USH CH17 Test Review

What effect did World War II have on the lives of women and African Americans? Think About: - job opportunities created by the war - military service

A huge army of industrial workers was needed to produce materials for the war. To meet this need, women were recruited for factory jobs and took many other jobs as well. Millions of women entered the workplace for the first time, and women working in defense plants proved themselves in jobs that only men had done before. The strong demand for workers also opened up opportunities for African Americans, and many moved from the South to take jobs in Midwestern cities. As a result, the number of African Americans working in skilled or semiskilled jobs increased during the war. Women and African Americans also joined the military. For the first time, women were admitted to the army, serving in noncombat positions such as nurses and radio operators. African Americans enlisted, too, and served as pilots for the first time, although units were still segregated. Many of them received awards for bravery, as did other minorities

This labor leader strongly encouraged President Roosevelt to issue an executive order discouraging discrimination in the workplace.

A. Philip Randolph

Convoys, sonar, and radar helped the Allies to win this battle.

Battle of The Atlantic

The initial success of this German offensive battle was due mainly to the Allies' being caught off guard.

Battle of the Bulge

This day marked the invasion of Nazi-controlled Europe.

D-Day

In December of 1941, who commanded the Allied forces in the Philippines?

Douglas MacArthur

When forced to abandon the Philippines, ___ made the vow, "I shall return."

Douglas MacArthur

The general who led Allied troops in battles on the islands of Bataan, Leyte, and Iwo Jima was

Douglas MacArthur.

What opportunities, adjustments, and tensions did the war create for Americans? Do you think most of the changes were positive for American society? Think About: - economic gains - return of servicemen to civilian life - discrimination experienced by minorities

During the war years, jobs were plentiful as industry mobilized to support the war effort. For many Americans, paychecks rose and people had money to spend or save for the future. Women entered the workforce in record numbers, and many in the defense industries took on traditionally male jobs. African Americans and other minorities also found more work opportunities and had more access to skilled jobs. As many African Americans migrated to Northern cities for work, racial tensions rose, sparking riots in cities such as Detroit and Los Angeles. In addition, after Pearl Harbor, suspicions about the loyalty of Japanese Americans led to their confinement in prison camps. Adjustments during the war included wives raising children alone and working outside the home. After the war, family members had to get to know one another again, and returning veterans needed to find work in the civilian economy. To speed this process, Congress passed the GI Bill of Rights, which paid for veterans' education and provided loan guarantees to help them buy homes and start businesses. Students will probably conclude that most economic changes were positive

This general commanded Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Europe.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

The Supreme Commander of U.S. forces in Europe was

Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Study the photograph of Omaha Beach. Do you think an enlisted man fighting on D-Day would be thinking about the things General Eisenhower talked about in his order? Write a brief essay in response to this question, citing examples and evidence from the three documents.

Eisenhower's letter reminds the men of why they are fighting and of the advantages they have that can bring about a victory in the battle. Enlisted men would probably be encouraged by Eisenhower's reminders and his confidence in their courage and skill(Document 1). However, they would also be thinking about practical matters, such as getting ashore without soaking their guns(Document 2), their task in the battle of reaching the enemy line(Document 3), and the dangers involved in a beach landing, where they are easily fired upon by the enemy(Document 3)

What do you think was on the mind of ordinary enlisted men as they took part in the invasion of Normandy? How might their thoughts be different just before the battle, at the end of the first day, and after the invasion moved inland? Write a brief essay in response to this question, citing examples and evidence from the three documents.

Enlisted men fighting on D-Day probably had many different kinds of thoughts. They might be thinking about the importance of the cause they are fighting for(Document 1); the odds of surviving a beach invasion, especially if they are in the first wave(Document 3); and the practical problems of getting ashore(Document 2). Essays should provide details for each kind of thought, such as fighting to keep Europe free from Nazi control(Document 1)and trying to keep one's gear dry while wading ashore(Document 2)

What were some of the problems faced by American families during and after the war?

Families were separated when members went to war or moved in search of work. Many mothers struggled to rear their children alone. Many women struggled to fulfill both family and work responsibilities. Many families struggled with the deaths or injuries of members fighting the war. Teenagers left without parents sometimes drifted into juvenile delinquency. There were many hasty marriages between people who barely knew one another. Long periods of separation made loved ones strangers. Hastily arranged marriages, long separations, and the pressures of wartime led to a dramatic increase in the divorce rate

Why did Truman decide to use the atomic bomb against Japan? Do you think that he did the right thing? Explain.

Fighting in the Pacific had been especially difficult, costly, and horrible. Allied leaders believed that an invasion of Japan would be extremely costly in terms of Allied lives. Truman regarded the bomb as another weapon in the military arsenal and believed that, as such, it should be used against the enemy. He believed that nothing less than using the bomb on a Japanese city would convince Japan to surrender. Many feared that the bomb might fail in a staged demonstration. Truman wanted to show the Soviets that the United States had powerful weapons in order to reduce Soviet oppositions to American postwar policies.

This Army Chief of Staff general pushed for the formation of a Women's Auxiliary Army Corps.

George Marshall

General ___ led the Third Army into Paris to liberate the city from German occupation.

George Patton

This general led the American troops that liberated Paris from German occupation.

George Patton

V-E Day, or May 8, 1945, was the day when ___.

Germany surrendered

How does the map explain the Allied strategy for defeating Germany? Consider the number of fronts on which Germany was forced to fight.

Germany was caught in a three-front war:Allied forces advanced west from the Soviet Union and through eastern Europe, north from North Africa and through southern Europe, and east after invading Normandy from Great Britain

How did mobilizing for the war transform American society? What were some short-term and long-term effects of this mobilization? Think About: - federal control over wartime production - the contributions of working people - scientists' contribution to the war effort - gains for women and minorities

Government agencies controlled industrial production, pricing, and distribution of goods during the war. The War Production Board reorganized industry to produce war materials. The Office of Price Administration controlled inflation by freezing prices, raising taxes, selling war bonds, and rationing scarce goods. The defense industry created jobs for millions of women, many of whom were entering the work world for the first time, and minorities, who gained access to more skilled jobs. The government also recruited scientists in the war effort. The Office of Scientific Research and Development worked to improve war technologies and medical drugs and develop an atomic bomb. Short-term effects of mobilization include cutting back on necessities and luxuries because of rationing, very low unemployment, better pay and less debt for many people, better jobs for some minorities, and racial tensions in Northern cities. Long-term effects include the emergence of the United States as the dominant economic and military power in the world, a generally higher standard of living, greater acceptance of women in the workplace, more African Americans living in industrial cities in the North, and a new way of waging war based on atomic weapons

He was Roosevelt's vice-president.

Harry S. Truman

Which of the following leaders did not attend the Yalta Conference?

Harry S. Truman

Document-Based Questions. Historical Context:On D-Day, Allied troops landed at five different beaches on the coast of Normandy, in northern France. The German defense of Normandy was ferocious, especially at Omaha Beach. Study each document carefully and answer the question about it. Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen of the Allied Expeditionary Force! You are about to embark upon the Great Crusade, toward which we have striven these many months. The eyes of the world are upon you. The hopes and prayers of liberty-loving people everywhere march with you. In company with our brave Allies and brothers-in-arms on other Fronts, you will bring about the destruction of the German war machine, the elimination of Nazi tyranny over the oppressed peoples of Europe, and security for ourselves in a free world. Your task will not be an easy one. Your enemy is well trained, well equipped and battle-hardened. He will fight savagely. But this is the year 1944! Much has happened since the Nazi triumphs of 1940-41. The United Nations have inflicted upon the Germans great defeats, in open battle, man-to-man. Our air offensive has seriously reduced their strength in the air and their capacity to wage war on the ground. Our Home Fronts have given us an overwhelming superiority in weapons and munitions of war, and placed at our disposal great reserves of trained fighting men. The tide has turned! The free men of the world are marching together to Victory! I have full confidence in your courage, devotion to duty and skill in battle. We will accept nothing less than full Victory! Good Luck! And let us all beseech the blessing of Almighty God upon this great and noble undertaking. Dwight D. Eisenhower In this order, how does General Eisenhower try to encourage and inspire the troops who are about to invade Normandy?

He tells the men they are fighting for important reasons(to eliminate Nazi tyranny in Europe and create a secure world)and reminds them that the Allies have already weakened Germany's military and have a tremendous advantage in weapons and number of troops

Where did the United States drop the atomic bomb?

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

When did the Russian offensive begin and end?

It began in 1943 and ended in 1945.

After Allied troops landed in Normandy, about how long did it take for them to liberate Paris?

It took less than two months, or about seven weeks

Which nation was defeated at the Battle of Midway after its plans of an attack were intercepted?

Japan

How did the United States succeed in defeating Japan? Do you think this defeat could have been accomplished in any other way? Think About: - the region that Japan occupied in the Pacific - basic military strategy used by the United States - key battles and Allied leaders in the Pacific - what brought about Japan's surrender

Japan had conquered a large empire covering much of mainland Asia and southeast Asia, as well as most of the large and small islands in the Pacific Ocean. Much of the war took place in the Philippines and on tiny islands to the east. The Allies' aim was to stop further Japanese expansion and then win back territory island by island as they closed in on Japan. After the battle of Midway, near Hawaii, the Allies were able to go on the offensive. Led by General Douglas MacArthur, the Allies won battles at Guadalcanal and Leyte Gulf. They then took Iwo Jima and Okinawa in preparation for a final assault on Japan. Both battles were costly in American lives but devastating for the Japanese, who fought with suicidal fierceness and tenacity. Fearing a long struggle if U.S. forces invaded Japan, President Truman chose to use the atomic bomb on Japan to end the war quickly. The massive destruction at Hiroshima and Nagasaki finally prompted Japan's surrender. Students who support Truman's decision may say that it saved American lives, that Japan was given a warning and a chance to surrender before the bomb was dropped, and that Japan's refusal to yield after the first bomb showed that Truman's fears were justified. Students who oppose the decision may say that Japan was already so weakened by the war that it would easily have been defeated by a conventional invasion. They may also say that the Allied demand for unconditional surrender increased Japan's reluctance to accept defeat

This death camp was the first liberated by the Allies.

Majdanek

This is the code name for the atomic bomb program.

Manhattan Project

According to this report on the invasion of Normandy, what happened to soldiers at different stages of the invasion?

Many of those in the first wave were killed. Those who arrived after them were battered but able to get to the German line and attack machine-gun nests from the rear. Those who pushed farther inland showed energy, high spirits, and smart-alecky confidence

According to Pyle's description, why is a beach invasion "costly at first"?

Many soldiers in the first wave are killed because they have no protection and must keep moving forward to make way for the troops who will follow

Which Axis-controlled country did the Allies invade first?

Morocco

Who were the defendants at the Nuremberg trials?

Nazi leaders

The Allied invasion of ___ was given the code name D-Day.

Nazi-occupied Europe

What area did Allied troops invade in 1942?

North Africa

Judging from the map, why was victory in North Africa essential to an invasion of southern Europe?

North Africa's proximity to France and Italy proved to be strategic because the attainment of a stronghold across the Mediterranean facilitated advances northward into southern Europe. Its distance from Germany made it more difficult for the Nazis to deploy additional troops or counterattack. This victory boosted Allied confidence and morale for a successful invasion into southern Europe

This was created by Congress to fight the threat of inflation.

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

This was responsible for improvements in radar and sonar and the development of "wonder drugs" such as penicillin that saved countless lives.

Office of Scientific Research

This was the code name for the invasion of Axis-controlled North Africa.

Operation Torch

What was Operation Torch? How did it lead to an invasion of southern Europe?

Operation Torch, the invasion of North Africa, proved to be strategic because the attainment of a stronghold across the Mediterranean facilitated advances northward into southern Europe. Its distance from Germany made it more difficult for the Nazis to deploy additional troops or counterattack. This victory boosted Allied confidence and morale for a successful invasion into Europe

To protest discrimination, ___ organized a march on Washington on July 1, 1941.

Phillip Randolph

This expanded the draft and eventually provided 10 million soldiers.

Selective Service System

What does the photograph tell you about how soldiers got ashore during the Normandy invasion?

Soldiers got ashore with great difficulty. Although they were brought close to land by special carrier ships, they had to wade through deep water with heavy equipment to reach the beach

What is taking place in this photograph?

Soldiers have left a troop carrier and are wading ashore at Omaha beach on D-Day

Which country was one of the Allied powers?

Soviet Union

Which city marked the farthest advance of Axis powers into the Soviet Union?

Stalingrad

How does this map demonstrate that Stalingrad was a critical battle of the war?

Stalingrad marks the farthest extent of Axis control in the Soviet Union. By finally defeating the Germans there, the Russians were able to go on the offensive and gradually drive them back westward. The offensive reclaimed all of eastern Europe for the Allies. In this way, the battle marked the turning point of the war

Which country remained neutral during the war?

Sweden

Compare the Battle of Stalingrad with the Battle of the Bulge. Consider the participants, where the battles took place, the results of the battles, and their significance to the outcome of the war.

The Battle of Stalingrad was fought between the Soviets and Germans; the Battle of the Bulge was fought between the Allied forces and Germans. The Battle of Stalingrad was fought on Soviet soil(in Stalingrad); the Battle of the Bulge was fought in Western Europe(Belgium). Germany lost both battles. The Battle of Stalingrad marked the point at which the Soviet Army began to push westward toward Germany; the Battle of the Bulge marked the point at which Germany could do little but retreat

Evaluate the importance to the Allied cause of the Battle of the Atlantic, the Battle of Midway, and the invasion of Normandy. Which do you think contributed most to Allied victory and why? Think About: - the threat of the German U-boats - the strategic importance of Pacific islands - the liberation of Western Europe

The Battle of the Atlantic was of key importance because if the Germans succeeded in their goal of preventing food and war materials from reaching Great Britain and the Soviet Union, it may have changed the course of the war. A turning point in the Pacific War, the Allied victory at the strategic Battle of Midway produced devastating results for Japan. With this victory, the Allies began moving closer to Japan as they began retaking islands in the Pacific. The invasion of Normandy was a decisive turn for the Allies as they liberated Western Europe and moved into the German heartland to defeat the Nazis

What were the Soviets able to do after they defeated the Germans on the Eastern front?

The Soviets were able to go on the offensive in 1943. They drove the Germans back toward Berlin

At the Nuremberg trials, top Nazi officials defended their actions during the Holocaust by claiming that they were following orders. Do you agree with this defense? Explain your answer. Think About: - the Nazis' attempts to destroy evidence - what the Nazis represented - the extent of their crimes

The extent of the inhumane acts that occurred during the Holocaust could not simply be pardoned by blaming them on someone else. The Nazi leaders carried out these acts, regardless of whose orders they were following, and they needed to be held accountable for their actions. The Nazis tried to bury and burn evidence of the death camps, which signifies their awareness of the hideousness of their crimes. The Nazis represented racism, hatred, violence, and terror

What did the Allied forces that liberated Paris do next?

They fought their way east toward Germany.

Using the information on the map, describe how the Soviets stopped the German advance into the Soviet Union.

They kept the Germans from taking Leningrad after a siege that lasted more than two years, repulsed them at Moscow, and finally defeated them in the long battle at Stalingrad

Document-Based Questions. Historical Context: On D-Day, Allied troops landed at five different beaches on the coast of Normandy, in northern France. The German defense of Normandy was ferocious, especially at Omaha Beach. Study each document carefully and answer the question about it. Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen of the Allied Expeditionary Force! You are about to embark upon the Great Crusade, toward which we have striven these many months. The eyes of the world are upon you. The hopes and prayers of liberty-loving people everywhere march with you. In company with our brave Allies and brothers-in-arms on other Fronts, you will bring about the destruction of the German war machine, the elimination of Nazi tyranny over the oppressed peoples of Europe, and security for ourselves in a free world. Your task will not be an easy one. Your enemy is well trained, well equipped and battle-hardened. He will fight savagely. But this is the year 1944! Much has happened since the Nazi triumphs of 1940-41. The United Nations have inflicted upon the Germans great defeats, in open battle, man-to-man. Our air offensive has seriously reduced their strength in the air and their capacity to wage war on the ground. Our Home Fronts have given us an overwhelming superiority in weapons and munitions of war, and placed at our disposal great reserves of trained fighting men. The tide has turned! The free men of the world are marching together to Victory! I have full confidence in your courage, devotion to duty and skill in battle. We will accept nothing less than full Victory! Good Luck! And let us all beseech the blessing of Almighty God upon this great and noble undertaking. Dwight D. Eisenhower According to Eisenhower's order, why should the troops about to invade Normandy feel confident, even though their enemy will "fight savagely"?

They should feel confident because the Germans by now have suffered "great defeats, " the Allies have reduced the strength of their forces in the air and on the ground, and the Allies have many weapons, ammunition, and trained fighting men

According to this report, why was it hard for the first soldiers who landed in Normandy to get past the beach?

They were pinned down, or killed, by heavy German fire from the bluff above the beach

Describe some of the hardships faced by ordinary Americans during World War II.

Women and male minorities faced discrimination in the military, the workplace, and in other areas of life. Workers labored to provide necessary war materials. Many people faced loneliness and longed for loved ones overseas. All Americans faced inflation and rising taxes. All Americans were forced to ration scarce goods or do without them

The law establishing this gave its members official status and salary, and, a year later, granted them full U.S. Army benefits.

Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC)

In the Battle of Stalingrad, all of the following contributed to the Soviet victory except

a massive Allied invasion.

How long did the Battle of Stalingrad last?

about five months

With respect to finding better jobs, the war years marked a period of ___ for African Americans.

advance

In which direction did Allied troops move after liberating Paris?

east

Truman's aim in deciding to drop the atomic bomb was to ___.

end the war and save American lives

In deciding to use the atomic bomb against Japan, President Truman's main goal was to

end the war quickly.

African Americans who worked in noncombat positions during the war were called WACs.

false

After WWII, the Serviceman's Readjustment Act pushed the U.S. government to compensate Japanese Americans for their lost property.

false

Atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of Nagasaki and Tokyo.

false

In Korematsu v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that the government's policy of drafting Japanese Americans into the military was justified on the basis of "military necessity."

false

Nisei are Japanese Americans who were born during World War II.

false

On May 8, 1945, or V-E Day, Americans celebrated the liberation of the death camps.

false

The GI Bill of Rights increased the standard of living of many defense workers by providing free education and job training as well as federal loan guarantees for buying homes and farms and starting businesses.

false

The Selective Service System provided free education and loan guarantees to veterans.

false

The final decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan was made by J. Robert Oppenheimer.

false

The purpose of the Office of Price Administration was to make sure that war industries received needed resources.

false

To confront urban segregation in the North, the Legal Aid Society was organized, staging its first sit-in at a segregated Chicago restaurant in 1942.

false

To combat wartime inflation, the U.S. government did all of the following except

increase production of consumer goods.

The problem of ___ was targeted by the Office of Price Administration.

inflation

Nisei who lived on the West Coast were subjected to ___ during the war.

internment

Germany's goal in the Battle of the Atlantic was to

keep food and war supplies from reaching Great Britain and the Soviet Union.

The Battle of the Bulge was significant because it marked the ___.

last German offensive

During the war, women in the WAACs served as

nurses and radio operators.

This was the method used to decrease the use of scarce and essential wartime goods.

rationing

Roosevelt's decision to remove people of Japanese ancestry to internment camps was a response to

strong anti-Japanese sentiment.

How do you think Allied soldiers who survived the D-Day invasion would look back on their experience? What reasons might they give for their survival when so many others died? Write a brief essay in response to this question, citing examples and evidence from the three documents.

survivors of D-Day experienced both great losses as well as victory and thus might look back on their experience with both pride and sadness. Essays should describe the encouraging words they received from their commanding officer(Document 1)and reasons for fighting that might have matched those given by Eisenhower; their grief at seeing so many fallen comrades, especially on the first day, when casualties were the highest(Document 3); and their thoughts as they left the relative safety of their ships and made their way ashore(Document 2). They might credit their survival to the superior military might that was mustered for the invasion(Document 1), the courage or arrogance of the men who fought(Documents 1 and 3), or the sacrifice made by those who went before them(Document 3)

An example of racial tensions during the war years is

the "zoot-suit" riots in Los Angeles.

Where did the Allied forces first invade Axis-controlled Europe?

the island of Sicily

What was the Manhattan Project?

the plan to develop the atomic bomb

At the Yalta Conference, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met to begin planning for the postwar world.

true

George Patton led the U.S. Third Army to free Paris from German occupation.

true

In 1942, civil rights leader James Farmer founded the Congress of Racial Equality.

true

The "zoot-suit" riots that erupted in Los Angeles in 1943 were directed against Mexican Americans.

true

The Battle of Stalingrad marked a turning point in the war.

true

The GI Bill of Rights made it possible for

veterans to attend college for free.

Document-Based Questions. Historical Context: On D-Day, Allied troops landed at five different beaches on the coast of Normandy, in northern France. The German defense of Normandy was ferocious, especially at Omaha Beach. Study each document carefully and answer the question about it. Soldiers, Sailors and Airmen of the Allied Expeditionary Force! You are about to embark upon the Great Crusade, toward which we have striven these many months. The eyes of the world are upon you. The hopes and prayers of liberty-loving people everywhere march with you. In company with our brave Allies and brothers-in-arms on other Fronts, you will bring about the destruction of the German war machine, the elimination of Nazi tyranny over the oppressed peoples of Europe, and security for ourselves in a free world. Your task will not be an easy one. Your enemy is well trained, well equipped and battle-hardened. He will fight savagely. But this is the year 1944! Much has happened since the Nazi triumphs of 1940-41. The United Nations have inflicted upon the Germans great defeats, in open battle, man-to-man. Our air offensive has seriously reduced their strength in the air and their capacity to wage war on the ground. Our Home Fronts have given us an overwhelming superiority in weapons and munitions of war, and placed at our disposal great reserves of trained fighting men. The tide has turned! The free men of the world are marching together to Victory! I have full confidence in your courage, devotion to duty and skill in battle. We will accept nothing less than full Victory! Good Luck! And let us all beseech the blessing of Almighty God upon this great and noble undertaking. Dwight D. Eisenhower According to Eisenhower, what will the men who are about to fight in Normandy help to accomplish?

They will destroy the German war machine, end Nazi tyranny over the peoples of Europe, and bring security to the world

What physical sensations do you think these soldiers were experiencing?

They would be experiencing the seawater soaking their uniforms, the difficulty of walking forward in water, the weight of their gear, the splash of water on their hands and faces, the sound of waves hitting them and the ship they have left, and the sight of a mist-covered shoreline and bluff

This day marked the end of the war in Europe.

V-E Day

This assumed the responsibility for converting industry from peacetime to wartime production and distributing raw materials to key industries.

War Production Board (WPB) and Development