USI Drones Course Full Study Set

WHAT THREE TYPES OF AERIAL PLATFORMS ARE BEST SUITED FOR REMOTE SENSING?

* Satellites * Aircraft * Unmanned aircraft

Barriers to Communication

1. Noise, static, simultaneous transmissions, fatigue and stress. 2. Incomplete or ambiguous messages 3. Lack of rapport with sender.

Advanced Beginner

30 days of experience

Novice

30 days with instructor

Competent

45 days of experience

When evaluating yourself as a part of the ADM process, for how many hours prior to flight does the FAA require you to avoid alcohol?

8 hours, and enough time to be free from all the effects of alcohol.

Most remote pilots and manned-aircraft pilots comply with the 8-hour window, but should understand that heavy drinking in as little as ___ hours prior may not leave sufficient time for the remote pilot to be free from the effects.

9

Expert

90 days of experience

Proficient

90 days of experience

Which of the following best represents the definition of a small unmanned aircraft (UA)?

A UA weighing less that 55 pounds, including everything onboard or attached to the aircraft.

The Pilots Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

A guide to enhance the knowledge and training of airmen.

Taxiways

A path for aircraft at an airport used for connecting different areas

Change blindness

A perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it.

What is the purpose of PPE?

A physical control that helps crews protect themselves from bodily harm

The Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM)

A procedural guide to operating in the National Airspace System.

Supervisory Control

A remote pilot programs a UAS flight path and then supervises and makes updates during the robot's movements.

upwind/vertical

A remote pilot should fly as _______ as possible from thermal plumes and only approach the tower after sufficient _____________ clearance can be guaranteed.

Autonomous Control

A robot makes complex decisions and strategizes to complete tasks.

Professionalism

A set of characteristics that differentiate professional occupations from other occupations.

Inattentional blindness

A simple lack of attention not associated with any vision defects or deficits

Servo

A small electro-mechanical device that deflects the control surfaces. The servo converts an electrical signal into a rotary motion, controlling each aerodynamic surface of the aircraft at the same time, providing stability and control to the robotic aircraft.

Magnetometer

A tiny electrical sensor that acts as a compass for situational awareness and navigation, measuring the magnetic field around the aircraft.

Remote Control (RC)

A trained Remote Pilot-in-Command evaluates the situation, makes timely decisions, and performs complex and lifesaving tasks.

Proficient

Able to prioritize tasks and workloads, and can perceive deviations from the normal pattern of work.

Class E

Above Class G and extends to 18,000 feet, unless it is an area in which traditional aircraft is moving between landing or taking off, which is known as transitional airspace that extends down to 700 feet AGL and is represented by a thick faded magenta line.

wastes/marine/elevated

According to 49 U.S.C. 5103, the term "hazardous material" includes: 1. Hazardous substances 2. Hazardous ___________ 3. _______________ pollutants 4. _______________ temperature materials 5. Materials designated as hazardous in the Hazardous Materials Table 6. Materials that meet the defining criteria for hazard classes and divisions in part 173 of this subchapter.

Yield right of way

According to Part 107, what should a remote pilot do if a manned aircraft is flying in the vicinity of the UA?

Use ________ to change the flight path of a UAS to avoid obstacles and other aircraft

Active sensor data

___ stress is your body's immediate reaction to a perceived threat or danger.

Acute (short-term)

Today's unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are equipped with ________ that continuously monitor the aircraft's altitude, attitude, location, and speed.

Advanced electronic flight control systems

Universal Communications (UNICOM)

An air-ground communication facility operated by a non-ATC private agency advisory service.

increased

An airport with an operating control tower will have ____________ traffic congestion.

situational awareness

An airport with an operating control tower will have a requirement for all pilots to maintain _____________ ___________ to prevent runway incursions and midair collisions.

different

An airport with an operating control tower will have aircraft at ______________ altitudes.

preoccupied

An airport with an operating control tower will have other pilots ______________ with tasks.

Carrier Wave

An electromagnetic wave modulated to convey a signal

Semantic Memory

An individual's general knowledge about the world, independent of the individual's identity with the past.

Preprogrammed control

An industrial robot performs an inspection of parts on a moving conveyor belt.

What hazardous attitude can be present in people who are non-conformists?

Anti-Authority.

What is covered data?

Any information that can identify a particular person.

What types of medication should UAS remote pilots avoid when actively flying?

Any medication that will affect the remote pilot's mental state.

During UAS flight operations, who should communicate externally with guests, FAA, first responders, the customer, and/or the company while the aircraft is airborne?

Any member of the UAS crew, besides the remote pilot in command

Poor timing

Appearing to perform a task as usual, but the timing of each component is slightly off. This makes the pattern of the operation appear choppy because the operator is performing each component separately and can be detrimental to activities that require fine motor skills.

Conflict Solving

Articulation of different solutions with an open mind and a common purpose.

The device that helps keep an aircraft flying straight and level is ________.

Automatic gyroscopic stabilizer

What are the two distinctive types of unmanned aircraft systems?

Autonomous and Remote-Controlled.

In examining UAS, we must look at two distinctive types of systems: ___ and ___.

Autonomous, Remotely Controlled

WHAT FOUR PARAMETERS ARE REQUIRED TO CALCULATE DENSITY ALTITUDE (TRUE AIR DENSITY)?

Barometric pressure, * Air temperature, * Dew point, * Field elevation

Competent

Begin to complete tasks in order to achieve a goal or objective

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON POWER SOURCE FOR SUAS?

Brushless DC, electric motors, and LiPo batteries

What mnemonic can help remote pilots choose the correct course of action?

CARE

Consequences, Alternatives, Reality, External Factors

CARE model

technical proficiency

CRM training is based on the fact that a high degree of _______________________________________ is essential for safe and efficient operations.

Runways

Can either be single, parallel, open-v, or intersection; it has a different two-digit number on each end that corresponds to a degree on a compass.

Radiation fog

Can often be found in lower-lying areas and in areas of varying topography as it is brought about by cooling the air adjacent to the ground. Cold air is dense and tends to flow toward lower-lying areas.

Poor perception

Concentrating attention upon movements or objects only in the center of vision and neglecting those in the periphery. This lack of peripheral acuity can be detrimental to visual observers as well as pilots trying to maintain situational awareness around their vehicles.

Service building

Control towers, hangers, terminals

Class E

Controlled by ATC but traditional aircraft do not need ATC clearances. Used by airlines transitioning, general aviation aircraft flying for recreation and restricted category airfraft. High risk to UAS. Radio communications are not required.

Mechanical Turbulence

Created by wind shear, an abrupt change in the speed or direction of the flow.

Coriolis force

Created from earth's rotation; this "force" moves air parcels to the right, as they are made to move by the PGF, in the North Hemisphere.

Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate

DECIDE model

strong

Data Link: Test the ability to input commands and receive telemetry and ensure a _________________ link with little to no interference when viewing the signal strength.

Telemetry

Data packages relating to health and status of the UAS, including altitude and airspeed

bits per second (bps)

Data transfer rate is expressed in these terms

Commands

Data transmitted by uplink stream

AIR TEMPERATURE DECREASES AND AIR DENSITY _____ WITH INCREASES IN ALTITUDE?

Decreases As altitude increase... •Temperature decreases •Pressure decreases •Density decreases •Speed of Sound decreases

What is flight termination?

Deliberate controlled flight of a UAS into terrain

Advanced Beginner

Demonstrate limited ability to perceive situations outside of operating the system

What does the term sense and avoid, used in the UAS industry mean?

Describes the UAS' ability to self-separate from other aircraft

What are the parts of the DECIDE decision-making model?

Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate

Cumulonimbus

Developed in an unstable environment aloft and can extend to vast altitude.

CARGO OR AGRICULTURAL SPRAY ARE CLASSIFIED AS WHAT TYPE OF PAYLOAD?

Dispensable

Receiving information critical to the operation of an aircraft is a function of______________.

Display design

What does the study of ethics do for a professional?

Distinguishes intentions, actions, or behaviors as being either right or wrong

Ethics

Distinguishes intentions, actions, or behaviors as being either right or wrong and pertains to moral principles, roles and behaviors, socially approved conduct or norms, and respect for people's rights and liberty.

WHAT KIND OF SILICONE IS MADE BY MIXING SILICONE CRYSTALS AND IMPURITIES TOGETHER?

Doped silicone

POINT CLOUD DERIVATIVE PRODUCTS CAN BE GENERATED USING WHAT TYPE OF SENSOR?

Either passive or active

What energy is used in the remote-sensing process to detect, measure, and collect reflected, emitted, or absorbed energy by different objects?

Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)

There are three primary elements of unmanned aircraft systems. They are the mechanical structure, _______ and _______

Electronic systems, software program

reserve

Energy State: Ensure there is enough energy to complete the planned operation, plus a ____________.

Match the term with the definition.

Ethics => Set of rules or ideas that are considered the norm Professionalism => Set of attitudes or behaviors that are believed to be appropriate for particular occupations

What is the role of a RPIC whose aircraft is pre-programmed to execute commands?

Evaluate the situation and make timely decisions

Class C

Extends from surface to 1,200 feet AGL 5 nautical miles around the airfield and 1,200 to 4,000 feet AGL within 10 NM of the airfield Represented by solid cranberry colored rings. Requires a 2-way radio and altitude reporting transponder for traditional aircraft. Controlled

Class D

Extends from the surface to 2,500 feet AGL May be represented with a unique shape to meet the needs of approaches to the airfield Airfields are almost always surrounded by Class E Transitional Airspace Requires 2-way radio contact sUAS may not enter this airspace without authorization from the FAA

Near real time commands to the UAV and near real time telemetry from the UAV

For UAS implementation into the National Airspace System, what are two key items required to ensure safety?

Proper anti-collision lighting

For the remote pilot, the FAA extends the flight operational window to include civil twilight, if there is ______________?

Pressure gradient force

Force exerted over an area; if a difference in pressure exists over a distance, a net force is created, unbalancing the force and bringing about acceleration.

Cumuliform

Formed from unstable air, often follows the diurnal cycle of solar heating.

Ice fog

Formed when the underlying surface that cool air is flowing over is sufficiently cold.

Stratus

Forms in stable air and may produce a light mist or drizzle

Advection fog

Forms when near-surface air is moved horizontally over a cooler underlying surface, cooling the air below its dew point.

WHICH COMPONENT OF THE UAS CONTAINS MOST OF THE EQUIPMENT AND ACTS AS A BASIC STRUCTURE?

Fuselage

Suppport

Giving help when needed

lowest/greatest

Glide Ratio: To maximize the system's available flight time you must fly at an airspeed that the __________ drag and ___________ lift.

One of the first UAS used Inertial Navigation System (INS) for guidance. What updated technology improved the accuracy and capability of UAS?

Global Positioning System

What technology developed as a result of Inertial Navigation System (INS) led to technology used today?

Global Positioning System (GPS)

WHAT IS USED TO MEASURE THE ANGULAR ACCELERATIONS ROUND THE PITCH, ROLL, AND YAW AXIS?

Gyroscope

15

If operating in a towered airport environment, pilots must maintain two-way communication and make initial contact with the tower approximately _____ NM out from the airport.

WHAT TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY IS REQUIRED FOR BVLOS (BEYOND VISUAL) TECHNOLOGY?

Relay/satellite

What are the three technological issues facing UAS' full integration into the airspace?

Reliability, development of Detect and Avoid technology, and control link security.

30

Remember: if you don't respond to an FAA inquiry within _______ days, your request for a waiver will be withdrawn, so be prompt in your responses.

500/2000

Remote pilots must maintain a minimum clearance of ___________ feet below a cloud and __________ feet horizontally from any cloud.

documented/record

Repairs or Modifications: check the system for any repairs regarding modifications from the manufacturer's original design. All work needs to be ________________ in a maintenance ____________________ and a full system functional flight check should be conducted.

Analytical Responses also called "Headwork"

Includes a systematic approach to determining the best response or way to counter the change.

HOW CAN LIFT INDUCED DRAG BE OVERCOME?

Increasing the speed at which the airfoil travels through the air

Privacy Rights

Individuals have an expectation of privacy in their home or when enjoying their property.

Property Rights

Individuals have the right to own and enjoy their property.

To determine the roll, pitch, and yaw of an aircraft, use a/an ________.

Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)

________ is the portion of electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths ranging from 700 nanometers to 1 millimeter that senses heat energy.

Infrared band

worn/broken

Inspections should be conducted before and after each flight to look for ___________ or ________ parts.

Why is the term "Unmanned Aircraft System" used versus terms like UAV or drone?

Represents all of the components of a UAS, and not just the air vehicle.

Class B

Requires 2-way radio and an altitude reporting transponder Has a 30 NM ring called the "Mode C veil" which requires a transponder to transition in to. Must have clearance from ATC to enter. UAS operations prohibited.

WHAT TYPE OF ACTIVE SENSOR IS USED IN A REMOTE SENSING PAYLOAD?

LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)

WHAT U.S. SATELLITES ARE USED TO GATHER IMAGES OF THE EARTH'S LAND SURFACE?

Landsat

MOST UAS PILOT DISPLAYS OF A MODERN-DAY GCS ARE IN A _______ CONFIGURATION. ?

Lateral

publicly/move on

Leaders and followers alike should _____________ acknowledge mistakes and ______________________.

define/assign

Leaders need to _________ goals and ____________ tasks that match individual team memer's abilities with repuirements.

Efficient, long duration flights

List two advantages of a fixed-wing UAS

System to get it airborne, requires a runway

List two disadvantages of a fixed-wing UAS

Why are lithium-based batteries dangerous? (select all that apply)

Lithium batteries are considered a hazardous material and a fire hazard. Lithium is highly flammable Lithium reacts with water Lithium batteries can experience thermal runaway

WHAT TYPE OF NETWORK ALLOWS INFORMATION SHARING TO ONLY THE CREW IN THE GCS?

Local Area Network (LAN)

Rudder

Located on the back of the tail, used to control yaw.

What do the following professions have in common: doctors, lawyers, and engineers?

Long formalize course of study and are certified by a board of experts

What is the gap between a remote pilot's abilities and the task requirements for controlling and monitoring the UAS?

Margin of Safety.

Frontal fog

May form in advance of a warm front following the passage of a cold front, it occurs when warm rain falls into a layer of cold and moist air.

What is airworthiness?

Measure of an aircraft's suitability for safe flight.

Psychological Stress

Mental stress resulting from difficult work or personal situations.

What does the remote pilot need to do if experiencing a UAS flyaway?

Monitor the system's location, and if the UA enters airspace that requires new authorization, then the remote pilot needs to immediately notify ATC.

The remote sensor pointing straight down from the aircraft in a line perpendicular to Earth's surface is known as ________.

Nadir

Saves fuel

Name an advantage of DC electric motor

More horsepower/pound of engine weight

Name an advantage of Internal combustion engines.

Rechargeable

Name an advantage of Rechargeable Lithium-based batteries.

Environmental factors, antenna type, tower, and distance

Name factors that limit datalink strength and range

Range

Name the greatest advantage of a directional antenna over an omni antenna

Mature, dissipating, cumulus

Name the stages in order of a thunder storm.

Maximum airspeed, altitude, climb and descent rates.

Name three design and flight limitations that you should look for in a UAS Original Equipment Manufacturer.

Wind

Named for the direction or place from which it is blowing, is created when temperature differences and the quantity of moisture present in the atmosphere create horizontal variations in air pressure.

The person who patented the use of radio waves to remotely control vehicles is ________

Nikola Tesla

Flying Wing

No fuselage or horizontal/vertical tails required, one of the simplest aircraft to build and operate.

Procedural Memory

Nondeclarative knowledge in the form of skills and cognitive operations cannot be consciously recollected, at least not in the form of specific events or facts.

All airmen, including UAS remote pilots, are supposed to check the ___ for hazards and TFRs.

Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs)

2, 1, 3

Number the events of a cold front correctly: _______ As the warm, moist air ascends, it cools and the water vapor in it condenses and creates cumuliform clouds. _______ The cold, dense air wedges under the warmer air and forces it upward. _______ Cumuliform cloud can bring showery precipitation and possibly thunderstorms.

2,3,1

Number the steps in the correct order that occurs when lift is created: _______ Air speeds p, pressure goes down. _______ Faster-moving air above exerts less pressure on the wing than the slower-moving air below. _______ Area in which the ar is moving narrows or widens, then air speeds up or slows down.

direction/speed

Observing the movement of clouds can provide insight into the _________ and ___________ of the wind at that level.

written/prior

Obtain _________________ permission _____________ to conduct sUAS operations on property that belongs to someone else.

June 15th

On June 5th you crash your sUAS into a powerline line and cause thousands of dollars' worth of damage. By what date do you need to report this accident to the FAA?

Cooperation

Open and positive communication, mutual agreement of priorities, actively working together to complete tasks

Which of the following are attributes of professionals? (select all that apply)

Organized Level headed Risk averse Methodical

Commission Error

Overcorrecting for a minor warning or change that has caught us off guard.

Personnel, Operational plan, System's components, Environment

POSE checklist for pre-flight risk management is...

WHAT TYPE OF REMOTE SENSING PAYLOAD CAN BE USED FOR TRACKING TAGGED WILDLIFE, LOST OR WONDERING ADULTS, OR CHILDREN SUFFERING FROM COGNITIVE CONDITIONS?

Passive radio wave tracking device

WHICH IS NOT A COMPONENT OF A BASIC GROUND DATA TERMINAL?

Payload sensors

Senses, stimuli, paying attention, making sense of what is perceived

Perception can be influenced by the nature and capacity of...

What are the four factors that elicit a need for the UAS remote pilot to react?

Performance of key personnel, operation being conducted, system status, and environment.

What are the three broad areas of stress?

Physical, physiological, and psychological.

Macho

Pilots have a tendency to show how good they are.

How can fatigue affect a remote pilot's ability to perform?

Poor timing or perception.

Stratocumlus

Possess characteristics of both stratus and cumulus clouds and often appears as closely spaced clusters or rolls of clouds, with clear sky in between.

St. Elmo's Fire

Precipitation static can cause... A visible luminous electrical discharge also known as ________________________________ on the aircraft.

communications

Precipitation static can cause... Complete loss of ____________________.

compass

Precipitation static can cause... Flawed magnetic _________ readings

instrument

Precipitation static can cause... Inconsistent ___________________ readouts.

Tractor

Propeller is in the front.

Pusher

Propeller is in the rear, allows an unobstructed view for forward-looking sensors.

Knowledge-based Errors

Refer to situations where actions are intended but do not achieve the desired outcome due to lack of knowledge.

Adverse Physiological State

Refers to factors that include those medical or physiological conditions that affect performance (e.g. medical illness, physical fatigue, and hypoxia).

Adverse Mental State

Refers to factors that include those mental conditions that affect performance (e.g. stress, mental fatigue, motivation).

Physical/Mental Limitation

Refers to when an operator lacks the physical or mental capabilities to cope with a situation and performance is affected (e.g. visual limitations, insufficient reaction time).

Friction

Retards forward motion.

Rule-based Errors

Revers to situations where the action matches the human's intentions but do not achieve their desired outcome due to incorrect application of a rule or a plan that is insufficient to meet the intended outcome.

-A HELICOPTER IS A TYPE OF __________ AIRCRAFT?

Rotary Wing

vertically/hovers

Rotary-wing aircraft: Takes off and lands __________ and _______ in midair.

Distraction

Something that makes it difficult to think or pay attention.

WHAT TYPE OF DISPOSABLE PAYLOAD DEVICE CAN BE DROPPED IN AN AREA OF INTEREST AND TRANSMIT ENVIRONMENTAL DATA R LONG PERIODS OF TIME?

Sonde

WHAT TYPE OF RESOLUTION WILL DETERMINE WHETHER FINE DETAIL CAN BE DISTINGUISHED IN AN IMAGE AND TO WHAT DEGREE DETAILED FEATURES OF THE OBJECT CAN BE SEEN?

Spatial

Which are characteristics of professionals? (select all that apply)

Specialized body of knowledge Licensure or certification Members of associations Uphold a code of ethics

Best Practices

Standards of practice that will help you deal with the responsibility entrusted in you by the FAA.

In addition to Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR), what other rules should remote pilots learn? (select all that apply)

State laws Municipal ordinances Other applicable federal regulations like FCC rules Manufactures limits and procedures

days

Stratiform and cirrus clouds can extend several hundred miles in advanced of the surface front and foretell frontal passage several _______ in advance.

aloft/counterclockwise

Surface winds flow ________ and _____________________ in areas of low pressure.

aloft/clockwise

Surface winds flow _________ and _____________ around areas of high pressure.

False

T or F: A PIC may use binoculars to keep the UA within line-of-sight.

True

T or F: A PIC may use prescription glasses to keep the UA within line-of-sight.

False

T or F: A fixed-wing SUAS should land into the wind.

False

T or F: A fixed-wing sUAS should be launched away from the wind.

False

T or F: A remote pilot can fly their sUAS under another aircraft as a part of a yield maneuver.

True

T or F: A sUAS may transport cargo as long as the materials they carry are not hazardous and they don't cross state boundaries.

True

T or F: Frequency is how many radio waves are generated per second

False

T or F: If you are unable to determine visibility or cloud coverage using aviation reports or other reliable sources, use your best judgement to conduct you commercial operation and stay away from the clouds.

True

T or F: sUAS can be flown from a moving aircraft if it's over a sparsely populated area.

True

T or F: sUAS can be operated from a moving boat as long as the boat is far away from the shoreline

True

T or F: sUAS can be operated from a moving car as long as the operation area is sparsely populated

True

T or F: sUAS can be operated from a plane if the plane is flying more than 400 AGL

False

T or F: sUAS can carry cargo for compensation and be operated from a moving land vehicle as long as the area is sparsely populated.

What mnemonic can help remote pilots with generating risk mitigation alternatives?

TEAM

Physiological Stress

THe body's chemical reactions to the demands placed on it.

What antidote can be applied to the hazardous attitude of machismo?

Taking chances is foolish.

The status of an aircraft including attitude, airspeed, altitude, and heading is provided through which process ________.

Telemetry

What is the amount of Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) emitted from an object dependent on?

Temperature

WHAT TYPE OF RESOLUTION IMPROVES BY USING IMAGERY CAPTURED SUCCESSIVELY OVER TIME, TO DETECT CHANGES IN LANDSCAPE?

Temporal Resolution

Novice

Tend to adhere to all rules they learn or formal plans that are made

increase/decrease

The Bernoulli principle states that an ____________ in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a ____________ in the pressure exerted by the fluid.

WHAT FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT CONTROL SURFACE CAN INDUCE A MOMENT AROUND THE LATERAL AXIS?

The Elevator

WHICH SUAS MULTIROTOR CONFIGURATION USES VECTORED THRUST TO CONTROL THE YAW AXIS?

The Tricopter

Divided Attention

The ability or attempt to focus on multiple stimuli at the same time.

Selective Attention

The ability to focus on a specific stimulus despite the presence of distractions

Sustained Attention

The ability to focus on a specific stimulus for a long period of time

Resignation

The acceptance of something undesirable but inevitable.

Roll

The aircraft moves laterally and rotates around the longitudinal axis. One wing r blade gets lower than the other, AOA is reduced, and les lift is generated. The opposite end of the airfoil generated more lift.

Yaw

The aircraft rotates around the vertical asix, causing the UAS to change direction.

Pitch

The aircraft tilts up and down.

Angle of Attack (AOA)

The angle between the direction of airflow against the wing and the chord.

Aprons

The area where aircraft are parked or serviced, sometimes referred to as the "ramp".

Reflection

The bouncing back of a wave when it hits a surface and changing directions

Wavelength

The distance between one wave top to the next wave top

Special Use Airspace (SUA)

The following are all examples of what kind of airspace? -Restricted Areas -Warning Areas -Prohibited Areas -Alert Areas -Temporary Flight Restrictions -Military Operating Area

Margin of Safety

The gave between your abilities and the task requirements.

Canard

The horizontal tail is positioned near the nose of the aircraft while the wing is near the tail, allowing for more payload placement possibilities.

Poor coordination

The inability to move different parts of your body together well or easily.

What is the definition of a PIC?

The individual that has the final authority and responsibility for the operation and safety of an sUAS operation

adress/explain

The leader will maintain his/her authority (unless incapacitated) but should ________________ any concerns and _______________ their reason to rejecting a challenge.

Control stations are classified by ___.

The location of the remote pilot to the UA and the remote pilot's ability to physically see the unmanned aircraft system while in flight.

Scattering

This is a beam of radio waves hitting a mass of smaller material, which individually reflects and spread the radio waves in different direction.

Antenna Gain

This is an increase in wave amplitude

Downlink

This is defined as communications FROM the UAS to the CGS

Noise

This is radio frequency interference

Refraction

This is the bending of waves as they pass from one medium to another due to changes in speed; ie, putting a pencil in water.

wave propagation

This is the way in which radio waves move from the source antenna to the receiving end

Diffraction

This occurs when an object causes a wave to change direction and bend around it

Impulsivity

This occurs when pilots feel the need to do something, anything, immediately.

Absorption

This occurs when radio waves are consumed by an object

Safety Management System

This process manages and improves an aviation-based system

Aircraft size

This should be taken into account when choosing datalink hardware

Payload

This type of information is transmitted through the downlink

Duplex

This type of radio signal allows data to be transmitted simultaneously back and forth, like a phone

What are the four core components of a UAS?

Unmanned aircraft, payload, control station, and control link.

Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF)

Used to transmit intentions to other pilots and notivy position at airports without an operating control tower.

Global Positioning System

Uses satellites to calculate the aircraft's speed over the ground, headings, rate of climb; providing accurate navigational data.

Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)

Uses sensors, computers and communication systems to automatically record and disseminate atmospheric conditions continuously at one-minute intervals.

Inertial Measurement Unit

Using mini gyroscopes and linear accelerometers, data is fed into a small computer control and current vehicle velocity is obtained and integrated to obtain vehicle position. Adjustments are sent to the vehicle's navigational system and actuators without any input form the pilot.

warm/cold

Valley breezes are most prevalent during the ______ season while mountain breezes are more common during the _________ season.

To ensure the proper weight and balance of the sUAS you are flying, check_____________

Vehicle manufacturer documentation

WHICH TYPE OF LAUNCH METHOD ALLOWS AIRCRAFT TO TAKEOFF STRAIGHT UP ON ITS OWN POWER?

Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL)

Which of the following is the best stress-coping technique?

Vigilance.

WHAT ELECTROMAGNETIC (EM) BANDS ARE USED IN PRECISION AGRICULTURE APPLICATIONS?

Visible and near infrared

cooler

Warm air advances only when cold air retreats, so a warm front is a boundary that moves toward a ________ air mass.

What device provides a remote pilot data from the air vehicle to indicate a dangerous or irregular flight condition?

Warning lights and annunciator alarms

Drones, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Remotely Piloted Aerial Vehicles

What are some common names for these unmanned, airborne robots?

Environmental elements

What are the following: Regulations Relevant airspace and its management Personnel involved in the operation Physical environment that hosts the operation

Fuselage, airfoil, stabilizing and control surfaces, and powerplants

What are the four basic components of unmanned aircraft?

Lift, drag, thrust, weight

What are the four forces that act on an aircraft?

Pilot inputs, sensors, controller, actuators

What are the four things that the flight control system monitors?

16 years old, aeronautical knowledge exam, TSA background check.

What are the requirements you must meet to operate a sUAS as an airman in the NAS?

Operational Necessity and Safety of flight

What are two acceptable reasons to lose VLOS momentarily?

A cloud will form

What can a remote pilot expect to happen if the temperature approaches 32F and their UA is flying through visible moisture in the air?

Transmitter

What device on a UAS relays information about RPM, position, altitude, airspeed, video images and GPS data?

Instrumental Flight Rules

What does IFR stand for?

Transfer, eliminate, Accept or Avoid, Mitigate

What does TEAM stand for?

Visual Flight Rules

What does VFR stand for?

400 ft AGL

What is the maximum altitude that a remote pilot can fly a sUAS under Part 107 rules?

1.225

What is the standard sea-level density

29.92

What is the standard sea-level pressure?

15 C

What is the standard sea-level temperature?

90 days

What is the target turn around time for Certificates of Waiver applications?

Lightning and thunder

What may accompany precipitation falling from a cumulonimbus cloud?

Clouds atop a mountain peak

What should a remote pilot look for that could signify the presence of a valley breeze?

Turbulence

What should you anticipate below cumulus clouds?

Longitudinal, Lateral, Vertical

What type of drag is created by resistance placed on the aircraft as it moves through the air?

Parasitic Drag

What type of drag is created by resistance placed on the aircraft as it moves through the air?

Preprogrammed lost communications flight plan

What you should have in the event of a lost link

Redundant and backup systems

What you should have to reduce the risk of lost link

Evaporation/Steam fog

When a warm and moist underlying surface evaporates additional water vapor into the overlying air and the air mass become saturated.

Serious injury, $500 damage

When does a remote pilot need to report a sUAS accident to the FAA?

10/30

When fixed and focused on a point in space, the maximum visual acuity is a circle, __________ degrees in diameter around the point. When you are not actively focusing, your focal point will be about _________ feet away.

Sparsely populated and no cargo

When is controlling a sUAS from another vehicle allowed?

Two

When using a transmitter/received combination, how many antennas must be mounted on the UAS and on the GCS?

The operating manual

Where are weight and balance limitations documented?

E, D, C, B

Which air space classes require authorization to use?

Lift

Which force influences how the UA takes off and maintains flight?

Class G

Which is the only airspace that is uncontrolled?

after

While flying in a coastal region, a UAS pilot should expect a breeze to commence several hours ________ sunrise.

1000

While flying in a coastal region, a UAS pilot should expect a robust sea breeze may extend up to _______ feet in altitude.

5-10/sunset

While flying in a coastal region, a UAS pilot should expect wind speeds as great as ___________ knots can be realized mid-afternoon and will cease around _________.

analyzed

While perceiving information from stimuli... Information is _________________.

evaluate

While perceiving information from stimuli... Information is used to ________________ obstacles and risks.

Solve/problem

While perceiving information from stimuli... New and old information is used to ____________________ a _______________________.

Ecoded

While perceiving information from stimuli... ___________ information is stored

automated

While perceiving information from stimuli.... Information is either encoded, strategized, generalized, and/or _________________.

air density

Why must lift-generating surfaces be flown faster or at high AOA to produce the same amount of lift at lower altitudes?

wind/obstacles

Wind shear is commonly associated with passing ___________ systems, _______________, and temperature inversions.

As an unmanned aircraft pilot, you know how your unmanned vehicle takes off and maintains flight. What happens as the aircraft moves through the air? These changes result in the upward force called lift, which is affected by how air behaves

Wings or rotors cause changes in the speed and pressure of the air moving past them

Southerly/poor

With warm front passage, winds will shift to a more ____________ direction and bring warm, humid, and hazy air that can result in __________ visibility.

Can anyone other than a RPIC manipulate the controls of a UAS?

Yes, however, these flights can only be conducted under the supervision of the remote PIC.

What antidote can be applied to the hazardous attitude of resignation?

You are not helpless -you van make a difference if you put your mind to it.

Physical Stress

Your body's response to physical demands and strain.

Perception

__________ is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory informtion.

Climate/weather

____________ is what you expect, ____________ is what you get

Separated

_____________ air creates lift.

decreased/less

_____________ air density and __________ less oxygen for combustion cause fixed-wing aircraft powered by internal combustion engines to be impacted by density altitude as the engines cannot produce the same horsepower at high altitudes.

Turbulence

________________ is a unique characteristic of the ABL and is characterized by eddies, an irregular whirl of air where the speed and direction of the flow change abruptly.

Dew point

______________________ is the approximate temperature to which water vapor in the air must be cooled and can be used in the prediction of cloud formation.

The type of electronic sensor used to collect imagery in an electro-optical camera is ________.

a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) or Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)

The way the remote pilot interacts with the machine (sometimes called a ___) is an important part in understanding and controlling the aircraft.

a human machine interface

Chronic Stress

a prolonged level of stress that exceeds the individual's ability to cope.

What is a geographic location programmed in sequence for a route of flight?

a waypoint

Most UAS are not certified as ___, so the responsibility for making an ___ call falls on the RPIC of the system.

airworthy, airworthiness

In fact, most decisions remote pilots make are ___ or ___.

benign, simple

Thermal Turbulence

caused by solar heating of the ground that creates rising pockets of air tha tproduce eddies.

UAS remote pilots should pay particular attention to ___ NOTAMs for GPS outages and TFRs.

center

The distribution of aircraft weight affects the location of the ________.

center of gravity

The primary function of a Ground Control Station (GCS) is to _______.

control the unmanned aircraft

While commands are sent from the remote pilot; what is sent from the aerial vehicle?

data

As altitude increases, air temperature and air density _____.

decreases

The density of air _____ as an aircraft climbs and altitude ______.

decreases, increases

When assessing the ___ of an operation, as a UAS remote pilot, you need to evaluate the flight path, complexity, scale, and duration of the flight.

difficulty

To capture remote-sensing imagery, use ________ technology.

electro optical (EO)

As a UAS pilot, if you are trying to locate missing persons, you would use ________ remote sensing payload.

electro-optical or infrared

The term used to classify an object based on its ability to reflect Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) is ________.

emittance

As the remote pilot preparing for a flight, you need to ___ your health and readiness to conduct the UAS operation.

evaluate

Commands sent by the pilot in command, from a remote location controls a robot by remote control programmed to ________ commands

executes

As a remote pilot planning an upcoming flight you use Meteorological Terminal Aviation Routine (METARS) for imagery-centric maps to conduct a terrain analysis. T/F

false

The technology that enables unmanned aircraft systems to sense other aircraft and obstacles is known as 'Global Positioning'.

false

A pilot control box (PCB) is a ________.

ground station with a small tablet attached

To measure the angular accelerations around the pitch, roll, and yaw axes of an aircraft, use a ________

gyroscope

When you map an area virtually and program it into your UAS, you are ensuring that the air vehicle flies ________.

in a designated region

THE TERM USED TO EXPLAIN AND RELATE THE HUMAN ASPECT OF BEING IN THE GCS AND CONTROLLING THE UAV IS HUMAN ________?

in the loop

To overcome lift induced drag _________

increase the speed at which the airfoil travels through the air

When looking at the thermal emittance of an object, the most useful bandwidth of Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) is ________.

infrared

Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) is an important part of any UAS remote pilot's ___ training and will serve you well throughout your unmanned aviation careers.

initial

A sense of ___ could compromise vigilance and cause remote pilots to overlook certain issues or turn a blind eye to minor changes.

invulnerability

Skill-based Errors

known as slips and lapses, refer to a situation when the action made is not what was intended because the human performed the action incorrectly or forgot to perform the action.

UAS remote pilots should always be cautious to ___ changes to the plan.

last minute

ADM attempts to ___ the effect of ___ errors by having you self-assess and screen for hazardous attitudes and stress prior to making a critical decision.

limit, latent

An example of contingency planning is a ________.

lost communications flight plan

The primary function of RADAR and LiDAR sensors is to ________.

measure distances

Photogrammetry is used for ________.

measuring distances and sizes

THE TERM USED TO DESCRIBE UAS OPERATIONS AND FLIGHT WITHOUT HUMANS MONITORING OR BEING IN CONTROL OF THE AV IS HUMAN ________?

out of the loop

The ___ is the business end of the UAS and the operational purpose for the aircraft being airborne.

payload

The science of making size and distance measurements from a series of remote sensing images is known as ________.

photogrammetry

The need for good Aeronautical Decision Making, ADM, can happen during any phase of flight, but ___ decision-making is critical for reducing risk.

pre-flight

The recovery method involves the ___ reduction of tasks and hazards, followed by a ___ prioritization of tasks that can be brought back into your cognitive domain, after basic safety and good decisions are made.

quick, systematic.

Because humans have limits in perception and processing of stimuli, it is important that the UAS remote pilot ___ and correctly identify a problem.

quickly

400/400

sUAS may not fly higher than __________ above ground level unless they are flying above a structure like a cell tower or antenna, in which they may fly _______ feet laterally from the structure.

As a remote pilot, your goal should be achieving a ___ and uneventful flight where very few time-critical decisions are necessary.

safe

In addition to adhering to a code of ethics, professional remote pilots will need to commit to a culture of ___.

safety

During pre-flight preparations, you must anticipate the event of a lost link due to radio frequency communications failure. To be ready, you can program the communication to automatically switch to ________.

satellite communications

A manned flight deck and a UAS remote pilot display does not have which of the following?

signal strength

An examination of the analytical type of ADM reveals a ___ approach to making decisions.

systematic

The ________ is a type of image taken from a UAS that easily highlights differences in temperature.

thermogram

Any medication that will cause dizziness should be avoided. UAS remote pilots who are required to take such medication should refrain from operation until ___.

they are completely free of from the effects.

Transceiver

transmits and receives signals in one unit

A function of the Ground Control Station (GCS) is payload monitoring and control. T/F

true

A waypoint is a geographic location where the Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle (UAV) transitions through as part of a flight path. T/F

true

During the birth of unmanned aircraft, systems were designed as offensive weapons and more like cruise missiles rather than unmanned aircraft.

true

Geo-fencing is mapping a geographical area so you, the remote pilot, can fly the UAS with proper clearances and safety protocols in place. T/F

true

In the event of lost communications, an orbit is when an Unmanned Aircraft Vehicle (UAV) flies a circular pattern until the UAV is reacquired (also known as a loiter location). T/F

true

The payload operator uses ground control station controls to manipulate the camera to zoom, pan left/right/up/down, and switch from video to infrared. T/F

true

The primarily responsibility of a launch and recovery crew is to fly the aircraft to a point where it can be handed off to another control element that will take it from there and fly the mission. T/F

true

The primary responsibility of a launch and recovery crew is to fly the aircraft to a point where it can be handed off to another control element that will take it from there and fly the mission. T/F

true

The purpose of the ground station is to "keep the pilot out of the plane," at least in a physical sense. T/F

true

Unmanned aircraft displays are based, to a certain extent, on manned aircraft displays. T/F

true

Elevators

usually hinged to the tail, induces a pitching moment around the lateral axis of th eaircraft by moving up or down.

By far, the best stress-coping technique is ___.

vigilance

What is a geographic location programmed in sequence for a flight route, identified by the position's latitude, longitude, and altitude?

waypoint

Dull, dirty, dangerous

what are the three types of operations that UAS are known for improving?

___ could also include choosing another day due to poor weather, or selecting another UAS if the primary system is not airworthy.

Transferring

A small unmanned aircraft may be directed through manual manipulation of flight controls or through commands using automation

True

LIFT GENERATING SURFACES LIKE WINGS PROPELLERS, AND ROTORS MUST BE FLOWN FASTER OR AT (HIGHER) AOA TO PRODUCE THE SAME AMOUNT OF LIFT T HIGHER ALTITUDES THAN LOWER ALTITUDES.

True

Major contributing factor to lift is the tilt or angle of the airfoil.

True

Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object when not in direct physical contact with the object.

True

Robotic watercraft designed for underwater exploration are referred to as Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USV).

True

THE PAYLOAD OPERATOR AND RPIC WORK TOGETHER TO GET THE BEST IMAGERY. (T/F)?

True

The Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), a key component of a UAS flight control system, is a small electronic device made up of miniature gyroscopes and linear accelerometers.

True

The control link has sub-components to transmit commands and telemetry between the control station and unmanned aircraft.

True

The laws of physics and aerodynamics are the same for quadcopters and fixed-wing aircraft.

True

UAS use the same aerodynamic principles and design features as manned aircraft.

True

True

True or False: A transceiver uses one antenna

True

True or False: High frequency waves can carry more information because there are MORE waves and the waves are CLOSER to each other

False

True or False: LESS data packages can be transmitted in a SHORTER period om high frequency

True

True or False: Line of Sight (LOS) means that the radio wave will reach its destination if there are no obstacles and if the curvature of the Earth is not blocking the signal

Aircraft size & mission requirements

Two factors that influence the type of datalink hardware used

Class G

Uncontrolled by Air Traffic Control Surface to 1,200 feet AGL There are no special equipment or entry requirements RPICs operating under Part 107 must maintain 3 statute miles of visibility and remain 500 feet below the bottom of a cloud

FCC

This federal agency regulates radio and television

Receiver Errors

1. Listening with a preconceived notion 2. Poor attention and not fully listening. 3. Getting ahead of the speaker 4. Missing nonverbal signs. 5. Not asking for clarification.

Flight Service Station (FSS)

Air traffic facilities that communicate directly with pilots to conduct pre flight briefings, flight plan processing, inflight advisory services, search and rescue initiation, and assistance to aircraft in emergencies.

WHICH IS FOUND IN A MANNED COCKPIT AND UAS REMOTE PILOT DISPLAY?

Airspeed Indicator

safe

Airworthiness: Maintained by keeping the aircraft in its original certified condition. The RPIC must decide whether an aircraft is airworthy, or suitable to conduct a ______________ flight.

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) approval, known as ________ is needed for unmanned aircraft systems to operate in specific airspace for a defined purpose.

Certificate of Waiver or Authorization (COA)

WHAT DOES YAWING CAUSE THE UAS TO DO?

Change direction

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificate, ________ establishes operating limits for commercial unmanned aircraft systems (UAS).

FAA Part 107

Air density is directly related to the generation of airfoil thrust.

False

The Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is a network of satellites orbiting the earth.

False

___ can be caused by chronic stress, inadequate crew rest, or poor diet. Independent of the source, the result is lower performance.

Fatigue

current/the GCS

Firmware: Check that all software and firmware are __________ and installed on all parts of the UAS, including the are vehicle and ____________________________.

WHAT TYPE OF SUAS FUNCTIONS BEST WHEN POWERED BY AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE?

Fixed-Wing

thrust/lift

Fixed-wing aircraft: Relies on forward _________ to produce ________.

WHAT TYPE OF FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM WAS DEVELOPED IN THE 1950S AND 60S TO RELAX THE STABILITY OF AN AIRCRAFT IN AN EFFORT TO MAKE IT MORE MANEUVERABLE?

Fly-by-Wire

Automated Responses

Include the running of a procedure or checklist to counter the change.

What is a UAS remote pilot looking for in the NOTAM system?

Hazards affecting the flight, e.g., GPS outages, TFRs, such as sporting events.

Electronically

How are commands sent from the GCS to non-piloted aircraft?

Having a VO present

How can Visual Line-of-Sight be maintained if the remote pilot is using first-person view while flying their sUAS?

By increasing the speed at which the airfoil travels through the air.

How can this lift induced drag be overcome?

Speed of the airflow will increase

How do you expect wind speed to change when it flows through narrow areas?

Measure two adjacent points on a wave

How do you measure wavelength?

15 miles

How far away can lightning strike from a thunderstorm?

Angle of climb is increased

How is angle of climb affected if too much weight is added to the aircraft?

90 days

How long does the FAA generally take to review and decide on a waiver application?

Six

How many degrees of freedom can a UA move through 3-D spaces with?

50 feet

How much of a vertical margin should be maintained when overflying an object?

Diminished

How will controllability be affected by being overweight?

Increased

How will landing distance be affected by being overweight?

Lower

How will maximum altitude capability be affected by being overweight?

Limited

How will operational range be affected by being overweight?

Poor

How will rate of climb be affected by being overweight?

Higher

How will stall speed be affected by being overweight?

Increased

How will take off speed be affected by being overweight?

The battery life will shorten

How will the battery be affected if the temperature drops below the UA's optimal operational temperature range?

What term explains the aspect of someone being in the Ground Control Station (GCS) and controlling the UAV?

Human in the loop

WHAT TERM IS USED WHEN A PERSON IS INVOLVED IN THE OVERALL ACTION, BUT IS REMOVED FROM THE CONTROL LOOP, ALLOWING AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS TO FUNCTION WITH INFREQUENT OR NO HUMAN INTERVENTION?

Human on the loop

Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue, Eating

IM SAFE stands for...

WHAT DEVICE IS USED ON A UAS TO DETERMINE THE ROLL, PITCH, AND YAW OF AN AIRCRAFT?

IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit)

downwind/50

If flying 400ft above the highest structure, the best practice is t ascend on the ________________ side of the structure and utilize a ________ ft. safety offset.

___ people work on the concept that doing something now is better than doing nothing and waiting.

Impulsive

Cumulus

In the absence of extensive vertical development, is typically associated with fair weather.

WHEN IS CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT USED?

In the event of an anomaly

Buys Ballot's law

In the mid to upper latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere with your back to the wind, low pressure will be to your left and high pressure to your right.

BLOS uses a link establishment through satellite or relay

In what way is LOS difference from BLOS?

___ stress can also be the result of one's workload: the assigned amount of work. It exists on a spectrum from under-loads (low work demands) to overloads (extreme amounts of work).

Psychological

DIGITAL IMAGERY CAN BE TRANSMITTED FROM A REMOTE SENSING PLATFORM TO A GROUND STATION USING THE ________?

RF datalink

WHICH CAMERA IS AN EXAMPLE OF A PASSIVE SENSOR?

RGB (red, green, blue)

clear/concise

Radio etiquette: Make a ____________ and _______________ transmission.

before

Radio etiquette: Make sure that there is not another pilot speaking on the radio _________ making your transmission.

think

Radio etiquette: _____________ of what you want to say before keying up your transmitter.

listen

Radio etiquette: _______________ to what the controller is saying.

The technology ________, patented by Nikola Tesla, birthed the idea of controlling vehicles remotely.

Radio waves

Why is maintenance recordkeeping recommended? (select all that apply)

Records help establish trends on the service life of components, which in turn help create a scheduled maintenance program. Records show that maintenance has been performed and the remote pilot is attempting to keep the UAS airworthy.

Expert

Reduce their reliance on standard operating procedure support guidelines, and instead make judgements based on their understanding.

An unmanned aircraft carrying excessive weight experiences reduced cruising speed, shorter range, and _______.

Reduced maneuverability

Match the term with the definition?

Schedule maintenance => Preventative and occurs at recommended intervals or at service limits Conditional maintenance => Any servicing or replacing of parts that is required, because a component is no longer serviceable or has failed

Consideration

Sensitivity to the emotional well0being of crewmembers, awareness of nonverbal communication, and acceptance of others.

A remote sensing system has two components. What are they? (Select two)

Sensor , Platform

Barometer

Sensors provide controller with static and dynamic air pressure to determine the aircraft's airspeed and altitude.

WHAT ELECTRO-MECHANICAL DEVICE CAN BE USED TO MOVE A CONTROL SURFACE?

Servo

Acute Stress

Short-term stress is your body's immediate reaction to a perceived threat or danger.

COMPARED TO OBJECTS AT COOLER TEMPERATURES, WHAT TYPE OF EMR WAVELENGTHS ARE EMITTED FROM OBJECTS AT HIGHER TEMPERATURE?

Shorter

What does a display system in a ground control station provide the remote pilot?

Situational awareness

Omission Error

Situations where we assume the UAS is processing information and making decisions but it is not

UNMANNED AIRCRAFT CAN MOVE THROUGH 3-D SPACE WITH _____ DEGREES OF FREEDOM.

Six

Unprofessional Attitude

Small UAS pilots, especially with backgrounds in traditional aircraft, have a tendency to not see the importance of treating the UAS as an air vehicle, not just a tool or toy.

Radio Frequency Interference

This can result from two operators using the same or similar bandwidth

Datalink

This establishes a communication between the GCS and the UAS

400'AGL, G (day), 3 SM, 500' below and 2000' horizontal

The requirements for an sUAS to maintain VFR Altitude: Type of Airspace: Flight Visibility: Cloud Clearances:

Episodic Memory

The retention of information about he "where and when" of life's events.

solar

The strength of mountain and valley breezes depends on the amount of _________ heating.

Simplex, Duplex, and Half-Duplex

The three types of datalinks

Omni and directional

The two most common types of antennas

Ailerons

The wing's trailing edge control surfaces, creates rolling moments.

Nimbostratus

Thicker and darker than, but similar in form to a stratus cloud.

Invulnerability

This attitude is more common in remote pilots who have transitioned from traditional aircraft or those with video game experience.

Antiauthority

This attitude usually surfaces from people who have non-conformist tendencies.

Many UAS are assembled ___, and it is important to ensure a properly working link prior to flight.

onsite