US History Review #2

*According to the Banks Plan

A. Citizens of New Orleans must show respect to Union soldiers. *B. Former slaves signed year-long contracts and earned a small percentage of the crop, or $3 per month. C. Residents of Louisiana were exempt from federal taxation. D. Union soldiers would invade Texas via the Red River.

Madison favored what kind of amendments to the Constitution?

Affirmation of human rights already within the structure of the Constitution.

What group formed the backbone of the Republican Party in the South during Reconstruction?

African Americans

*At Fort Henry,

American ambitions for the capture of Canada fell apart.

*James Fenimore Cooper's theme in Leatherstocking Tales is that

American wilderness merely awaited transformation by pioneers.

*What group finally decided the presidential race in 1876 in favor of the Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes?

An appointed electoral commission composed of a majority of Republicans

Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton recommended the creation of what to manage the government's fiscal functions?

An independent treasury

The Liberty Party

Anti slavery Fielded its first candidate in 1840

How had a majority of Americans come to regarding voting by the 1820s?

As an emblem of liberty, but only for whites.

What was the major cause of tension between the Mexican government and Texas colonists?

Attempts to stem immigration from the United States

*Western Americans clamored for war because they believed that

British agents stirred up Indian unrest in the West to block American expansion

The Erie Canal allowed for the transportation of goods from...

Buffalo to New York City

How did advocates of the Benevolent Empire attempt to perfect society?

By personal contact, testimony, and exhortation.

*Following the battle at San Jacinto, Texans made Sam Houston their first president and

Celebrated what they hoped would be a long-lived republic.

A series of sermons by the Reverend Lyman Beecher in 1825

Changed the debate on temperance from a health issue to a spiritual issue.

How did Congress respond to the need for stable government in Utah and California after significant migrations of Americans there?

Congress did little b/c of sectional differences

To win the Civil War, the North had to

Defeat the armies of the Confederacy.

*The Transcontinental Treaty of 1819

Defined the United States as a nation that spanned the continent.

*To perpetuate Cherokee culture, Sequoyah

Developed the Cherokee syllabary, or symbols of written language.

What was the most significant cause of decline in the population of Indians after the arrival of white Europeans in their area?

Diseases to which Indians had no immunity.

What invention enabled an economic boom in the South and created a demand for new land in the West?

Eli Whitney's cotton gin.

What flaw in the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 kept it from being effective?

Enforcement was left to states, which rarely did so.

*One result of the Emancipation Proclamation was

European nations no longer supported the Confederate States of America.

Under the sharecrop system,

Family units often worked the land.

Why did some Americans, southerners in particular, oppose Jay's Treaty?

Favored merchant classes and increased expenses

*President James Monroe

Favored nationalism although he was a Democratic-Republican.

Allies of Hamilton and supporters of the administration's policies adopted what name to demonstrate their commitment to union and the new government?

Federalist Party.

Joseph Smith, son of farmers in western New York,

Founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

The Liberty Party was replaced by the ___ in 1848.

Free Soil Party

Almost all states adamantly asked for amendments guaranteeing what basic rights?

Freedom of religion and freedom of the press.

*When the poet William Cullen Bryant described the vacant Illinois prairie in the 1830s, he envisioned

Gardens and cultivated fields

Who headed the Freedmen's Bureau?

General Oliver Otis Howard

Who did Confederate president Jefferson Davis send to Charleston to seize Fort Sumter and defend the harbor?

General P. G. T. Beauregard.

Who commanded all Union forces when the Civil War began

General Winfield Scott

*Why did the arrival in America of Edmond Charles Genêt turn out to be stressful for relations between France and the United States?

Genêt's efforts to raise support for France in its war with England embarrassed Washington, who was trying to remain neutral

Justice Roger Brooke Taney ruled that Congress had erred in the Missouri Compromise because that body

Had infringed on the property rights of southerners by banning slavery from the territory.

In the new culture of self-improvement that characterized the 1830s, what did reformers believe was the key to individual success?

Hard work, industriousness, and frugality

How did Judge John Marshall use the case of Marbury v. Madison to expand the authority of the Supreme Court?

He established the Court's judicial review to rule on the constitutionality of executive and legislative actions.

What crucial difference did General Grant introduce to the Union strategy in 1864?

He kept constant pressure on Lee's and Johnston's armies.

*What was President Johnson's stand on the Fourteenth Amendment?

He vetoed a civil rights bill that provided the basis for the amendment.

Who did President John Quincy Adams appoint as secretary of state?

Henry Clay

*Why did Andrew Jackson appeal to the growing majority of democratic Americans in the election in 1828?

His stance as an outsider and victim of eastern elites

"His Accidency" was a reference to what about President John Tyler?

His succession to presidency

What was the most surprising outcome of the presidential election in 1856?

How close Republicans came to victory

The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798

Increased the number of years immigrants had to live in the United States before becoming citizens.

When nonviolent means did not work, American abolitionists

Increasingly resorted to terrorist violence.

What was the attitude of Secretary of War Henry Knox toward Indian claims to land west of the Appalachian Mountains?

Indians had rights to the soil not affected by a treaty between England and the United States.

After the United States declared war with England for a second time in a generation, American forces

Invaded Canada but were repulsed.

To exert authority over land occupied by the Cherokee nation, Georgia's legislature

Invalidated the Cherokee constitution and proclaimed the Indians subject to the authority of the state.

*By the first decade of the nineteenth century, American ships were trading everywhere but

Israel

South Carolinians call the Tariff of 1828 the "tariff of abominations" because

It drove the price of European goods beyond their ability to pay.

The Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg) had what important political consequence in addition to its military significance?

It enabled President Lincoln to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation

What was accomplished by the Second Reconstruction Act passed in July 1867?

It ensured black suffrage by placing the army in charge of voter registration.

*What did the Reconstruction of Act of March 2, 1867, provide?

It established former Confederate states as territories and divided them into military districts

What policy did the new Republic of Texas follow with regard to its status among nations?

It wanted annexation to the United States as soon as possible.

Even as suffrage was extended to all white males,

It was withdrawn from free African Americans, even where permitted previously

Who was selected to serve as president of the Confederate States of America?

Jefferson F. Davis of Mississippi, a moderate.

The election of 1796 was won by

John Adams

*Under the sharecrop system,

Landowners provided land, tools, seed, and work animals.

After 1815 about half of the members of the U.S. Congress were engaged in what profession?

Law

*Where did violence erupt in Kansas over the competing constitutions that permitted and banned slavery?

Lawrence

What did women usually receive in the rare case of divorce?

Little more than their clothes

What term suggests the belief of white Americans that by right they should occupy the North American continent?

Manifest destiny

Who was the first missionary to reach Oregon?

Methodist Jason Lee.

*Southern states mostly opposed Secretary Hamilton's plan to settle previous debts because

Most had paid their debts and did not want to pay debts of northern states as well.

Southern states mostly opposed Secretary Hamilton's plan to settle previous debts because

Most had paid their debts and did not want to pay debts of northern states as well.

What changes did former slave women face in their personal relationships with husbands during Reconstruction?

Most traded slavery for patriarchy

*Most internal migrants

Moved only short distances.

Who led the efforts to free Saint-Domingue from French control?

Napolean

Landscape paintings by Hudson River School artists rarely contained human figures except

Native Americans

What prediction did Governor DeWitt Clinton make regarding the Erie Canal?

New York city would become the emporium of the world

What nickname reflected the character and reputation of Andrew Jackson?

Old Hickory

Why did Democrats argue that their party should prevail in the election of 1856?

Only the Democratic Party could prevent the breakup of the Union.

*New England shippers

Opposed a war against England.

What issue held the unwieldy Republican coalition together?

Opposition to slavery's expansion in western territories

The death of the Shawnee leader Tecumseh marked the end of what?

Organized Indian resistance to white advances east of the Mississippi River.

*What was the major factor in formulating Andrew Jackson's attitude toward Indians?

Participation in fights with Indians in the 1790s.

*In America during the decade following the War of 1812,

Paternalistic employment arrangements declined in favor of wage dependency and labor contracts.

What is meant by the term "Benevolent Empire"?

People, as God's agents, should care for other people.

Why did slave codes assign slaves status as personal property rather than real property?

Personal property management was more flexible.

The reservation system was intended to

Prevent outbreaks of violence between Indians and white settlers.

*To what does the term "contraband" refer?

Property on which taxes had not been paid.

The First Amendment to the Constitution

Protected citizens against congressional interference with freedom of religion, speech, the press, or assembly.

The Trail of Tears refers to

Removal of Cherokee Indians from Georgia to Indian Territory.

Congress's Non-Intercourse Act, signed by President James Madison,

Reopened trade with all of Europe except England and France unless they stopped interfering with American shipping.

Who were the "cooperationists" during the secession crisis?

Residents of the Upper South who agreed to remain in the Union if the Lincoln administration cooperated with remaining slave states.

*During Reconstruction, southern governments

Responded to blacks' constitutional right to education with segregation laws.

*What influence undermined traditional autocratic governance in the workplace and homes?

Revolutionary rhetoric of independence

*What was the most prevalent trend in internal migration in America in the 1830s and 1840s?

Rural people moving to cities

The 1804 mission to investigate the northern portion of land purchased from France was completed successfully, partially because

Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman, served as guide and interpreter.

Sam Houston led Texas revolutionaries to victory in the decisive battle of

San Jacinto

What created the uproar in the northern reaction to Judge Roger Brooke Taney's decision in the Dred Scott case?

Scott was not a citizen b/c he was black

Reformers refocused their attention in the 1830s on what social needs?

Self-control and external restraint

Which Indian group opposed its removal to Indian Territory longest?

Seminoles

*Secretary Knox argued that Indian tribes

Should be regarded as foreign entities.

*Northerners generally agreed that

Slavery would collapse if expansion was denied.

*The Quakers, Baptists, and Methodists

Spoke out against slavery

*Who won the election for the U.S. Senate in Illinois in 1858?

Stephen C. Douglas

*What Democratic-Republican principle was violated by the Louisiana Purchase?

Strict construction of the constitution

When the French Revolution began in 1789, most Americans

Supported the revolution, partly because France had helped the United States in its revolution against England.

As president, Andrew Jackson believed

That he spoke for the nation on all matters.

What prompted the formation of the Democratic Republican Societies?

The Alien and Sedition Acts of the Adams administration

What did the Supreme Court rule in the case of Worcester v. Georgia?

The Court decided not to make a judgment because Indians were a foreign nation and not subject to American law.

Which statement about the Emancipation Proclamation is not correct?

The Emancipation Proclamation clarified the status of slaves who had sought refuge with Union troops

What event heightened concerns in 1800 that the nation might not survive, but fracture?

The Gabriel slave conspiracy

The proposer of the Compromise of 1850 gathered all its elements into a single piece of legislation known as

The Omnibus Bill

What provides evidence that sugar plantations required the greatest restocking of slaves?

The South's largest slave market was in New Orleans

What was proclaimed in the Monroe Doctrine?

The Western Hemisphere was in the sphere of influence of the United States.

What was the result when President John Adams sent Elbridge Gerry, John Marshall, and Charles Pinckney to France in an attempt to resolve differences between the United States and France?

The XYZ Affair.

William Lloyd Garrison was

The advocate of "immediatism."

*The Fifteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1870 to extend suffrage to African Americans.

What had forced North and South into a final debate over the future of slavery by 1850?

The disposition of land acquired in the war with Mexico.

*What liberty did Southerners try to protect with their secession?

The liberty to own, buy, sell, and transport slaves.

Labor organizer Seth Luther characterized society as a struggle between...

The producers and the rich.

What was the immediate result of the Emancipation Proclamation?

There was an immediate freeing of all slaves in America

*Why did supporters of women's suffrage oppose ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment?

They believed women had suffered enough and deserved emancipation.

Which of the following best describes the efforts of the New England Emigrant Aid Company?

They failed to recruit many anti slavery settlers for Kansas

Opposition to Secretary Hamilton's fiscal proposals was led by

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

Why did separatist communities withdraw from daily contact with the outside world?

To create a more perfect society here on earth

What was George Washington's goal in international affairs?

To extend commercial relations with other nations but limit political involvement.

On what mission did President Jefferson send Robert Livingston and James Monroe to France?

To purchase New Orleans and West Florida.

What was the purpose of the Homestead Act?

To settle the West with independent small farmers.

Who would have jurisdiction in fugitive slave classes following passage of the Compromise of 1850?

Took power away from northern courts and gave it to federal commissioners.

*Prior to Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse,

Union troops captured the Confederate capitol of Richmond.

Prior to Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse

Union troops captured the Confederate capitol of Richmond.

What most spurred economic growth in the North in the 1850s?

Urbanization and industrialization.

*New immigrants usually found work as

Wage laborers in cities.

*How did most people reach their destinations in the West?

Walking beside wagons carrying precious cargo.

Draft resistance in the Confederacy

Went beyond anything the Union had experienced.

How did most eastern middle-class Americans regard the western migration of many Americans?

With alarm, fearing the departure of ambitious citizens

How was the Fugitive Slave Law received in African American communities in the North?

With terror, because they believed every African American was subject to slavery.

How did the New Middle Class regard gender assignments in society?

Women were gentler and therefore best suited to remain at home.

*What was the consequence of the Senate's killing the original package of the Compromise of 1850?

a new generation of leaders took over Congress

The result of General Grant's victory at Vicksburg, Mississippi, was that

a.Grant's military abilities were recognized by President Lincoln. b.Vicksburg was cut off from Confederate supply lines. c.Vicksburg surrendered. d.Each statement is correct.

*Which of the following was not true about William Henry Harrison?

a.He was a military hero. b.***He remained popular through his first term .c.He offered a vague hope of a better time. d.He was a wealthy Virginian.

Which of the following is not true about the Union blockade?

a.It played an important role in defeating the diplomacy of King Cotton .b.It grew more effective every year. c.It relied on one of the largest and most modern navies in the world at the time. ****d.It failed to make an impact on blockade runners.

Americans thought of manifest destiny along all of the terms listed below except

a.Race .b.Politics .c.Territory. ****d.Class.

*The New York City Draft Riots in the summer of 1863

a.Targeted African Americans. b.Burned the Colored Orphan Asylum .c.Targeted well-dressed men and the property of Republicans. d.Each statement is accurate.

Compared to the Pennsylvania model of prisoner rehabilitation, Sing Sing prison in New York

allowed prisoners to work communally

If adopted, the Wilmot Proviso would have

banned slavery from all territory acquired from Mexico.

What stood at the center of the economy for all Plains Indians?

bison

Northerners who came south in the aftermath of the Civil War to introduce reforms or capitalize on opportunities were known as

carpetbaggers

To weaken a Federalist attempt to pack the federal courts through late-term appointments authorized by the Judiciary Act of 1801, President Jefferson ordered

commissions for new judges not yet delivered to be withheld.

*What argument regarding Congress's proposed restrictions on the expansion of slavery was advanced by John C. Calhoun?

congress had no right to impose such limits

*Following the Civil War, the power of the slaveholder class was

destroyed

Disagreements between the United States and Spain over ownership of land located west of the Appalachian Mountains

ignored Indians' claim to territory

*The French observer Alexis de Tocqueville observed that Americans

loved to organize

The French observer Alexis de Tocqueville observed that Americans

loved to organize

What changes occurred in urban development by the 1830s

neighborhoods stratified by class

Women were particularly drawn to Shakerism because

of a belief in the spiritual equality of women and men.

*How did President Lincoln dispose of the Wade-Davis Bill?

pocket veto

At the founding of the nation, suffrage was restricted by gender, race, and

property ownership

What labor system for former slaves developed soon after plantation owners reclaimed their land after the Civil War?

sharecrop system

n 1819, Missouri petitioned Congress to be admitted as a _____ state.

slave

*What was the greatest impediment to the annexation of Texas to the United States?

slavery

What was the most consistent source of tension in Confederate government?

states' rights

Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston launched the first successful

steamboat

Slave rice cultivators commonly worked by the __________, which involved a specific assignment for a day's work

task system

What enabled Congress to pass significant legislation such as creating land-grant colleges in 1862?

the absence of Southern Democrats from congress

What was the effect of the sale of so many slaves from the Upper South to the Lower South?

the political influence of the upper south reduced

What most distinguished Irish immigrants from general American society?

their Catholic religion

Why did some Americans withdraw into covenanted communities?

to prepare for the end of days

Textile mills operated by Francis Cabot Lowell drew on what group for its primary labor resource?

unmarried women

President Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction required 10 percent of what group to swear future loyalty to the United States?

voting population in 1860

Advanced education at the college level in the antebellum period

was available only for males

President James Monroe

was the last Virginian to serve as president

*What group provided the "backbone" of the Benevolent Empire?

women volunteers

*The organization of new political groups such as the Working Men's Party provides evidence that

workers lacked confidence in existing parties

How did sharecropping help shape the social system of the postwar South?

. It tied the southern economy to agriculture, particularly cotton.

Ending participation in the international slave trade by the United States had what effect?

.A flourishing domestic slave trade arose.

*South Carolinians call the Tariff of 1828 the "tariff of abominations" because

.It drove the price of European goods beyond their ability to pay.

Which amendment to the Constitution officially ended slavery, or "involuntary servitude," in the United States?

13th amendment

Approximately how many amendments to the Constitution did state ratifying conventions recommend?

200

Widespread religious revivals early in the nineteenth century were known as what?

2nd great awakening

*How many men are estimated to have died in the Civil War?

650,000

The Chesapeake-Leopard Affair involved

A British warship firing across the bow of an American navy ship to force inspection of her crew.

Waltham System

A clock manufacturing center in Waltham, Massachusetts

What caused the Whiskey Rebellion?

A dispute between westerners and the federal government over collection of the excise tax.