US History II Mid Term Review (Grubb)

Woodrow Wilson

1. He was the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. 2. Led America through World War 1 3. Crafted the Versailles Treaty's "Fourteen Points", which was creating a League of Nation to create peace. 4. On January 1918, Wilson publicly endorsed a women's right to vote. 5. Wilson appointed a number of Democrats to his Cabinet and later created the "Jim Crow"

W.E.B. DuBois

1. He was the first black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard. 2. One of the NAACP founders in 1909. 3. He played a role in stopping racism in United states. 4. Started the Niagara Movement in 1905.

Babe Ruth

1. "Home Run King" in baseball, provided an idol for young people and a figurehead for America 2. He was a famous baseball player who played for the Yankees. He helped developed a rising popularity for professional sports.

Capitalists vs. Workers

1. American Capitalists built corporations, industries, banking and financial organizations, transportation, and communication without government consent 2. Social problems and rights of the workers were overlooked 3. There was an elevating disagreement about wage levels and labor between capitalist and workers 4. During the Progressive Era, social reforms brought improvement in health care, education, and law 5. Capitalists were associated with economic power and wealth

Native Americans on the Plains

1. 1860: Native Americans numbered about 360,000 - Stood in the path of white pioneers Clash between an acquisitive, industrializing nation and the Indians' lifeways Migration and conflict even before the whites began to arrive White soldiers and settlers exacerbated already fierce enmities among the Indians - ultimately undermined the foundations of Native American culture 2. White intruders spread cholera, typhoid, and smallpox - Put pressure on shrinking bison population by hunting and by grazing their own livestock Warfare intensified among the Plains tribes for ever-scarcer hunting grounds 1851: Federal government tried to sign treaties with various "chiefs" Treaties made way for the reservation system White treaty makers misunderstood both Indian government and Indian society 3. In the 1860s, the government tried to herd the Plains Indians into confines -Indians would be left alone and provided with food, clothing, and other supplies Promises often violated by corrupt federal agents - For more than a decade after the Civil War, fierce warfare between Indians and the U.S. Army raged in various parts of the West 4. The Buffalo Hunt - once a common sight on the Great Plains

Transcontinental Railroad

1. 1862- Congress authorizes transcontinental railroad by advancing loans 2. May 10, 1869 - The Union Pacific (East) and the Central Pacific (West) railroads link at Promontory Point, Utah Railroads touch countless phases of American life: Nation became physically bound together 3. Railroads emerged as the nation's biggest business Railroads network spurred the amazing economic growth of the post-Civil War years Railroads made the U.S. the largest integrated national market in the world Stimulated mining and agriculture by carrying food and raw materials Stimulated immigration stream Land impacted: settlers plowed tallgrass prairie, range-fed cattle displaced the buffalo, pine forests disappeared intolumber Nov. 18, 1883 - the major rail line decreed the continent would be divided into 4 "time zones" Railroads the maker of millionaires such as Cornelius Vanderbilt who was an eastern railroad magnate 4. Wrongdoings in Railroad: Railroaders bought and sold people in public life Bribed judges and legislatures; elected own agents to high office Showered free passes on journalists and politicians for favorable treatment 5. 1887 - Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act (Railroads regulated by federal government and not the states) Prohibited rebates and pools Required railroads publish their rates Set up Interstate Commerce Commision(ICC)

Thomas Edison

1. 1887 Photograph 2. 1879 Electric Light Bulb 3. 1888 Motion picture camera 4. Railroad which was cut in half 5. The North wanted a civil war because they had railroads to move things.

Herbert Hoover

1. 31st President of the United States, from 1929-1933, during the Great Depression. 2. He was an American engineer and businessman 3. He achieved international success as a mining engineer and worldwide gratitude. 4. When he was the Secretary of Commerce in the 1920's, he introduced themes of efficiency in the business community and provided government support for standardization, efficiency, and international trade

J.P. Morgan

1. A Banker 2. Bought Carnegie steel and renamed it U.S Steel 3. A Philanthropist 4. Funded WWI: was payed back 5. 1 of the Robber Barons 6. J.P. Morgan became one of the wealthiest and most powerful businessmen in the world through his founding of private banks and industrial consolidation in the late 1800s

The Anti-Imperialist League

1. A diverse group formed to protest American colonial oversight in the Philippines. 2. Included university presidents, industrialists, clergymen and labor leaders 3. Strongest in the Northeast, was the largest lobbying organization on a U.S foreign-policy issue up to that time 4. Declined in strength after the U.S signed the Treaty of Paris & especially after hostilities broke out between Filipino nationalists & American forces

Langston Hughes

1. A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance. 2. Wrote "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People" 3.Langston was a gifted writer who promoted black culture after the war. 4. He was one of the writers who led the Harlem Renaissance with writers like Claude McKay, Zora Hurston and other jazz artists. 5. Langston and others encouraged their black culture and promoted a "New Negro" to press equality and full citizenship for blacks to be equal to whites

Prohibition

1. A nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages. 2. In 1917 President Woodrow Wilson implemented a temporary wartime prohibition in order to save grain for producing food. 3. Ratified in the 18th amendment in 1919 went into effect in 1920. 4. Effects of prohibition were; increase of illegal production, rapid increase of speakeasies, rise in gang violence and other crimes 5. FDR ended prohibition after beating President Herbert Hoover.

Lynching

1. A record number of African Americans were lynched during the 1890s, most often for the "crime" or asserting themselves as equals. 2. During the 1890s more severe Jim crow laws designed to enforce racial segregation in public place were created and were backed up by atrocious lynchings and other forms of intimidation. 3. Black women, inspired by journalist and teacher Ida B. Wells, mounted a nationwide anti lynching crusade in the 1890s. 4.The lynching of eleven Italians in New Orleans in 1891 brought America and Italy to the brink of war, until the United States agreed to pay compensation.

Marcus Garvey

1. African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association 2. advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa 3. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927 after convicted of alleged mail fraud 4. Helped followers to northern cities gain self confidence & self reliance 5. His example proved important to the later founding of the Black Muslim movement 6. Incorporated the Black Star Line in 1919 7. He offered stock for African Americans to buy 8. Created Jamaica's first modern political party called the People's Political Party (PPP) 9. Was a leader of a mass movement called Pan-Africanism

Margaret Sanger

1. American Birth Control Activist 2. Opened first birth control clinic in 1916 in New York City 3. Formed the National Committee on Federal Legislation for Birth Control for legalization for birth control in 1929 4. Organized the Birth Control Federation of America, later called Planned Parenthood Federation of America in 1942

The Battleship of Maine

1. American battleship dispatched to keep a "friendly" watch over Cuba in early 1898 2. Mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898 with a loss of 260 sailors 3. Evidence confirmed that the explosion was accidental, resulting from combustion in one of the ship's internal coal bunkers. 4. Many Americans insisted that is was the fault of a Spanish submarine mine, eager for war 5. Newspapers such as "New York Journal" gave the story a lot of coverage and headline appearances, causing an up storm.

American Imperialism

1. American imperialism started after in 1890s 2. caused by 4 factors: economic, political, geographic, and cultural 3. the goal was to increase trade, improve military power, and gain cultural superiority 4. yellow journalism was used to rally American support 5. President McKinley, Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson were all president that were involved in the American Imperialism 6. US won Cuber after the Spanish lost the Spanish-American War

Causes of WWI

1. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 2.Militarism-"Arms Race" Countries trying to build their armies. 3. Mutual Defense Alliances 4.Nationalism & Imperialism 5. Balkan wars

Battle of Wounded Knee

1. Battle between the U.S Army & the Dakota Sioux in 1890 2. 200 native Americans & 29 U.S soliders died 3. Tensions erupted violently over two major issues: the Sioux practice of the "Ghost Dance" which the U.S government outlawed & the dispute over whether Sioux reservation land would be broken up because of the Dawes Act

Williams McKinley

1. Became the 25th president of the United States in 1897 2. McKinley led the nation to victory in the Spanish-American War 3. Maintained the nation on the gold standard in a rejection of free silver 4. Assassinated on September 6, 1901 by a anarchist in Buffalo, New York

The Great Depression

1. Began on October 24, 1929 when 16 million shares of stock were quickly sold by panicking investors who had lost faith in the American economy. 2. The crash on Wall Street is believed to be a major cause of the Great Depression. 3. Herbert Hoover was the president when the Great Depression began. He made the mistake in 1930 of telling Americans that the worst was over. 4. The worst market crash occurred on a Tuesday, and that day earned the nickname Black Tuesday. 5. The unemployment rate between 1933 and 1934 was one in four people (25%). It would not fall below 10% until the Second World War began.

Booker T. Washington

1. Black leader and former slave 2. Champion of black education 3. In 1881 was head of the black normal and industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama beginning with 40 students.

Muckrakers

1. Bright young reporters at the turn of the twentieth century who won this unfavorable moniker from Theodore Roosevelt 2. Boosted the circulation of their magazines by writing exposes of widespread corruption in American society 3. Subjects included business manipulation of government, white slavers, child labor, and the illegal deeds of the trusts 4. These reporters helped spur the passage of reform legislation

RMS Lusitania

1. British passenger liner that sank after it was torpedoed by Germany on May 7, 1915 2. Ended the lives of 1,198 people, including 128 Americans and pushed the U.S closer to war 3. Carried 4200 cases of small-arms ammunition

Harlem Renaissance

1. Creative outpouring among African American writers, jazz musicians & social thinkers 2. Centered around Harlem in the 1920s 3. Celebrated black culture & advocated for a "New Negro" in American social, political & intellectual life

Urbanization

1. Culture Shock: a condition of disorientation affecting someone who is suddenly exposed to an unfamiliar culture or way of life or set of attitudes 2. Melting Pot: the mixing of cultures, ideas, and peoples that has changed the American nation. The United States, with its history of immigration, has often been called a melting pot. 3. Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. 4. Settlement House: a house where immigrants came to live upon entering the U.S. At Settlement Houses, instruction was given in English and how to get a job, among other things. 5. Negative Effects: Housing tenements, unsafe drinking water, sewage and garbage, increase in crime, and transportation.

Spanish Influenza Epidemic

1. Deadly flu virus that killed more people than WWI

William H. Taft

1. Elected President in 1908 Served from 1909-1913 was appointed by Teddy Roosevelt and followed his policies 2. President Harding elected him as the tenth Chief of Justice of the Supreme Court 3. Was the only person to have held both offices

Henry Ford

1. Founder of the Ford Motor Company 2. Invented the assembly-line system for the manufacturing and mass production of vehicles 3. Developer of the Model T Car 4. Creator of the automotive industry with Ransom E. Olds 5. Henry Ford's legacy occurred during the Roaring 20's

Unrestriced Submarine Warfare

1. German U-Boats sink ships without warning. Ex: Lusitania, British passenger traveling from NY to London was torpedoed killing 1198 people (128 Americans) 2. This brought the US into the war.

Charles Lindbergh

1. He was a skillful pilot that worked as a mail pilot, delivering mail from St Louis to Chicago. 2. He enrolled in a contest to win $25,000. He piloted his single engine plane named, "Spirit of St Louis" across the Atlantic Ocean. 3. At the age of 25, Charles Lindenbergh was the first solo pilot to fly across the Atlantic Ocean from New York Island to Paris, France. It took him a grueling 33 hours and 39 minutes. In 1964 he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in the autobiography / Biography category. 4. "Lucky Lindy's" achievement popularized flying, giving a boost to the infant aviation industry. 5. This achievement, further setback the railroad industry through the loss of passengers and mail. It also, introduced the weaponization of airplanes, that resulted in air raids and the destruction of cities

Theodore Roosevelt

1. He was the 26th U.S. president from 1901-1909. 2. He was born sickly with debilitating asthma but overcame it to become a symbol of masculinity and the cowboy persona. 3. During his presidency, he formed the national parks, with an eye on conservation. 4. Supported the rebellion in Panama in order to get approval to build the Panama Canal. 5. Roosevelt's speech coined the term muckraker in reference to journalists.

Ida B. Wells

1. Ida B. Wells was a teacher and journalist that motivated black women to start a nation wide antilynching movement. 2. Since the National American Woman Suffrage Association excluded blacks Ida helped black women independently create their own crusade. 3. She helped launch the black women's club movement which later established the National Association of Colored Women in 1896.

New Immigrants

1. Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe fro 1880s until 1924 in an attempt to escape poverty and pursue opportunity 2. Congregated in ethnic urban neighborhoods 3. Consisted of italians, greeks, Jews, & more 4. Clustered in cities like New York and Chicago 5. Struggled to preserve their traditional cultures

The Square Deal

1. In 1902 Roosevelt demanded this for capital, labor, and the public at large 2. Program embraced three C's: control of the corporations, consumer protection & conservation of natural resources 3. Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers 4. Roosevelt's promise for fair treatment for all 5. Program used to take action in the 1902 coal mine strike of 1902 (miners stopped working demanding a 20% pay increase and reduction of work day to 9 hours. 6. Congress created the Department of Commerce and Labor in 1903

Organized Crime

1. In the gang wars of the 1920s in Chicago, about 500 mobsters were murdered 2.In 1925, "Scarface" Al capone, a grasping and murderous booze distributor, began six years of gang warfarethat netted him millions. he was finally sent to jail in 1932 for income tax evasion 3. Gangsters rapidly moved to other profitable and illicit activites, prostitution, gambling, narcotics. 4. Racketeers are people who obtained money illegally by fraud, bootlegging,gambling, or threats of violence. 5. Racketeers invaded the ranks of labor during the 1920s.

Warren G. Harding

1. Inaugurated as president in 1921. 2. Harding only looked presidential and appointed to his cabinet strong and capable Republicans. 3. Harding died of pneumonia and thrombosis. He was "simply not a strong enough man for presidency".

Panama Canal

1. Increase naval/military mobility 2. gave commercial goods a shorter route to transport cargo rather than sailing around south america 3. improved international relations 4. allowed for larger cargo ships to sail through; improved delays

The "Jim Crow South"

1. Jim Crow Law kept the black citizens socially insulated from the white citizens, economically inferior, and politically powerless. 2. Black citizens were forced to attend separate schools from the white citizens and were compelled to use separate public toliets, water fountains, restaurants, and waiting rooms. 3.)Trains and buses had white only and colored only seating. 4. Only 20% of eligible southern blacks were registered to vote, and fewer than 5% were registered to vote in Deep South states like Mississippi and Alabama. 5. Unreasonable arrest were made to the black community, as well as lynchings and murders on black families by white men that faced no court trial.

Standard Oil

1. John D. Rockefeller's company, formed in 1870 2. Symbolized the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age 3. Controlled 95% of the oil refineries in US by 1877 4. One of the first multinational corporations and at times distributed more than half of its kerosene production outside the US 5. Became a target for trust-busting reformers & in 1911 Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies

The People's Party

1. Known as the populists 2. Originated out of the Farmer's Alliances in the early 1890s 3. Attacked Wall Street & the "money trust" 4. Called for nationalizing the railroads, telephones, and telegraph; instituting a graduated income tax 5. Wanted the free & unlimited coinage of Silver 6. Chose General James B. Weaver as their presidential candidate in 1892 7. One of the few third parties in U.S. History to break into the electoral column

Stock Market Crash 1929

1. Led to the Great Depression which was the longest lasting economic downturn in history up to that point. 2. Happened on October 29. 1929. 3. Production had declined and unemployment has risen, leaving stocks in great excess of their real value. 4. Bank loans were unable to be liquidated. 5. Banks had completely ran out of money making people who stored money in the banks or in their investments, unable to liquidate their own money.

Sharecropping & Tenant Farming

1. Many blacks were forced into this 2. Conditions were no better than slavery 3. Where blacks & white farmers rented land & residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop 4. Dominant form of southern agriculture after the Civil War 5. Landowners manipulate this system to keep tenant in perpetual debt & unable to leave their plantations

American Federation of Labor

1. National federation of trade unions that included only skilled workers 2. Founded in 1886 and led by Samuel Gompers for nearly four decades 3. Sought to negotiate with employers for a better kind of capitalism that rewarded workers fairly with better wages, hours and conditions 4. Membership was predominantly white and male 5. Ignored unskilled workers, women and blacks

Annexation of Hawaii

1. New England missionaries arrive in Hawaii in 1820 2. America claimed Hawaii as their ally by signing a commercial reciprocity agreement as well as a treaty with the native Hawaiian government guaranteeing naval-base rights at Pearl Harbor in 1875 and 1887, respectively 3. McKinley Tariff put obstacles into place against the sugar cane cultivation in 1890, causing white planter Americans to conclude that Hawaii needed to be annexed into the USA to overcome tariff 4. Queen Liliuokalani disagreed/blocked this thought so planters organized a revolt in 1893 with the help of American soldiers President Cleveland felt pressured by the public to annex Hawaii, but refused to do so out of respect for Queen Liliuokalani and her citizens 5. American soldiers captured Manila in 1898, causing American's to agree that Hawaii was needed as a middle-station to send supplies to Admiral Dewey. A joint agreement of annexation was made and approved in July 1898 Residents of Hawaii were granted U.S. citizenship and full territorial status in 1900

Industrialization

1. New innovations & inventions such as the steam engine, cotton gin, telegraph, etc. changed society 2. Caused a major shift in lifestyle (agricultural work to factory jobs) 3. Allowed for easier access to movement across places, such as from rural areas to more urban cities 4. Mass production of goods led to increased efficiency 5. Poor working & living conditions for workers

General John J. Pershing

1. Nicknamed "Black Jack" from service with the African-American Tenth Cavalry. 2. Served in the Spanish- and Philippine-American wars. 3. Tasked to stop Pancho Villas and his bandits. While he made progress in diluting Villa's band, he never captured Villa himself. 4. Selected to command American troops being sent to Europe during WWI 5. Rejected the idea of using Americans as replacements in French and British armies. Instead, was assigned a front and led the Meuse-Argonne offensive.

The Battle of Little Bighorn

1. Occurred in two days, June 25th and 26th of 1876. 2. Also remembered as "Custer's Last Stand." 3. Combined forces of 2,500 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians defeated and killed 250 U.S. Soldiers. 4. Occurred when the U.S. Government tried to compel Native Americans to remain on reservations.

The Indian Wars

1. Often savage clashes 2. Aggressive white shot the innocent, women were shot praying for mercy, children had their brains dashed out & braves were tortured

Progressivism

1. Progressives sought to modernize American institutions to achieve two chief goals: to use the state to curb monopoly power and to improve the common person's conditions of life and labor. 2. Progressives favored for the initiative; voters could directly propose legislation themselves 3. Progressives agitated for the referendum; would give the people the right to reject laws pushed through compliant legislatures 4. Recall - a progressive ballot procedure enabling voters to remove elected officials from office 5. Women proved themselves an indispensable part of the progressive army

American involvement in WWI

1. Provided food and other supplies to both sides until British blockade prevented trade with Germany 2. U.S. demanded Germans to cease submarine warfare with unarmed ships without warning after the sinking of the Lusitania and Arabic 3. U.S. broke diplomatic ties with Germany following breach of the Sussex pledge- a precursor to declaring war 4. Supplied the much-needed manpower to relieve the worn out Allied troops 5. Fought two major battles- the St. Mihiel and the Meuse-Argonne offensive which forced the Germans to see the prospect of U.S. reserves that ultimately caused their surrender

The Scopes Trail

1. Referred to as the "Monkey Trial" 2. Scopes was a highschool biology teacher 3. indicted for teaching evolution 4. William Bryan Jennings joined the prosecution, made to feel a fool by Clarence Darrow 5. Scopes was found guilty and was to pay a $100 fine, fine was set aside due to a technicality

Jacob Riis

1. Riis was a journalist and photographer, who used his photography to expose the lives of individuals that lived in inhumane conditions. 2. One notable victories in his career was the demolition of Mulberry Bend, the worst tenement block in New York city 3. Riis was most known for writing "How the Other Half Lives: The Tenements of New York" which included many photos regarding the slums and the inhumane living conditions. 4. Changes that were made due to Riis includes getting the NYC police commissioner to close lodging houses and for New York City to establish building codes to promote safety and health 5. Riis was known as the "Emancipator of the Slums"

The Zimmerman Telegram

1. Secret proposal by German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman for a German-Mexican alliance against the U.S 2. When the note was intercepted & published in March 1917, it caused an uproar that made some Americans more willing to enter the war

Ku Klux Klan

1. Six confederate veterans from Pulanski, TN created the original Ku Klux Klan on December 24, 1865 2. Ku Klux Klan is commonly called the KKK or simply the Klan, refers to three distinct secret movements at different points in time in the history of the United States. 3. KKK used terrorism both physical assault and murder, against groups or individuals whom they opposed. All three movements have called for the "purification" of American society. 4. Former Union General and Congressman Benjamin Franklin Butler of Massachusetts introduced the Civil Rights Act of 1871 (Ku Klux Klan Act) 5. The Ku Klux Klan Act and the Enforcement Act of 1870 were used by the federal government to enforce the civil rights provisions for individuals under the constitution.

Speakeasies & Bootlegging

1. Speakeasie is a bar where people bought illegal alcohol 2. Bootleggers were the smugglers of illegal alcohol during the Prohibition era 3. Between the years of 1920, when the 18th Amendment to the Constitution was passed, and 1933, when the 21st Amendment repealed the restriction, it was illegal to sell, transport or manufacture "intoxicating" beverages for consumption in the United States. 4. Both bootleggers and speakeasies were products of Prohibition

The Roaring 20's

1. Started after World War 1 ended. 2. Mass production of technology, automobiles, and radios were developed at low prices. 3. Nineteenth amendment was ratified in 1920, which led to women being more independent and wearing shorter skirts. 4. Many of the brand-name foods we enjoy today originated during the 1920s, such as Wonder Bread, Baby Ruth Candy Bars, Yoo-Hoo Chocolate Drink, Kool-Aid, Welch's Grape Jelly, Reese's Peanut Butter Cups, etc. 5. Also known as the Jazz Age because of the strong influence of jazz music during this era.

The Bonus Army

1. The Bonus Army was made of about 20,000 veterans that converged on the capital to demand payment of their entire bonuses from WWI. 2. The Bonus Army set unsanitary public camps on vacant lots in the capital referred to as a gigantic "Hooverville". 3. There were riots that cost at least two lives due to the Bonus Army's protest. 4. President Hoover ordered the army to evacuate the remaining members of the Bonus Army. 5. General Douglas MacArthur carried out the eviction with Bayonets and tear gas in what was named the "Battle of Anacostia Flats". A "bonus baby" allegedly died from tear gas exposure ruing the routing

The Dust Bowl

1. The Dust Bowl, also known as "the Dirty Thirties," started in 1930 and lasted for about a decade. 2. The core of the Dust Bowl was located in Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Nebraska and New Mexico. 3. By 1935 the Dust bowl covered 100 million acres. 4. More than 300,000 people moved to California during the Dust Bowl to start over because of the damage to land caused by the Dust Bowl. 5. The Dust Bowl is considered to be one of the worst ecological disasters caused by humans in history.

The Election of 1912

1. The Election of 1912 was the 32nd presidential election in the United States. 2. Because Republicans were unhappy with the candidate, they decided to split the party and create the progressive party, which is why the election is unique. 3. Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson won the election, overthrowing Republican William Taft and former president Theodore Roosevelt. 4. The main reason Wilson won was because of the split of the Republican party, otherwise he wouldn't have reached victory so easily. 5. If the Republican party would not have split, the election would have ended up with a very different result.

FDR's "Hundred Days"

1. The First Hundred Days: The term while FDR was taking office. By the end of the 100 days FDR had managed to get Congress to pass an unprecedented amount of new legislation that would revolutionize the role of the federal government from that point on. 2. Fireside Chats: Broadcasts on the radio by Franklin Roosevelt addressed directly to the American people that made many Americans feel that he personally cared about them. 3. Agricultural Adjustment Act: Established by the Agricultural Act of 1932, a new deal Bureau designed to restore economic position of farmers by paying them NOT to farm goods that were being overproduced. 4. Bank Holidays: When Franklin D. Roosevelt closed the banks from March 6 to March 10 to keep depositors from bankrupting the banking system by withdrawing all their money. 5. Economy Act: This act passed March 20th of 1933 gave FDR the power to cut government workers' salaries and reduce payments to military veterans for non-service-connected disabilities as well as having the ability to reorganize federal agencies in the interest of reducing expenses.

The New Deal

1. The New Deal was geared to restore prosperity to Americans. 2. It was a series of programs and projects put in place during the Great Depression. 3. President Roosevelt put this in place. 4. It is expressed in 3 words: relief, recovery, and reform. 5. An example of a program was Works Progress Administration (WPA).

The Spanish-American War

1. The Spanish-American War broke out in 1898 and only lasted for six weeks. As a result for the United States victory, U.S acquired Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. 2. In 1895, Cubans began to rebel against Spain. As a consequence, Spain put many Cubans into concentration camps where many were killed by diseases. 3.Because the U.S had assets/people in Cuba in addition to hearing about the poor treatment of the Cubans, the U.S sent the USS Main for protection. However, the USS Main exploded and as a result, the Americans declared war against the Spanish on April 11, 1898. 4. President William McKinley signed to annex Hawaii in fear that Japan might attempt to take it over because of the Spanish-American War happening at the time. 5. The Treaty of Paris concluded the war in 1898. Spain agreed to let go of Cuba and yield Guam and Puerto Rico to America. Additionally, the United States paid Spain $20 million for the Phillipines.

The Philippine-American War

1. The conflict that arose when the US tried to annex this Pacific Island chain 2. America deployed some 126,000 troops ten thousands miles away 3. "Race War" in which both sides perpetrated sordid atrocities

The Great Migration

1. The movement of 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the urban North & West in two major waves. 2. A northward trek that would eventually grow to massive proportions 3. From World War I until the onset of the Great Depression, brought more than 1.5 million migrants to northern cities 4. From 1940 to 1970 another 5 million left the South pushed off the land by the mechanization of cotton farming & lured north & west by hopes for greater economic opportunity & more equitable political participation 5. After 1970 African Americans went back to the South, as new jobs became more plentiful than in the older industrial cities of the North & racial relations improved in the South

Knights of Labor

1. They were the second national labor organization organized in 1869. 2. Started as a secret society and opened to public in 1881. 3. Organized workers regardless of skill level, gender and race. 4. Their membership declined for reasons such as participation in violent strikes. 5.Associated with the Haymarket square episode.

The Treaty of Versailles

1. This treaty was signed once World War I ended between Germany and the Allies which means it was signed on June 28, 1919. 2. The treaty terms were extremely harsh towards Germany who had taken full responsibility of the war which included territorial and military changes. 3. It was ultimately a peace treaty between the six nations, France, Germany, Britain, Austria- Hungary, Japan, and the United States. 4. The French made the treaty unfavorable for the Germans causing them to reduce there armed forces for 6 million to 100,000 men, and made them get rid of there submarines, military aircraft,and most of there artillery, like there cannons.

Court Packing Plan

1. This was a legislative initiative proposed by President Franklin in which it added more justices to the Supreme Court. 2. It allowed the Supreme Court to hold up to 15 judges. 3. It was put in effect to create more efficiency. 4. Many critics stated that Roosevelt was trying to pack the courts to neutralize Supreme Court justices to his new deal.

Jazz

1. Usually associated with sophistication 2. Was created in New Orleans Louisiana in the late 1800's but became popular in 1920's 3. Created the bases of popular music that would follow, "swing music" 4. National holiday is April 23

Jane Addams

1. Was one of the 1st generation of college-educated women and sought suitable for her large talents 2. In 1889: established Hull House in Chicago - a prominent American settlement house Taught immigrants English Counseling to help newcomers cope with American life Child-care services for working mothers Cultural activities for neighborhood residents 3. Condemned war as well as poverty; won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1911 4. An urban pioneer for women's suffrageK

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

1. Won the Presidency in 1932 at the height of the Great Depression 2. Introduced a program he called the "New Deal" 3. Focused his New Deal programs on the three R's - relief, recovery, and reform 4. Attempted to stack the Supreme Court to remove opposition to New Deal programs 5. Only US president to be elected to 4 terms.

Mark Twain's "The Gilded Age"

1. Written in 1873 2. An acid satire on post-civil war politicians and speculators that gave a name to an era 3. a contemporary satirical commentary 4. During this era, America became more prosperous and saw unprecedented growth in industry and technology. 5. The industrialists of the Gilded Age lived high up, but most of the working class lived below poverty level. 6. Time for rapid growth in population. 7. Heating, lighting, sanitation and medical care were poor or nonexistent, and millions died from preventable disease

Yellow Journalism

1. Yellow Journalism began around the 1980s. 2. Yellow Journalism is known to have affected America's involvement in the Spanish-American war by pushing America to be involved in the war. 3. It is called "Yellow Journalism" because of the yellow ink that was used for printing in Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. 4. Yellow Journalism was created because of the strong competition among newspapers. They believed that they would sell more newspapers if the stories were changed and exaggerated in order to intrigue people 5. William Randolph Hearst is known as the father of Yellow Journalism.

The New Women

1. a feminist ideal that emerged in the late 19th century and had a profound influence on feminism well into the 20th century. 2. was coined by Charles Reade in his novel "A Woman Hater" 3. Pushed the limits set by a male-dominated society 4. the term was further popularized by British-American writer Henry James, who used it to describe the growth in the number of feminists, educated, and independent career women in Europe and the United States.

Francis Willard & the WCTU

1. founder of the WCTU (Woman's Christian Temperance Union) 2. Combated the evils of excessive alcohol consumption as well as campaigned to abolish prostitution and gain the right to vote for women 3. This person would fall on her knees in prayer on saloon floors, mobilized nearly 1 million women to "make the world homelike" and built the WCTU into the largest organization of women in the world 4. This person was the champion of planned parenthood 5. Organization used a white ribbon as a symbol of purity

New Deal Alphabet Soup Agencies

1. the U.S. federal government agencies created as part of the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The earliest agencies were created to combat the Great Depression in the United States and were established during Roosevelt's first 100 days in office in 1933 2. Social Security Act (1935)-established pensions for retirees, unemployment insurance, and aid for certain groups of low-income or disabled people 3. Works Progress Administration (WPA) (1935)- Provided public-works jobs on a wide range of projects for many of those needing relief 4. Emergency Banking Act (1933)- Gave federal government power to reorganize and strengthen banks 5. Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)- Established minimum wages and maximum hours for many workers

The American Homefront in WWI

1. women were admitted to the armed forces 2. women worked in factories while men were away 3.people bought bonds to support the war 4. African Americans and women cared for those injured from war

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

1: Was a landmark decision of the supreme court in 1896. 2: "Separate but equal". Public facilities were still segregated as long as the facilities were equal in quality. 3: Decision was handed down by a 7 to 1 vote. 4: Many states had to re-establish segregation laws that were passed in the south after the end of the reconstruction era. 5: Regarded as one of the worst decisions by the supreme court.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

The Three R's

Relief, Recovery, Reform

19th Amendement

Women's right to vote