US History H Final
Steven Austin
1819 Texas border set US settlers invited into Texas 1830/7000 Stephen Austin was the first to encourage political settlement and start resistance 1835/ 70,000 Starts many problems leading the Mexican- American War
the United States received control of 7
015 square miles of the disputed territory and Britain, 5,012 square miles The Webster-Ashburton Treaty was significant in that it furthered the practice of settling troublesome issues through diplomacy
Sam Houston
1836 Texas Revolt Houston (military)
Andrew Jackson
7th president of the US successfully defended New Orleans from the British in 1815 expanded executive power of the presidency Pro common man Indian removal Voting reform Spoils system Anti BUS Limited government Down in government spending Veto maysville road
Dorothea Dix
A boston humanitarian Advocate of human treatment of the insane Shocked by the abuse in common jails The asylums were to be clean and pleasant places
Gag rule
A regulation or directive that prohibits public discussion of a particular matter, in particular. a regulation preventing the staff of government-funded family-planning clinics from offering patients information about abortion. a US government policy preventing US aid to foreign family-planning organizations unless they agree not to promote or perform abortions.
Trunk Lines
A main line of a railroad, telephone system, or other network
2nd Great Awakening
A moral and individual reform Social reform Revolved around temperance An anti-alcohol
American System
A plan proposed by Henry Clay and the Whig party For economic reform The national government should subsidize roads and canals Foster industry with protective tariffs Maintain a national bank to control credit and currency
William Seward
A rising star of the new generation Gave one of the notable speeches in the Senate about the Compromise of 1850 Expressed the anti slavery position Both slavery and compromise were radically wrong and essentially vicious In reply to Calhoun's arguments for the constitutional protection of slavery in the territories he invoked the law of God in whose sight all persons were equal Instead of legislating the expansion of slavery or the return of fugitive slaves, he said, the country should be considering how to bring slavery peacefully to an end For "you cannot roll back the tide of social progress"
William Lloyd Garrison
Abolitionist Published the first issue of the Liberator in Boston Condemned slavery as not only a social problem or a bad idea but as America's great national sin Demanded immediate emancipation and equal citizenship for African Americans Opposed discrimination as well as slavery Enjoyed the support and influence of northern free blacks
Joseph Smith
After the American Revolutionary era it seemed the republic was plunging into atheism because of the separation of church and state The collapse of established churches though provided new ground for the approach of new democratic sects Loosely organized movements and half-educated preachers were coming about This is when young New Yorker Joseph smith was receiving the visions that lead to mormonism Smith created the Book of Mormon which together with the old and New Testaments became the basis of a new faith
Worcester v. GA
After the passing of the Indian removal act the Cherokees with the help of New England missionaries took their claims of sovereignty to court Court invalidated a Georgia law that attempted to regulate access by U.S. citizens to Cherokee country. Marshall claimed only the federal govt. could do that. He explained that the tribes were sovereign entities in much the same way Georgia was a sovereign entity. In defending the power of the federal government, he was also affirming and explaining the rights of the tribes to remain free from the authority of state governments.
Contraband
Although some commanders returned escaped slaves to their master or prevented them from entering the Union camps Slaves who came within Union lines
Clement Vallandigham
An Ohio politician and leader of the Copperhead faction of anti-war Democrats during the American Civil War He ran for governor of Ohio in 1863 from exile in Canada, but was defeated Peace Democrats Democrats who didn't want to go to war Urged an armistice and peace negotiations to patch together some kind of Union Railed against calls for troops and provoked anti-draft riots Government responded by arresting rioters and anti war activists under the president's suspension of habeas corpus
Lincoln
An anti-slavery whig who had served four terms in the Illinois legislature and one term in congress Lincoln was propelled back into politics by the shock of the Kansas-Nebraska bill Lincoln did not know how to bring slavery to an end He understood that race prejudice was a powerful obstacle to emancipation still her believed that the country must face up to the problem It must stop any further expansion of slavery as the first step on the long road it its ultimate extinction
Frederick Douglass
An escaped slave whose autobiography became a mainstay of abolitionist literature Steering the movement away from legalism of the colonizations and toward personal and emotional appeals Only male delegate in the Seneca falls declaration
Habeas Corpus
An order issued by a judge to law enforcement officers requiring them to bring an arrested person before the court to be charged with a crime so that the accused can have a fair trial The US constitution permits the suspension of this in cases of rebellion or invasion The government can arrest enemy agents, saboteurs, or any individual who might hinder the defense of the country, and hold such individuals without trial Political opponents charged Lincoln with usurping a power possessed only by Congress in order to curb freedom of speech of anti war opponents and political critics guilty of nothing more than speaking out against war
Fort Sumter
An uncompleted but immensely strong bastion on an artificial island in the the channel leading into Charleston Bay
Whig Party
Anti-Jacksons majority advocates of the American System came together to form the new Whig Party
Free soilers
Anti-expansion of slavery Problems of slavery Does not benefit the common person Slaves are taking jobs South is too economically and politically run by slavery
Confederates
Army of the South Majority volunteered for masculinity Defense of country Honor
Noah Webster
Born in CT Educated at Yale Lived 1758-1843 Called "Schoolmaster of the Republic." Wrote reading primers and texts for school use most famous for his dictionary, first published in 1828, which standardized the English language in America. Father of American Scholarship and Education Responsible for the first dictionary
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
By Stephen Douglas Though his motive for it is unknown the most likely reason is that he had a passionate belief in Manifest Destiny and filling up the continent with American settlers and institutions For this Douglass was willing to pay the South's price for support of the Kansas-Nebraska bill But he failed to realize the depth of northern opposition to the "slave power" and the expansion of slavery He had no firm moral convictions about slavery He said that he cared not whether the settlers voted slavery up or down The important thing was to give them a chance to vote Many americans did care regarding the expansion of slavery as a national question And was too important to be left to territorial voters Led to Bleeding Kansas
Filibustering
Central America Could be seen as new territories of US Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua
Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842)
Clearly defined borders were drawn between Maine and New Brunswick, and also in the Great Lakes area
Compromise of 1850
Compromise proposed by Clay to solve all issues at once Admission of TX Slavery in new territories Mexican Cession Oregon Territory Fugitive Slaves Slavery in Washington D.C TX boundaries Resulted in many problems Fugitive slave act was negative in the North Balance of Slave + Free states
James Fenimore Cooper
Prolific and popular american writer of the early 19th century Lived in New York 1789-1851 Significance: first novelist to gain world fame and make New World themes respectable
Rifle Bullet
Could be massed produced cheaply Wounds would often cause amputation
Spoils System
During his campaign Jackson vowed to get rid of "corrupt office holders" A term applied to long-term officeholders who considered their jobs personal property A new rotation of office Jackson was criticized for appointed only old friends and unqualified crooks Jackson filled vacancies down to postmasters in the smallest towns with democrats who had worked for his election
Siege of Petersburg (1864-65)
During the Civil War, Ulysses S. Grant's Army of the Potomac and Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia collide for the last time as the first wave of Union troops attacks Petersburg, a vital Southern rail center 23 miles south of the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia.
Abolitionists
Enrolled blacks, women, and white men who questioned the old rigidities of gender and race Attacked slavery on moral grounds Appeals were unabashedly emotional Speeches, pamphlets, and narratives attacked slavery less for its supposed irrationality as a labor system than for what it did to slaves Slavery crushed the family and the relation between mothers and small children
Fire Eaters
Fire-eaters were southern political ideologies whose uncompromising demands and radical oratory on the subject of slavery and secession played an important part in driving the nation toward disunion in 1860 and 1861 In contrast to the majority of pro-slavery politicians and writers who relied upon tactics of moral suasion to draw northerners into a tacit acceptance of their domestic institution—by pointing out its biblical roots, foundation in natural law, constitutional protection, or strength as a mudsill upon which civilization could rear itself fire-eaters grew increasingly impatient with attempts to coax northerners toward what (to them) seemed both reasonable and necessary. Indeed, the vituperation of fire-eaters' speechifying often reflected a growing hatred of all things Yankee and a determination to separate from the Union to return government and society in their section to the pro-slavery principles of the Founding Fathers
American Colonization Society
Founded in 1816 The rising organization never attacked slavery Just addressed the rapid increase of free blacks Their answer was to colonize free blacks (but not slaves) in Liberia on the West Coast of Africa Said the blacks would continue to suffer from White prejudice and their own deficiencies as long as they stayed in the US If sent to Liberia they would exercise freedom and learn the Christian and republican ways Free Blacks demanded both abolition and equal rights Few sailed to Liberia Saw colonization as not an offer of freedom but an attempt to round up blacks and make them disappear Were largey elite and made male arguments Slavery was economically and socially irrational and dangerous
Wilmot Proviso
Framed the national debate over slavery for the next 15 years Passed by the house Nearly all northern democrats joined northern whigs in the majority while the south voted almost all unanimously against it In the senate greater southern strength defeated the proviso The outcome marked an ominous wrenching of the party division between whigs and democrats into a sectional division between free and slave states A sign that the two-party system might not successfully contain the convulsive question of slavery expansion
Republican Party
Free soilers Know-nothings Ex-whigs Abolitionists No expansion of slavery Transcontinental RR Free land to West Homestead Act Tariffs
Fugitive Slave Act
Fugitive Slaves were slaves who escaped into free states Declaring that it was a federal responsibility to enforce the return of fugitive slaves Southerners demanded a strong national fugitive slave law The constitution required that a slave who escaped into a free state must be returned to his or her owner Slaves owners though could not take their property before any state or federal court proved ownership As the anti-slavery movement gained many officials proved uncooperative Professional slave-catchers sometimes went too far- kidnapping free blacks and selling them into southern bondage Several northern states responded by passing anti kidnapping laws that gave alleged fugitives the right of trial by jury Prescribed criminal penalties for kidnapping US supreme court ruled the anti-kidnapping laws unconstitutional But ruled that obeying the fugitive slave clause was a federal responsibility Absolving the states any need to cooperate in obeying it Nine southern states passed personal liberty laws
Continental Railroad
High cost Support by Whigs Democrats wanted limited government
Transcontinental RR
High cost paid for by the government Whigs Support RR Democrats Limited government
CA Gold Rush
In 1848 workers building a sawmill on the American River near Sacramento discovered flecks of gold in the riverbed Polk's final message to congress confirmed the extraordinary discovery of gold By spring 1849, 100,000 gold-seekers were poised to take off by foot on the overland trail or by ship San Francisco became a boomtown and a new center of Pacific trade Wheat, coffee, sugar, rice, and other commodities from Chile, Australia, China, and Alaska Men and women rushed to California from chile, mexico, peru and more African americans and Miwok indians worked as miners But were quickly pushed aside by land-hungry Anglo- americans Who passed laws that privileged whites and forced the expulsion of Mexicans Many who were American citizens under the Treaty of Guadalupe While only few suffered rich and others raced off to new gold rushes The population increase meant that the political organization o California could not be postponed Miners needed law and order The south feared that immediate admission would bring in two more free states because slavery had not existed under Mexican Law California drew up a constitution and applied to Congress for admission as a free state
Corrupt Bargain
In the election of 1824 between Adams and Jackson Jackson had assumed he won receiving 42% of the popular vote compared to Adams 33% clearly the nations choice But, He only had 99 electoral votes so the election went to the House Henry Clay was eliminated but remained Speaker of the House and had enough support to throw the election to either Jackson or Adams Jackson said that Clay offered support in exchange for the position of Secretary of State When Jackson turned the offer down Clay made the same one to Adams who accepted Adams won the presidency by one vote and appointed Clay as secretary of state
Seneca Falls Declaration (1846)
Included both Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth Nearly all the delegates were white women abolitionists Both as abolitionist and feminist they based their demands for equality not only on legal and moral arguments but also on the spirit of republican institutions The formal document issued by the convention Denounced the repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward woman The central issue was the right to vote Female participation in politics was a direct challenge to a male-ordained women's place Women's Suffrage The central issue was the right to vote Female participation in politics was a direct challenge to a male-ordained women's place
Indian Removal Act (1830)
Indian removal Gold in Georgia Cherokee were blocking western settlement For their own survival, tribes who were pressed by white settlement must assimilate as individuals or remove to the west out of harm's way. Jackson induced Congress in 1830 to pass a bill empowering him to lay off new Indian homelands west of the Mississippi, exchange them for current tribal holdings, purchase the Indians' capital improvements, and pay the costs of their westward transportation Trail of Tears
Bank War
Jackson stated even before the Bank of the US went up for recharter that he was going to veto and not renew the bank Saying if people disagree then they just shouldn't vote for him "Me or the Bank" Jackson thinks that the Bank is too powerful Too political Bank is in the hands of the elites People with less money have no way of getting a loan Money in the east isn't making its way out to the west Proposed that there be no bank and the money would be distributed to a bank appointed by him in each state Pet Banks
John Brown
John Brown had gone out of the public eye after his exploits in Kansas But had intended to carry his war against slavery into the South Like the Old Testament warriors he admired Brown worked up a plan to capture the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, arm slaves with the muskets he seized there and move southward along the Appalachian Mountains, attracting more slaves to his army along the way unit the whole system of bondage collapsed Brown recruited 5 black men and 17 whites, including three of his sons He also had the secret support of six Massachusetts and New York men, who helped fund On the night of October 16, 1959 Brown led his men across the Potomac River and occupied the sleeped town of Harpers ferry without resistance State militia units poured into town and drown Brown's crew into the fire-engine house Robert E Lee stormed into the engine house and captured the surviving members of Brown's party 15 men were killed and not a single slave was liberated The raid lasted 36 hours but the response lasted years Brown and six of his followers were tried and hanged But the raid sent a wave of revulsion and alarm throughout the South Many northerners were impressed with Brown and his eloquence during his trail Considering him a martyr to freedom
General Robert E Lee
Leader of the Army Northern VA Army General On the Defensive for most battles Goal was to Bring war to North Force North to negotiate Foreign recognition And defeat in West
Battle of Antietam (1862)
Lee split his army into five parts Three under Stonewall Jackson's command occupied the heights surrounding the Union at Harpers Ferry Union commander McClellan had luck when his soldiers found Lee's plans With new information McClellan planned to pounce on the separated segments of Lee's army West Maryland Eastern Front Stalemate 1861-63 Confederate victories When McClellan crossed the Antietam Creek to attack the Union forces outnumbered the Confederates Still McClellan believed that the enemy outnumber them and missed several opportunities to defeat the Confederates More than 23,000 casualties between both Armies
Emancipation Proclamation (1863)
Lincoln was unhappy with the Union victory Britain and France decided to withhold diplomatic recognition of the Confederacy Northern Democrats failed to gain control the House in fall elections Supported by Radical Republicans Lincoln portrayed emancipation as an instrument toward saving the Union Exempted the border states, Tennessee, and portions of places already occupied by the Union Lincoln used his power as commander in Chief Confiscate enemy property Did not liberate slaves in areas under confederate control Made northern soldiers an army of liberation Viewed favorably by UK Aid war effort Slaves run away
Gibbons v Ogden
Marshall court broke a state-granted steamship monopoly in New York Harbor The monopoly interfered with federal jurisdiction over interstate commerce Decision empowered the national government in relation to the states
McCullough v Maryland
Maryland nurtures old Jefferson doubts about the constitutionality of the BUS claiming its unfair Tries to tax the banks Baltimore Bank Branch The bank challenged the legislature's right to do so Court decided in favor of the bank "The power to tax, involves the power to destroy" MAKES THE BUS LEGAL NOW THE NATIONAL BANK
Maysville Road Veto
Maysville Road Jackson vetoed a bill that would allow the federal government to purchase stock in the Maysville, Washington, Paris, and Lexington Turnpike Road Company, which had been organized to construct a road linking Lexington to Maysville on the Ohio River the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky.
Army of the Potomac
McDonell McClellan Pope McClellan Burnside Hooker Meade Generals the Army of Potomac went through in 3 years
Missouri Compromise
Missouri added as a slave state If the north admitted MO as a slave state, south agreed to outlaw slavery in territories above 36°30' N Southern border of Missouri Maine added as a non slave state To have even representation in the House (slave v non slave states) Would open Arkansas territory to slavery Ban slavery from the rest of the Louisiana territory
Minstrel Shows
Most popular form of theater Shows were blatantly racist entertainment of working men in northern cities They reinforced racial stereotypes
Anaconda Plan
Naval blockade Cut Mississippi
Santa Anna
New dictator of Mexico Restrict slavery Restrict self gov Concern about control
Stephen Douglas
New generation of politicians From IL (democrat) Proposes Kansas/ NE Act Opens up 2 new territories As a result Whig party splits Democratic party divided New Party formed -> Free Soil Party Kansas becomes a problem Leading to Bleeding Kansas
NYC Draft Riot (1803)
North 1864 Purchase exemption $200 Hire substitute
Transcontinental Railroad Act
North economy modernization Transcontinental Railroad Provided Federal government support for the building of the first transcontinental railroad, which was completed on May 10, 1869 Grant US Union Army general on the Eastern Front Goal was to crush
Minie Ball
Part of Modern Warfare
54' 40' or fight
Polk called for expansion that included Texas, California, and the entire Oregon territory. The northern boundary of Oregon was the latitude line of 54 degrees, 40 minutes. "Fifty-four forty or fight!" was the popular slogan that led Polk to victory against all odds. From 1818 until 1846, the Oregon Country was under "Joint Occupancy" by both Great Britain and the United States, which was scheduled for renewal in 1847. In 1844, James K. Polk was elected president with the slogan "54'40 or fight!"
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Polk sent diplomat Nicholas Trist to negotiate the terms of Mexican surrender Trist worked out the treaty of Authorized to pay Mexico $15 million for California New Mexico and a Texas border on the Rio Grande Polk ordered Trist back to Washington intending to replace him with someone who would exact greater concessions from Mexico Trist ignored the recall and signed the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo on February 2, 1848 Despite anger Polk agreed to submit the treaty to Senate where it passed Opposition came from democrats who wanted more and whigs who wanted none Treaty sheared off half of Mexico and increased the size of the US by 1/4
Personal Liberty Laws
Prohibiting the us of state facilities (courts, jairls, police or sheriff's, and so on) in the recapture of fugitives
Popular Sovereignty
Proposed to let the settlers of each territory decide for themselves whether to permit slavery This solution did not specify at what stage the settlers of a territory could decide on slavery Most northern democrats assumed that a territorial legislature would make that decision as soon as it was organized Most southerners assumed that the decision would not be made until the settlers had drawn up a state constitution Which would normally happen after several years and by this time slavery might well have taken deep enough root to be implanted in the state constitution
Tariff of Abominations
Protective tariffs hurt the south by diminishing exports of cotton and other staples and by raising the price of manufacture goods Jackson passed the Tariff to protect US industry One southern state after another denounced the tariff Leading to the nullification crisis
Specie Circular
Provided that speculators could only buy large parcels of public land with silver and gold coins While settlers could continue to buy farm-sized plots with banknotes Showed familiar themes Jackson favored hard currency over paper Settlers over speculators South and west over the Northeast
American Anti-slavery society
Radical Abolitionism
2nd Great Awakening
Religion helped to define the new middle-class culture Religious Revivals took place in the 1800's Those living through economic changes associated with the market Revolution witnessed the ability of humans to shape their environment As material and social worlds improved faith and human inability made less sense Charles Finney lead the idea into the East People would make themselves and the world better by choosing right over wrong Religion valuing individual holiness over a permanent and sacred social order
Nullification crisis
Rights of the states were stronger than those of the federal government The year before Jackson took office congress passed a bill requiring taxes on imports to protect American industries South Carolina opposed the measure. South Carolina since they had little to no industry, being solely based on agricultural. Import taxes would only raise the price of products the South imported. South Carolina refused to pay Calhoun defended SC in a statement called the Doctrine of Nullification Declaring that the power of the federal government was not supreme supreme power belonged to the states. He said states did not surrender this power when they approved the Constitution. In any dispute between the states and the federal government, he said, the states should decide what is right. Jackson accused South Carolina of Treason and passed the Force Bill. The Force Bill extended Executive power and authorized Jackson to use military force against any state that resisted the protective tariff laws. The Force Bill also rejected the Nullification Doctrine which was the concept that it is within individual states' rights to nullify federal law or to secede from the Union.
Army of Northern VA
Roberts E Lee's Army Stalemate 1861-63 Confederate victories Confederates always on the Defensive
Henry Clay
Senator from Kentucky Supported American system Supported the BUS Tariffs Protect US from UK where they produce things cheaper Need an american textile industry Internal improvements Cnals Roads Railroads
Jefferson Davis
Senator from Mississippi Thought that for the first time we are about permanently to destroy the balance of power between the sections Davis insisted that slave labor was suitable to mining and that slavery should be permitted in California Southerners vowed never to consent to be thus degraded and enslaved by such a monstrous trick and injustice as admission of California as a free state
March to the Sea (1864)
Sherman was the General on the Western Front The strategy was to capture Atlanta Use houses and livestock of the Atlanta residents Defeat of the Confederate armies was not enough to win the war The railroads, factories, and farms that supported those armies must also be destroyed
Bleeding Kansas
Sparked by the Kansas-Nebraska Act Popular sovereignty Majority of settlers -> free (Jayhawks) Support from some abolitionist groups NE bible society Minority slave Aided by Missouri settlers Violence Free slave capital of Lawrence Bombed Anarchy Civil war links 2 state gov't
Crittenden Compromise
Sponsored by Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky A series of proposed constitutional amendments Guarente slavery in the states perpetually against federal interference Prohibit Congress from abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia or any federal property Deny Congress the power to interfere with interstate slave trade Compensate slaveholders who were prevented from recovering fugitive slaves who escaped to the North To protect slavery south of latitude 36' 30'
Border States
States that did not secede from the Union
Ostend Manifesto
The American minister in Madrid Pierre Soule who was from Louisiana His crowning act came in October 1854 at a meeting with the American ministers to Britain and France in Ostend, Belgium He persuaded them to sign the Ostend Manifesto "Cuba is as necessary to the North American Republic as any of its present ... family of states" If spain persisted in refusing to sell then "By every law, human and divine, we shall be justified in wresting it from Spain" This caused an international uproar The administration repudiated the Ostend Manifesto and recalled Soule Nevertheless acquisitions of Cuba remained an objective of the Democratic Party American Filibustering shifted the focus from Cuba to Nicaragua
Greenbacks
The Confederate Army needed a way to pay for the war A majority of it was made by printing press which caused much inflation The Union army sold war bonds, passed taxes, and printing treasury notes This was not raising enough money to fund the war The Legal Tender act of authorizing treasury notes passed in Congress Greenbacks were the origin of modern paper money in the United States Congress created the Greenbacks to avert the crisis First income Act in history started Congress made them legal tender which required everyone to accept them as real money at face value The North economy suffered inflation during the war 80% increase of prices
National Bank Acts (1863-64)
The National Bank Act resulted from the desire of Republicans to resurrect the centralized banking system and create a more stable banknote currency also to finance the war Under the Act, chartered national banks could issue banknotes up to 90 percent of the value of the US bonds they held This provision created a market for the bonds and in combination with the greenbacks replaced the glut of state banknotes with a more uniform national currency National banknotes would be an important form of money for the years to come
Radical Republicans
The Radical Republicans were a wing of the Republican Party organized around an uncompromising opposition to slavery before and during the Civil War and a vigorous campaign to secure rights for freed slaves during Reconstruction.
General George McClellan
Union General Army of the Potomac Always believed that the other side would outnumber them
King Cotton
The economy of 1850's South- king cotton Demand for cotton went up As industrialization in the north advanced Population increase Income increase
Free Blacks
The legal status in an area of the US of blacks who were not slaves Able to hold jobs
Women's separate Sphere
The market revolution had created new towns and cities and transformed the old ones The new "middle class" were the people in the new lands of proprietors made in that transformation City and country merchants Craftsman were now manufacturers Middle class was an intensely private, mother centered domestic life Women were working the household and the men were out bringing the money home The world of politics and economic change was the men's sphere Women were to exercise new kinds of moral influence within the house Households were quieter and less crowded and each kid was getting more attention Middle class women and girls became a huge market for new forms of literature Cookbooks, etiquette manuals, sermons, and novels
Temperance
The movement addressed the churchgoing middle class Redefined alcohol as an addictive drug and warned that even moderate drinkers risked becoming hopeless drunkards Temperance was presented as a contest between self-control and slavery to one's appetites Hoped to stop the creation of new drunkards while the old ones died out Middle class no longer receive, offered, sold, or bought
McCormick
The old Northwest remained predominantly agricultural but the expansion of railroads laid the basis for its industrialization The Northwest urban growth was tripling every other part of the country Chicago became the terminus for 15 rail lines in 1850s where its population grew 375% In 1847 two companies contributed to the rapid growth of agriculture built their plants in Illinois The McCormick reaper worked to help farmers harvest grain
Manifest Destiny
To overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which Province has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida, and parts of Alabama and Mississippi Only Iowa has been admitted as a free state The expansion of slavery had become an explosive issue It first arose with the annexation of Texas Which provoked the war with Mexico An ugly effort to expand slavery This new race of Asian people will sue their intellectual abilities along with the whites to expand and replenish the nation Expansion too specific Historical Future Racial hierarchy White race superior Destined to happen (God + Superiority ) Spread of civilization
Eli Whitney
U.S.-born inventor Eli Whitney (1765-1825) patented the cotton gin, a machine that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber. ... For his work, he is credited as a pioneer of American manufacturing. Most important for developing the concept of mass production of interchangeable parts This revolutionary concept began with the manufacture of firearms and spread to many other products
Sherman
US Union Army General on the Western Front Lead the March to Sea in Atlanta
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
United States paid Spain $5 million for Florida, Spain recognized America's claims to the Oregon Country, and the United States recognizes the Texas Border Established western boundary for US and prevented Seminoles from invading Georgia significance: Settled disputes between the United States and Spain for territorial rights within the New World which included several U.S. states The treaty created a more unified country The events surrounding the Adams Onis Treaty emphasized the intense dislike of American citizens to Europeans interfering with their affairs and encroaching on their lands. "America for Americans" was the nationalist cry
Filibustering
Used to describe several groups that invaded or attempted to invade various Latin American areas to attempt to add them to the slaveholding region of the United States The word means freebooter or pirate Armed groups organize in US and invade Attacks occured on Cuba Cuban planters under the spanish rule were intrigued with american expansionists and hoped to form an uprising on the island The leader Lopez recruited serval american adventurers for his filibustering expedition against Cuba
Ironclads
Used to sink the blockade ships The idea of Iron armor for warships was not new British and French used Ironclads Confederacy built the first prototype Sank war ships with its Iron ram and guns
Monroe Doctrine
When Spanish colonies in the Americas declared their independence Both America and the British were opposed to helping Spain or in Britains case annexing the territory for themselves Britain opposed a joint statement outlawing the interference of any outside power in Latin America Adams though it better that the US make its own policy Declared American opposition to any European attempt at colonization in the New world without denying the right of the US to annex the New territory Adams announced that the US was determined to become the preeminent power in the Western Hemisphere
Horace Mann
Whig politician dedicated to the reform of public education Education should be free and universal and available to everyone
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Wife of abolitionist Henry B. Stanton An attendee at the London convention of 1840 A lukewarm abolitionist But the argument over women in the movement drove her into full-time feminism Organized the Seneca Falls Declaration along with other feminists
Dred Scott Decision
Worked for a man who kept him at military posts in Illinois and in Wisconsin territory for several years before taking him back to Missouri after the owners death Scott sued for his freedom on the ground of his prolonged stay in the Wisconsin Territory where slavery had been outlawed by the Missouri Compromise The case worked its way up fro the Missouri courts through a federal circuit court to the US Supreme Court There is attracted attention as a test case of Congress's power to prohibit slavery in the territories Slave is not a citizen-> property Federal government has no right to reject slavery Overthrows the Missouri Compromise
Confiscation Act (1862)
authorized the confiscation of any Confederate property by Union forces ("property" included slaves)
Panic of 1837
symptom of financial sickness Causes: Speculation (get rich quick), Jacksonian Finance (bank war, specie circular), Wheat failure (prices high, NYC mobs)
Hudson Valley School
the first coherent school of American art active from 1825 to 1870
