U.S. History Unit 3 Vocab

W.L. Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Tariff of Abominations

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Republican Party

1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

homestead act

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

Stephen Douglas

A Democrat who ran against Lincoln and lost in 1860, created popular sovereignty

Antietam

A battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day.

Popular Sovereignty

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Annapolis Convention

A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention

Ostend Manifesto

A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

Liberty Party

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848

democratic split

Business-oriented Democrats joined the Whigs, and Whig advocates of states' rights returned to the Democrats --> Democrats became more agrarian (pro-slavery)

Lowell/Emerson/Calhoun on the war

Calhoun (South Democrat): Pro war with Mexico (More slavery) Lowell (North Whig): Against it it (Abolitionist), gradual westward expansion Emerson (North Whig) Against it

Baptists and Methodists

Christians from two of the largest Protestant denominations in Georgia that grew and spread rapidly during the 1790s-1830s in the South

CT Compromise

Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators.

Clay vs Calhoun

Dispute between two men, where Calhoun wanted slavery to be allowed in the western territories. Clay wanted North and South to reach an agreement, because he was sure that the nation would break apart, if not done so.

Panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preach a doctrine of pacifism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Appomattox

Famous as the site of the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant

Fort Sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War

James H. Hammond

Senator from South Carolina, declared that "No power on earth dares to make war upon it [South Carolina]. Cotton is king."

Confiscation Acts

Series of laws passed by fed gov. designed to liberate slaves in seceded states; authorized Union seizure of rebel property, and stated that all slaves who fought with Confederate military services were freed of further obligations to their masters; virtually emancipation act of all slaves in Confederacy

2nd Great Awakening

Series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on methodism and baptism, stressed philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for protestants. Attracted women, African Americans,and Native Americans

3/5 clause

Slaves counted as 3/5 person for representation and taxation purposes

Dred Scott Case

Supreme Court case which ruled that slaves are not citizens but are property, affirmed that property cannot be interfered with by Congress, slaves do not become free if they travel to free territories or states, fueled abolitionist movement, hailed as victory for the south

other persons

Term used to indicate slaves

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

VA Plan

favored large states in proportional representation

NJ Plan

favored the small states in proportional representation

54th Massachusetts

first African American unit to fight a battle, to show the other soldiers that they could fight

Force Bill

gave the president power to use military force to collect tariffs if the need arose

Border States

in the civil war the states between the north and the south: delaware, mayland, kentucky, and missouri

food riots

often in reaction to an "unjust" price for goods, especially bread, riots were a social norm, not an uncontrolled screaming mob

NYC Draft Riots

riots that took place as a result of the uncustomary drafting done by the Union army, in July 1863, over 100 people died over a course of 4 days, lynched several African Americans and burned down Black businesses, homes and an orphanage, stopped by federal troops and is the bloodiest riot in American history

1808 Clause

south wanted protection of slaves thought north would abolish it . clause stated that congress cant pass any law that has to do with slavery until 1808

Whig split

split into North and South over Fugitive Slave Law and other sectional issues

Lecompton Constitution

supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

South Carolina secession

the first state to secede from the Union after the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860

Slave Power Conspiracy

the idea that the South was engaged in a conspiracy to extend slavery throughout the nation and thus to destroy the openness of northern capitalism and replace it with the closed, aristocratic system of the south, and the only solution was to fight the spread of slavery and extend the nation's democratic ideals to all sections of the country.

Thomas Dew

upheld the notion that slavery was a Christian, moral, and republican institution

Maysville Road Veto

veto by Jackson that prevented the Maysville road from being funded by federal money since it only benefited Kentucky;this was a blow to Clay's American System, & it irritated the West.

Northern economic boom

war boom for business manufacturers/businessmen benefited- millionaire class born "profiteers" scammed government with shoddy goods new machinery benefited production- standardized clothing sizes born, harvest of crops by mechanical reapers, all discovered in Pennsylvania

union blockade

•AKA "Anaconda Plan" •Union blocked all ports/rivers to try to keep the south from getting resources •it worked: shortages, slowed economy

Jeffersonian virtue

Jefferson thought that America was a nation of small farms and independent farmers

Lincoln

Republican 1861-1865, won civil war

Dorothea Dix

Rights activist on behalf of mentally ill patients - created first wave of US mental asylums

the lost cause

Romantic name given to the Southern fight for independence, indicating nobility despite defeat

Sherman's March

(1864-1865) Union General William Tecmseh Sherman's destructive March through Georgia. An early instance of "Total war", puposely targeting infrastucture and civialian property to diminish moral and undercut the confederate war effort.

Fugitive Slave Act

(1850) a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Bleeding Kansas

(1856) a series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved to Kansas to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would a slave state or a free state.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, Kansas and Nebraska (3) Texas joins as slave state (4) slave trade abolished in DC, and (5) new fugitive slave law

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

morrill act

(1862) Federal law that gave land to western states to build agricultural and engineering colleges.

Gettysburg

A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. The battle is named after the town on the battlefield. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Gettysburg is the war's most famous battle because of its large size, high cost in lives, location in a northern state, and for President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.

Charles Finney

A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of "utility of benevolence" proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals.

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

Sally Hemings

A slave who was owned by Thomas Jefferson. Based on recent evidence from DNA and from the timing of Jefferson's visits to Monticello, most scholars now think it probable that Jefferson, a widower, was the father of one and possibly more of her four surviving children.

Kitchen Cabinet

A small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet. Many people didn't like Jackson ignoring official procedures, and called it the "Kitchen Cabinet" or "Lower Cabinet".

Slave Society

A society in which the institution of slavery affects all aspects of life.

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional

George Bourne

Abolitionist who lived in the 1800s, wrote books on abolition

Free Blacks

African Americans who were not slaves

Annexation of Texas

After the battle at the Alamo, Texas gains its independence, only to be annexed by the US shortly after. Leading to a land grab for California

Old Hickory

Andrew Jackson's nickname

Female Moral Reform Society

Antiprostitution group founded by evangelical women in New York in 1834.

fugitive slave clause

Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3 of the Constitution, which stated that slaves who escaped must be returned to their owners. It was later abolished in the Thirteenth Amendment

Confederate Draft

Began in Apr. 1862; 1st in US history; subjected all white males to service for 3 years unless substitute was provided or owned slaves; intense opposition; repealed 1863; reintroduced in 1864 & allowed slaves to join; 1 white man for every 20 slaves was left on plantations

Democratic Split

Business-oriented Democrats joined the Whigs, and Whig advocates of states' rights returned to the Democrats --> Democrats became more agrarian (pro-slavery)

Constitutional union party

Formed by moderate Whigs and Know-Nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis.

Free Soil Party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

Cold Harbor

Fought during the American Civil War from June 1 to June 3, 1864, near Cold Harbor, Virginia, it culminated in the slaughter of more than 13,000 Union soldiers attempting to advance to the Confederate entrenchment. The Confederates lost fewer than 2,000 men, and even they were shocked by the carnage caused by the folly of the Union commanders.

AME

Founded by Richard Allen, a predominantly African-American Methodist denomination

American Anti-Slavery Society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

U.S. sanitary commission

Founded with the help of Elizabeth Blackwell, the government agency trained nurses, collected medical supplies, and equipped hospitals in an effort to help the Union Army. The commission helped professionalize nursing and gave many women the confidence and organizational skills to propel the women's movement in the postwar years.

Vicksburg

Grant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union.

John Brown's Raid

In 1859, the militant abolitionist John Brown seized the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed.

Trent Affair

In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release

Pottawatomie Creek Massacre

In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers killed five pro-slavery settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Corrupt Bargain

Jackson said that Adams rigged the election by guaranteeing clay, another competitor a position in the cabinet if he surrendered his votes.

20 slave law

Law passed by Confederate Congress that effectively exempted wealthy plantation owners from military service. Led to claims that the Civil War was a "rich man's war"

election of 1864

Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan, Lincoln wins

Lonestar Republic

Nickname for Texas after it won independence from Mexico in 1836

Colonization

One country taking over another area to be used for their benefit

Temperance

People that pushed for the prohibition essentially. Foster religious perfectibility and secular progress.

Know-Nothing Party

Political party of the 1850s that was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant

54"40' or Fight!

Polk's campaign slogan because he wanted to get all land below the 54th parallel, but we ended up with the 49th parallel and below

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Voting Reforms

Reduced property requirement for voting and made it so everyone could vote

Peace Democrats (Copperheads)

The Democrats split into two factions over continuing the war. They wanted a constitutional convention to restore peace. The National Union Party coined the term "copperhead", as if they were snakes with treacherous plots.

National Road

The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.

Buchanan

The president of the uNited states from 1856-60

master class

The richest of society, accounted for a disproportional amount of land

Second Party System

The second party structure in the nation's history that emerged when Andrew Jackson first ran for the presidency in 1824. The system was built from the bottom up as political participation became a mass phenomenon.

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

desertion

To leave one's military post, or to run away from battle, often punishable by death.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Whig Platform/ coalition

Wanted economic expansion, plus more government. Supported corporate charters, a national bank, and paper currency. Wanted progress and perfectibility, Wanted to help general welfare. Methodists and Baptists

Preston Brooks

Was a Congressman from South Carolina, notorious for brutally assaulting senator Charles Sumner on the floor of the United States Senate.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

Gradual Emancipation

a method of abolishing slavery slowly so that the transition from a slave to a wage labor system is less disruptive.