US History Study Guide

Explain the influence of the Great Migration on the popularity of jazz and literature during this time.

1. Cultural Shift: Urban Migration: The Great Migration brought a significant number of African Americans from the rural South to urban centers, especially in the North. Cultural Exchange: This migration facilitated a cultural exchange, blending Southern traditions with urban influences. 2. Harlem Renaissance: Cultural Flourishing: The migration contributed to the Harlem Renaissance, a cultural and artistic movement centered in Harlem, New York. Literary Renaissance: African American writers produced a rich body of literature, exploring themes of identity, racism, and the urban experience. 3. Jazz Evolution: Musical Fusion: The migration influenced the evolution of jazz, fusing Southern musical traditions with urban styles. Harlem as Hub: Harlem became a vibrant center for jazz, with musicians experimenting and creating innovative sounds. 4. Artistic Expression: Expression of Identity: Jazz and literature became powerful forms of expression for African Americans, reflecting their experiences, struggles, and aspirations. Cultural Pride: These art forms celebrated African American culture and instilled a sense of cultural pride. 5. Social Commentary: Literary Themes: Writers during this period used literature to address social and political issues, providing a platform for commentary on racial and social injustices. Jazz Improvisation: Jazz, with its improvisational nature, mirrored the fluidity and complexity of urban life. 6. Impact on American Culture: Wider Influence: The popularity of jazz and literature during the Great Migration extended beyond African American communities, influencing mainstream American culture. Cross-Cultural Exchange: Jazz, in particular, became a symbol of American diversity and cultural exchange.

Explain the reasons why the United States was considered a creditor nation during this time.

1. Economic Strength: Industrial Dominance: The U.S. emerged as an industrial powerhouse with a diverse and rapidly growing economy. Technological Advancements: Innovations fueled economic growth, making the U.S. a leader in various industries. 2. World War I Impact: Economic Boom: While European economies were disrupted by the war, the U.S. experienced economic prosperity due to increased production and exports. 3. Lending and Investments: War Loans: The U.S. provided loans to Allied powers during World War I, serving as a major financial supporter. Investments Abroad: U.S. businesses and individuals made significant investments in foreign markets. 4. Trade Surpluses: Export Dominance: The U.S. consistently had trade surpluses, exporting more goods and services than it imported. Global Trade Hub: The U.S. became a global trade hub, contributing to its economic strength. 5. Reparations and Debt Payments: Reparations and Loans: After World War I, nations owed reparations to the U.S., and countries sought American loans for reconstruction. Debt Payments: The U.S. received payments from debtor nations, contributing to its creditor status. 6. Strong Currency: Gold Standard: The U.S. adhered to the gold standard, providing stability to its currency and reinforcing global confidence. 7. Financial Infrastructure: Established Banking System: The U.S. had a well-established and stable banking system, fostering financial confidence. 8. Economic Policies: Favorable Policies: Government policies and practices supported economic growth and stability. Result: The combination of economic strength, prudent lending and investments, trade surpluses, and post-war financial dynamics contributed to the United States being considered a creditor nation during this period

Summarize the principal arguments put forth by the irreconcilables against the Treaty of Versailles.

1. League of Nations Opposition: Rejected U.S. participation in the League of Nations, fearing it would compromise national sovereignty and entangle the country in foreign conflicts. 2. Collective Security Concerns: Expressed skepticism about the efficacy of collective security, believing it could draw the U.S. into future wars without sufficient control over its own military decisions. 3. Wilson's Failure to Consult Senate: Criticized President Woodrow Wilson for not fully consulting the Senate during treaty negotiations, arguing that the treaty should have been a collaborative effort. 4. Unequal Treaty Terms: Objected to perceived harshness in the treaty terms imposed on Germany, raising concerns about potential long-term consequences and the destabilization of Europe. 5. Economic Implications: Raised economic concerns, particularly regarding reparations imposed on Germany, which some believed could lead to economic instability and hinder global recovery. 6. Preservation of Monroe Doctrine: Emphasized the importance of preserving the Monroe Doctrine and avoiding commitments that might compromise the traditional U.S. policy of non-intervention in European affairs. 7. Wilson's Idealism vs. Realism: Contended that President Wilson's idealistic vision for a post-war world did not align with the practical realities of international relations. 8. Bipartisanship Breakdown: Reflecting a breakdown of bipartisanship, with senators from both parties opposing the treaty, highlighting concerns about its terms and potential consequences.

Identify the specific areas of society that Progressive reformers aimed to change.

1. Political System: Objective: Enhance democracy and eliminate corruption. Goals: Direct election of senators, women's suffrage, and initiatives, referendums, and recalls. 2. Economic Inequality: Objective: Address economic disparities. Goals: Progressive income tax, antitrust laws, and workers' rights. 3. Social Welfare: Objective: Improve living and working conditions. Goals: Labor laws, workplace safety regulations, and social programs. 4. Urbanization and Industrialization: Objective: Mitigate the negative impacts of rapid urbanization and industrialization. Goals: Housing reforms, sanitation, and public health initiatives. 5. Women's Rights: Objective: Promote gender equality. Goals: Women's suffrage, workplace reforms, and access to education. 6. Civil Rights: Objective: Address racial and ethnic discrimination. Goals: Civil rights legislation and anti-discrimination measures. 7. Education: Objective: Improve access to quality education. Goals: School reforms, compulsory education laws, and increased funding. 8. Environment: Objective: Conserve natural resources and protect the environment. Goals: Conservation efforts, national parks, and environmental regulations. 9. Government Efficiency: Objective: Increase government efficiency and accountability. Goals: Civil service reforms and anti-corruption measures.

Identify the two key events that ultimately led to the United States' participation in World War I.

1. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: Event: Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917, targeting both military and civilian ships. Impact: Sinking of American vessels, including the Lusitania in 1915, led to increased public outrage. 2. Zimmermann Telegram: Event: Intercepted in 1917, revealed Germany's proposal to Mexico for a military alliance against the U.S. Impact: Intensified anti-German sentiment and provided a justification for U.S. entry into the war.

overveiw

1861-1865: American Civil War: Fought between the Northern states (Union) and Southern states (Confederacy) over issues including slavery. 1863: Emancipation Proclamation: Issued by President Abraham Lincoln, declaring slaves in Confederate states to be free. 1865: 13th Amendment: Abolished slavery in the United States. 1867: Reconstruction Acts: Established military districts in the South and set conditions for Southern states to rejoin the Union. 1870: 15th Amendment: Granted African American men the right to vote. 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson: Supreme Court case that upheld "separate but equal" racial segregation. 1913-1920: Progressive Era: Reforms addressing social, economic, and political issues. 1917-1918: World War I: The U.S. enters the war on the side of the Allies. 1919: Treaty of Versailles: End of World War I; the U.S. does not join the League of Nations. 1920: 19th Amendment: Granted women the right to vote. 1929: Great Depression: Economic crisis marked by the stock market crash and widespread unemployment. 1933: New Deal: Series of economic and social reforms initiated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

What was the selective service act and when was it?

1917, authorized the Federal Government to temporarily expand the military through conscription

What was the Red Scare?

A fear of communism in the U.S. during the 1920's Over 4,000 people are arrested

what is initiative?

A law that begins with a petition of signatures and moves to a popular vote

What and when was the Homestead Strike?

A strike to demand higher wages from the Carnegie Steel Company which lead to wage cuts

What are Laissez-Faire economics?

A system characterized by limited government interference in business

Why was the Panama Canal important?

American expansion required a shorter route from East to west, and to be able to move ships from one ocean to the other

Explain the factors that contributed to the growth of industry in the late 1800s.

An abundance of natural resources, railroads, and abundant labor supply

Explain how Progressives worked to assist the poor in society.

Approach: Progressives aimed to address poverty through systemic reforms. Social Welfare Programs: Advocated for and implemented social welfare programs to provide financial support, healthcare, and housing for the impoverished. Labor Reforms: Fought for fair wages, reasonable working hours, and improved working conditions to uplift the economic status of the poor. Educational Initiatives: Supported educational reforms to increase access to quality education, offering a path out of poverty. Public Health Measures: Implemented public health measures to improve sanitation, combat diseases, and enhance overall well-being. Housing Reforms: Advocated for better housing conditions and urban planning to create healthier living environments. Charitable Organizations: Collaborated with and supported charitable organizations working to alleviate poverty through direct assistance and community development.

Identify the primary targets of blame for the Great Depression among the American population.

Bankers and Financial Institutions: Many people blamed bankers and financial institutions for risky practices, speculation, and the collapse of the stock market. Stock Market Speculators: Speculators who engaged in risky trading and contributed to the stock market crash were widely criticized. Business Leaders and Industrialists: Some blamed business leaders and industrialists for overproduction, wage cuts, and unfair labor practices that exacerbated economic problems. Government Policies: Criticism was directed at government policies, including the Federal Reserve's monetary policies and the implementation of the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act, which exacerbated the economic downturn. International Factors: Global economic conditions and the interconnectedness of economies were also cited as contributing factors, blaming international influences for the depth of the crisis. Herbert Hoover's Administration: President Herbert Hoover faced significant criticism for what was perceived as a lack of effective action and leadership in addressing the economic challenges. Speculation and Excesses of the Roaring Twenties: The excesses of the Roaring Twenties, characterized by speculative trading, overleveraging, and consumerism, were blamed for creating an unsustainable economic bubble. Farmers and Agricultural Policies: Agricultural policies and the plight of farmers, exacerbated by the Dust Bowl and drought, were blamed for contributing to the overall economic distress. Wall Street and Big Business: Wall Street and large corporations were often seen as symbols of excess and greed, attracting blame for the economic collapse. Individualism and Capitalist System: Some criticized the broader individualistic and capitalist system, questioning its ability to ensure economic stability and fairness.

What and when was the Haymarket Riot?

Began in 1886 with a riot at the McCormick Harvester plant in Chicago where unionized workers were striking for shorter work days and then a few days later moved to Haymarket Square where a protest meeting was called to denounce the events of the previous day; resulted in several deaths.

alphabet osup

CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) - 1933: Purpose: Provided employment for young, unemployed men in environmental conservation projects. WPA (Works Progress Administration) - 1935: Purpose: Created jobs for unemployed workers, focusing on public infrastructure projects, arts, and culture. PWA (Public Works Administration) - 1933: Purpose: Funded and oversaw the construction of public infrastructure projects to stimulate the economy. CWA (Civil Works Administration) - 1933-1934: Purpose: Provided temporary employment during the winter months on public works projects. TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) - 1933: Purpose: Developed the Tennessee Valley region through infrastructure projects, including dams and electricity generation. SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) - 1934: Purpose: Regulated the securities industry and protected investors from fraudulent practices. FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) - 1933: Purpose: Insured bank deposits to restore public confidence in the banking system and prevent bank runs. SSA (Social Security Administration) - 1935: Purpose: Established a social insurance program to provide financial support for retirees, disabled individuals, and the unemployed. NIRA (National Industrial Recovery Act) - 1933: Purpose: Aimed to stimulate economic recovery by establishing codes of fair competition and promoting industrial cooperation. NRA (National Recovery Administration) - 1933-1935: Purpose: Administered the NIRA, working with industries to establish codes of fair competition and set minimum wages and hours. CCC (Commodity Credit Corporation) - 1933: Purpose: Provided financial assistance to farmers to stabilize crop prices. RA (Resettlement Administration) - 1935-1937: Purpose: Aided poor farmers affected by the Dust Bowl by resettling them in more productive areas.

Explain the central ideas and principles behind Woodrow Wilson's 'peace without victory' proposal.

Central Ideas: Diplomatic Approach: Advocated for a diplomatic resolution to World War I without a clear winner or loser. Rejection of Punitive Measures: Opposed imposing harsh penalties on defeated nations to avoid future hostilities. Just and Lasting Peace: Emphasized the need for a peace settlement based on justice and fairness for all nations involved. Principles: Self-Determination: Supported the idea that nations should have the right to determine their own political status and destiny. Open Diplomacy: Advocated for transparent and open diplomacy, minimizing secret treaties and negotiations. League of Nations: Proposed the creation of the League of Nations as a mechanism for collective security and conflict prevention. Outcome: Although 'peace without victory' wasn't fully realized, Wilson's principles influenced the post-war settlement, laying the groundwork for the League of Nations and shaping the vision for a more just and stable world order.

List the countries that comprised the Central Powers and the Allied Powers during World War I.

Central Powers: Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Allied Powers: France United Kingdom Russia (until 1917) Italy (joined Allies in 1915) United States (joined Allies in 1917) Japan (joined Allies in 1914) Serbia Belgium Romania (joined Allies in 1916) Greece (joined Allies in 1917)

Describe the changing roles and status of women and minorities during the 1920s.

Changing Roles and Status in the 1920s: Women and Minorities Women: 1. Women's Suffrage: Achievement: 19th Amendment (1920) granted women the right to vote. 2. Social Liberation: Flappers: Challenged norms with new styles and attitudes. 3. Economic Empowerment: Workforce: More women entered, gaining economic independence. 4. Educational Opportunities: College Attendance: Increased pursuit of higher education. Minorities: 1. Great Migration: Urban Migration: African Americans moved North for economic opportunities. 2. Harlem Renaissance: Cultural Flourishing: Hub for African American artists, musicians, and writers. 3. Racial Tensions: Race Riots: Challenges reflected in incidents like the Chicago Race Riot. 4. Mexican Immigration: Labor Force: Mexicans played vital roles in agriculture and construction. 5. Native Americans: Citizenship: Indian Citizenship Act (1924) granted U.S. citizenship. Challenges: 1. Discrimination and Segregation: Jim Crow Laws: Segregation persisted, limiting rights. Discrimination: Women and minorities faced challenges. 2. Limited Opportunities: Job Discrimination: Limited access to higher-paying positions. Cultural Contributions: 1. Artistic and Intellectual Achievements: Harlem Renaissance: Significant contributions to culture. 2. Cultural Influence: Jazz and Blues: African American music influenced mainstream culture.

Discuss the contrast between modernism and traditional religious ideas during this period.

Contrast Between Modernism and Traditional Religious Ideas: Modernism: Embraced reason, science, and individualism. Secular orientation, separating from traditional religious influence. Encouraged artistic and cultural experimentation. Traditional Religious Ideas: Emphasized faith, community, and adherence to religious doctrines. Upheld divine authority and resisted secular influences. Provided stability amidst societal changes. Impact on Society: Modernism brought shifts in values and cultural norms. Traditional religious ideas offered stability and moral guidance. Result: Period marked by dynamic tension between modernist skepticism and individualism and traditional religious values centered on faith and community.

Define the term 'Red Scare' and describe its impact on American society.

Definition: Refers to periods of intense anti-communist hysteria and fear of radical political ideologies, particularly during the early 20th century in the United States. Impact on American Society: 1. First Red Scare (1919-1920): Palmer Raids: Led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, these raids targeted suspected radicals, immigrants, and labor activists. Suppression of Civil Liberties: Erosion of civil liberties as individuals were arrested without proper warrants or evidence. 2. Second Red Scare (1947-1957): McCarthyism: Senator Joseph McCarthy's anti-communist crusade, accusing many of disloyalty without substantial evidence. Blacklisting: Individuals in various professions were unfairly targeted, facing loss of jobs and reputations based on suspected communist affiliations. HUAC Hearings: House Un-American Activities Committee investigations intensified, leading to the Hollywood Ten and scrutiny of alleged subversives. 3. Impact on Civil Liberties: Fear and Conformity: Widespread fear led to self-censorship and conformity as people avoided expressing dissenting opinions. Erosion of Rights: Civil liberties, including freedom of speech and association, were compromised in the name of national security. 4. Social and Cultural Consequences: Loyalty Oaths: Some organizations and institutions implemented loyalty oaths to identify and exclude suspected radicals. Impact on the Arts: The entertainment industry, including Hollywood, faced censorship and scrutiny. 5. Legacy: Long-Term Effects: The Red Scare left a lasting impact on American politics and society, fostering an atmosphere of suspicion and contributing to the Cold War mentality.

Summarize the contributions made by the US military in World War I.

Deployment: U.S. troops deployed to Europe in significant numbers from 1917 to 1918. Trench Warfare: Engaged in trench warfare on the Western Front alongside Allied forces. Major Offensives: Participated in major offensives, including the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. Naval Contribution: U.S. Navy played a crucial role in escorting convoys and countering German U-boats. Air Power: U.S. aviation units supported Allied air operations. Impact: U.S. entry and contributions played a decisive role in tipping the balance in favor of the Allies. Armistice: Contributed to the eventual armistice in November 1918, ending the war.

What was the 17th amendment? When was it passed?

Direct election of senators (1913)

Describe the motivations behind the desire to restrict immigration in the United States.

Economic Concerns: Protecting jobs and wages by reducing competition in the labor market. Cultural and Social Anxiety: Preserving national identity and cultural cohesion to avoid dilution. National Security: Controlling entry to safeguard national security interests, especially during geopolitical tension. Strain on Public Resources: Preventing strain on public resources such as healthcare, education, and social services. Job Competition: Addressing concerns about increased competition for jobs, particularly in lower-skilled sectors. Public Health Concerns: Addressing health-related concerns and preventing the potential spread of diseases. Political Factors: Responding to public sentiment and political considerations to maintain support. Historical Precedents and Xenophobia: Historical prejudices and fear of the "other" fueling discriminatory policies. Economic Protectionism: Safeguarding domestic industries and preventing job outsourcing. Legal and Regulatory Concerns: Ensuring proper adherence to immigration laws and preventing system abuses.

Discuss the factors that led many people to choose to move to cities.

Economic Opportunities: Cities offer diverse job opportunities and higher wages, drawing individuals in search of better employment prospects. Industrialization: The rise of industries in urban centers during the 18th and 19th centuries attracted rural residents seeking work in manufacturing. Technological Advancements: Improved transportation infrastructure, such as railways and automobiles, facilitated the movement of people from rural areas to cities. Education and Knowledge: Cities serve as centers of education, providing access to schools, colleges, and universities, motivating individuals to move for better educational opportunities. Social Mobility: Cities represent social mobility, offering the chance for individuals to improve their economic and social status. Infrastructure and Services: Better infrastructure and access to essential services in cities enhance the quality of life and attract individuals seeking improved living conditions. Cultural and Entertainment Opportunities: Cities are cultural hubs with theaters, museums, restaurants, and entertainment options, enticing individuals with a vibrant lifestyle. Networking and Collaboration: The concentration of businesses and professionals in cities creates opportunities for networking, collaboration, and innovation. Government Employment: The presence of government offices in cities attracts individuals seeking employment in public administration and related fields. Globalization: Cities play a crucial role in the global economy, attracting individuals who seek to participate in global markets, connect with international opportunities, and experience a cosmopolitan lifestyle.

Explain how the 19th Amendment expanded participation in the democratic process.

Enfranchisement: Ratified in 1920, the 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote. Expanded Suffrage: Significantly expanded democratic participation by allowing millions of women to participate in elections. Gender Equality: Marked a crucial step toward gender equality in the democratic process. Increased Diversity: Broadened the diversity of perspectives and priorities in electoral decision-making. Enhanced Representation: Contributed to a more representative and inclusive democratic system by involving a previously disenfranchised demographic.

What was Ellis Island?

Entry port for immigrants in New York City

Describe the measures taken by the US government to address opposition to the war.

Espionage Act of 1917: Description: Criminalized interference with military operations, support for enemies, and false statements that hindered military success. Impact: Used to prosecute anti-war activists and limit freedom of speech. Sedition Act of 1918: Description: Expanded the Espionage Act, making it illegal to criticize the government, the flag, or the military. Impact: Further restricted freedom of expression, leading to arrests and convictions. Selective Service Act (1917): Description: Authorized the drafting of men into military service. Impact: Increased military manpower but faced resistance from those opposed to the war. Committee on Public Information (CPI): Description: Government agency responsible for shaping public opinion through propaganda and information dissemination. Impact: Influenced public perception to garner support for the war effort. War Industries Board (WIB): Description: Regulated and coordinated industrial production for the war. Impact: Controlled resources and production to ensure efficient support for the military. Anti-German Sentiment: Description: Promotion of anti-German propaganda and censorship of German cultural elements. Impact: Contributed to the suppression of dissent and the targeting of German-Americans. Vigilante Actions: Description: Encouraged vigilantism against perceived war opponents and dissenters. Impact: Increased social pressure to conform and reduced open opposition.

Discuss the factors that contributed to Franklin D. Roosevelt's victory in the 1932 presidential election.

Factors for FDR's 1932 Victory: Great Depression: Public Discontent: Widespread dissatisfaction with economic hardships under Hoover's administration. FDR's Personal Appeal: Charisma: Roosevelt's charismatic leadership and confident demeanor. Democratic Unity: Party Cohesion: Democrats united behind FDR, offering a clear alternative. New Deal Promise: Policy Vision: Roosevelt's New Deal proposal resonated with a desire for change. Campaign Strategy: Energetic Campaigning: FDR's extensive travel and direct engagement with voters. Republican Divisions: Internal Factions: Republican Party faced divisions and dissatisfaction. Public Perception of Hoover: Blame for Depression: Hoover's perceived inability to address economic woes. Diverse Support: Broad Coalition: FDR's ability to appeal to diverse groups, including labor and minorities.

who was the commander of U.S. forces in Europe during World War I?

General John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing

What did president Roosevelt do in order to help relieve tensions between the us and japan?

He negotiated the gentlemen's agreement

Who was William Jennings Bryan and what did he do?

He took up the cause of fundamental Christians at the Scopes trial

Explain what led people to support and follow figures like Huey Long and Father Coughlin during this time.

Huey Long: Appeal: Charismatic populist leader with a strong appeal to the working class and impoverished. Policies: Advocated for wealth redistribution, increased social services, and infrastructure development. Share Our Wealth Program: Proposed measures like a cap on personal wealth to address economic inequality. Support Base: Garnered support from those disillusioned with the existing economic system during the Great Depression. Father Coughlin: Appeal: Influential Catholic priest and radio personality with a large following. Views: Initially supportive of the New Deal but later turned critical, emphasizing monetary reforms. National Union for Social Justice: Advocated for economic reforms, anti-communism, and monetary changes. Support Base: Attracted followers seeking economic solutions and those disillusioned with existing financial systems. Common Factors: Economic Discontent: Both figures addressed economic hardships and discontent during the Great Depression. Charismatic Leadership: Long and Coughlin possessed charisma and effective communication skills that resonated with their audiences. Proposed Solutions: Offered alternative solutions to address economic inequality and financial hardships. Appeal to the Masses: Connected with the working class and those adversely affected by the economic downturn. Critique of Existing Systems: Garnered support by criticizing perceived failures of existing economic and political systems. Impact: Long and Coughlin's influence showcased the diverse array of responses to the challenges of the Great Depression, ranging from populist movements to critiques of established political and economic structures.

What connection was made between American imperialism and the American frontier?

Imperialism would offer Americans a new frontier

What was the 16th amendment? When was it passed?

In 1913 for income tax;

Why was the Open Door Policy in Asia important for the United States?

It gave U.S. access to millions of consumers in China.

What is a referendum?

It is the practice of voting directly for proposed laws.

Describe the role played by the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court case in the establishment of segregation in America.

Legalizes Segregation: Supreme Court case that upheld "separate but equal" segregation in public facilities. Racial Segregation: Established the precedent for racial segregation in various aspects of American life. Impact: Institutionalized racial discrimination and reinforced the Jim Crow laws in the Southern United States. Civil Rights Setback: Plessy v. Ferguson hindered progress toward racial equality until overturned by Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.

Discuss how the economic conditions of the Great Depression affected the concept and interpretation of freedom.

Loss of Economic Freedom: Widespread unemployment and poverty eroded the economic freedom of individuals who struggled to make ends meet. Government Intervention: Expanded Role of Government: In response to the crisis, the government's intervention grew significantly to address economic challenges and provide relief. New Deal Policies: Social Programs: The New Deal introduced social programs to alleviate suffering, reshaping the relationship between citizens and the government. Increased Regulation: Regulatory measures aimed at stabilizing the economy expanded government oversight. Labor Movement: Workers' Rights: Economic hardship fueled the labor movement, demanding better working conditions and fair wages. Shift in Power Dynamics: The struggle for workers' rights shifted power dynamics between labor and industry. Crisis of Capitalism: Questioning Capitalist Ideals: The severe economic downturn prompted a reevaluation of the ideals of capitalism and its ability to ensure economic freedom for all. Impact on Civil Liberties: Civil Liberties in Question: Economic distress raised questions about the extent to which civil liberties could be maintained during times of crisis. Balancing Security and Freedom: Striking a balance between national security and individual freedoms became a prominent challenge.

What were the four causes of WWI?

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Explain how the US government mobilized public support for the war effort during World War I.

Mobilization of public support for the war by the US government

Explain the difficulties faced by many immigrants when traveling to the United States.

Money Problems: Affording travel and paperwork fees was challenging. Tough Journeys: Long, unsanitary ship voyages caused physical and emotional strain. Health Issues: Diseases spread during the journey, and medical inspections awaited immigrants upon arrival. Language Challenges: Many newcomers didn't speak English, hindering communication and adaptation. Cultural Shock: Adapting to new customs and ways of living in the U.S. was difficult. Discrimination: Immigrants often encountered prejudice and bias from existing communities. Housing Problems: Finding suitable and affordable housing, especially in crowded areas, was a struggle. Exploitative Work: Desperate for jobs, immigrants accepted low wages and poor conditions. Family Separation: Leaving family behind was common, and reunification could be challenging. Legal Issues: Navigating complex immigration laws and paperwork led to delays, rejections, or deportations

Compare and contrast World War I with previous wars in terms of their nature and characteristics.and characteristics.

Nature of War: Similarity: World War I and previous wars involved large-scale, international conflicts. Difference: WWI introduced new technologies and tactics, such as trench warfare and chemical weapons, influencing its unique nature. Scale and Global Involvement: Similarity: Both World War I and previous wars had global involvement with multiple nations. Difference: WWI marked the first truly global conflict, involving numerous nations across continents. Tactics and Technology: Similarity: Use of traditional tactics, infantry, and cavalry in previous wars. Difference: WWI introduced technological advancements like machine guns, tanks, and airplanes, changing the dynamics of warfare. Casualties and Destruction: Similarity: Previous wars resulted in significant casualties and destruction. Difference: WWI witnessed unprecedented casualties due to the combination of trench warfare, new weaponry, and the scale of the conflict. Alliances and Diplomacy: Similarity: Previous wars involved alliances and diplomatic maneuvers. Difference: The complex system of alliances and treaties in WWI contributed to its outbreak and escalation. Duration: Similarity: Previous wars had varying durations. Difference: WWI was prolonged and characterized by a lengthy stalemate on the Western Front. Impact on Societies: Similarity: Wars influenced societal changes. Difference: WWI's impact included significant societal upheaval, economic shifts, and the eventual emergence of the League of Nations. Outcome: Similarity: Wars had diverse outcomes. Difference: WWI's aftermath led to major geopolitical changes, redrawing national borders and setting the stage for future conflicts.

Explain the two main positions held by the United States regarding World War I.

Neutrality (1914-1917): Policy: Non-intervention, avoiding European conflicts. Reasons:Economic interests in trading with all powers.President Wilson's re-election on an anti-war platform. Entry into the War (1917-1918): Declaration: U.S. declared war on Germany (April 6, 1917). Reasons:Unrestricted submarine warfare and sinking of the Lusitania.Zimmermann Telegram revealing German plans.Economic ties and loans to the Allies. War Aims:Make the world "safe for democracy."Fourteen Points for a just and lasting peace.Active role in the Allied victory and Paris Peace Conference.

Describe how new technologies influenced the process of industrialization.

Now technologies such as the assembly line created a newer and more efficient method of production leading to an industry boom.

summarise roosavelts coutr packing scheme and it s implications

Objective: President Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan in 1937 to expand the Supreme Court. Background: Response to the Court striking down New Deal legislation. Aimed to appoint additional justices sympathetic to his policies. Proposal: Sought to add up to six new justices for every justice over 70 years and 6 months. Implications: Political Backlash: Critics saw it as a threat to judicial independence. Viewed as an attempt to tip the balance in favor of the New Deal. Public Reaction: Mixed public response; some supported, others criticized the move. Raised concerns about separation of powers and checks and balances. Congressional Response: Faced opposition even from some within Roosevelt's own party. The plan was not enacted, but it had a lasting impact on Supreme Court dynamics. Legacy: Highlighted tensions between branches of government. Contributed to a shift in the Court's approach, known as the "switch in time that saved nine."

Discuss how the ideas of the Populist Party influenced politics in the 20th century, using the Election of 1896 as an example.

Objective: To address the concerns of farmers and working-class Americans facing economic hardships. Goals:Free Silver: Advocated for the unlimited coinage of silver to increase the money supply and ease debt burdens.Government Intervention: Called for increased government regulation of railroads and banks to protect farmers and consumers.Progressive Income Tax: Proposed a progressive income tax to reduce the economic disparities between the wealthy and the working class.Direct Election of Senators: Pushed for the direct election of U.S. Senators to enhance democratic representation.Eight-Hour Workday: Supported the establishment of an eight-hour workday to improve labor conditions.Inflationary Policies: Advocated for policies that would create inflation, making it easier for debtors to repay loans.

Explain the objectives and goals of the Populist Party.

Objective: To address the concerns of farmers and working-class Americans facing economic hardships. Goals:Free Silver: Advocated for the unlimited coinage of silver to increase the money supply and ease debt burdens.Government Intervention: Called for increased government regulation of railroads and banks to protect farmers and consumers.Progressive Income Tax: Proposed a progressive income tax to reduce the economic disparities between the wealthy and the working class.Direct Election of Senators: Pushed for the direct election of U.S. Senators to enhance democratic representation.Eight-Hour Workday: Supported the establishment of an eight-hour workday to improve labor conditions.Inflationary Policies: Advocated for policies that would create inflation, making it easier for debtors to repay loans.

Explain why Americans objected to the actions of Spain in Cuba.

Oppression: Americans objected to Spain's oppressive rule and harsh treatment of the Cuban population. Humanitarian Concerns: Sympathy for Cuban struggles fueled objections, with reports of atrocities and human rights abuses. Yellow Journalism: Sensationalized media coverage, known as yellow journalism, amplified public outrage against Spanish actions in Cuba. Economic Interests: Concerns for American economic interests in Cuba, including trade and investment, influenced objections. Nationalism: Growing American nationalism and a desire for international influence contributed to objections against perceived Spanish tyranny in Cuba.

Identify the challenges and problems faced by city dwellers due to urban living.

Poor Sanitation: Lack of proper sanitation led to unsanitary conditions, spreading diseases and causing health hazards. Overcrowded Housing: Rapid urbanization resulted in cramped living conditions, with overcrowded tenements and limited housing options. Industrial Pollution: Growing industries contributed to air and water pollution, impacting the health of city residents. Unsafe Working Conditions: Factory workers faced hazardous conditions, with long hours, low wages, and minimal workplace safety regulations. Limited Public Services: Cities struggled to provide adequate public services, including clean water, education, and healthcare, to a rapidly growing population. Transportation Challenges: Inadequate and unsafe transportation systems made commuting difficult for city residents. Social Inequality: Economic disparities were pronounced, leading to social unrest and tensions between different socio-economic classes. Disease Outbreaks: Crowded and unsanitary living conditions contributed to the spread of diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis.

Describe the reforms implemented by Progressive reformers in local and state governments, such as the introduction of primaries and referendums.

Primary Elections: Introduced direct primary elections, allowing citizens to choose party candidates instead of political insiders. Referendums and Initiatives: Implemented referendums and initiatives, giving citizens the power to propose and vote on laws. City Commission System: Adopted the city commission system, replacing traditional city governments with elected commissions for efficiency. Civil Service Reforms: Established civil service systems, reducing corruption by hiring based on merit rather than political connections. Regulatory Agencies: Created regulatory agencies to oversee industries, ensuring fair practices and protecting consumers. Public Utility Regulation: Implemented regulations on public utilities to prevent monopolies and ensure fair pricing. Campaign Finance Laws: Enacted campaign finance laws to increase transparency and reduce the influence of money in politics.

What was the 18th amendment? When was it passed?

Prohibition (1919)

Explain the purpose and significance of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

Purpose (1904): Asserted the right of the United States to intervene in Latin American affairs to maintain stability. Significance: Expanded the Monroe Doctrine's scope, emphasizing U.S. policing of the Western Hemisphere. Preventive Diplomacy: Aimed to prevent European intervention and ensure debt repayment by Latin American nations. Increased U.S. Influence: Reinforced U.S. influence in the region, setting a precedent for future interventionist policies. Controversy: Controversial for potential abuse of power, with critics viewing it as imperialistic and interventionist.

Compare the views of Republicans and Democrats on tariffs and monetary policy in the late 1800s.

Q: Late 1800s Republican Views: Tariffs: Favored protective tariffs to support American industries and economic growth. Monetary Policy: Generally supported the gold standard for a stable currency and conservative monetary policies. Q: Late 1800s Democratic Views: Tariffs: Divided views; some favored lower tariffs to benefit consumers, while others supported protectionism for American industries. Monetary Policy: Many Democrats advocated for bimetallism, supporting both gold and silver as currency to increase the money supply.

Define the term 'muckrakers' and describe their accomplishments.

Reform Advocacy: Muckrakers spurred public awareness and support for social and political reforms. Legislative Changes: Their investigative journalism influenced the passage of key laws and regulations. Corporate Accountability: Exposed corruption and unethical practices in big businesses, leading to increased corporate accountability. Consumer Protection: Addressed issues such as unsafe working conditions, food safety, and fraudulent practices, contributing to consumer protection measures. Political Transparency: Uncovered political corruption and called for increased transparency in government. Social Justice: Raised awareness about issues like child labor, women's rights, and racial discrimination, contributing to social justice movements.

What was the Sherman antitrust act?

Regulated monopolies and made illegal to form trusts that interfered with free trade

Summarize how the New Deal programs implemented by FDR helped Americans during the Great Depression.

Relief: Emergency Banking Act: Stabilized banks. CCC: Employed youth in conservation. Recovery: NIRA: Regulated industries. PWA: Funded infrastructure projects. Financial Reforms: Securities Act: Regulated securities. Glass-Steagall Act: Established FDIC. Agriculture: AAA: Raised crop prices. REA: Brought electricity to rural areas. Social Security: Social Security Act: Introduced pensions and insurance. Labor Reforms: Wagner Act: Strengthened unions. FLSA: Set minimum wage and maximum hours. Infrastructure: WPA: Created jobs in public works. TVA: Developed Tennessee Valley. Cultural Programs: FAP and FWP: Employed artists and writers. Impact: Job Creation Economic Stabilization Social Safety Nets Infrastructure Development

Describe the contrasting political viewpoints and responses to the economic crash of the 1930s.

Republican Response: Conservative Stance: Advocated limited government intervention. Voluntarism: Hoover promoted voluntary efforts for economic stimulation. Democratic Response: Liberal Approach: Favored active government involvement. New Deal Policies: Roosevelt's comprehensive programs aimed at relief, recovery, and reform. Conservative Critics: Opposition to New Deal: Criticized for expanding government power. Deficit Concerns: Expressed worries about growing federal deficit. Liberal Supporters: New Deal Endorsement: Liberals supported New Deal as vital for economic stability. Emphasis on Social Programs: Appreciated social reforms and infrastructure projects. Labor Movement: Worker Rights: Labor movement gained momentum, demanding improved conditions. Government Backing: New Deal policies supported organized labor. Agrarian Response: Farmers' Aid: New Deal agricultural programs addressed farming challenges. Rural Improvement: Initiatives like rural electrification aimed at rural development. Opposition and Third Parties: Political Divergence: Some opposed major party approaches. Diverse Proposals: Alternative suggestions reflected varied opinions on crisis resolution. Legacy: Political Evolution: Responses shaped the political landscape, influencing government's role. FDR's Impact: New Deal left a lasting mark on Democratic policies.

Discuss how President Taft influenced Theodore Roosevelt's decision to run for a third term.

Rift in Republican Party: Taft's presidency led to a rift within the Republican Party. Policy Differences: Disagreements on policies, including conservation and trust-busting, fueled tensions. Progressive Frustration: Progressive dissatisfaction with Taft's approach prompted Roosevelt's consideration of a third term. Bid for Progressive Unity: Roosevelt saw himself as a unifying figure and entered the 1912 election as a Progressive Party candidate. Desire for Progressive Agenda: Roosevelt's decision was driven by his commitment to advancing progressive ideals and policies.

who urged Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act and when ?

Roosevelt in 1906

Discuss the most significant motivations behind the Great Migration of African Americans during this time.

Significance of the Great MigrationEscape from Jim Crow Laws: Seeking refuge from racial segregation and discrimination imposed by Jim Crow laws in the Southern states. Economic Opportunities: Pursuing better job prospects in Northern industries, especially during World War I and World War II. Rural to Urban Shift: Moving from rural Southern areas to urban Northern and Western cities for improved living conditions and a modern lifestyle. Escape from Agricultural Challenges: Seeking alternatives to economic challenges in Southern agriculture, including the impact of the boll weevil. Political and Social Activism: Desire for political and social change, contributing to regions where civil rights activism was perceived as more feasible. Educational Opportunities: Accessing better educational opportunities for African American children in Northern cities. Family Reunification: Joining family members who had already migrated, strengthening family ties and contributing to cohesive black communities.

What should the government do according to social Darwinism?

Stay out of business affairs.

Identify the causes that led to the onset of the Great Depression.

Stock Market Crash (1929): Wall Street Crash triggered economic downturn. Bank Failures: Widespread bank failures due to panic and withdrawals. Reduction in Consumer Spending: Economic uncertainty led to decreased consumer spending. Global Economic Contraction: Worldwide economic downturn impacted the U.S. Overproduction and Agricultural Crisis: Overexpansion and agricultural challenges contributed. Credit Crunch: Financial system faced a credit crunch, limiting investment. Unequal Distribution of Wealth: Wealth gap hindered consumer demand. Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act (1930): Protectionist trade policies worsened global economic conditions. Federal Reserve Policies: Restrictive monetary policies and delayed response deepened the crisis. Drought and Dust Bowl: Environmental factors intensified the agricultural crisis.

How did John D. Rockefeller gain control of the oil industry?

Strategies: Vertical Integration: Owned all aspects of oil production from extraction to distribution. Aggressive Competition: Undercut prices and negotiated favorable deals with railroads. Standard Oil Formation: Co-founded and expanded the Standard Oil Company. Creation of Trusts: Used legal trusts to consolidate and control businesses. Market Dominance: Achieved near-monopoly, controlling 90% of U.S. refining capacity. Engaged in horizontal integration, acquiring competing refineries. Developed rebates with railroads for cost advantages. Legal Intervention: Dissolution of Standard Oil Trust in 1911 due to antitrust violations. Resulted in the breakup of Standard Oil into smaller independent companies. Legacy: Rockefeller's control set precedents for antitrust legislation. Established him as one of the wealthiest individuals in history.

Discuss the actions and strategies employed by women to secure political rights.

Suffrage Movements: Women organized suffrage movements advocating for the right to vote, with key figures like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Civil Disobedience: Engaged in civil disobedience, protests, and demonstrations to raise awareness and pressure lawmakers. Strategic Alliances: Formed alliances with other social movements, garnering broader support for women's rights. Legal Challenges: Initiated legal challenges to discriminatory laws, leading to court battles for gender equality. Education Campaigns: Conducted educational campaigns to dispel stereotypes and promote the idea of women as politically capable. Global Advocacy: Leveraged international platforms to advocate for women's rights globally, contributing to a broader movement.

Discuss the motivations behind the decision of African Americans and others to organize against discrimination.

Systemic Injustice: Motivated by the pervasive racial discrimination and systemic injustice faced by African Americans. Civil Rights: Strived for the recognition and protection of civil rights, including voting rights and equal treatment. Equality and Justice: Pursued the ideals of equality and justice promised by the Constitution. Inspiration from Leaders: Inspired by civil rights leaders like Martin Luther King Jr., who advocated for nonviolent resistance and equal rights. Community Empowerment: Sought to empower communities and challenge discriminatory practices through collective action. Legal and Social Change: Aimed for legal and social change to dismantle discriminatory laws and norms. Solidarity: Formed alliances with other marginalized groups, fostering a broader movement for social justice.

Which one of the following made possible the American industrial growth of the late 1800s? a: the development of labor unions b: technological advances c: the household economy d: government reforms

Technological advances

Identify the factors that hindered economic recovery in the South.

The Sout was already behind in the way of industrialisation and because they ultimately lost the civil war, they were set back in the ways of industry

Discuss why the Allies rejected Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace and describe the alternative plan they pursued instead.

The allies regected willsons peace proposal because they wanted power over germany

What was Plessy v. Ferguson?

The case that challenged a Louisiana law requiring separate sections of the trains for African Americans. The court ruled that "separate, but equal" was constitutional. 1896

Describe the efforts made by the federal government to regulate business.

The government created multiple acts including the interstate commerce act (1887) which regulated the rail road industry, the Sherman antitrust act (1890), the clayton antitrust act (1890), and the Sherman silver purpose act (1914).

What and when was the Pullman Strike?

The pullman company, which built railroad cars, cut wages several times. Pullman was also the name of the company town of the Pullman company in Illinois with the workers lived. when the company cut wages they did not decrease the price of rent for the workers and thus, most of the workers then went on strike. The strikers refused to handle trains that contain Pullman cars. traffic was then brought to a standstill. President Cleveland called out federal troops to put down the strike. Violence immediately ensued, leading to the death of 25 strikers. this

What was the square deal and who made it?

The square deal was made by president Roosevelt an was to give all business owners equal opportunity.

Why did some states ban the teaching of evolution in the schools?

The theory seemed to contradict the Bible's account of creation.

Compare and contrast the foreign policy views of Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson.

Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909): Views: Assertive and interventionist, believed in a strong military and "Big Stick" diplomacy. Actions: Mediated conflicts, constructed the Panama Canal, and pursued a balance of power in international relations. William Taft (1909-1913): Views: Emphasized Dollar Diplomacy, promoting economic ties to maintain stability. Actions: Encouraged U.S. investments abroad, particularly in Latin America and Asia, but faced limited success. Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921): Views: Focused on moral diplomacy, prioritizing democracy and human rights in foreign relations. Actions: Advocated for self-determination, led the U.S. into World War I, and played a key role in the formation of the League of Nations. Contrasts: Intervention vs. Diplomacy: Roosevelt favored intervention, Taft pursued economic diplomacy, and Wilson prioritized moral diplomacy. Military vs. Economic Influence: Roosevelt relied on military strength, Taft on economic influence, and Wilson on moral persuasion. Global Policeman vs. Moral Leader: Roosevelt sought to be a global policeman, Taft aimed for economic leadership, and Wilson aspired to be a moral leader in international relations.

Why did many Americans believe that Sacco and Vanzetti were executed?

They were immigrants with radical political beliefs' during the red scare

Discuss the technological advancements that contributed to the stalemate between opposing armies in World War I.

Trench Warfare: Dominant defensive strategy with fortified trenches. Machine Guns: Rapid-firing, hindering frontal assaults. Artillery: Powerful shelling creating barriers for infantry. Barbed Wire: Impeding movement and advancements. Poison Gas: Chemical weapons disrupting infantry and defense. Tanks: Introduced for mobile offensive capabilities. Airplanes: Early use for reconnaissance, limited impact on trench warfare. Submarines: U-boats disrupting naval supply lines.

What Lead to Spanish American War

USS Maine explosion blame put on spanish

What was the Scopes Trial?

a fight over evolution and the role of science and religion in public schools and in American society

President Roosevelt's Progressive record included all of the following except a: establishment of the Federal Reserve System b: conservation of forest land c: regulation of food and drug d: break-of several trusts deemed harmful to the public

a, establishment of the federal reserve system

Discuss the reasons why workers increasingly resorted to strikes as a tactic for labor gains. provide examples.

bad Working conditions, Low wages, No collective barganing meaning the workers had no way to negotiate with their empoloyers, unionisation made it a powerfull way to make a point to empoyers. some examples are the pullman strike

Describe the state of the banking system when Franklin D. Roosevelt assumed the presidency.

banking Crisis: Widespread Panic: The banking system was in crisis with widespread public panic and a loss of confidence in banks. Bank Failures: Numerous Closures: Many banks had collapsed, causing a domino effect of financial instability. Depositor Losses: Loss of Savings: Depositors faced significant losses as banks failed, leading to a loss of trust in the financial system. Hoover's Response: Ineffectual Measures: President Hoover's attempts to address the crisis were perceived as insufficient, further eroding public confidence. Bank Holidays: Emergency Closures: FDR declared a bank holiday, temporarily closing all banks to prevent further financial chaos. Emergency Banking Act (1933): Immediate Action: FDR swiftly enacted the Emergency Banking Act, providing federal assistance to stabilize and reopen solvent banks. FDR's Fireside Chats: Communicating Assurance: Through radio broadcasts, FDR reassured the public in his famous "fireside chats," urging trust in the reopened banks. Banking Reforms: FDIC Establishment: The Glass-Steagall Act established the FDIC, ensuring deposit insurance and banking regulation to prevent future failures.

What caused newspaper publishers to encourage "sensational" reporting?

competition for readers

What did anti-imperialists argue to support their view?

imperialism rejected the American ideal of "liberty for all"

Explain the effect that railroads had on the production and distribution of goods.

in addition to transporting western food and crops top east Coast markets, Railroads also facilitated international trade

What incidents lead to improvements in working conditions?

issues like the Triangle shirtwaist factory fire

Who established the federal reserve system? what was it?

it was Woodrow Wilson and it was established in December 1913 in order to establish a more stable monetary and financial system.

what did many workers turn to because they were upset by the gap between the rich and poor?

labor unions

What fueled the consumer revolution in the 1920's?

new ways of buying such as credit allowed people who did not have the money to own products to buy said products without having the immediate money.

What was the main objective of the nativists?

restrict immigration

What did critics of powerful industrialists refer to them as?

robber barons

How did southern states keep African Americans from gaining political control?

segregation

where did most urban workers live?

tenements

What was the 19th amendment and when was it passed?

the 19th amendment was womens voting in 1919

what did many people believe created many of the robber barons of the 1800's?

the governments laissez-faire polices

Why did Suffragists criticize President Wilson for declaring, "the world must be made safe for democracy"?

they believed that there was no true democracy without women being able to vote.

Explain how corporations were able to reduce costs and increase profits.

they lowered workers wages and raised production demands and hours.

What is a monopoly?

when a single group controls the production of a good or service

what did flappers represent?

women's desire to break with the past