a generation, the tribes were virtually eliminated from their ancestral homelands. ^^ There was stirring nationalism in Canada in response to American invasion attempts. ^^ With Congressional approval, an American naval squadron punished North African Barbary Coast pirates who had resumed molesting American shipping during the conflict. Madison and the Republican Congress authorized a peacetime standing army. Previously, Republicans had been opposed to a standing army. ^^ Congressman Henry Clay began to promote "The American System": a protective tariff, a re-chartered national bank, and national financing of transportation systems. President Madison signed the charter of the Second Bank of the US, which was a reversal of Jeffersonian philosophy. ^^ Many Jeffersonian Republicans (including John C. Calhoun of South Carolina) supported passage of the first protective tariff (1816). Infant American industry had accused Britain of dumping cheap goods on American markets after the war. Madison vetoed an internal improvements bill that would have financed local roads.

Americus, Georgia

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) fieldworkers began organizing with black community leaders in ____ soon after their arrival in Sumter County in February 1963. The movement encountered stiff opposition from local officials, however, and all but collapsed the following July when four Civil Rights activists were arrested and charged with sedition in the wake of large scale direct action protests. ^^ After relocating to Sumter County in February 1963, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee fieldworkers Ralph Allen, Don Harris, and John Perdew launched voter registration and community organizing drives under the aegis of the Southwest Georgia Project. Members of Sumter's black community welcomed their arrival, and by July the three activists enjoyed sufficient support to lead large-scale direct action protests in the county seat of _____. To suppress demands for reform, local authorities arrested the three fieldworkers along with Congress of Racial Equality agricultural worker Zev Aeloney one week later on charges of insurrection, which carried the death penalty under Georgia's 1871 Anti-Treason Act. Their arrest captured national headlines, in part because the activists hailed from reputable Northern universities, and the "______ Four" became a cause celebre for Civil Rights advocates. Although the charges were ultimately dropped when they were released from prison the following November, their detention significantly retarded Civil Rights protest in _____ where large-scale demonstrations did not resume until summer 1965. ^^ Although voter registration drives and citizenship campaigns continued over the course of the next two years, demonstrations were suspended until summer 1965, when Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) activists arrived in _____ and protest resumed with renewed vigor. However, the murder of a white, twenty-one year old marine recruit in July 1965 provoked a backlash of white violence, dashing hopes for a biracial settlement. Because the 1965 protests received significant media attention throughout the nation, SCLC workers later concluded that the struggle in ______ helped secure passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Benevolent Empire

Term applied to the ideals of US reform movements in the mid-19th century. Religious awakening and belief in individual human perfectibility stimulated a variety of 19th-century reform movements. Associations and societies seeking moral uplift multiplied rapidly. Reform was also stimulated by the political principles of Jacksonian democracy. ^^ Example of reformers include: Horace Mann called for "common schools" and teacher training. Dorothea Dix led reforms of treatment of the mentally ill. Prisons were also reformed. The Temperance Movement in 1851 prevented the manufacture of spirits in Maine. Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Convention of Seneca Falls in 1848 for women's suffrage and rights. The American Peace Society was founded in 1828 under the leadership of William Ladd, a New England merchant.

Habeas Corpus

Term for an ancient common-law writ, issued by a court or judge directing one who holds another in custody to produce the body of the person before the court for some specified purpose. Although there have been and are many varieties of the writ, the most important is that used to correct violations of personal liberty by directing judicial inquiry into the legality of a detention. In the British colonies in North America, by the time of the American Revolution, the rights to _______ were popularly regarded as among the basic protections of individual liberty. The U.S. Constitution guarantees that the privilege "shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it" (Article I, Section 9, paragraph 2). ^^ Pres. Abraham Lincoln suspended the writ by executive proclamation at the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861. The presidential act was challenged by Chief Justice Roger Taney who, in the case of Ex parte Merryman, vigorously contended that the power of suspension resided only in Congress. Lincoln ignored the order of the court, but the weight of modern opinion appears to support Taney's view. ^^ In the mid-20th century the U.S. Supreme Court's expansive interpretation of the constitutional rights of those accused of crime led to the filing of many _______ petitions by prisoners, challenging their convictions. That interpretation was gradually narrowed by the Supreme Court and by congressional act in the later years of the century. ^^ In contemporary law a writ frequently is requested on behalf of one in police custody for the purpose of requiring the police to either charge the arrested person with an offense or release that person.

Tariff Act of 1816

The 14th Congress passed the ______ levying a series of 25 percent duties designed to encourage domestic manufacturing. In the wake of the conflict with Britain, nationalist war-hawks like Henry Clay and John Calhoun sought to nurture independent industry that had sprung up during the Embargo era, while reducing reliance on British manufactures. Even so, the ______ was only mildly protectionist, more in keeping with those enacted since 1789 than with those that would follow after 1820. Manufacturing interests in the United States (particularly in the West and New England) did not yet carry the political clout in Congress that mercantile and shipping interests (who tended to oppose ___1___s) did. In fact, no sustained popular support for protection developed much before 1819. ^^ This was the first legislation passed by Congress with an explicit function of protecting US manufactured items from overseas competition. Prior to the War of 1812, __1__s had primarily served to raise revenues to operate the national government. Another unique aspect of the bill was the strong support it received from Northern states. The bill was conceived as part of a solution to the purely domestic matter of avoiding a projected federal deficit reported by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander J. Dallas. There was also widespread concern among Americans that war with Great Britain might be rekindled over economic and territorial issues. ___1___s on manufactured goods, including war industry products, were deemed essential in the interests of national defense. It was approved as a temporary measure, authorized for only three years. Northern efforts to establish permanent protection, after tensions with Great Britain had eased, provoked a backlash among Southern legislators. The South consistently opposed protective ___1___s during the remainder of the antebellum period.

Marbury v. Madison

The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the US Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789. ^^ ___1___ had been commissioned justice of the peace in DC by President John Adams as part of Adams' "midnight appointments" during his last days in office. The new president, Thomas Jefferson, was angry at the defeated Federalists' attempt to "keep a dead clutch on the patronage" and ordered his new secretary of state, James ___2___, not to deliver ___1___'s commission papers. __1__ took his case to the Supreme Court, of which John Marshall was now the Chief Justice, for a writ of mandamus—an order from a court that some action be performed—commanding __2__ to deliver the commission papers in accordance with the Judiciary Act of 1789. Chief Justice John Marshall held that while ___1___ was entitled to the commission, the statute, the Judiciary Act of 1789, had unconstitutionally given federal courts power to issue writs of mandamus, as it granted the Supreme Court powers beyond what the Constitution permitted. ^^ Justice Marshall reviewed the case on the basis of three questions: Did __1__ have a right to the commission? If so, was he entitled to some remedy under United States law? Was that remedy a writ from the Supreme Court? Marshall decided the first question by holding that an appointment is effective once a commission has been signed and the U.S. seal affixed, as __1__'s commission had been. Therefore, __1__ had been legally appointed, and __2__'s refusal to deliver the In response to the second question, Marshall held that __1__ was entitled to some remedy under United States law. ^^ The final question examined whether the Court had the power to issue the writ. Marshall explained that the right to issue writs like the one __1__ was requesting had been granted the Court by the Judiciary Act of 1789. This law, however, was unconstitutional and void because the Constitution did not grant Congress the right to make such a law. In his written opinion, Marshall defended the right of the Court to declare a law unconstitutional: "It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is . . . . If two laws conflict with each other, the courts must decide on the operation of each." The Supreme Court thus became the final judge of constitutionality, thus establishing the principle of judicial review. This decision paved the way for judicial review, which gave courts the power to declare statutes unconstitutional. ^^ Other Supreme Court cases reviewed and approved Congressional legislation, but no other legislation was rejected by the Court for over 50 years.

Spanish-American War

The 1898 armed conflict fought in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Cuba resented Spain's control, which led to rebellion. Spain responded with the dispatch of General Valeriano Weyler, who confined civilians to brutal camps. "Yellow press" in the US labeled him "Butcher Weyler," increasing American support against Spain. ^^ President Grover Cleveland worked to keep the US neutral. In 1894, the US imposed a brutal tariff on Spanish sugar. The economy of Cuba crumbled. ^^ President McKinley in 1896 did not want to go to war. The army was small. ^^ In 1898, the US sent the battleship USS Maine to Havana to protect American interests, which included sugar; the Maine blew up in Feb 1898 in Havana Harbor. American newspapers immediately started publishing stories that mines had blown up the ship. The US recognized the independence of Cuba, then later declared war on Spain. ^^ The US Navy was ordered out of Hong Kong. They sailed to Manila Bay, Philippines and attacked the Spanish fleet. At the Battle of Manila Bay, the Spanish surrendered. ^^ Under Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt resigned and enlisted in the Army. A largely amateur militia and volunteer force sailed to Cuba. There was an aggressive blockade of Cuba. ^^ The US invaded Cuba with 31 ships at Santiago Harbor on June 22, 1898. Roosevelt led the Rough Riders through to San Juan Hill and Kettle Hill and became a hero. The Gatling Gun was used in the battles. 124 Americans killed, 800 wounded. Yellow fever was hurting the US troops. The Spanish were convinced that Santiago could not be held, and they tried to run for it. This led to the naval Battle of Santiago. The Spanish fleet was destroyed in two hours. ^^ The Spanish surrendered 9000 troops. The Americans were suffering from Yellow Fever. ^^ The Treaty of Paris gave Cuba its independence; US gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines while Spain received $20 million from the US for the Philippines.

Declaratory Act

The American Colonies Act 1766, commonly known as the _________, accompanied the repeal of the 1765 Stamp Act and the changing and lessening of the 1765 Sugar Act. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act because boycotts were hurting British trade; they used the ___________ to justify the repeal and save face. It stated that the Parliament's authority was the same in America as in Britain and asserted Parliament's authority to pass laws that were binding on the American colonies. Some colonists were outraged because the ______ hinted that more acts would be coming. This _______ was copied almost word for word from the Irish _________, an Act which had placed Ireland in a position of bondage to the crown, implying that the same fate would come to The Thirteen Colonies. _____ suggested that Britain might pass more restrictive ^^ laws in the near future.

Prison Reform

The Auburn __1___ was the first of two ___1___ authorized by the New York law of 1816. The second ___1___ was Sing-Sing authorized in 1824 to replace Newgate in Greenwich Village built in 1796. The emphasis was on individual cell-block architecture to create an environment to rehabilitate and reform, to separate the criminal from all contact with corruption and then teach him moral habits of order and regularity by means of sever discipline. Inmates worked as contract convict labor 10 hours per day, 6 days per week. Alexis de Tocqueville visited Sing-Sing in 1831 and wrote about its system of discipline. The Auburn model influenced the emergence of reform schools and workhouses in the 1820s, such as the New York House of Refuge in 1825 that separated juveniles from the adult ___1___ers, and the workhouse on Blackwell's Island for vagrants and drunks and misdemeanants. New York City built the Tombs on Centre Street in 1838 to add ___1___ capacity to the old Bridewell jail and the 1814 Bellevue Penitentiary and the 1828 Blackwell's Island Penitentiary (Blackwell's was closed by reform mayor LaGuardia and all inmates moved to the new Rikers Island in 1934). ^^ Eastern State __1__ was a huge fortress with thick walls at Cherry Hill near Philadelphia emphasizing complete solitary confinement (the "Pennsylvania system") rather than contract labor (the "Auburn system"). New inmates wore hoods when marched to their cells to avoid seeing other ___1___ers. Regimentation included use of the lockstep and marching in close order single file shuffling with head turned right, practices that continued into the 1930s. No visitors or mail or newspapers were allowed. The design of this ___1___ became the most influential in U. S. history, on such fortresses as the West Virginia Penitentiary.

Midnight Judges

The Judiciary Act of 1801 created new _______ to be filled by the president. John Adams filled the vacancies with party supporters before he left office. The law and Adams's actions led to bitter resentment by the incoming Jeffersonian Republican Party. The Act reduced the size of the Supreme Court from six justices to five and eliminated the justices' circuit duties. To replace the justices on circuit, the act created sixteen judgeships for six judicial circuits. Congressional debate on the bill reflected the bitter conflict between Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans. Federalists insisted that the increase in the number of judges and the establishment of more courts were necessary to protect the federal government against hostile state governments and "the corrupters of public opinion." Republicans interpreted the act as an attempt to weaken the state governments and secure patronage positions for Federalists. Republicans also feared the expanded jurisdiction of the same courts in which their supporters had been prosecuted under the Alien and Sedition Acts. Although a version of the bill had been introduced before the election, John Adams signed the act into law less than three weeks before the end of his term and that of the Federalist majority in the Sixth Congress. The partisan character and the timing of the act provoked immediate opposition to the new organization of the judiciary. The hastily confirmed appointees to the circuit courts earned the label "_____" as Jeffersonian Republicans accused the Federalists of packing the courts following their defeat in the election. The newly-elected president, Thomas Jefferson, and the Republican majority in the Seventh Congress came into office intent on repeal.

Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District

The Supreme Court ruled in favor of students' right to wear armbands as a form of free speech in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District. This involved symbolic speech/symbolic acts. The case set the standard for free speech in schools. However, First Amendment rights typically don't apply in private schools. ^^ At a public school in Iowa, students organized a silent protest against the Vietnam War. Students planned to wear black armbands to school to protest the fighting but the principal found out and told the students they would be suspended if they wore the armbands. Despite the warning, students wore the armbands and were suspended. During their suspension the students' parents sued the school for violating their children's right to free speech. ^^ A U.S. district court sided with the school, ruling that wearing armbands could disrupt learning. Despite acknowledging that wearing an armband is a "symbolic act" that falls under the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment, Judge Stephenson determined that the school district's concern for "the disciplined atmosphere of the classroom" outweighed speech concerns. Later, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit was evenly divided. The case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. ^^ Decision: ^^ In 1969 the United States Supreme Court ruled in a 7-2 decision in favor of the students. The high court agreed that students' free rights should be protected and said, "Students don't shed their constitutional rights at the school house gates."

Macon's Bill No. 2

The US was struggling to remain neutral during the Napoleonic Wars. According to ________, the US reopened trade with France and Britain. It stated, however, that if either Britain or France agreed to respect America's neutral rights, the US would immediately stop trade with the other nation. ^^ Napoleon tricked Madison into believing that France would end its harassment when he agreed to it. Napoleon seized on this new policy in an effort to entangle the US in his war with Britain. He announced a repeal of all French restrictions on American trade. Even though France continued to seize American ships and cargoes, President Madison snapped at the bait. He cut off trade with Britain and recalled the American minister. ^^ For 19 months, the British went without American trade. Food shortages, mounting unemployment, and increasing inventories of unsold manufactured goods finally convinced Britain to end their restrictions on American trade. But the decision came too late. On June 1, 1812, President Madison asked Congress for a declaration of war. A divided House and Senate concurred. The House voted to declare war on Britain by a vote of 79 to 49; the Senate by a vote of 19 to 13.

Sedition Act of 1918

The _____ forbade criticism of the government, flag, or uniform during war. It led to the imprisonment of major figures. The Supreme Court upheld it, allowing the government to limit free speech when words represented clear and present danger, especially during times of war. Made it a federal offense to use "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the Constitution, the government, the American uniform, or the flag. The government prosecuted over 2,100 people under this and other legislation in this period. ^^ Political dissenters bore the brunt of the repression. Eugene V. Debs, who urged socialists to resist militarism, went to prison for nearly three years. Another Socialist, Kate Richards O'Hare, served a year in prison for stating that the women of the US were "nothing more nor less than brood sows, to raise children to get into the army and be made into fertilizer."

Sherman Antitrust Act

The _____ is a landmark federal law passed by Congress in 1890 in an attempt to break up corporate combinations formed to limit competition and monopolize a market. The legislation stated that "every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in the restraint of trade" is illegal. It prohibits certain business activities that reduce competition in the marketplace and requires the US federal government to investigate and pursue organizations suspected of being in violation. It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most similar litigation by the US federal government. It was based on Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce. ^^ While it made clear that anyone found to be guilty of restraining trade would face fines, jail terms, and the payment of damages, the language lacked clear definitions of what exactly constituted restraint of trade. The courts were reluctant to interpret the legislation. Corporate monopolies were exposed to federal prosecution if they were found to conspire in restraining trade. The Supreme Court applied this law to both labor unions and corporations. ^^ In 1911, the US Justice Department won key victories against monopolies, breaking up John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company of New Jersey and James B. Duke's American Tobacco Company. The decisions set a precedent for how the ____ would be enforced and demonstrated a national intolerance for monopolistic trade practices.

Enlightenment

The _____ was a philosophical movement, also known as the Age of Reason, that began in 18th century Western Europe, particularly France, among educated elites. It emphasized human reason, scientific analysis, and individualism, and applied the laws of nature to politics and society. It held that a social contract ensured citizens' rights, in exchange for obedience to the government. Proponents reasoned that scientific methods drawn from the natural sciences also applied to social and intellectual sciences. ^^ The key ingredients -- optimism and rationality -- distinguished this philosophy, which developed rational laws to describe social behavior and applied their findings in support of human rights and liberal economic theories. ^^ The ______ prompted Americans to debate political, societal, and religious questions and promoted the idea of equality among individuals. It also put strains on Protestant Christianity. Deism, which rejected the Trinity, gained adherents during the Revolutionary Era, especially among intellectuals. Thomas Paine's The Age of Reason (1794) stressed rationalism and humanism. As Calvinism declined in New England, some turned to the New Unitarian or Universalist churches, which stressed God's oneness. ^^ Some important writers include Isaac Newton (Principia Mathematica, 1687), John Locke (Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1689), and Rene Descartes ("I think, therefore, I am").

Sedition Act of 1798

The ______, passed on July 14, _____, was the last of the four internal security laws passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress to increase their power and reduce foreign influences as America prepared for war with France. The context is the French Revolution and the XYZ Affair. Federalists, aware that French military successes in Europe had been greatly facilitated by political dissidents in invaded countries, sought to prevent such subversion in the US and adopted the ______ as part of a series of military preparedness measures. It broadened power to quiet print media critics. The legislation was used to silence Jeffersonian Republican critics of the Federalists and was indicative of the poisoned relations between the two groups. ____ tested the strength of the First Amendment and limited the freedom of the press. It provided for fines or imprisonment for anyone who used language that stirred discontent or rebellion against the government. The _____ declared that any treasonable activity, including the publication of "any false, scandalous and malicious writing," was a high misdemeanor, punishable by fine and imprisonment. By virtue of this legislation twenty-five men, most of them editors of Republican newspapers, were arrested and their newspapers forced to shut down. One of the men arrested was Benjamin Franklin's grandson, Benjamin Franklin Bache, editor of the Philadelphia Democrat-Republican Aurora. Charged with libeling President Adams, Bache's arrest erupted in a public outcry against all of the four laws. Many Americans questioned the constitutionality of these laws. Indeed, public opposition to them was so great that they were in part responsible for the election of Thomas Jefferson, a Republican, to the presidency. Once in office, Jefferson pardoned all those convicted under the _______, while Congress restored all fines paid with interest.

Pre-Colonial North America - Plateau Cultures

The _______ peoples lived in the _______ region between the Rocky Mountains and the coastal mountain system. Its geographic location in the midst of four other culture areas made the ________ a crossroads of cultures. An expansive trade network enabled the exchange of goods, ideas, and even people, as slavery was common in the region. The _____ peoples included the Yakama, Salish, Kutenai, Nez Perce, and Flathead. Traditionally, the _______ peoples resided in permanent villages during the winter, moving in other seasons to semi-permanent camps for hunting and gathering. As soon as horses were adopted, some groups became more nomadic, using mobile camps as they traversed the Rocky Mountains to hunt buffalo on the Plains. A village was home to between a few hundred and a thousand people and was generally located on waterways, often at rapids or narrows where fish were abundant during the winter season. Communities owned the fishing sites and surrounding area in common. Each village also had an upland for hunting; in contradistinction to the fishing localities, upland territories were mostly open for people from other villages as well. Village houses were of two main types: the semi-subterranean pit house and the mat-covered surface house.

Pre-Colonial North America California Cultures

The ________ area tribes were numerous and included the Yuki, Mohave, Washoe, Wintun, Pomo, Yokuts, and Chumash. A mosaic of microenvironments—including seacoasts, tidewaters, rivers, lakes, ancient forests, valleys, deserts, and mountains—provided ample sustenance for its many residents and made ________ one of the most densely populated culture areas of Northern America. The indigenous peoples of this region were considerably more politically stable, sedentary, conservative, and less in conflict with one another than was generally the case in other parts of North America; within the culture area neighboring groups often developed elaborate systems for the exchange of goods and services. In general, the ______ tribes reached levels of cultural and material complexity rarely seen among hunting and gathering cultures. Tribes such as Wappo and Pomo were hunter gatherers in the forests, deserts, and grasslands of modern _____. Acorn bread was a common staple food after the poison was extracted from ground acorn pulp.

Panic of 1893

The depression that occurred in the United States in 1893 was the worst in the nation's history. As the economy became more integrated and centralized, fewer businesses and workers operated outside the influence of national markets and were therefore more vulnerable to the effects of a national downturn. In April 1893 the U.S. Treasury's gold reserves fell below $100 million, setting off a financial __1__ as investors, fearing that the country would be forced to abandon the gold standard, scrambled to sell off assets and convert them to gold. This surge of selling rocked a market already unsettled by the spectacular failure of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad in February; the collapse of the National Cordage Company on 4 May exacerbated the crisis. Banks everywhere began frantically calling in loans, and western and southern banks withdrew substantial deposits from New York banks. Bank failures spread rapidly; some six hundred occurred in the first months, especially in the South and West, rising to four thousand by the end of 1893. An estimated fourteen thousand businesses collapsed during the same period. The economy spent the next four years mired in the worst depression anyone had ever known. "The Americans are a people of magnificent achievements and of equally magnificent fiascoes," Bankers' Magazine of London declared as it surveyed the crisis across the Atlantic. "At present they are in the throes of a fiasco unprecedented even in their broad experience."

Declaration of Independence

The document written by Thomas Jefferson, recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the breaking away of the colonies from Great Britain. It announced that the Thirteen Colonies then at war with Great Britain would regard themselves as thirteen autonomous sovereign states no longer under British rule. ^^ _____ recognized natural (inalienable) rights ("life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness"), the compact theory ("consent of the governed"), and the right of revolution against tyrannical governments. Twenty-seven grievances were enumerated, with blame placed on King George III. ^^ With this act, these new states took a collective first step toward forming the US of America. It stated that government obtained its power from the consent of the governed and that when it failed to exercise the will of the people, the people had a right to overthrow the government. These ideas were influenced by John Locke's philosophy. The final product lacked provisions condemning the British slave trade and a denunciation of the British people that earlier drafts had contained.

Massachusetts, State of

The fifth of the thirteen original colonies; it was accepted as a state in 1788. They founded colleges to ensure a supply of ministers. Male literacy was nearly universal by 1750. They did not tolerate religious dissent or diversity. They purchased Maine outright and kept it until shortly before Maine became a state in 1820, which is why Maine is not counted among the original thirteen colonies.

Jamestown

The first successful English settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony; John Smith took command and forced the men to work for food; in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop.

Electoral College

The group of persons chosen in each state and the District of Columbia every four years who make a formal selection of the President and Vice President. These delegates are chosen by the voters to cast ballots of their states for President and Vice President. ^^ Each state is allocated a number of delegates equal to the number of its US senators plus the number of its US representatives. These delegates vote for the chief executive. In each presidential election year, a group (ticket or slate) of candidates is nominated by political parties and other groupings in each state, usually at a state party convention or by the party state committee. In most states, voters cast a single vote for the slate of delegates pledged to the party presidential and vice presidential candidates of their choice. The slate winning the most popular votes is elected; this is known as the winner-takes-all, or general ticket, system. ^^ A majority of votes (currently 20 of 538) is required to win. If not candidate receives a majority, the president is elected by the House of Representatives and the vice president is elected by the Senate, a process known as a contingent election.

Navigation Act of 1663

The long title is "An Act for the Encouragement of Trade. Also known as the Staple Act. This further strengthened the system of transporting goods by requiring all European goods bound for America or other colonies to be trans-shipped through England first. In England, the goods would be unloaded, inspected, approved, duties paid, and finally, reloaded for the destination. This increased shipping times and costs, which in turn increased the prices paid by the colonists. There were a few exemptions granted, such as salt for New England and Newfoundland fisheries. This was passed in the context of ongoing British-Dutch wars over trade.

Navigation Act of 1660

The long title is "An Act for the Encouraging and Increasing of Shipping and _______." It was passed by the Convention Parliament and confirmed by the Cavalier Parliament. It broadened and strengthen restrictions under Cromwell's act. Ships' crews now had to be ¾ English, rather than just a majority. It specified "enumerated" commodities that were to be shipped from the colonies only to England or other English colonies. Previously only tobacco export had been restricted to England. Now sugar, tobacco, cotton wool, indigo, ginger, fustic, and other dying wools were included. In addition, no aliens could be merchants or factors in any British lands. The result was widespread economic distress and political unrest, especially in Virginia.

Mugwumps

The most salient issue of national politics in the early 1880s was civil service reform. Republicans split into three factions over this issue. The _____ faction were the REFORMERS. ^^ ______ were the heirs of the old Conscience Whig element of the Republican Party with a self-appointed role as spokesmen for political probity. They were small in number but large in influence. Many were editors, authors, lawyers, college professors, or clergymen. Concentrated in the Northeast, particularly in New York, they admired the Democratic governor of that state, Grover Cleveland, who had gained a reputation as an advocate of reform and "good government." The ____ heavily favored civil service reform and mistrusted James Blaine as the presidential nominee because they suspected his involvement in past corruption. ^^ The _____ combined with the not-so-dedicated reforming group to nominate James A. Garfield for president in 1880. Those who opposed reforms wanted a third term for Ulysses S. Grant but were pacified by Garfield's choosing Chester Arthur as his running mate. ^^ Garfield was elected but subsequently assassinated by a man who had lost his civil service job after the change in administrations. Congress passed the Pendleton Act in 1883, which established a category of civil service jobs that were to be filled by competitive examinations. ^^ When James G. Blaine of Maine won the Republican nomination for president in 1884, the ______ defected to Cleveland, whom they helped win the presidency. Cleveland became the first Democrat to be elected president in 28 years.

Reconstruction

The period (1865-77) during and following the American Civil War during which attempts were made to redress the inequities of slavery and its political, social, and economic legacy and to solve the problems arising from the readmission to the Union of the 11 states that had seceded at or before the outbreak of war. ^^ In 1864, Congress enacted (and Lincoln pocket vetoed) the Wade-Davis Bill, which proposed to delay the formation of new Southern governments until a majority of voters had taken a loyalty oath. Some Republicans were already convinced that equal rights for the former slaves had to accompany the South's readmission to the Union. In his last speech, on April 11, 1865, Lincoln, referring to _____ in Louisiana, expressed the view that some blacks—the "very intelligent" and those who had served in the Union army—ought to enjoy the right to vote. ^^ Following Lincoln's assassination in April 1865, Andrew Johnson became president and inaugurated the period of Presidential __________ (1865-67). Johnson offered a pardon to all Southern whites except Confederate leaders and wealthy planters (although most of these subsequently received individual pardons), restoring their political rights and all property except slaves. He also outlined how new state governments would be created. Apart from the requirement that they abolish slavery, repudiate secession, and abrogate the Confederate debt, these governments were granted a free hand in managing their affairs. They responded by enacting the black codes, laws that required African Americans to sign yearly labor contracts and in other ways sought to limit the freedmen's economic options and reestablish plantation discipline. African Americans strongly resisted the implementation of these measures, and they seriously undermined Northern support for Johnson's policies. ^^ In 1867, Congress put the South under the army's control to oversee elections, ensure the rights of freed slaves, and restrict Confederate leaders from gaining power. New Republican state governments offered a variety of programs, but former Confederates suspicious of these efforts claimed corruption within state leadership; some turned to violent opposition. _______ concluded with the Compromise of 1877 and the end of federal control in the South; former Confederate states then began enacting Jim Crow laws and disenfranchising many African Americans.

Tariff of 1824

The protective ___1__s of 1816 were raised again in ___2___ under President Monroe. It failed to keep out British woolen imports, however. ^^ Henry Clay, a champion of federally sponsored internal economic development (articulated in a set of policies, including __1__s, known collectively as the American System) served as Speaker of the House. He controlled the selection of committee chairman, and installed John Tod of Pennsylvania, an ardent protectionist, to head the Committee on Manufactures. Tod wasted little time reporting out a bill that levied a 35 percent duty on imported iron, wool, cotton, and hemp. Since the federal Treasury reported a surplus, the rate increases had little to do with revenue needs. ^^ Congressional reapportionment reflecting population increases in the Ohio Valley and the North enabled the ____ to pass over southern opposition. More unified support for the ____ among New England legislators bespoke of the expansion of manufacturing in the region. Representatives like Daniel Webster of Massachusetts who previously opposed protection now advocated it unconditionally. Without protective duties, which accounted for an estimated three-fourths of textile manufacturing's value added, half the New England industrial sector would have gone bankrupt, since European technology produced cloth much more cheaply than American mills could.

Massachusetts Government Act

The second of the Coercive Acts was passed May 20, 1774 (by which time America had already received news of the Boston Port Bill and set intercolonial opposition in motion). The Act's preamble was by far the most threatening to colonial constitutional sensibilities of all the Coercive Acts, declaring that the government of ________, established by charter in 1691, was fundamentally flawed. It stated that amongst the charter's most problematic components was the provision that allowed for the annual election by the provincial assembly of a twenty-eight-member panel that would sit as the upper body of the legislature and act as an advisory council to the governor. "The said method of electing such counselors" impeded "the maintenance of the just subordination to, and conformity with, the laws of Great Britain." ^^ The effective section of the act amounted to a constitutional decapitation of _________—and the clearest and most innovative legislative interference in a decade. Parliament revoked the 1691 charter and set out that all future counselors would be chosen by the Crown (following the existing practices in other provinces, such as Virginia). It also gave the governor sole authority to appoint all judges, the attorney general, sheriffs, and other court officers in the province and to remove them at will. ^^ Most troubling to the New Englanders were the restrictions that Act placed on the legendary town meetings, because "a great abuse has been made of the power of calling them, and the inhabitants have, contrary to the design of their institution, been misled to treat upon matters of the most general concern, and to pass many dangerous and unwarrantable resolves." Consequently, Parliament ordered that no town meeting other than the single annual session could be called without the governor's permission. Moreover, the only matters eligible for the consideration of town meetings were limited to choosing local officials and representatives to the assembly.

Nashville, Tennessee

The sit-in movement at ______, is widely regarded as one of the most successful and sustained student-directed sit-in campaigns of the Civil Rights movement. Contributing to its success was the leadership and organization provided by noted pacifist, James M. Lawson. During the late winter months of 1959, Lawson and the _____ Student Movement, an organization comprised of students from the city's four African American colleges, made plans to launch a large-scale sit-in campaign targeting segregated restaurants and department stores in the city's downtown commercial district. Lawson prepared participants for the campaign by offering workshops where he instructed students on the importance of discipline and self-control through simulated sit-ins. Upon receiving word of the sit-ins in a different Southern city, the _____ Student Movement launched their planned campaign into action. Local police officers responded to the staged sit-ins by arresting participating demonstrators. Despite the arrests, students continued to carry out the sit-ins by deploying multiple waves of demonstrators to occupy the lunch counters. The sit-in demonstrations continued until April 19 when a bomb exploded in the home of Z. Alexander Looby, a prominent African American attorney who served as one of the primary lawyers for students arrested during the sit-ins. The incident prompted thousands of demonstrators to stage a march on City Hall where _____ Mayor, Ben West, met the marchers on the building's front steps to address their grievances. When publicly asked if he supported discrimination based on race, West voiced his opposition to segregation. Anxious to move the city forward and restore downtown commerce, city officials and local businesses agreed to desegregate _____'s public facilities on May 10, 1960.

Second Great Awakening

The term _____ refers to a wave of religious fervor that spread through a series of Protestant camp meeting revivals in the early nineteenth century and garnered millions of supporters. Beginning around 1800, it represented an emotional reaction to rationalism (emphasis on reason as the source of knowledge). Revivalist camp meetings, especially in the West, stirred participants' emotions. The "Burnt Over District," an area in upstate New York, was the center of the movement, led by Charles Grandison Finney, who held large revival meetings in NY state and NY City and converted thousands. Methodist Francis Asbury began sending circuit riding evangelists to remote Western areas. ^^ Leaders of the movement challenged traditional Protestant views, encouraged an emotional attachment to religion, emphasized the power of each man (rather than churches, priests, and rules) to control his own soul and salvation, taught personal responsibility, and wanted to improve the world. Baptist and Presbyterian denominations also flourished in the excitement of the movement. Many denominations supported foreign missionary work. Women were often among the earliest and most enthusiastic converts. ^^ The ______ was also connected to the growth of social reform in US. The principles of the _____ quickly spread outside religion.

Freedom of the Press

The term for the belief that criticism of the government and its policies is protected. This is the right to report news or circulate opinion without censorship from the government and was considered "one of the great bulwarks of liberty," by the Founding Fathers of the United States. This includes the idea that the government can almost never use prior restraint—crossing out sections of an article before publication. These strong protections were established in the case of Near v. Minnesota (1973). ^^ Before the thirteen colonies declared independence from Great Britain, the British government attempted to censor the American media by prohibiting newspapers from publishing unfavorable information and opinions. One of the first court cases involving ______ in America took place in 1734. British governor William Cosby brought a libel case against the publisher of The New York Weekly Journal, John Peter Zenger, for publishing commentary critical of Cosby's government. Zenger was acquitted. ^^ American ____ ideals can be traced back to Cato's Letters, a collection of essays criticizing the British political system that were published widely across pre-Revolutionary America. The essays were written by Brits John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon. They were published under the pseudonym of Cato between 1720 and 1723. (Cato was a statesman and outspoken critic of corruption in the late Roman Republic.) The essays called out corruption and tyranny in the British government. A generation later, Cato's Letters frequently were quoted in newspapers in the American colonies as a source of revolutionary political ideas. ^^ Virginia was the first state to formally protect ______. The 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights stated, "The _____ is one of the greatest bulwarks of liberty, and can never be restrained but by despotic Governments." ^^ In 2017, a U.S.-based nonprofit, Freedom House, found that just 13 percent of the world's population enjoys ______—a media environment where political news coverage is robust and uncensored, and the safety of journalists is guaranteed. ^^ The world's 10 worst-rated countries and territories include: Azerbaijan, Crimea, Cuba, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Iran, North Korea, Syria, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

Keynesian Economics

Theory stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms, economics argues that private sector decisions sometimes lead to inefficient outcomes and therefore, advocates active policy responses by the public sector, including monetary policy actions by the central bank and fiscal policy actions by the government to stabilize output over the business cycle.

Election of 1788

There was no campaigning. George Washington was elected unanimously by the delegates to be the first President. John Adams received the second highest number of votes and so became Vice President. ^^ With 69 electoral votes, Washington won the support of each participating elector. No other president since has come into office with a universal mandate to lead. ^^ Between December 15, 1788 and January 10, 1789, the presidential electors were chosen in each of the states. On February 4, 1789, the Electoral College convened. Ten states cast electoral votes: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Virginia. New York, however, failed to field a slate of electors. North Carolina and Rhode Island were unable to participate because they had not yet ratified the Constitution. After a quorum was finally established, the Congress counted and certified the electoral vote count on April 6. ^^ Washington was both an obvious first choice for president and possibly the only truly viable choice. He was both a national hero and the favorite son of Virginia, the largest state at the time. Washington ascended to the presidency with practical experience, having served as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution and president of the 1787 Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. ^^ According to Article II of the Constitution, each elector in the Electoral College possessed two votes. The candidate who received a majority of the votes was elected president. The candidate with the second most votes in the Electoral College, whether a majority or a plurality, was elected vice president. Behind Washington, John Adams, who most recently had served as the first U.S. ambassador to Great Britain, finished with 34 electoral votes and became the first vice president of the US. Being from Massachusetts, Adams' election provided the administration a regional balance between the South and North.

Onondaga

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in New York State.

Chickasaw

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in northern Mississippi and Alabama.

Chippewa

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in northern US and southern Canada around shores of Great Lakes.

Miami

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in the Midwest: Indiana, Illinois, Ohio, and Wisconsin.

Nez Percé

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in the plains west of the Rocky Mountains. In Oregon, 1877, this small tribe, which once welcomed Lewis and Clark and proudly had never killed a white man, refused to relinquish their land and move to a reservation. Rather than surrender to US troops, their chief Joseph, a master military strategist, chooses resistance. He led a small group being chased constantly by troops, almost reaching Canada where he hoped he would be able to live free with his people. They were stopped short of Canada and forced to surrender to the US military. Chief Joseph was sent to exile in Indian territory. "From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more, forever."

Kiowa

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in the southern plains.

Shoshoni

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in the western US.

Mohegan

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in upstate New York.

Seneca

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in upstate New York.

Shawnee

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans in villages ranging from Georgia to New York.

Fox

There were tribal groups of these Native Americans originally in Michigan and Wisconsin, but were moved to reservations in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Iowa. They came together with Sauk (Sac) tribes in 1700s when French attempted to wipe them out.

Cabinet-level agencies

These are called the ______: the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Labor, State, Transportation, Treasury, and Veterans Affairs, as well as the Attorney General.

Mid-Atlantic (Middle) colonies' characteristics

These colonies were distinguished by: Mixed agriculture and industry, with some cash crops like grain; industries such as ironworking and forestry; trade, including some major port cities; mixed use of slavery in cities and on farms, with some slaves able to buy their freedom; large immigrant populations and a tradition of tolerance; governments were a combination of assemblies, town meetings, and royal government. This area became the colonial "bread basket" as its climate and soil produced a grain surplus. River systems and ports provided access to the back country and to overseas commerce. Merchants and artisans flourished in coastal towns.

New England (Northern) colonies' characteristics

These colonies were distinguished by: Town life which revolved around the meeting house and church (usually in the same building); subsistence farming; trade and industry including mills, lumber, shipbuilding, fishing, fur trading, whaling, and craftsmanship; limited use of slavery because of no large plantations; slave trade; Puritan values of hard work, modesty, and education; intolerance of religious differences.

Native Americans in the late 18th century in the US

These conditions existed for Native Americans in which part of the US during which period: ^^ The protection offered by the Proclamation Line of 1763 ended with the Revolution, after which Native Americans were subjected to additional incursions on their lands. ^^

US Industry in late 18th century

These conditions existed in which period of US industrial history: Colonial manufacturing was centered in the household. Farmers, seeking self-sufficiency, devised their own machines. Household handicrafts, including spinning and weaving, were supplemented by independent village artisans. ^^ Eli Whitney used machine tools to produce precise interchangeable parts for muskets. Samuel Slater carried knowledge of the English textile machinery and its operation with him when he emigrated to US. This enable him to set up the first American cotton mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island for Moses Brown, a Quaker capitalist. ^^ The Patent Act provided financial incentives for inventors by legally protecting their devices. New farm machinery helped revolutionize agriculture. ^^

US Industry in early 19th century

These conditions existed in which period of US industrial history: England pioneered in textile technology and industrialization. Machinery was invented to save labor costs. Large, expensive machines were centrally located in factories. New sources of power (water and steam) added to industrial efficiency. Factories came to specialize in particular products. ^^ The American textile industry began in New England. Protective tariffs were started to help the infant American industry. Swift-flowing New England rivers provided inexpensive water power. Population centers and improved transportation provided domestic markets. Cotton textile industry was followed by a woolen industry and emergence of ready-made clothing. ^^ Mass production systems gradually developed. Federal armories at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, and Springfield, Massachusetts, stimulated the machine tool industry. ^^ Oliver Evans applied a steam engine to flour mill operations. A process for mass producing clocks was devised in Connecticut. The American System of mass production came to be admired and copied abroad. Most companies had been individually or family owned. Partnerships could recruit additional capital. Corporations, under state charters, could raise money from investors who would have limited liability. Earliest corporations involved banks and transportation companies. Managers were hired to supervise spinning and weaving processes under one roof. ^^ The Merrimack Company devised the Lowell System. The Boston and New York Stock Exchanges were created to trade corporate shares.

US Industry in mid-19th century

These conditions existed in which period of US industrial history: Industry mostly located in the North; industry's value surpassed agriculture; US technology exceeded Europe in such areas as rubber, coal power, mass production, and the telegraph. Cheap immigrant labor threatened the established workers' jobs. ^^ Transportation improvements opened new markets for farm products. Canals and then railroads made concentration on staple commercial crops profitable. Charles Goodyear received a patent for vulcanizing rubber. Elias Howe's sewing machine, later improved by Isaac Singer, was a temporary setback for the factory system, since it made home sewing easier. ^^ Increased productivity began to feed mass consumer markets. Towns and cities grew around factories. Labor shortages stimulated immigration and encouraged inventiveness. The effects of boom-and-bust cycles were more broadly felt. Government was increasingly involved in promoting industry.

Slavery in US in early 19th century

These conditions of slavery existed in the US during which period: ^^ Plantation system: Cash crops grown by slave labor. Agrarian slave labor was more profitable than using slaves in factories. Capital funds were tied up in land and slaves, so little was left for investing in new growth or industry. Value system put emphasis on leisure and elegance. The _______ remained agrarian and its population was less dense. Due to the rise in value of cotton, the influence of the Gulf States in the ______ grew. Cotton became the largest export of the US. Slave importation continued through the 1850s into southwestern states, despite the federal outlaw. Few immigrants went to the ______.

Labor in the Northern US in 1850

These labor conditions existed in which part of the US during which period: ^^ Wages were increasing and the economy was growing. Railroad competition began to harm the canal business. Large numbers of Irish and Germans immigrated to the US. Urbanization increased as the population grew, bringing problems such as slums, impure water, rats, and foul sewage.

Proclamation of 1763, Sugar Act (1763), Stamp Act (1765), and Quartering Act (1768)

These laws passed in Britain after the French and Indian War marked the end of its salutary neglect over the North American colonies. They raised taxes on American goods, leading to protests.

Seminoles

They are a linguistically and racially diverse people who came to inhabit the Florida peninsula. The original inhabitants were decimated by disease after the Spanish arrived. As Europeans settled the southeast colonies, a group of Indians from the Creek Confederacy began moving into unoccupied lands in Florida in the early 1700s. They were joined by other Indian groups as well as by runaway slaves. After the Creek War of 1813-1814, even more Indians migrated to _________ territory in Florida. ^^ The ______ resisted being displaced by the Indian Removal Act passed by Congress in 1830. Although they were forced to sign removal treaties, their chief, Osceola, urged his people to go to war against the Americans, starting the Second ______ War. Even after Osceola was captured in 1837, his people hid in the Everglades, made surprise attacks, and used guerrilla tactics against the Americans. In 1842, the US Army gave up, allowing those _____ who survived to remain in Florida. A _____ population lives in Florida to this day.

Iroquois

They were one of the largest cultures living in the northeast, specifically upstate New York and Ontario, Canada. They were farmers who lived in matrilineal extended families. Success in cultivation led to population growth.

Articles of Confederation

This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the revolution. States held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage. It created a national government with a legislature but no executive or judiciary. Submitted July 1776; ratified 1781; it created a unicameral legislature (one house), with each state having only one vote. It permitted the federal government to make war, offer treaties, and create new states. The national government could not regulate commerce. Nine of the 13 colonies had to vote to pass legislation, and a unanimous vote was required to amend it. Congressional revision of it created a weak national government. This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the revolution. Weaknesses: states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage. It created a national government with a legislature but no executive or judiciary. Amendments could be added only with the approval of all 13 states. Approval of 9 of 13 states was required to pass a law in Congress. One vote was allotted for each state, despite the size of its population. Positives: the government passed the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which determined the path to statehood for this territory; the government negotiated the end to the revolution.

Ku Klux Klan

This group was formed after the Civil War during Reconstruction in 1865 in Pulaski, Tennessee. It was essentially disbanded after passage of the _____ Act. It returned to existence in 1915 as William J. Simmons reformed the group in Stone Mountain, Georgia. It owed its revival largely to the popularity of the movie The Birth of a Nation by D. W. Griffith, who depicted the ____ as a patriotic organization and portrayed blacks very unfavorably. ^^ This second ____ was marked by virulent strains of anti-Catholicism and appealed predominantly to white Protestant men in the South and Midwest. In the 1920s, ____ claimed four to five million members. Some members lynched blacks and others; it is estimated that more than 3,200 blacks were lynched and that 1,300 whites were lynched from the 1880s to the 1950s. The problem was so severe that US Congressman Dyer introduced the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill in 1918. The measure did not pass then, but Dyer reintroduced the measure, and it passed the House in 1922. However, a Senate filibuster prevented the measure from passing Congress and becoming law.

National Association for Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

This group was formed in 1909 by W.E.B. Du Bois, a leading African American intellectual. The Springfield Race Riot of 1908 caused many concerned white and black citizens to meet in New York City to discuss how to deal with racial friction and discrimination. This meeting resulted in the formation of this group, the stated purpose of which was "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination." ^^ It played substantial role in Civil Rights movement of 1960s and is still active today.

Robber Barons

This pejorative term was used to describe the Gilded Age monopolists and leaders of large corporations who often gained wealth through ambition, aggression, and questionable business practices. They made the US the world leader in oil, steel, finance, and communication. They followed Social Darwinist practices; these men believed that wealth was based on the survival of the fittest and referred to themselves as "Captains of Industry." They were agents of the first stage of modern industrial capitalism. Wealthy industrial leaders used the social Darwinist doctrines to justify vast differences in the wealth and power of different classes. ^^ As industry grew, it required financial institutions that could provide money for expansion, thus giving birth to a new breed of wealthy business leaders. But as industry evolved, government and policy changes did not keep pace. Serious social, political, and economic problems resulted, including poor and often dangerous working conditions, exploitation of workers (including child laborers), overcrowded housing, pollution, corruption, industry monopolies, and a widening gap between the rich and poor. ^^ These industrial and financial tycoons included: Jay Gould (1836-1892), James J. Hill (1838-1916), James B. Duke (1856-1925), JP Morgan, John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and William Vanderbilt. ^^ John D. Rockefeller's tactics were exposed in Ida Tarbell's History of the Standard Oil Company, published in 1904. Monopolies by these large companies led to demands by small businessmen and laborers for government regulation.

New Hampshire Colony

This region was included in a series of grants made by the English crown to Capt. John Mason and others during the 1620s. A fishing and trading settlement was established in 1623, and in 1629 the name _______, after the English county of ________, was applied to a grant for a region between the Merrimack and Piscataqua rivers. The towns of Dover, Portsmouth, Exeter, and Hampton were the main settlements. Chartered (corporate) colony established 1641 under the control of a joint-stock company with a charter. Absorbed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1641. From 1641 to 1679 the region was administered by the colonial government of Massachusetts. Following territorial and religious disputes between Massachusetts and Mason's heirs, _______ became a separate royal province in 1679. _______ was granted a royal charter in 1679. It boasted fishing, shipbuilding, and a fur trade as its economic mainstays. The colony remained economically dependent on Massachusetts, and Britain continued to appoint a single person to rule both colonies until 1741. Weeks before the signing of the Declaration of Independence, ______ established a temporary constitution for itself that proclaimed its independence from Britain. (Pretty cool!).

Gradual Emancipation

This solution to slavery was adopted by many Northern states after the American Revolution, whereby any child born to a slave after an enacted date, for example 1790, would be freed at the age of 21. In 1780, Pennsylvania passed a ________ law, and Connecticut and Rhode Island followed suit in 1784. New York and New Jersey, each of which had an enslaved population of well over 10,000 after the Revolution, initially resisted acting against slavery. However, by 1799 in New York and 1804 in New Jersey, _____ laws had been enacted. By the turn of the 19th century, slavery was well on the road to extinction in the North, this process did not abolish slavery. In Connecticut, for example, the ______ law of March 1, 1784, applied only to children born after that date; it did not free the mother, the father, or any other adults. Neither did the children gain their full freedom until they reached, for men, age 25, and for women, age 21. Prior to those ages, the children remained under the custody of the parents and/or owners and were required to labor as the master directed. The master could also apprentice them to someone or hire them out and keep the proceeds. Thus, prior to attaining their age of majority, these children were legally held in a transitional state between slavery and freedom.

Embargo Act of 1807

This was President Thomas Jefferson's nonviolent resistance to British and French molestation of US merchant ships carrying, or suspected of carrying, war materials and other cargoes to European belligerents during the Napoleonic Wars. US Congress passed and Jefferson signed this legislation that forbade all foreign vessels from entering American ports and prohibited American vessels from shipping cargo to foreign ports, thus prohibiting trade with European nations. All US ports were closed to export shipping in either US or foreign vessels, and restrictions were placed on imports from Great Britain. ^^ Jefferson hoped to avoid contact with vessels of either of the warring sides of the Napoleonic Wars. Jefferson believed that Americans would cooperate out of a sense of patriotism. ^^ No significant effect on British shipping and markets. The result was economic depression in the US with many negative effects on American shipping and markets: imports and exports declined; agricultural prices and earnings fell; increased reliance on domestic manufacturing; shipping industries devastated; markets wrecked; unemployment increased; smuggling endorsed by public; high prices for domestic shipping; harbors filled with idle ships and nearly 30,000 sailors found themselves jobless. ^^ This was met with opposition from Federalists and others because of its detrimental effects on (especially Northeast) trade and commerce. Its effects in Europe were not what Jefferson had hoped. French and British dealers in US cotton, for example, were able to raise prices at will while the stock already on hand lasted; the embargo would have had to endure until these inventories were exhausted. Napoleon is said to have justified seizure of US merchant ships on the ground that he was assisting Jefferson. The Federalist leader Timothy Pickering even alleged that Napoleon himself had inspired the _____. ^^ To enforce the _______, Jefferson took steps that infringed on his most cherished principles: individual liberties and opposition to a strong central government. He mobilized the army and navy to enforce the blockade, and declared the Lake Champlain region of New York, along the Canadian border, in a state of insurrection. ^^ It was partially repealed two years later. In effect for 15 months, the ______ exacted no political concessions from either France or Britain. But it had produced economic hardship, evasion of the law, and political dissension at home.

South Carolina colony

When Spanish and French explorers arrived in the area in the 16th century, they found a land inhabited by many small tribes of Native Americans, the largest of which were the Cherokees and the Catawbas. The first European attempts at settlement failed, but in 1670 a permanent English settlement was established on the coast near present day Charleston. Settlers from the British Isles, France, and other parts of Europe built plantations throughout the coastal low-country, growing profitable crops of rice and indigo. African slaves were brought into the colony in large numbers to provide labor for the plantations, and by 1720 they formed the majority of the population. The port city of Charleston became an important center of commerce and culture. The interior or upcountry, meanwhile, was being slowly settled by small farmers and traders, who pushed the dwindling tribes of Native Americans to the west. The colony was divided in 1710 into South and North. Rebellion against the proprietors in 1719 led to royal intervention, and it became a royal colony in 1729.

18th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "After one year from the ratification of this article, the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. ^^ The Congress and the several states shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ^^ This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several states, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the states by the Congress."

US Constitution—Article I, Section 07 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. ^^ Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that house, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law. ^^ Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and, before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the case of a Bill."

14th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. ^^ Representatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, [excluding Indians not taxed]. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the legislature thereof is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state. ^^ No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. ^^ The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. ^^ The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article."

08th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted."

06th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense."

25th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. ^^ Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President, who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both houses of Congress. ^^ Whenever the President transmits to the president pro tempore of the Senate and the speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as acting President. ^^ Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments, or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the president pro tempore of the Senate and the speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as acting President. Thereafter, when the President transmits to the president pro tempore of the Senate and the speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department, or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the president pro tempore of the Senate and the speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office."

27th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "No law varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives shall take effect until an election of Representatives shall have intervened."

22nd Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term. ^^ This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three- fourths of the several states within seven years from the date of its submission to the states by the Congress."

03rd Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law."

17th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislatures. ^^ When vacancies happen in the representation of any state in the Senate, the executive authority of such state shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies, provided that the legislature of any state may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. ^^ This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution."

US Constitution—Article I, Section 06 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place. ^^ No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office."

23rd Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "The district constituting the seat of government of the United States shall appoint, in such manner as the Congress may direct, a number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the district would be entitled if it were a state, but in no event more than the least populous state; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the states, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a state; and they shall meet in the district and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment. ^^ The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation."

12th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "The electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President and of all persons voted for as Vice President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. ^^ The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President shall be the Vice President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States."

24th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax. ^^ The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation."

20th Amendment - FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: "The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the twentieth day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the third day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin. ^^ The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the third day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. ^^ If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President-elect shall have died, the Vice President-elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President-elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President-elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President-elect nor a Vice President-elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified. ^^ The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them. ^^ Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the fifteenth day of October following the ratification of this article. ^^ This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three- fourths of the several states within seven years from the date of its submission."

US Constitution—Article I, Section 05 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide. ^^ Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. ^^ Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal. ^^ Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting."

US Constitution—Article II, Section 03 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed; and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States."

US Constitution—Article IV, Section 03 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. ^^ The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State."

US Constitution—Article I, Section 10 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. ^^ No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress. ^^ No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage; keep Troops or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power; or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay."

US Constitution—Article IV, Section 02 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. ^^ A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. ^^ [No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.]"

US Constitution—Article I, Section 08 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "The Congress shall have Power ^^ To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts, and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; ^^ To borrow Money on the credit of the United States; ^^ To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; ^^ To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; ^^ To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; ^^ To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States; ^^ To establish Post Offices and post Roads; ^^ To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries; ^^ To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; ^^ To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations; ^^ To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; ^^ To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; ^^ To provide and maintain a Navy; ^^ To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces; ^^ To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections, and repel Invasions; ^^ To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; ^^ To exercise exclusive Legislation, in all Cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;-And ^^ To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof."

US Constitution—Article I, Section 02 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. ^^ No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty-five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. ^^ [Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons.]amd The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; [and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three]. ^^ When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. ^^ The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment."

US Constitution—Article I, Section 09 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. ^^ The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. ^^ No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. ^^ No Capitation, [or other direct, Tax] shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken. ^^ No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. ^^ No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. ^^ No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. ^^ No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State."

US Constitution—Article II, Section 02 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. ^^ He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. ^^ The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session."

US Constitution—Article VII FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same. ^^ done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth. In Witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names."

US Constitution—Article I, Section 03 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, [chosen by the Legislature thereof,]amd for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote. ^^ Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; [and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies]. ^^ No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. ^^ The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. ^^ The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States. ^^ The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present. ^^ Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment, and Punishment, according to Law."

US Constitution—Article III, Section 01 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office."

US Constitution—Article III, Section 02 FULL TEXT

Which part of the US Constitution or Amendments is this text from: ^^ "The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority; --to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers, and Consuls; --to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction; --to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party; --to Controversies between two or more States; --[between a State and Citizens of another State;--]amd between citizens of different States, --between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, [and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens, or Subjects]amd. ^^ In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have Appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make. ^^ The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment; shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed."

Women in early 19th century US

Which period reflects this participation of women in America: Women participated in limited political activity that was mostly religious and reform in nature, such as abolition. Employment was limited mostly to school-teaching. They still lived in a "cult of domesticity," in which a woman's role in marriage was to maintain the home for her husband and to raise the children. A woman's property became her husband's. In future years, the women's rights movement would rise to confront this "cult of domesticity."

QUOTE from Alexander Hamilton

Who made this/these statements: ^^ "No man has a right to rule over his fellow creatures. It is incontestable that Americans are entitled to freedom." ^^ "A nation without a national government is, in my view, an awful spectacle." ^^ "The US debt, foreign and domestic, was the price of liberty." ^^ "A national debt, if it is not excessive, will be to us a national blessing. It will be a powerful cement of our Union." ^^ "...nothing could be more ill-judged than that intolerant spirit which has, at all times, characterized political parties."

Election of 1840

William Henry Harrison, the Whig standard-bearer, born in a log cabin, and the hero of Tippecanoe, was elected president after running a pro-common-man "Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign." This was the first unified Whig candidacy. "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" was Harrison's slogan. Often called the first modern campaign. But Harrison was born at Berkeley Plantation in Virginia, one of the nation's finest estates. He was a Virginia aristocrat. He had won his nickname, "Old Tip," as the tough commanding general of American forces who defeated hostile Native Americans at the Battle of Tippecanoe in the Ohio River Valley in 1811. The Whigs focused on style over substance, and no party platform was drafted. The crafting of a false image for Harrison and relentless attacks on Van Buren gave the election to Harrison. ^^ Martin Van Buren was defeated for reelection. With the nation's economy struggling after the Panic of 1837, the aristocratic Van Buren became an easy target during the campaign in 1840. ^^ The number of eligible voters had greatly increased, and over 80% cast their ballots. Often considered the first "modern" election because for the first time both parties widely campaigned among all eligible voters. Harrison's victory affirmed the growing importance of the West and frontier life. ^^ John Tyler of Virginia was his VP. Harrison died one month after the inauguration, and Tyler became president. President Tyler, who was more a Democrat than a Whig, had no VP.

Holy Experiment

William Penn's nickname for his Pennsylvania colony. PA was going to be "______" in that it would be based on religious freedom and tolerance and "________" because it had not been done previously. An excerpt from Penn's Charter of Delaware for Pennsylvania states: "I do hereby grant and declare, That no Person or Persons, inhabiting In this Province or Territories, who shall confess and acknowledge One almighty God, the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of the World; and professes him or themselves obliged to live quietly under the Civil Government, shall be in any Case molested or prejudiced, in his or their Person or Estate, because of his or their conscientious Persuasion or Practice, nor be compelled to frequent or maintain any religious Worship, Place or Ministry, contrary to his or their Mind, or to do or suffer any other Act or Thing, contrary to their religious Persuasion...."

Kentucky Resolution

Written and anonymously published by Thomas Jefferson; published in 1798; it stated that the Constitution was a compact (contract) between the states and the central government. The _________ legislature took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. and argued that the states had the right and the duty to declare as unconstitutional those acts of Congress that were not authorized by the Constitution. ____ stated that the state was able to declare a law null and void and, therefore, unenforceable. In doing so, it argued for states' rights and strict constructionism of the Constitution. The principles stated became known as the "Principles of '98". It represented a future argument that would be used when secession and Civil War threatened the country. It called into question the paradox of the Elastic Clause and the Tenth Amendment. It led up to the Nullification Crisis of 1833; it also influenced Southern states' ideas of their relationship to the Union. The doctrine of nullification became a basic principle used by Southern states regarding slavery. ^^ The _____, authored by Jefferson, went further than Madison's and asserted that states had the power to nullify unconstitutional federal laws. It declared in part, "[T]he several states who formed that instrument [the Constitution], being sovereign and independent, have the unquestionable right to judge of its infraction; and that a nullification, by those [states], of all unauthorized acts....is the rightful remedy." ^^ The ideas in both became a precursor to John C. Calhoun's arguments about the power of states to nullify federal laws. However, during the nullification controversy of the 1830s, Madison rejected the legitimacy of nullification, and argued that it was not part of the Virginia position in 1798.

Virginia Resolution

Written anonymously by James Madison; published in 1798; it stated that the Constitution was a compact (contract) between the states and the central government. The _________ legislature took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional. It argued that the states had the right and the duty to declare as unconstitutional those acts of Congress that were not authorized by the Constitution. In doing so, it argued for states' rights and strict constructionism of the Constitution. The ______ said that by enacting the Alien and Sedition Acts, Congress was exercising "a power not delegated by the Constitution, but on the contrary, expressly and positively forbidden by one of the amendments thereto; a power, which more than any other, ought to produce universal alarm, because it is leveled against that right of freely examining public characters and measures, and of free communication among the people thereon, which has ever been justly deemed, the only effectual guardian of every other right." Madison hoped that other states would register their opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts as beyond the powers given to Congress. The ideas in both became a precursor to John C. Calhoun's arguments about the power of states to nullify federal laws. However, during the nullification controversy of the 1830s, Madison rejected the legitimacy of nullification, and argued that it was not part of the Virginia position in 1798.

Oregon Country

____ was a portion of land between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains in the northwest portion of the present-day US. In 1818, the US and Britain agreed to a "joint occupation" of _______, allowing citizens of both countries to settle there. The 1819 Adams-Treaty between the US and Spain kept Spain out of this territory and recognized the 42nd parallel as the southern boundary of the territory. The _____ Treaty between Russia and the US kept Russia out of this territory. ^^ Over the next several decades, American and British settlers came to _____ for different reasons. The British came mostly for the fur trade, while Americans came to be missionaries or to start farms or larger settlements. By the 1840s, Americans outnumbered their British compatriots, and the fur trade was no longer as lucrative as it had once been. American expansionists — among them President James Polk — were increasingly looking to end the joint occupation and claim _________ for America alone. Finding themselves in a weakened position, the British agreed to negotiate. ^^ Negotiations between the US and Britain over the _____ began in the summer of 1845. Because any states that would eventually be formed out of the territory would be free states, anti-slavery Northerners were strongly in favor of acquiring as much of the territory as possible. America's first proposal was that the territory be divided roughly in half, with the boundary drawn at the 49th parallel. When the British rejected this offer, expansionist Northerners called for greater American aggression, using the slogan "Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!" ("Fifty-four Forty" referred to the latitude line marking the northernmost boundary of the territory.) Pro-slavery Southern Congressmen, however, made it clear that they would not support a war with Britain over the territory. ^^ Britain did not want to go to war over the issue either, and in 1846, the two countries reached an agreement to divide the territory at the 49th parallel. _____ would later become the modern-day states of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, as well as portions of Montana and Wyoming.

Fugitive Slave Act, Second

_____ was the most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850. ______ made it a crime to help __2__s who escaped the Southern states; allowed for the arrest of those who escaped in areas where __2__ry was illegal and required their return to owners. It caused free blacks and runaways to be captured on the streets of Northern cities, creating riots between the bounty hunters and the abolitionists trying to protect the accused blacks. This reinvigorated enforcement of some guidelines that had already been established in a previous similar law, which had been mostly ignored by Northern states. The law created federal commissioners who could pursue fugitive blacks in any state and paid $10 per returned ___2___. It also added stiff penalties, both to officials who did not arrest the escaped _____ and to anyone aiding and abetting them. A $1,000 fine (in 1850 money) and prison time were possible. In addition, law enforcement personnel could get bonuses and promotions for capturing ___2___s. African Americans living in the North and claimed by bounty hunters were denied portions of legal due process. Some Northern states passed personal-liberty laws that contradicted the law. Henry David Thoreau wrote the essay "Civil Disobedience" on the idea that people should refuse to follow the laws or commands of a government when they seem unjust. Led to small riots in the North and increased the rift between the North and South. In Massachusetts, abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe was inspired to write Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), which became one of the most influential novels of the nineteenth century.

Black Hawk War

Following their relocation under the Indian Removal Act, __1__ tribespeople attempted to reoccupy their native lands in 1832. Illinois militia pursued and massacred them in the what became known as the ______.

Klamath, Cascade, Appalachian, Rocky, and Sierra Nevada

Most prominent mountain ranges in North America.

Appalachian and Blue Ridge

Mountains of the Southeast section of the US.

US Constitution—Article V

Name the article of the US Constitution establishes how to amend the Constitution. Amendment rules were less difficult than in the Articles of Confederation. Congress, with 2/3's of both houses, can propose amendments. Alternatively, an amendment can be proposed by 2/3's of states calling conventions to propose them. In either case, amendments become law when ratified by the legislatures of 3/4s of the states.

US Constitution—Article IV, Section 04

Name the article of the US Constitution that describes the relationship of states to one another and the national government and the section that describes the protections afforded to states by the federal government, which must protect the states from foreign invasion and from domestic, or internal, disorder.

US Constitution—Article IV, Section 01

Name the article of the US Constitution that describes the relationship of states to one another and the national government and the section that mandates that each state must grant "full faith and credit" to all other states. ^^ Each state must recognize the laws, official acts, records, and judicial proceedings of all other states acts. ^^

Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address

"Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue, until all the wealth piled by the bond-man's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash, shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord, are true and righteous altogether." President Lincoln offered reflections on the judgment God had handed down upon both the North and the South for the American sin of slavery. It was both an apology and a plea for forgiveness after full admission of national guilt for the institution of slavery. Building on these sentiments, Lincoln also appealed to northerners and southerners to reconcile when the conflict ended, urging forgiveness on the part of both victors and defeated, and a willingness on the part all Americans to abide by God's justice as made manifest by the war's outcome.

Whitney v. California

1927 Supreme Court case; ^^ Background: In 1919 __2__ passed the Criminal Syndicalism Act, which made membership illegal in an organization that advocates commission of crimes as a means of effecting political change. The term 'criminal syndicalism' is defined as "any doctrine or precept advocating, teaching or aiding and abetting the commission of crime, sabotage . . . or unlawful acts of force and violence or unlawful methods of terrorism as a means of accomplishing a change in industrial ownership or control, or effecting any political change." Charlette ___1___, a member of the Communist Labor Party of __2__, was indicted for having violated the Criminal Syndicalism Act by having taken part in organizing the party and being a member of it. At her trial the Communist Labor Party was found to have been organized to advocate, teach, and abet criminal syndicalism.___1___ was convicted and sentenced to prison. Her conviction was upheld in the District Court of Appeals.___1___ then appealed her conviction to the Supreme Court on the grounds that she had been denied her Fourteenth Amendment rights of due process, including her right of free speech. ^^ Constitutional Issue: In the case of Schenck v. United States, the Supreme Court adopted the clear and present danger principle as the basis for deciding whether, under certain circumstances, a law banning certain kinds of speech could be considered constitutional. The Schenck case, however, arose when the United States was involved in World War I. Would the same principle apply when the constitutionality of a law that banned certain kinds of speech in peacetime was challenged? The Court had decided that a federal law of this sort was valid in the case of Gitlow v. United States in 1925. In that case the Court had invoked not the clear and present danger principle, but a new one, called the bad tendency doctrine. Now, two years later, the Court had to decide whether the __2__ Criminal Syndicalism Act could limit free speech as it did without violating a person's constitutional rights under the due process provision of the Fourteenth Amendment. ^^ Decision: The Court upheld ___1___'s conviction by declaring the __2__ law constitutional. Justice Edward Sanford wrote the Court's opinion, finding that __2__'s Syndicalism Act as applied in this case was not ". . . repugnant to the due process clause as a restraint of the rights of free speech, assembly, and association." He invoked the bad tendency test as the standard by which to evaluate speech cases. He held that ". . . the freedom of speech which is secured by the Constitution does not confer an absolute right to speak, without responsibility, whatever one may choose, or an unrestricted and unbridled license giving immunity for every possible use of language and preventing the punishment of those who abuse this freedom, and that a State in the exercise of its police power may punish those who abuse this freedom by utterances inimical to the public welfare, tending to incite to crime, disturb the public peace, or endanger the foundations of organized government and threaten its overthrow by unlawful means. . . ." He added that "united and joint action involves even greater danger to the public peace and security than the isolated utterances and acts of individuals. . . ." Justice Louis D. Brandeis, joined by Justice Holmes, issued a concurring opinion in which he agreed with the Court's decision for technical reasons, but forcefully invoked the clear and present danger principle. ^^ Results: The Court's decision in this case was overruled in 1969 in Brandenburg v. Ohio.

scalawag

A derogative term for Southern whites who were sympathetic to the principles of Reconstruction.

Watergate

A political scandal involving abuse of power and bribery and obstruction of justice led to resignation of President Nixon.

Tecumseh's War

A series of diplomatic and military altercations in the first decades of the 19th century between a confederation of Native American tribes and white settlers. The leader of the Native Americans attempted to blend tribal traditions and political unity that attracted thousands of followers. This confederation fought the US but were unsuccessful in getting the US government to rescind the Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809) and other land-cession treaties. In November 1811, as the leader traveled south to recruit more allies, his brother Tenskwatawa, known as The Prophet, initiated the Battle of Tippecanoe against General William Henry Harrison's army (Harrison was the governor of Indiana Territory), but the Indians retreated from the field and the Americans burned Prophetstown. In the aftermath, the Native Americans allied themselves with the British and played a key role in the approaching War of 1812.

Gideon v. Wainwright

Clarence Earl __1___ was an unlikely hero. He was a man with an eighth-grade education who ran away from home when he was in middle school. He spent much of his early adult life as a drifter, spending time in and out of prisons for nonviolent crimes. ^^ __1___ was charged with breaking and entering with the intent to commit a misdemeanor, which is a felony under Florida law. At trial, __1___ appeared in court without an attorney. In open court, he asked the judge to appoint counsel for him because he could not afford an attorney. The trial judge denied __1___'s request because Florida law only permitted appointment of counsel for poor defendants charged with capital offenses. ^^ At trial, __1___ represented himself - he made an opening statement to the jury, cross-examined the prosecution's witnesses, presented witnesses in his own defense, declined to testify himself, and made arguments emphasizing his innocence. Despite his efforts, the jury found __1___ guilty and he was sentenced to five years imprisonment. ^^ __1___ sought relief from his conviction by filing a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the Florida Supreme Court. In his petition, __1___ challenged his conviction and sentence on the ground that the trial judge's refusal to appoint counsel violated __1___'s constitutional rights. The Florida Supreme Court denied __1___'s petition. ^^ __1___ next filed a handwritten petition in the Supreme Court of the United States. The Court agreed to hear the case to resolve the question of whether the right to counsel guaranteed under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution applies to defendants in state court. ^^ Procedure: ^^ Lower Courts: Bay County Circuit Court, Fourteenth Judicial Circuit of Florida ^^ Lower Court Ruling: The trial judge denied __1___'s request for a court-appointed attorney because, under Florida law, counsel could only be appointed for a poor defendant charged with a capital offense. The Florida Supreme Court agreed with the trial court and denied all relief. ^^ Issue: ^^ A prior decision of the Court's, Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455 (1942), held that the refusal to appoint counsel for an indigent defendant charged with a felony in state court did not necessarily violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court granted __1___'s petition for a writ of certiorari - that is, agreed to hear __1___'s case and review the decision of the lower court - in order to determine whether Betts should be reconsidered. ^^ Ruling: ^^ Reversed and remanded. In its opinion, the Court unanimously overruled Betts v. Brady. ^^ Argued: January 15, 1963 ^^ Decided: March 18, 1963 ^^ Unanimous Decision: Justice Black (who dissented in Betts) wrote the opinion of the court. Justices Douglas, Clark, and Harlan each wrote concurring opinions. ^^ Reasoning: ^^ The Court held that the Sixth Amendment's guarantee of counsel is a fundamental right essential to a fair trial and, as such, applies the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In overturning Betts, Justice Black stated that "reason and reflection require us to recognize that in our adversary system of criminal justice, any person haled into court, who is too poor to hire a lawyer, cannot be assured a fair trial unless counsel is provided for him." He further wrote that the "noble ideal" of "fair trials before impartial tribunals in which ever defendant stands equal before the law . . . cannot be realized if the poor man charged with crime has to face his accusers without a lawyer to assist him."

Federal Courts

Deal with problems between states; they also handle cases that deal with the Constitution and the laws made by Congress, they lack enforcement powers.

Advantages of the North in the Civil War

During the Civil War, this side had a greater population; had better railroad lines and more established trade routes; had more wealth; outproduced the other side in industry, merchant shipping, guns, and agriculture; had a centralized government; implemented a strong naval blockade; allowed richer men to pay others to substitute for them; recruited 50% of its male citizens; had desertions about 9% of the armed forces; mobilized 2,000,000 men.

Election of 1932

Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected president; John N. Garner was his VP. ^^ Hoover was defeated in a landslide by Franklin Roosevelt. .

Election of 1944

Franklin D. Roosevelt was re-elected president; Harry S. Truman was his VP.

Election of 1940

Franklin D. Roosevelt was re-elected president; Henry A. Wallace was his VP.

Yellow Dog Contracts

Labor agreements between employers and workers that required the workers to swear they would not join a union.

US Constitution—Article II, Section 03

Name the article of the US Constitution that established the Executive Branch of the federal government and the section that describes the duties of the President. ^^ Recommending and enforcing laws; convening Congress; receiving ambassadors. Every year the President must give Congress to report on the nation, now called the State of the Union Address.

US Constitution—Article III, Section 01

Name the article of the US Constitution that established the Judicial Branch of the federal government and the section that describes the courts and terms of office. ^^ The Constitution creates the Supreme Court, but lets Congress decide on the size of the Supreme Court. Federal judges hold their offices for life. ^^ The Supreme Court and Other Federal Courts ^^ Judicial power given; term and payment of judges ^^

US Constitution—Article I, Section 06

Name the article of the US Constitution that established the Legislative Branch of the federal government, and the section that describes its compensation, privileges, and restrictions. ^^ A member of Congress cannot be sued for anything he or she says on the floor of Congress. This allows for freedom of debate.

Democrats

One of two modern major American political parties. They have been traditionally associated with a commitment to immigrants, blue-collar workers, women, and minorities; they tend to take a more liberal stand on society's issues and believe that the federal government should take a more active role in people's lives, particularly those of the disenfranchised.

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, the _______ authorized President Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of Native Americans to the West.

Proclamation of Neutrality - George Washington

President _____ issued this in 1793 in response to the debate over whether to support France after the French Revolution and after France declared war on Great Britain in 1793. He declared official ______ in Europe's conflicts and admonished Americans not to take sides in the conflict. In reality, US isolation from Europe's quarrels proved impossible to achieve.

13th Amendment

Proposed 1/31/1865; ratified 12/6/1865; abolition of slavery and involuntary servitude from the US and all places that fall under its jurisdiction except as punishment for criminal offense.

24th Amendment

Proposed 9/14/1962; ratified 1/23/1964; abolition of poll tax requirement in federal elections.

Coast and Sierra Nevada

The Central Valley of California lies between these mountain ranges.

Manifest Destiny

The expression __________ was coined in 1844 by John O'Sullivan, an American journalist, who was pushing for the annexation of Texas. Many people believed that the US was meant by God and nature to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and possibly into Canada and Mexico. _______ came out of post-1812 War nationalism, the reform impulse of the 1830s, and the need for new resources, and it drove the acquisition of territory westward by the US in the 19th century. Included the belief that settled agriculture was preferable to nomadic hunting; that westward expansion was both inevitable and beneficial; and that the Creator selected America as a chosen land populated by a chosen people. ^^ Those Whigs who supported ______ favored more peaceful means, while other Whigs feared American expansion because it might raise the slavery issue in new territories. _________ was an engine of both discovery and destruction; while it helped America push westward, the ideas behind ________ fueled the Mexican War and the displacement of Native Americans.

Nueces River

The river in Texas Territory which Mexico claimed was the border between the US and Mexico. The US claimed that a river farther to the south was the boundary. This disagreement contributed to the Mexican-American War in 1846.

Pennsylvania, State of

The second of the thirteen original colonies; it was accepted as a state in 1787. It was the first state to oppose slavery.

Kansas and Missouri

The southern border of the Midwest section of the US.

Yukon River

The third longest river in the US; it runs through Alaska.

Third Parties

These groups have not been successful in the United States because: the electoral system is based on winner-takes-all voting rather than proportional representation (granting legislative seats in proportion to the number of votes received); historically, the two parties act as umbrella groups for a variety of interests; one or both of the major parties often adopt their most popular issues and thus their voters; the media tend to concentrate on the Republicans and Democrats rather than giving airtime to smaller parties; only the Democratic and Republican parties are given automatic ballot access in elections.

Election of 1916

Woodrow Wilson was re-elected president; Thomas R. Marshall was his VP.

Election of 1848

Zachary Taylor was elected president; Millard Fillmore was his VP. ^^ President Fillmore had no VP. Taylor was a hero from the Mexican-American War; he regained the White House for the Whigs. It was a close election, but the Free Soil candidate drew votes from Taylor's opponent. The only president in history who had been a soldier and nothing but a soldier. Slavery as an issue was ignored during the campaign.

Declaration of Rights and Grievances

a document written by the Stamp Act Congress and passed on October 14, 1765. It declared that taxes imposed on British colonists without their formal consent were unconstitutional. It raised fourteen points of colonial protest but was not directed exclusively at the Stamp Act of 1765, in addition to the specific protests of the Stamp Act taxes, it made the assertions which follow: ^^ Colonists owe to the crown "the same allegiance" owed by "subjects born within the realm". ^^ Colonists owe to Parliament "all due subordination". ^^ Colonists possessed all the rights of Englishmen. ^^ Trial by jury is a right. ^^ The use of Admiralty Courts was abusive. ^^ Without voting rights, Parliament could not represent the colonists. ^^ There should be no taxation without representation. ^^ Only the colonial assemblies had a right to tax the colonies.

Navigation Acts

a series of English laws that restricted colonial trade to England and stated that all goods had to be shipped on British ships. They were first enacted in 1651 and throughout that time until 1663 and were repealed in 1849. They reflected the policy of mercantilism, which sought to keep all the benefits of trade inside the Empire and to minimize the loss of gold and silver to foreigners. They prohibited the colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands, Spain, France, and their colonies. The original ordinance of 1651 was renewed at the Restoration by Acts 1660, 1663, 1670, and 1673, with subsequent minor amendments. The Acts formed the basis for English overseas trade for nearly 200 years. Additionally, the Acts restricted the employment of non-English sailors to a quarter of the crew on returning East India Company ships.

Progressives

aka the Bull Moose Party, they supported women's suffrage, environmental conservation, tariff reform, stricter regulation of industrial combinations (trusts), and prohibition of child labor. The party was created in 1912 to serve as a separate third party to compete with the more traditional Republican and Democratic Parties. It was formed largely to support the presidential ambitions of former Republican President Theodore Roosevelt, who had left office in 1909. Roosevelt's successor was his former Secretary of War, William Howard Taft, who later became US Supreme Court chief justice. Roosevelt and Taft split politically, as Roosevelt believed Taft had become too conservative and abandoned Roosevelt's more progressive causes. ^^ Roosevelt then formed the party to run in the 1912 presidential election. Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican vote, leading to a landslide election victory for the Democratic candidate, Woodrow Wilson. The _____ continued for a few years but never gained respect equal to that of the two major parties. They gradually disappeared from the political scene. ^^ Hiram Johnson served as governor of California from 1911-1917 and later served as a US senator for nearly thirty years. Johnson was a member of the _____ and, in fact, served as Theodore Roosevelt's running mate in the 1912 presidential election.

Dixiecrats

aka the States' Rights Party, the ____ were a small group of southern Democrats in the elections of 1948 who were in favor of racial segregation, opposed President Harry Truman's civil rights program, and revolted against the civil rights plank adopted at the Democratic National Convention. Their leaders then met in Birmingham, Alabama and proposed Republican Governor Strom Thurmond of South Carolina for president, hoping to force the election into the House of Representatives by preventing either Truman or his Republican opponent, Thomas E. Dewey, from obtaining a majority of the electoral votes. Their plan failed, Truman was elected, and many _____ became Republicans.

Oneida Community

also called Perfectionists, or Bible Communists, it was a utopian religious group that developed out of a Society of Inquiry established by John Humphrey Noyes and some of his disciples in Putney, Vermont in 1841. As new recruits arrived, the society turned into a socialized community. Noyes also believed that Socialism without religion was impossible and that the extended family system devised by him could dissolve selfishness and demonstrate the practicality of perfectionism on Earth. The hostility of the surrounding community drove the group to leave Putney and to find a new location for the group in New York State. For the next 30 years it flourished. In the early years it numbered about 200 persons and earned a precarious existence by farming and logging before the arrival of a new member who gave the community a steel trap that he had invented. Manufacture and sale of _____ traps, which were considered the best in the land, became the basis of a thriving group of industrial enterprises that included silverware, embroidered silks, and canned fruit. The women worked along with the men; for practical reasons they cut their hair short and wore trousers or short-skirted tunics. Though marriage was complex, the Perfectionists denied the charge of free love. Sexual relations were strictly regulated, and the propagation of children was a matter of community control. Those who were to produce children were carefully chosen and paired. Children remained with their mother until they could walk but were then placed in a common nursery. The central feature of the group was the custom of holding criticism sessions, or cures, a practice that Noyes had discovered in his seminary days at Andover. Hostility mounted in the surrounding communities to the Perfectionists' marriage arrangements, and in 1879 Noyes advised the group to abandon the system. As the reorganization of the group began, the entire Socialist organization of property in New York also was questioned. Noyes and a few adherents went to Canada, where he died in 1886. The remaining members set up a joint stock company, known as _______, Ltd. which carried on the various industries, particularly the manufacture of silver plate, as a commercial enterprise.

Temperance Movement

part of the Second Great Awakening, it promoted abstinence from alcohol and emphasized the negative moral, economical, and medical effects of overindulgence. Connecticut-born minister Lyman Beecher published a book in 1826 called Six Sermons on...__1__. Beecher described drunkenness as a "national sin" as well as suggesting legislation to prohibit the sales of spirits. The American ___1___ Society was formed in Boston, Massachusetts, within 12 years claiming more than 8,000 local groups and over 1,250,000 members. Presbyterian preacher Charles Grandison Finney taught abstinence from ardent spirits. In the Rochester, New York revival of 1831, individuals were required to sign a ____1___ pledge to receive salvation. By 1833, several thousand similar groups were formed in most states.

Civil War Union Victories in Mississippi

Battle of Vicksburg.

Civil War Confederate Victories in Virginia

Battles of Bull Run, Seven Days, Chancellorsville

Adams-Onís Treaty—CAUSES of

Causes of the event include: ^^ The border that was under Spanish control had created conflict between the two countries. It came during increasing tensions with the US and Great Britain related to Spain's territorial boundaries in North America in the aftermath of the American Revolution; it also came during the Latin American wars of independence. Florida had become a burden to Spain, which could not afford to send settlers or garrisons.

Battle of Fort Sumter—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: On April 12, 1861, the Confederacy attacked __2___, which surrendered two days later. This was the start of the Civil War. President Lincoln called on state militias to supply troops for what he estimated would be three months of fighting. In response, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, and Arkansas seceded—they refused to bear arms against their fellow Southerners and saw Lincoln's actions as unjust. Border states where slavery was legal but not such a big part of the economy—Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri—stayed in the Union.

Battle of Trenton—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: The hour-long battle had left Washington with some 900 German prisoners and a large supply of muskets, swords, cannons, and bayonets, but his army—after two days of marching through snow, sleet, rain, and hail and intense close-quarter fighting—was exhausted. Washington thereby decided not to pursue the enemy or to hold _____, but instead to retreat to the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware River. ^^ With this small but strategic victory, Washington had restored his army's flagging morale, spurred much-needed re-enlistments, and regained some of his reputation with Congress.

Chesapeake Affair—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: This event created an uproar among Americans. There were strident calls for war with Great Britain, but these quickly subsided. President Thomas Jefferson initially attempted to use this widespread bellicosity to diplomatically threaten the British government into settling the matter. The US Congress backed away from armed conflict when British envoys showed no contrition for the occurrence, delivering proclamations reaffirming impressment. Jefferson's political failure to coerce Great Britain led him toward economic warfare: the Embargo of 1807.

Charter of Delaware

This document states: "I do hereby grant and declare, That no Person or Persons, inhabiting In this Province or Territories, who shall confess and acknowledge One almighty God, the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of the World; and professes him or themselves obliged to live quietly under the Civil Government, shall be in any Case molested or prejudiced, in his or their Person or Estate, because of his or their conscientious Persuasion or Practice, nor be compelled to frequent or maintain any religious Worship, Place or Ministry, contrary to his or their Mind, or to do or suffer any other Act or Thing, contrary to their religious Persuasion...."

Department of Agriculture

(1789)Helps farmers improve their incomes and expand their markets

Miranda v. Arizona

(1966), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court in which the court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. Decision based on rights given in 5th Amendment. In a 5-4 majority, the Court held that both inculpatory and exculpatory statements made in response to interrogation by a defendant in police custody will be admissible at trial only if the prosecution can show that the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning and of the right against self-incrimination before police questioning, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but voluntarily waived them. This case has a significant impact on law enforcement in the US, by making it part of routine police procedure to ensure that suspects were informed of their rights. The Supreme Court decided this case with three other consolidated cases: Westover v. US, Vignera v. New York, and California v. Stewart.

Dandridge v. Williams

(1970), was a US Supreme Court case based on the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. It held that a state can cap welfare based on the Aid to Families with Dependent Children at $250.00 per month regardless of the family's size or need. The plaintiffs were attempting to make the amount variable based on family size.

Schenck v. United States

249 US 47; 1919 Supreme Court case; During World War I, Charles __2__ created a pamphlet opposing the military draft; he was convicted of attempting to obstruct the military under the Espionage Act. The Supreme Court determined that speech may be suppressed if it creates a clear and present danger ( one cannot yell "fire" in a crowded theater). In following years, the "clear and present danger" test was limited to violent actions rather than the support of these ideas. ^^ Facts and Background ^^ When America entered World War I in 1917, Congress passed a law called the Espionage Act. The law said that during wartime obstructing the draft and trying to make soldiers disloyal or disobedient were crimes. Almost 2,000 people were accused of violating this law and were put on trial. ^^ Charles __1__ was against the war. He mailed thousands of pamphlets to men who had been drafted into the armed forces. These pamphlets said that the government had no right to send American citizens to other countries to kill people. ^^ The government accused __1__ of violating the Espionage Act. It said that __1__'s pamphlets were intended to weaken the loyalty of soldiers and to obstruct military recruiting. __1__ answered by saying that the Espionage Act was unconstitutional. He said that it broke the First Amendment's promise the "Congress shall make no law...abridging the freedom of speech." After working its way through the federal courts, the case was judged by the Supreme Court in 1919. ^^ The Decision ^^ Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote the decision for the unanimous Supreme Court. It upheld (supported) __1__'s conviction, saying that it did not violate his First Amendment right to free speech. ^^ Justice Holmes admitted that "in many places and in ordinary times" __1__ would have had a right to say everything that he said in his pamphlets. However, he said that how far a person's freedom of speech extends depends on the circumstances. "The most stringent protection of free speech," he said, "would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic." Justice Holmes compared that circumstance to living in a nation at war. "When a nation is at war," he said, "many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right." During war, he thought, the government certainly has the power to prevent obstructions to recruitment. Therefore, it also has the power to punish someone who uses words that are proven to cause such obstructions. "The question in every case," said Holmes, "is whether the words are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent." ^^ The Impact of the Decision ^^ Justice Holmes's decision expresses what is called the "clear and present danger test." This test has been used in many other cases. A famous lower court judge named Learned Hand once said that whenever the government claims that someone's speech poses a danger, judges must consider both the seriousness of the danger and the likelihood of it actually happening. For instance, suppose someone makes a speech calling the government a dictatorship and hinting that revolution would be a good idea. Overthrow is the most serious evil that can happen to the government. But that person may not be punished for his words unless they really do make this danger likely. ^^ A number of judges have disapproved of the clear and present danger test. Some complained that the test made the decision about when speech may be limited "a matter of degree." Each case could result in a contradictory decision! ^^ The most well-known opponent of the clear and present danger test was the late Justice Hugo Black. He objected to the very idea that the First Amendment's promises of freedom could be "balanced" against other governmental goals (such as wanting to prevent obstructions to recruiting soldiers). He thought that this balancing view of free speech destroyed freedom. Instead he proposed another approach to the First Amendment, called the absolutist view of free speech. People who support this view believe that the promise of freedom means that speakers may never be punished for what they say. They may, however, be punished for the place, time, or way in which they say it. So someone might be charged with disturbing the peace for using a loudspeaker to broadcast a speech at 4:00 in the morning, but the speaker would face no charges for the substance [content] of the speech.

Detroit, Michigan

A series of violent confrontations between residents of predominantly African American neighborhoods and city police in ____, began on July 23, 1967, after a raid at an illegal drinking club where police arrested everyone inside, including 82 African Americans. Nearby residents protested, and several began to vandalize property, loot businesses, and start fires for the next five days. Although police set up blockades, the violence spread to other parts of the city and resulted in 43 deaths, hundreds of injuries, more than 7,000 arrests, and 1,000 burned buildings. As the riot took place, President Johnson appointed a National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (the Kerner Commission) to investigate recent urban uprisings. It concluded that racism, discrimination, and poverty were some of the causes of the violence and warned that "our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal."

NAFTA

A trade agreement between Canada, the US and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.

Battle of Trenton

After the Battle of Long Island, the British were so sure the war would be over soon that they left the defense of New Jersey to the Hessians, a group of German mercenaries, while the British army spent the winter in comfort in New York. On Christmas Eve, 1776, Washington secretly crossed the Delaware River while the Hessian troops were celebrating Christmas and not vigilant. The next morning, after marching through the night, the Continental Army attacked the Hessian troops at the ______ and won an important victory. Overwhelming numbers and accurate artillery fire soon drove the Germans out of town into an orchard where they made a short-lived stand before surrendering or fleeing the battlefield. ^^ Losses: American, 2 froze to death, 5 wounded; Hessian, some 22 dead, 90 wounded, 918 captured.

WWI - CAUSES of US' entry into

Causes of this event included: ^^ Zimmerman telegram showed that Germany was untrustworthy and would attack ______. Armed neutrality could not protect shipping. Germany had broken the Sussex Pledge, which protected certain ships from German warfare. After Russia's revolution, the democratic Russian government made it an acceptable ally to _____. ______ could hasten end of the war and ensure a role in designing peace. Sinking of the Lusitania and other ships by German submarines angered _____, which was already backing the Allies with supplies.

Election of 1952

Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected president; Richard M. Nixon was his VP. ^^ Eisenhower was a war hero of WWII and his popularity carried him to the White House.

Election of 1956

Dwight D. Eisenhower was re-elected president; Richard M. Nixon was his VP.

John Trumbull, Charles Peale, Benjamin West, and John Copley

Early American artists; they copied European styles but featured portraits of important Americans.

New England colonies

Founded as a refuge for religious zealots, the ________ developed a distinct character throughout the 1600s and 1700s. A harsh climate and rocky soil made farming difficult and led to a diversified economy. Land was usually granted to a group (often a congregation) and then towns subdivided it among families. Profitable fishing industries included whaling (oil was used for lighting). Shipbuilding and coastal and trans-Atlantic commerce economically important. Some small-scale manufacturing began despite discouragement from Britain. ^^ Their development was marked by growth in education, thriving economies, and less demand for slavery. Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire.

Freedom Rides

Freedom Rides began on May 4, 1961, with a group of seven African Americans and six whites, who boarded two buses bound for New Orleans. Testing the Supreme Court's ruling on the case Boynton v. Virginia (1960), which extended an earlier ruling banning segregated interstate bus travel (1946) to include bus terminals and restrooms, the so-called Freedom Riders used facilities for the opposite race as their buses made stops along the way. The group was confronted by violence in South Carolina, and, on May 14, when one bus stopped to change a slashed tire, the vehicle was firebombed and the Freedom Riders were beaten. Unable to travel farther, the original riders were replaced by a second group of 10, partly organized by the SNCC, originating in Nashville. As riders were either arrested or beaten, more groups of Freedom Riders would take their place. On May 29 U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy ordered the Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce bans on segregation more strictly, an edict that took effect in September.

Puerto Rico

In 1900, Congress passed the Foraker Act, which gave ______ limited popular government. In 1917, American citizenship was granted to _________ns.

Reconstruction in 1863

In December, ______, -- President Abraham Lincoln announces his Ten Percent Plan. It offers general amnesty to all white Southerners who take an oath of future loyalty and accept wartime measures abolishing slavery. Whenever 10% of the number of 1860 voters take the loyalty oath in any state, those loyal citizens can then establish a state government.

Reconstruction in 1875

In March, the outgoing Republican Congress enacts the Civil Rights Act of _____, long advocated by Senator Charles Sumner, who died shortly before its passage. It outlaws racial segregation in all public accommodations regulated by law, such as hotels, theaters, steamships, and railroads. The US Supreme Court will rule the law unconstitutional in 1883. A redeemer government is elected in Mississippi.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

In response to Indian attacks against frontiersmen in the Northwest Territory, an expedition under General "Mad Anthony" Wayne defeated Indians at the _______ in 1794. In the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, the tribes were forced to sell off large areas North of the Ohio River.

Santa Fe Trail

In the 1820s, the _______, an important overland trade route west from St. Louis, was opened. After Mexico gained its independence and took control of New Mexico Province, which stretched from California to Texas, the area became an ideal place for trade. Although the 800-mile trip was long and often dangerous, the prospect of large profits inspired many traders to take this route.

American Independent Party

In the 1968 election, this group nominated George Wallace, the pro-segregation governor of Alabama, as their presidential nominee. Wallace won 13.8 percent of the vote, and was thought to have taken away votes from both major-party candidates, Democrat Hubert Humphrey and Republican Richard Nixon.

Temple Bombing

In the early hours of October 12, 1958, fifty sticks of dynamite exploded in a recessed entranceway at the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation, Atlanta's oldest and most prominent synagogue.

US strikes after WWI

In what period did these strikes occur: ^^ A Boston police force attempted to unionize, and Governor Calvin Coolidge fired them to recruit a new force. ^^ Seattle had a general strike. ^^ The AFL attempted to organize steel industry, but the strike was broken after violence and the use of federal troops. ^^ United Mine Workers struck and gained minor wage increases.

Battle of Saratoga

October 1777; armed conflict in northern New York; the turning point of the American Revolution because French aid began after this. ^^ The British planned to end the American Revolution by splitting the colonies along the Hudson River, thereby cutting off New England from the other colonies. General Howe would move north up the Hudson, General John Burgoyne would head south from Canada and recapture Fort Ticonderoga on the way. Lt Col Barry St. Leger would travel down the Mohawk Valley. All three planned to meet in Albany, but they failed to properly mobilize. ^^ Howe decided instead to capture Philadelphia, forcing the Continental Congress to flee the city. Burgoyne recaptured Ticonderoga but didn't know that Howe wasn't on his way up the Hudson. Burgoyne was trapped in the woods by American militia. St. Leger was forced back en route to the Mohawk Valley by American General Benedict Arnold. ^^ Burgoyne eventually made it to ______, where he was met by the American forces of General Horatio Gates. The British had no reinforcements and no escape route. The British surrendered on Oct 17, 1777, and the battle became the first victory of the Revolutionary War.

Montgomery, Alabama

On December 1, 1955, African American civil rights activist Rosa Parks refused to give up a seat on a public bus in ______, to a white passenger and was arrested for breaking the state's transportation laws. This initiated a sustained bus boycott in ______. The protest began on December 5, 1955, led by Martin Luther King, Jr., then a young local pastor, and was so successful that it was extended indefinitely. In the ensuing months, protestors faced threats, arrests, and termination from their jobs. Nonetheless, the boycott continued for more than a year. Finally, the US Supreme Court upheld a lower court's ruling that segregated seating was unconstitutional, and the federal decision went into effect on December 20, 1956.

sexual revolution

Participants in the counterculture demanded more lifestyle freedom; their new views rejected many traditional behavioral restrictions. Based in part on the availability of birth control pill. broke sexual barriers wide open in the US and Western Europe. Later in the 20th century, female sexuality, homosexuality, and sexual activity outside marriage became more socially acceptable but were vigorously rejected by religious social conservatives.

Second Anglo-Powhatan War—RESULTS of

Peace finally arrived in 1632, but by then the balance of power in Virginia had tipped toward the English. The colonial population had grown significantly and Opechancanough's power waned.

Presidency 02 of John Adams

President 1797-1801. His VP was Thomas Jefferson. ^^ He led the country through the XYZ affair ("Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute!"), the Alien and Sedition Acts (1798; the Federalist-controlled Congress passed laws that would cripple the "disloyal" Republicans), and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798; with judicial review not yet established, Republicans turned to state legislatures to oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts). The Department of the Navy was created and ships were feverishly built. ^^ He kept the nation from war during his tenure as president. Undeclared naval warfare with France continued for over two years (1798-1800), chiefly in the West Indies. The Convention of 1800, negotiated with Napoleon's new government, terminated the Alliance of 1778 (the last for the US for a century and a half). The US agreed to give up claims for indemnity for shipping losses. ______ signed this agreement with France to prevent war. Considered a sellout by the Federalists, this move cost _______ the presidency in the election of 1800, but it paved the way for the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. ^^ 1797 Number of states: 16 ^^ Number of states added during this presidency: None ^^ 1797 Population: 4,083,000

Battle of Fort McHenry—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: Francis Scott Key was inspired to write the Star-Spangled Banner.

Pre-Colonial North America SE Woodlands Cultures

The Native Americans of the __________ area had rich soil from its rivers and mountains, and the Muscogee (Creek), Chickasaw, Choctaw, Caddo Confederacy, Seminole, and Cherokee farmed and built permanent villages around their fields. Many peoples engaged in mound building to create sacred ritual sites. With social upsets and diseases introduced by Europeans, many of the societies collapsed and ceased to practice a Mississippian lifestyle. This area gave rise to the largest settlements of pre-colonial North America. A typical settlement consisted of a town center (where the nobles lived) surrounded by farms (where most of the commoners lived and worked); towns were sometimes dotted with mounds, which served as platforms for temples and houses. In the settlement Cahokia, exceeded 10,000 residents. Cahokia was a settlement of the Mississippian culture.

enumerated goods

The Navigation Act of the 1673 specified commodities, called _______, that were to be shipped from the colonies only to England or other English colonies. Previously only tobacco export had been restricted to England. Now sugar, tobacco, cotton wool, indigo, ginger, fustic, and other dying wools were included.

Department of Transportation

The Secretary of _____ is confirmed in the Senate by: Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee

Department of the Interior

The Secretary of _____ is confirmed in the Senate by: Energy and Natural Resources Committee

St. Lawrence Seaway Project

The ____ has a total length of 2,342 miles between the Atlantic Ocean and its western terminus in Lake Superior. It allows major oceanic vessels to reach the Great Lakes, thus enabling ports as far inland as the west side of Lake Superior to serve as international ports. It was completed in 1959, although Canada and the US began to anticipate such a project in the last years of the 19th century.

Rio Grande River

The fourth longest river in the US; it runs through Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. It was the disputed border between Texas territory and Mexico in the 1840s, which led to the Mexican-American War, because the Mexican government believed the border was farther north at another river.

Georgia, State of

The fourth of the thirteen original colonies; it was accepted as a state in 1788.

Third Amendment

The government may not house soldiers in private homes without consent of the owner.

US Supreme Court

The highest court in the land which has original jurisdiction in all cases involving ambassadors, consuls, other public ministers, and cases in which a state is a party. First organized in 1790 with 1 chief judge and 5 associate judges. Hears first case in 1792.

Great Plains

The name for the area which extends from Alberta-Saskatchewan-Manitoba through Texas into Mexico, from the Rocky Mountains eastward to Indiana.

Algonquian

Their original tribal areas are unknown; however, there were tribal groups of these Native Americans in New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware.

Separatist Puritans

They called themselves "the Saints," and they were mostly lower-class farmers and craftsmen who had decided that the Church of England was still "too Catholic" and beyond saving; they must break away. One group that suffered harassment from the government (James I) fled to Holland and then to America. Members of this group traveled on the Mayflower and became known as the Pilgrims. Before landing in the New World, they formed the Mayflower Compact, which provided for a government guided by the majority. They landed in Provincetown Harbor and formed the Plymouth colony in 1620 in Massachusetts. William Bradford (1590-1657) served as the colony's first governor. By 1691, it was absorbed by the larger Massachusetts Bay colony.

Puritans

They were less radical and less interested in leaving the Church of England—they were more interested in "cleansing" it. Their leader was John Winthrop, who led a wave of 500 emigrants from England to the Massachusetts Bay colony in New England in 1630 and established Boston later that year. By 1642, around 20,000 of them had left England for America. They established fur, fishing, and shipbuilding industries. They set up free compulsory education and a two-house government. They formed the roots of the modern corporate system, the representative form of government, the American legal system.

Fugitive Slave Act, First

This 1793 law required people to return black __2__s who had run away from the South. However, there were some weaknesses in the law that allowed people to ignore it without much in the way of consequences.

Federal Election Campaign Act

This 1971 law, which was amended in 1974, 1976, and 1979, requires the candidates and political committees in federal elections to disclose the sources of their funding and how they spend their money; it regulates the contributions received and expenditures made during federal campaigns, and governs the public funding of presidential elections.

Board of Trade

This British entity was created in 1696 to deal with colonial questions. On advice of ____, the Crown could disallow actions of colonial legislatures, which brought a measure of efficiency to governing the empire. However, there were many overlapping authorities and management was inefficient.

Oregon Treaty

This agreement established the border along the 49th parallel and gave the US possession of the Pacific NW and country's first important Pacific port, the area of Puget Sound. As a result, over 350,000 people settled in the area between 1840 and 1860.

Convention of 1818

This agreement provided for the boundary between the US and Canada at the 49th parallel. It allowed joint occupancy of the Oregon Territory by Americans and British for ten years. It permitted American fishermen to fish in the waters of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Basin and Range Province

This area contains three of the four major deserts of North America and lies between the Rocky Mountain Range to the east and the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range to the west.

Northeast region of US

This area has a temperate climate, summers are humid with thunderstorms, while winters are moderately cold.

High Plains region of US

This area has the coldest winters and the mildest summers in the US. Generally, the climate is dry and very cold in winter and dry and mildly warm in the summer.

Great Basin

This area spans nearly all of Nevada, much of Oregon and Utah, and portions of California, Idaho, and Wyoming. It is noted for both its arid climate and the ______ and range topography that varies from the North American low point at Badwater to the highest point of the contiguous US, less than 100 miles (160 km) away at the summit of Mount Whitney. It contains the largest US desert.

Virginia Declaration of Rights

This colonial document claimed that individuals are born with inherent natural rights.

Chihuahuan

This desert borders Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico and contains undrained basins.

Immigration Act of 1965

This law made it easier for entire families to enter the US and established "special categories" for political refugees. This act increased the level of people entering the US.

US Constitution—Article I

This part of the US Constitution established the Legislative Branch of the federal government. ^^ Section II ^^ Section III ^^ Section IV ^^ Section V ^^ Section VI ^^ Section VII: A simple majority vote to pass legislation, subject to presidential veto; this is easier than in Articles of Confederation ^^ Section VIII: Congress regulates both foreign and interstate commerce; levy taxes

Slaves

This portion of the US population worked on plantations; by 1750, approximately 80% were born in the colonies; in 1860, more than 50% worked in cotton, while the rest grew rice, tobacco, sugar, and hemp, which were all cash crops. They developed a "culture of the quarters."

Veto

This power of the president to thwart passage of Congressional legislation. Sometimes the threat of this action influences congressional decision making. Congress is usually unable to override this.

Three-fifths Compromise

This proposal ended the deadlock at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 over how to count slaves to determine representation in the Congress. Borrowing from a proposed amendment to the Articles of Confederation, it was agreed that slaves would be counted as less than one person for purposes of representation in Congress and for direct taxation. The foreign slave trade was not to be banned for twenty years (the word "slave" does not appear in the Constitution).

Separation of powers

This term refers to the division of government responsibilities into three distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another or from becoming too powerful; it divides the legislative, executive, and judicial functions of government among independent bodies. Each branch has its own set of responsibilities, although there is overlap of some. The framers of the Constitution believed that the ______ would protect individuals' liberties and prevent the government from abusing its power. This limits the possibility of arbitrary excesses by government, since the sanction of all three branches is required for the making, executing, and administering of laws. ^^ This concept was borrowed from the French political philosopher Charles de Montesquieu. ^^ The principles include: ^^ The three branches of government are delegated different but equally important tasks. ^^ The president is commander-in-chief of the armed forces, controls foreign policy, and has veto power over legislation. He enforces laws (sees that laws are carried out). ^^ The Congress makes the laws; has power to tax and regulate interstate commerce, and a "necessary and proper" clause to cover unspecified needs; it also has power to impeach the president and judges and remove them from office. ^^ The judicial branch (courts) interpret the laws and have the implied power of judicial review. ^^ It prevents a person from serving in more than one branch of the government at the same time.

Iroquois Confederacy

This term refers to the organization comprised of five separate nations in upstate New York: the Cayuga, Onondaga, Seneca, Mohawk, and Oneida. After spending most of their history fighting, in the 1500s the Five Nations banded together to form a powerful alliance called the Great Law of the Peace, which formed the __________. They had a Grand Council to settle disputes. In 1722, the Tuscarora people joined and the group became the Six Nations. This was the most important and powerful Native American political alliance; it successfully ended generations of tribal warfare.

Populists

This was a group of small farmers and sharecroppers who opposed large-scale commercial agriculture that they feared would put them out of work. advocates democratic principles; A politician who advocates specific policies just because they are wanted by the majority. An official national political party was founded in 1892 through a merger of the Farmers' Alliance and the Knights of Labor. That year their presidential candidate, James B. Weaver, won over one million votes. Between 1892 and 1896, however, the party failed to make further gains, in part because of fraud and intimidation by Southern Democrats. ^^ The party was made up of small farmers and members of labor unions who demanded government help with falling farm prices, regulation of railroad rates, and the free coinage of silver (more money to be put in circulation). They advocated federally regulated communication, transportation, and banking systems to offset the economic depression and prevent poverty among working-class families. ^^ Republican Theodore Roosevelt resurrected many of their ideas and recast them in new forms as he expanded the federal regulation of business corporations and addressed many of their concerns in his Bull Moose Party. Other party planks became a reality during the 1930s under the New Deal administrations of President Franklin Roosevelt, a Democrat.

Crittenden Compromise

This was a legislative attempt to avoid war and establish some sort of resolution with regard to slavery. It would have allowed slavery below the Missouri Compromise line and disallowed it above the line. It was popular among some Southern politicians but could not gain a majority. President James Buchanan supported it.

Arostook War

This was a tense conflict between Maine and New Brunswick about the proper border between the US and Canada in the area along the __1__ River. In 1839, the Maine legislature sent militia to the river to remove what it perceived to be Canadian interlopers. The New Brunswick Lieutenant Governor Sir John Harvey issued an order to remove Americans from what he believed to be Canadian, and thus British, land. President Van Buren dispatched General Winfield Scott to work out a compromise, and eventually both countries signed the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842.

National Republicans

This was the administration party under John Quincy Adams' presidency (1825-1829). Adams' supporters adopted the name because they favored strong economic __1___ism, much like the former Federalist Party. They stood in opposition to Andrew Jackson's party, which favored a limited national government and opposed economic aristocracy. As they dissolved in the mid-1830s, a new party emerged.

Bacon's Rebellion

This was the first popular uprising in the American colonies. In 1675-6, after troubles between settlers and Native Americans, a group of freedmen (former indentured servants) led by ______, protested the lenient Indian policies of Virginia governor William Berkeley. They felt that the governor's policies hurt the lives of freedmen and disrupted the fur trade. _____, a wealthy Virginian, formed a militia and commanded two unauthorized raids on Native American tribes, increasing his colonial popularity; Governor Berkeley had him arrested. Soon after, _____ gathered his forces, opposed the Royal governor, and set fire to Jamestown to defend his forces' position. After the leader's death from dysentery in September 1676, Governor Berkeley ended the conflict with British military forces.

Election of 1920

Warren G. Harding was elected president; Calvin Coolidge was his VP. ^^ Republican Harding promised a return to normalcy in the post-war years and won in a landslide victory.

QUOTE from William Jennings Bryan

Who made this/these statements: "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold."

Cotton

______ went from being a minor crop in Mid -Atlantic states to the major crop of the south by 1859 largely due to an invention. This led to a larger and more stable slave population in the south to work the plantations. New states (such as Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas) began growing _______. This led to a boom in the market, and its global effects crowned the staple as the most important in the world. The need for ______ encouraged westward expansion.

African Americans in North and West of US in late 19th century

These conditions existed for African Americans in which part of the US during which period: ^^

African Americans in South of US in late 19th century

These conditions existed for African Americans in which part of the US during which period: ^^

American System

An economic plan (around 1816) that fostered the economic integration of the North, West, and South and played an important role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century. Rooted in the "___1___ School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton to unify the nation's economy, the plan "consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: a tariff to protect and promote American industry; a national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other 'internal improvements' to develop profitable markets for agriculture." Congressman Henry Clay was the plan's foremost proponent and the first to refer to it as _________. He believed that the industrial North would become the manufacturing center for the US, while the South and West would raise the raw materials and food supply of the country. The idea led to the Tariff of 1816, a national road from Maryland to Illinois, the Erie Canal in 1825, and the Second Bank of the US in 1816.

Battle of the Bulge

December 1944-January 1945; After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Auburn system

During the antebellum period, ______ was designed to reform criminals. It was a penal method of the 19th century in which persons worked during the day and were kept in solitary confinement at night, with enforced silence at all times. It evolved during the 1820s at a prison in New York State as an alternative to and modification of Pennsylvania's system of solitary confinement, which it gradually replaced in the US. Later innovations were the lockstep (marching in single file, placing the right hand on the shoulder of the man ahead, and facing toward the guard), the striped suit, two-foot extensions of the walls between cells, and special seating arrangements at meals—all designed to insure strict silence. Based on a belief that criminal habits were learned from and reinforced by other criminals.

Albany Plan or Albany Congress

In 1754, delegates of seven colonies met in New York to discuss collective defense. The Pennsylvanian delegate, Benjamin Franklin, proposed an intercolonial government, designed as a defensive measure for the colonies in an attempt to ward off the French threat, to allow the colonists to raise money from taxes for their defense, and to deal with the Indian problems and settlement of western lands. A "Grand Council" of colonies would oversee defense, Indian relations, and trade and would have taxing power. A royally appointed executive would have a veto. It was rejected by many colonial assemblies, which balked at giving up control, particularly of western lands. It was also rejected by the Crown. It was an important precedent for the concept of uniting in the face of a common enemy.

Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments, A

In 1777, Thomas Jefferson tried to pass legislation that would change Virginia's death penalty laws so that only murder and treason cases were punishable by death, but the bill was defeated by one vote.

Battle of New Orleans

January 1815: "In 1814, we took a little trip / Along with Colonel Jackson down the mighty Mississip'. / We took a little bacon and we took a little beans / and we caught the bloody British in the town of ________...." (January 8, 1815), US victory against Great Britain in the War of 1812 and the final major battle of that conflict. Both the British and American troops were unaware of the peace treaty that had been signed between the two countries in Ghent, Belgium, a few weeks prior, and so ___________occurred despite the agreements made across the Atlantic. ^^ British troops sent from the West Indies were defeated when they attacked Jackson's forces (including free blacks) at ______. Although occurring after the peace agreement had been signed, ______ gave Americans a sense of victory and speeded ratification of Treaty of Ghent.

Alien Enemy Act

Passed by the US Congress in 1798, the ______ allowed the president to imprison and deport non-citizens who were from a hostile nation. Part of a broader series of measures aimed at protecting national security and decrease the number of voters who disagreed with the Federalist party.

Battle of Fallen Timbers - RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: After the _______, the Treaty of Greenville was signed in 1795 by the Miami Confederacy, who gave up their claims to the Ohio country, lands rich in furs.

Battle of Jutland—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: German fleet retreated from the coast of Denmark to Baltic and stayed there. British naval supremacy was confirmed but British were unable to defeat German fleet completely to service Russia through the Baltic.

Articles of Confederation

Submitted July 1776; adopted by the Continental Congress in 1777 and sent to the states for ratification; ratified 1781; it created a "firm league of friendship," a loose confederation of sovereign states. It had a unicameral legislature (one house), with each state having only one vote. It permitted the federal government to make war, offer treaties, and create new states. The national government could not regulate commerce. Nine of the 13 colonies had to vote to pass legislation, and a unanimous vote was required to amend it. Congressional revision of it created a weak national government. This document, the nation's first constitution, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1781 during the revolution. Weaknesses: states held most of the power, and Congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage. It created a national government with a legislature but no executive or judiciary. Amendments could be added only with the approval of all 13 states. Approval of 9 of 13 states was required to pass a law in Congress. One vote was allotted for each state, despite the size of its population. Positives: the government passed the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which determined the path to statehood for this territory; the government negotiated the end to the revolution.

Battles of Lexington and Concord

The first military engagement of the American Revolutionary War; fought on April 19, 1775 in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of ___1__, ____2___, Lincoln, Menotomy (present-day Arlington), and Cambridge. They marked the outbreak of armed conflict. London ordered General Gage to arrest rebel leaders John Hancock and Samuel Adams and seize arms and ammunition around Boston. ___1__ was suspected by British General Gage of housing a stockpile of colonial weaponry. Paul Revere, William Dawes, and others detected movement of British troops and warned militia and gathered Minutemen at ___2___. Militia and Royal infantry fought, and the colonial troops withdrew. As the British fall back to Boston, they are besieged on all sides by colonial militiamen. 270 British are killed or wounded.

Civil War

The period of warfare between the Confederate States of America (1861-1865) and the US over the issues of states' rights and slavery.

American Revolution

The war between Great Britain and its American colonies, 1775-83, by which the colonies won their independence. Colonists rebelled against the Intolerable Acts; pitted the independent-minded American colony, what would become the US, against her British colonial masters in 1776. Inspired by Enlightenment political ideas. Won a battlefield victory against the British in 1781. Passed the constitution with more centralized government in 1787, which is still in place today, provided for a separation of powers between three branches of government: judicial, legislative, and executive. In 1789 ten amendments, Bill of Rights, added to the Constitution.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Signed into law by President John Adams in 1798, the _________ consisted of four internal security laws passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress as America prepared for war with France. The context is the French Revolution and the XYZ Affair (1797). Federalists, aware that French military successes in Europe had been greatly facilitated by political dissidents in invaded countries, sought to prevent such subversion in the US and adopted the ______ as part of a series of military preparedness measures. Legislation enacted by the Federalists to increase their power and reduce foreign influences. New hurdles to citizenship were established. They also broadened power to quiet print media critics. The legislation was used to silence Jeffersonian Republican critics of the Federalists and was indicative of the poisoned relations between the two groups. These acts tested the strength of the First Amendment and limited the freedom of' the press. They increased the residency requirement for American citizenship from five to fourteen years, authorized the president to imprison or deport x-----x considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the US" and restricted speech critical of the government. These laws were designed to silence and weaken the Democratic-Republican Party. ^^ Jeffersonian Republicans responded with the Kentucky Resolution and the Virginia Resolution, which suggested that states should have the power within their territory to nullify federal law, and that federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it. ^^ The Federalists gained a reputation as being a less democratic group, quickening their demise as a political organization. Negative reaction to the ________ helped contribute to the Democratic-Republican victory in the 1800 elections. Congress repealed one in 1802, while the others were allowed to expire.

Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act

This legislation in 2002 banned "soft money" contributions to national political parties and regulated the financing of political campaigns. It makes it illegal for national political parties to raise or spend soft money and bars states and local parties from spending soft money on federal elections, with the exception of voter registration and turnout efforts. ^^ Soft money is funds raised and spent by political parties, corporations, labor unions, and other groups that are not regulated by law and can only be spent on activities that do not affect the election of candidates for national offices. These activities include voter registration drives, party-building events, and administrative costs for state and local candidates. ^^ Individuals can contribute up to $2,000 per candidate per election, with primary and general elections counted separately. Individuals can give $5,000 per year to a political action committee (PAC), $25,000 per national party committee per year, and $10,000 per state or local party committee per year. ^^ The bill prohibits special interest groups from using their general funds to finance radio or television ads that target a federal candidate within one month before a primary election and two months before a general election.

Battle of Cowpens

"Tarleton's quarter" was to become a rallying cry at the Battle of _______. Tarleton, then only twenty-six, had been charged with covering the Carolina upcountry against Patriot guerillas. Specifically, he was to seek out and destroy a threat to his rear, a wing of the American Southern Army, commanded by General Daniel Morgan. By January 12, 1781, he was closing in on Morgan, pushing his men on, fording the rain-swollen Enoree, Tyger, and Pacolet Rivers. Morgan, on the other hand, suddenly halted a desperate retreat, was joined by more militia, and parlayed the fear and hatred of Tarleton into victory at ______ in the South Carolina Upcountry. ^^ At _______, January 17, 1781, Morgan appeared to take into account Tarleton's tendency to rush the attack. His collapsing lines (skirmishers, militia, and Continentals) brought the tired (having marched since two in the morning) but confident British in prematurely, in effect, exposing them to heavy fire. As the Continentals pinned the British down, militia cavalry would crush them in a flank attack. A mistaken command to retreat drew the British in even more, and, when the retreat was stopped, the Continental line turned and fired with devastating results. In the ensuing panic, the American cavalry, already engaged in battle, flanked the British left, leading to double envelopment and victory and a turning point in the war in the South. ^^ At battle's end, American cavalry leader William Washington, in mad pursuit of the defiant Tarleton along the Green River Road, engaged the British commander in a dramatic hand-to-hand encounter, in which Washington barely escaped with his life. With the approach of American riflemen, Tarleton, with fifty-four of his supporters, abandoned the battle and fled east toward the British camp, never to be caught up with. ^^ Morgan's successful double envelopment routed the British, and the militia soldiers' actions at Cowpens are generally credited with having ensured a rare American victory. Not discouraged by what he described as a "very unexpected and severe blow," Cornwallis pushed on into North Carolina. General Morgan and his troops retreated deeper into North Carolina to rejoin General Greene's army. British casualties were estimated at about 600, whereas the Americans lost only 72.

Cold War

(1945-1989) between the Soviet Union and the US was a story of confrontation between two contrasting ideologies that were both a product of the modern worldview. Unlike WWII, there was not direct conflict between the two super-powers and the Cold War did not escalate into an unlimited, total war; instead, conflict was conducted in proxy wars in many regions around the world including Korea, Guatemala, Vietnam, Afghanistan, Nicaragua, Cuba, Cambodia, and Chile. ^^ It is a new era of anxiety and fear; combatting communism around the globe becomes the goal. Americans begin to look for enemies at home; Senator Joseph McCarthy leads investigations of communists in government, the arts, universities.

Coercive/ Intolerable Acts

1. Name given to the group of laws passed by Parliament in 1774. These laws, the Boston Port Bill, the Administration of Justice Act, the Massachusetts Government Act, the Quebec Act, and the updating of the Quartering Act, were called "_______" by Parliament, but they would come to be known by the colonists as the _________. The new set of laws, while important in itself, was not as important as the new question that came ringing across the ocean to echo in the halls of Parliament. The colonists were questioning Parliament's very right to tax and rule over them. The ________ were designed to be just what they came to be called by the colonists - intolerable. It was the intention of Parliament at the time of these acts to force the colonists to obey the laws and pay the taxes that they were avoiding. ^^ Details: ^^ Boston Port was closed until the tea was paid for. ^^ British officials and soldiers could be sent to England for major trials. ^^ A new Quartering Act brought soldiers into Boston. ^^ More offices were made appointive in Massachusetts, where General Thomas Gage soon became military governor. ^^ The Quebec Act set up an undemocratic government in that expanded colony and provided the Catholic Church with special privileges. ^^ Results: ^^ Boston received sympathy and assistance from the other colonies. ^^ Thomas Jefferson published Summary View, which argued for allegiance to the king but not to Parliament.

Barbados Codes

1650s-1860s; A series of laws that limited slave rights. Slave owners were given authority to impose harsh physical punishment and to control their slaves in any fashion they sought, without court intervention. It prohibited slaves from owning weapons. becoming educated, meeting with other African Americans without permission, and testifying against whites in court. It severely limited the rights of slaves.

Boston Massacre

1770 The first bloodshed of the American Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd, killing five Bostonians. Occurred when the British attempted to enforce the Townshend Acts; British soldiers killed five Bostonians, including Crispus Attucks, an American patriot and former slave. John Adams provided the legal defense for the soldiers. Though the British soldiers acted more or less in self-defense, anti-Royal leaders used the massacre to spur action in the colonies.

Boston Tea Party

1773; Demonstration by citizens of Massachusetts who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in harbor and dumped hundreds of chests into the harbor as a protest to taxes. News of the Tea Act set off a firestorm of protest in the colonies. This was not a dispute about high taxes; the price of legally imported ____ was actually reduced by the ____ Act. Protesters were instead concerned with a variety of other issues. The familiar "no taxation without representation" argument remained prominent, along with the question of the extent of Parliament's authority in the colonies. Some colonists worried that, by buying the cheaper _____, they would be conceding that Parliament had the right to tax them.

Chisholm v. Georgia

1793; (John Jay's Court) US Supreme Court case which determined that states may be sued in federal courts by citizens of other states and affirmed the subordination of the states to the federal government. Unfavorable reaction to the decision led to adoption of the Eleventh Amendment in 1798, denying federal courts authority in suits by citizens against a state.

Adams-Onís Treaty

1819; aka the Transcontinental, the Florida Purchase, or the Florida ___2___, was an agreement between the US and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the US and defined the boundary between the US and New Spain. It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy. Spain decided to cede the territory to the US through the ___________ in exchange for settling the boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Spanish Texas. The _____ established the boundary of US territory and claims through the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean, in exchange for the US paying residents' claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5,000,000 and relinquishing the US claims on parts of Spanish Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas, under the terms of the Louisiana Purchase. ^^ Terms: ^^ Spain sold its remaining Florida territory to the US and drew the boundary of Mexico to the Pacific. ^^ US ceded its claims to Texas, and Spain kept California and the New Mexico region. ^^ US assumed $5 million in debts owed by Spain to American merchants.

Abolitionism

1830s-1860s; ______ began in the 1830s and firmly divided the anti-slavery North and the pro-slavery South. Not all Northerners agreed on how to end slavery. Some advocated purchasing and transporting slaves to free African states, which had little success. Anti-slavery societies founded ______, and some faced violent opposition. During President Monroe's administration, Congress appropriated money to found a colony on the West coast of Africa. In 1821, the American Colonization Society founded the African nation of Liberia as a free home for African Americans. Few free blacks chose to return voluntarily to Africa. ^^ The movement split into two factions: 1) radical followers and 2) those who petitioned Congress. In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison of Massachusetts began to publish The Liberator, an ______ newspaper. Supporters included the Southern-born sisters Angelina and Sarah Grimke, who wrote and lectured. ________ entered politics through the Liberty Party, calling for non-expansion of slavery into new western territories. The Liberty Party would eventually combine with the larger Free-Soil Party. ^^ A mob sacked the home of Lewis Tappan in New York. Elijah Lovejoy, an editor, was murdered by a mob in Alton, Illinois in 1837. ^^ Former slaves like Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth traveled the nation and the world educating people about their lives as slaves. Important leaders included William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, Robert Finley, David Walker, Wendell Phillips in New England, and Theodore Weld in the West. Groups included the American Colonization Society, American Anti-Slavery Society. Newspapers included the North Star and the Liberator. ^^ In the mid-1800s, a network of reformers, free blacks, and former slaves helped slaves escape to the North or to Canada. The Underground Railroad organized transportation and hiding places for fugitive slaves.

Bank War

1833; political struggle that developed over the issue of re-chartering the ___1____ of the US (BUS) during the presidency of Andrew Jackson (1829-1837). The affair resulted in the destruction of the BUS and its replacement by various state ___1___s. ^^ Anti-___1___ Jacksonian Democrats were mobilized in opposition to the re-authorization (re-chartering) on the grounds that the institution conferred economic privileges on a small group of financial elites, violating Constitutional principles of social equality, interfered in the political process, and was given a charter that violated state sovereignty, posing an implicit threat to Southern agrarian society dependent upon slavery. With the charter due to expire in 1836, the President of the __1___, Nicholas Biddle, in alliance with the National Republicans under senators Henry Clay (KY) and Daniel Webster (MA), decided to make re-chartering a referendum on the legitimacy of the ___1___ in the elections of 1832. Jackson won the confrontation and dismantled the ___1__. Despite economic success following Jackson's vetoes and actions against the __1__, reckless speculation in land and railroads eventually caused the Panic of 1837. Jackson's actions against the __1___ is sometimes cited as a factor in the panic, for it caused western __1__s to relax their standards.

Brook Farm

1841-1847; short-lived utopian experiment in communal living located in West Roxbury, Mass. (now in Boston). It received great public attention because of the celebrities who were associated with it. Among the founders in 1841 were literary figures such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was organized and virtually directed by George Ripley, a former Unitarian minister, editor of The Dial (a critical literary monthly), and a leader in the Transcendental Club, an informal gathering of intellectuals of the Boston area. It was one of many experiments in communal living that took place in the US during the first half of the 19th century; distinguished literary figures and intellectual leaders were associated with it. Hawthorne's Blithedale Romance (1852) is a fictional treatment of some aspects of the utopian setting. ^^ According to the articles of agreement, it was to combine the thinker and the worker, to guarantee the greatest mental freedom, and to prepare a society of liberal, cultivated persons, whose relations with each other would permit a more wholesome and simpler life than could be led amid the pressure of competitive institutions. ^^ The project was financed by the sale of stock, a purchaser of one share automatically becoming a member of the institute, which was governed by a board of directors. The profits, if any, were divided into a number of shares corresponding to the total number of man-days of labor, every member entitled to one share for each day's labor performed. Among the original shareholders were journalist Charles A. Dana and author Nathaniel Hawthorne, who served together as the first directors of agriculture. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Bronson Alcott, Margaret Fuller, Elizabeth Peabody, Theodore Parker, and Orestes A. Brownson were among its interested visitors. ^^ After five years of fair success, especially with the school, the community succumbed to debt.

Anaconda Plan

1861; Civil War strategy planned by Northern General Winfield Scott to crush the Southern rebellion. It called for a naval blockade to shut out European supplies and exports, a campaign to take the Mississippi River and, a targeting of Southern cities in hopes that pro-Unionists would rise up in the South and overthrow the secession. General Scott's ideas were highly criticized. Both the blockade and the taking of the Mississippi were successful.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882; The ________ was the first major law restricting immigration to the US. It was the only legislation passed to limit immigration of any one group of people, and it was passed in response to the _____ who settled in California after building the railroads. It was enacted in response to economic fears, especially on the West Coast, where native-born Americans attributed unemployment and declining wages to ___1___ workers whom they also viewed as racially inferior. The ________, signed into law on May 6, 1882, by President Chester A. Arthur, effectively halted __1__ immigration for ten years and prohibited ______ from becoming US citizens. Through the Geary Act of 1892, the law was extended for another ten years before becoming permanent in 1902. ^^ After the Gold Rush of 1849, the ___1__ were drawn to the West Coast as a center of economic opportunity where, for example, they helped build the first transcontinental railroad by working on the Central Pacific from 1864 to 1869. The _____ foreshadowed the immigration-restriction acts of the 1920s, culminating in the National Origins Act of 1929, which capped overall immigration to the US at 150,000 per year and barred Asian immigration. ^^ The law was repealed by the Magnuson Act in 1943 during World War II, when ___1__ was an ally in the war against imperial Japan. Nevertheless, the 1943 act still allowed only 105 ___1___ immigrants per year, reflecting persisting prejudice against the ____1__ in American immigration policy. It was not until the Immigration Act of 1965, which eliminated previous national-origins policy, that large-scale __1____ immigration to the US was allowed to begin again after a hiatus of over 80 years.

Civil Rights Cases

1883; ^^ Background: In 1883, five cases were brought before the Supreme Court in a group. They were called the _______. All five involved defendants who had refused African Americans access to public venues. Two of the defendants were charged with denying African Americans accommodations at an inn or hotel. A third defendant allegedly denied a seat in Maguire's theatre in San Francisco to an African American, and the fourth defendant was charged with denying a person of unstated race access to the Grand Opera House in New York. The fifth case was Robinson & Wife v. Memphis & Charleston Railroad Company. Robinson sued on the grounds that his wife had been denied access to the ladies' car on a train because of her race. ^^ Constitutional Issue: The question before the Court was whether the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was constitutional. No one disputed that African Americans had been denied access to public venues because of their race. The Supreme Court considered whether Congress had the authority to pass laws preventing such discrimination. The plaintiffs argued that the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments gave Congress the power to prevent individual acts of discrimination. The defendants claimed that Congress had no such power. ^^ Decision: The Court ruled with an 8 to 1 majority that the first and second sections of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 were unconstitutional. The Court ruled that the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments did not give Congress the right to legislate the actions of individuals. The Fourteenth Amendment granted Congress the power to prohibit states from passing laws denying citizens equal protection. However, Congress did not have the power to make its own law prohibiting discrimination and then prosecute individuals who violated that law. By doing so Congress violated the rights of both states and individual citizens. Justice Joseph P. Bradley wrote for the majority. ^^ Results: As a result of this decision, some states passed laws that segregated public venues by race. These were known as Jim Crow laws. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) was one of the first cases to challenge Jim Crow laws. However, African Americans continued to endure legal segregation until the passage of civil rights legislation in the 1960s.

Battle of Wounded Knee

1890; Sioux natives wished to practice a dance that they believed would free their lands, rid them of whites, and lead to prosperity, but this plan frightened white settlers. The federal army believed Chief Sitting Bull was organizing a rebellion, and acting on the settlers' fear and their suspicions, the army captured the chief. In a sudden exchange of gunfire between the tribe and the army, Chief Sitting Bull and others were killed. The remainder of the tribe fled to a camp near _______ Creek. When the army reached this camp, a shot was fired, and in reaction, the army killed two hundred men, women, and children in what is considered the last battle of the Indian Wars.

Chesapeake Affair, The

A naval engagement that occurred off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia, on 22 June 1807, between a British warship HMS Leopard and an American frigate. Leading up to the War of 1812, a major source of outrage among Americans arose from impressment by British. In 1807, Britain reasserted its right to impress US sailors, claiming they were deserters from the British Navy. Between 1803 and 1812, thousands of American sailors were pressed into service by foreign navies. ^^ In this situation, the crew of the British warship pursued, attacked, and boarded the American frigate, looking for deserters from the Royal Navy. The American frigate was caught unprepared and after a short battle involving broadsides received from the Leopard, the commander of the American frigate, James Barron, surrendered his vessel to the British. The American frigate had fired only one shot. ^^ Four crew members were removed from the American vessel and were tried for desertion, one of whom was subsequently hanged. The American frigate was allowed to return home, where James Barron was court martialed and relieved of command. ^^ This created an uproar among Americans. There were strident calls for war with Great Britain, but these quickly subsided. President Thomas Jefferson initially attempted to use this widespread bellicosity to diplomatically threaten the British government into settling the matter. The US Congress backed away from armed conflict when British envoys showed no contrition for the occurrence, delivering proclamations reaffirming impressment. Jefferson's political failure to coerce Great Britain led him toward economic warfare: the Embargo of 1807.

American Crisis, The

A pamphlet series written by Thomas Paine that was originally published mostly in 1776 and 1777 during the American Revolution. It was first published December 19, 1776, and called on everyone to stay in the fight and not give up. The first of the pamphlets was released during a time when the revolution was still viewed as an unsteady prospect. ^^ First lines, December 1776: "These are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman." ^^ The first pamphlet was written on a drum-head by campfire while Paine was accompanying General Washington's forces during the heartbreaking days of the retreat across New Jersey. The Revolution seemed to be lost; the enemy appeared to be invincible, and the morale of soldiers and civilians alike was at its lowest ebb. Something had to be done quickly, Colonel Joseph Reed wrote to Washington about this time, "or we must give up the cause." ^^ Washington shared Reed's opinion. He was planning a surprise attack which would give to American affairs "a more pleasing aspect than they now have." On Christmas eve, 1776, Washington and his decimated forces were rowed across the Delaware to launch a surprise attack upon the slumbering Hessians who were stationed below Trenton. Before the soldiers embarked to battle the floes, a blizzard, and the swift current of the river, they listened, at Washington's command, to a reading of Paine's new pamphlet. The opening words alone-"These are the times that try men's souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of his country; but he that stands it NOW, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman"-inspired the ragged Continentals and played a crucial role in the gaining of the much-needed victory against overwhelming the enemy forces at Trenton. The pamphlet roused the entire continent. Even Paine's bitter enemy, Cheetham admitted that it had a dynamic effect on the Revolutionary cause. "The number," he writes, "was read in the camp, to every corporal's guard, and in the army and out of it had more than the intended effect. The convention of New York, reduced by dispersion, occasioned by alarm, to nine members, was rallied and re-animated. Militiamen who, already tired of the war, were straggling from the army, returned. Hope succeeded to despair, cheerfulness to gloom, and firmness to irresolution."

Black Codes

After the end of the Civil War, as state governments began to function in late 1865 and 1866, most Southern states passed legislation, called ________, to define a new legal status for African Americans as subordinate to whites. Most restricted African Americans from carrying weapons, starting their own businesses, owning land, marrying whites, and traveling without a permit; some also provided for forced labor contracts for vagrants. They had the effect of restoring some aspects of slavery. This was the Southern response to President Johnson's "Presidential Reconstruction, " which was hands-off towards the Southern states. The Southern governments responded to Johnson's leniency by enacting the __________, laws that required African Americans to sign yearly labor contracts and in other ways sought to limit the freedmen's economic options and reestablish plantation discipline. African Americans strongly resisted the implementation of these measures, and they seriously undermined Northern support for Johnson's policies. ^^ In 1867, Congress put the South under the army's control to oversee elections, ensure the rights of freed slaves, and restrict Confederate leaders from gaining power.

Bacon's Rebellion—CAUSES of

Causes of this event include: In 1675, after troubles between settlers and Native Americans, a group of freedmen (former indentured servants) led by ______, protested the lenient Indian policies of Virginia governor William Berkeley. They felt that the governor's policies hurt the lives of freedmen and disrupted the fur trade. Falling tobacco prices, scarcity of land for freed indentured servants, and fears of Indian attack contributed to tensions on the Virginia frontier. Underrepresentation in the colony's legislature added to the unrest and reflected the tensions between Tidewater aristocrats and poorer, politically deprived, frontiersmen, many of whom were former indentured servants.

Anti-draft Riots

In 1863, violent disturbances occurred in Lower Manhattan, widely regarded as the culmination of working-class discontent with passage of the Enrollment Act by Congress that year. Irish laborers protested in New York City and then launched attacks on blacks in the city. This was in response to the fact that individuals were permitted to avoid service by hiring a substitute or paying $300. The _____ remain the largest civil and racially charged insurrection in American history, aside from the Civil War itself. ^^ The official death toll was listed at either 119 or 120 individuals. Conditions in the city were such that Major General John E. Wool, commander of the Department of the East, said on July 16 that, "Martial law ought to be proclaimed, but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it." The military did not reach the city until the second day, by which time the mobs had ransacked or destroyed numerous public buildings, two Protestant churches, the homes of various abolitionists or sympathizers, many black homes, and the Colored Orphan Asylum at 44th Street and Fifth Avenue, which was burned to the ground. The area's demographics changed as a result of this disturbance. Many black residents left Manhattan permanently with many moving to Brooklyn. By 1865, the black population fell below 11,000 for the first time since 1820. ^^ New York's economy was tied to the South; by 1822 nearly half of its exports were cotton shipments. In addition, upstate textile mills processed cotton in manufacturing. New York had such strong business connections to the South that on January 7, 1861, Mayor Fernando Wood, a Democrat, called on the city's Board of Aldermen to "declare the city's independence from Albany and from Washington"; he said it "would have the whole and united support of the Southern States." When the Union entered the war, New York City had many sympathizers with the South.

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the US Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Battle of Bull Run, The First

In July of 1861, the Union Army tried to take Richmond, Virginia, which had become the CSA capital. The Confederate troops met the Union Army at Manassas, Virginia, which was a key railroad junction near ___2__ Creek. Neither side was ready. On July 21, the Union forces crossed the creek and pushed back all of the Rebels, except for the unit led by General Thomas Jackson, who received the nickname "Stonewall" for refusing to move. Under Stonewall Jackson, the Confederate army pushed the Union troops back to Washington, DC.

Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, An

Published by David Walker, an African-American abolitionist, writer and anti-slavery activist. In 1829, while living in Boston, he published _______, a call for black unity and self-help in the fight against oppression and injustice. He warned that, without equality, blacks would rebel; he was also against colonization of blacks to Liberia, Africa, as advocated by Henry Clay's American Colonization Society. The document brought attention to the abuses and inequities of slavery and the role of individuals to act responsibly for racial equality, according to religious and political tenets. At the time, some people were outraged and fearful of the reaction that the pamphlet would have. Many abolitionists thought the views were extreme. He exerted a radicalizing influence on the abolitionist movements of his day and inspired future black leaders and activists. Historians and liberation theologians cite the document as an influential political and social document of the 19th century.

Battle of Fort Necessity—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: At dawn on 4 July 1754, a defeated Washington and his surviving men marched out of the fort, which the French then torched, and returned to Virginia. Embarrassed by the surrender but still proud of his actions, Washington later said, ""I have heard the bullets whistle; and believe me, there is something charming in the sound."

Battle of Cowpens—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: In the American Revolution, this brilliant American victory over a British force on the northern border of South Carolina slowed Lord Cornwallis's campaign to invade North Carolina.

Battle of Gettysburg—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: It was the bloodiest, most decisive battle of the Civil War, and it was the farthest northern advance of the Confederacy. Though General Meade has been criticized for not destroying the enemy by a vigorous pursuit, he had stopped the Confederate invasion and won a critical three-day battle.

Battle of the Bulge—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Battle of Long Island—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: The British were so sure the war would be over soon that they left the defense of New Jersey to the Hessians, a group of German mercenaries, while the British army spent the winter in comfort in New York.

Battle of Antietam

September 1862; armed conflict that offered the North an opportunity to defeat General Lee and shorten the war. Northern General George McClellan had discovered detailed plans for Lee's entire operation but ignored the opportunity because of over-cautiousness. Lee's army was forced to retreat to Virginia after a bloody conflict. McClellan's failure to pursue Lee's army led Lincoln to remove him from command.

Battle of Bunker Hill—RESULTS of

RESULTS of this event include: This conflict led the British to adopt more cautious planning and maneuver execution in future engagements, which was evident in the subsequent New York and New Jersey campaigns, and arguably helped rather than hindered the American forces. Their new approach to battle gave the Americans greater opportunity to retreat if defeat was imminent. The costly engagement also convinced the British of the need to hire substantial numbers of foreign mercenaries to bolster their strength in the face of the new and formidable Continental Army.

Bacon's Rebellion—RESULTS of

Results of this event include: In 1676, Charles II sent troops to secure the colony and put down the rebellion and sent commissioners to investigate the rebellion. Governor Berkeley was recalled to England. A new royal governor was ordered to restrict colonial independence or political autonomy. The planter elite consolidated power and intensified the social inequalities that would characterize 18th century Virginia. The population of African slaves multiplied, while that of white immigrants slowed. Some colonists began to fear indentured servants and turned more to African slaves for labor.

Battle of New Orleans—RESULTS of

Results of this event include: US victory against Great Britain in the War of 1812 and the final major battle of that conflict. Made General Andrew Jackson a national hero. Although occurring after the peace agreement had been signed, ______ gave Americans a sense of victory and speeded ratification of Treaty of Ghent.

Annapolis Convention

Sept 1786; a meeting on commercial problems with the early republic attended by delegates from only five states. Among the leading delegates were Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Dickinson. Hamilton authored a resolution which called for a Philadelphia meeting to be held the next year "to render the constitution of the Federal Government adequate to the (needs) of the Union."

Atlantic Charter

The ______ was a joint declaration released by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on August 14, 1941 following a meeting of the two heads of state in Newfoundland. The ______ provided a broad statement of U.S. and British war aims. ^^ Churchill and Roosevelt met on August 9 and 10, 1941 aboard the U.S.S. Augusta in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, to discuss their respective war aims for the Second World War and to outline a postwar international system. The __2__ they drafted included eight "common principles" that the United States and Great Britain would be committed to supporting in the postwar world. Both countries agreed not to seek territorial expansion; to seek the liberalization of international trade; to establish freedom of the seas, and international labor, economic, and welfare standards. Most importantly, both the United States and Great Britain were committed to supporting the restoration of self-governments for all countries that had been occupied during the war and allowing all peoples to choose their own form of government ^^ While the meeting was successful in drafting these aims, it failed to produce the desired results for either leader. President Roosevelt had hoped that the __2__ might encourage the American people to back U.S. intervention in World War II on behalf of the Allies; however, public opinion remained adamantly opposed to such a policy until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. Churchill's primary goal in attending the Atlantic Conference was "to get the Americans into the war." Barring that, he hoped that the United States would increase its amount of military aid to Great Britain and warn Japan against taking any aggressive actions in the Pacific. ^^ While the ______ of August 1941 was not a binding treaty, it was, nonetheless, significant for several reasons. First, it publicly affirmed the sense of solidarity between the U.S. and Great Britain against Axis aggression. Second, it laid out President Roosevelt's Wilsonian-vision for the postwar world; one that would be characterized by freer exchanges of trade, self-determination, disarmament, and collective security. Finally, the __2__ ultimately did serve as an inspiration for colonial subjects throughout the Third World, from Algeria to Vietnam, as they fought for independence.

Administration of Justice Act

The _______, passed on May 20, 1774, was designed to improve law and order in the province. In doing so, Parliament employed perhaps the most inflammatory and aggressive language found in any of the Intolerable Acts, even though it and the Quartering Act were intended to be temporary (it would be in force for three years). In it, Parliament claimed that the Bostonians had, in fact, attempted "to throw off the authority of the parliament of Great Britain" with "an actual and avowed resistance, by open force." Being allowed to go "uncontrouled and unpunished, in defiance of his Majesty's authority, and to the subversion of all lawful government" led to "the present disordered state" of Massachusetts Bay. ^^ Its terms were drawn to ensure that Massachusetts' malefactors were adequately punished for their criminal and constitutional transgressions by expressly granting to the governor's discretion, with the consent of the council, the option to send anyone accused of a crime to be tried "in some other of his Majesty's colonies, or in Great Britain." Its other provisions laid out the process the removal of such trials would follow.

Common Sense

The first public call for American independence, ______ was a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation. It was published in January 1776 and called for immediate independence from Britain. It was sold throughout the colonies, where it gained popularity; it helped weaken resistance in the Continental Congress toward independence. ^^ "Would there have been an American Revolution, an American war for independence, had Thomas Paine not written his stirring pamphlet __________? Most likely, yes. However, the American Revolution might not have been the kind of republican and democratic struggle it became, and the course of the nation's development would likely have been quite different.... ^^ ....Starting in September 1775, Paine devoted his energies to producing the pamphlet. History beckoned, and he could not afford to hesitate. Determined to reach the broadest possible audience, he held nothing back. He summoned forth his memories of Britain and his affection for America. He drew upon his readings of eighteenth-century liberal and republican political thought- readings that emphasized individual freedom and contended that individuals constitute representative government to protect their rights to life, liberty, and property. Paine articulated those ideas with his understanding of popular, democratic political aspirations. He quoted the Bible, he cited historical examples, and called upon the force of reason itself." - Harvey Kaye.

Boston Port Bill

The only Coercive Act intended solely as a punitive measure, the _______, passed on March 31, 1774, was designed to close ______ Harbor to "the landing and discharging, lading or shipping, of goods, wares, and merchandise," effective June 1, 1774. It also removed all customs officials from _______ to Salem. The preamble claimed the legislation was necessary because "dangerous commotions and insurrections" had been "fomented and raised ... by divers ill-affected persons, to the subversion of his Majesty's government, and to the utter destruction of the publick peace." ^^ The penalty for anyone who wanted to test Parliament's mettle was a fairly mild one, especially when compared with the stridency of the language. There were no criminal penalties, which might have been expected, only the forfeiture of any goods that intrepid captains attempted to land in _____ after the port's closure and tripled the damages assessed on any ______ resident found attempting to ship goods into the city (Clause I). ^^ The port's closure did not exclude all goods from the city. Military stores were exempt, as was "any fuel or victual brought coastwise from any part of the continent of America, for the necessary use and sustenance of the inhabitants of the said town of _______" so long as the ships were furnished with a pass and gave themselves up for search by customs officials for contraband (Clause IV). ^^ The stiffest penalty for an infraction created by any of the Coercive Acts was reserved for any imperial or colonial official who "shall, directly or indirectly, take or receive any bribe or reward" to smuggle goods into the city or who helped someone else evade the Act's terms: A fine of £500 — a substantial sum equal to half the typical annual salary for a royal governor — per offense and permanent disbarment from the offender's post (Clause V). On the other hand, the penalty for attempting to bribe such an official was set at a comparatively mild £50. ^^ The Act also set forth that if the Privy Council determined that "peace and obedience to the laws" were restored in _______, then it had the authority to adjust the act's reach by establishing "open places, quays, and wharfs" within _______ Harbor, free of all commercial restrictions (Clause VIII). But before that could happen, _______ would have to pay the bill for the tea (Clause X).

Common school

The years 1830 until 1872 are known as the "_________ movement" or the "________ period." During this period in history, great changes were made in public education in nearly every state of the union. The goals of the movement were to provide a free education for white children, to train and educate teachers, and to establish state control over public education. As the immigrant population grew in the northern states during this period, _______ was used to "Americanize" all foreigners (Payne). Yet another argument for _______s was from advocates like Horace Mann. Mann believed that education for all meant that society in general would be more productive and prosperous. He once wrote that education "can raise more abundant harvests and multiply the conveniences of domestic life...it can build, transport, manufacture, mine, navigate, fortify....a single new idea is often worth more to an individual than a hundred workmen."

African Americans in South of US in early 19th century

These conditions existed for African Americans in which part of the US during which period: ^^

African Americans in the 13 colonies

These conditions existed for African Americans in which part of the US during which period: ^^

African Americans in North and West of US in early 19th century

These conditions existed for African Americans in which part of the US during which period: ^^ African Americans organized churches and groups. ^^ 200,000 free African Americans lived in these parts of the US, although their lives were restricted by prejudicial laws. ^^ Immigration and new sources of labor for employers threatened the economic security of African Americans in the ____1___.

African Americans in the Revolutionary War

These conditions existed for African Americans in which part of the US during which period: ^^ An estimated 5,000 blacks (mostly New England freemen) served in the army and navy and fought in every major battle. ^^ Fear of possible slave revolts inhibited use of blacks in the South. ^^ The British offered freedom to slaves who fled and joined the British army—perhaps 2,000 did. ^^ Slavery virtually ended in the North during this era. ^^

Articles of Confederation - WEAKNESSES

Which government in US history had these weaknesses: ^^ The structure of government proved to be defective and inadequate. It could not impose taxes or collect tariffs. It could not raise armies. It could not regulate interstate commerce. ^^ The government had diplomatic problems. It could not compel states to repay prewar debts to British citizens and allow Loyalists to recover confiscated property, as provided in the Treaty of Paris. European governments closed off American trade with their colonies, yet British goods flooded the American market. Secretary of Foreign Affairs John Jay negotiated a trade treaty with Spain, but it was blocked by Congress. ^^ The government had financial problems. "Good faith" paper currency had become virtually worthless and was never redeemed, and the government sank deeper into debt. Inflation reached 200% between 1776 and 1783. States imposed their own tariffs on domestic and foreign trade. Foreign trade went through a period of readjustment. ^^ Civil unrest occurred: the Newburgh Conspiracy, the Paxton Boys, and Shay's Rebellion all dramatized the government's apparent inability to maintain domestic peace.

Bleeding Kansas or Bloody Kansas

a series of violent civil confrontations in the US between 1854 and 1861 which emerged from a political and ideological debate over the legality of slavery in a proposed state. The conflict was characterized by years of electoral fraud, raids, assaults, and retributive murders carried out by rival factions of anti-slavery "Free-Staters" and pro-slavery "Border Ruffians" in the territory and neighboring state. At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether the territory would allow or outlaw slavery, and thus enter the Union as a slave state or a free state. ^^ An important Congressional Act of 1854 called for "popular sovereignty" in the territories, requiring that the decision about slavery be made by the territory's settlers (rather than outsiders) and decided by a popular vote. ^^ During the March 1855 territorial elections in __2___, thousands of so-called "Border Ruffians" crossed the border from the slave state of Missouri to vote. In fact, about four times more people voted in the elections than lived there. A pro-slavery local government took control. Antislavery settlers started their own government, creating two governments for one state. In May 1856, the pro-slavery government sent a group to Lawrence, __2___, to arrest the rival government, but they had fled. The pro-slavery group ransacked the city in the "Sack of Lawrence." In response, the passionate abolitionist John Brown led his group in the Pottawatomie Creek Massacre of pro-slavery residents of ___2___. Over the summer, hundreds of people were killed in ____ before federal troops restored order. ^^ It was demonstrative of the gravity of the era's most pressing social issues, from the matter of slavery to the class conflicts emerging on the American frontier. Its severity made national headlines that suggested to the American people that the sectional disputes were unlikely to reach compromise without bloodshed; in that way, many argue that it directly presaged the American Civil War.

Battle of Fort Necessity

also called the Battle of the Great Meadows, (3 July 1754), one of the earliest skirmishes of the French and Indian War and the only battle George Washington ever surrendered. On May 30, 1754, Virginia troops under Washington's command began construction of a circular fort about 53 feet in diameter at Great Meadows. They were unable to defend themselves when French soldiers and Indians attacked it on 3 July 1754. After Washington signed the Articles of Surrender later that night, he and his men were allowed to withdraw the following day. ^^ On the morning of July 4, 1754, Colonel George Washington marched his wounded and battle-weary men out of the flimsy, wooden, palisaded circular defensive structure. Defeated on the field of battle, Washington had little choice but to abandon the aptly named fort in the face of a numerically superior French and Indian force that was determined to deny the British control of the Ohio Valley. Losses: French and Indian, 3 dead, 17 wounded; British, 31 dead, 70 wounded.